AbrahaM Maslow's Theory

1. ABRAHAM MASLOW:
HOLISTIC- DYNAMIC
THEORY
ARMAND VINCENT A. SESE, RPM, LPT

4. WHAT IS SOMETHING YOU
CAN'T LIVE WITHOUT?

5. • referred to his theory as a HOLISTIC- DYNAMIC
THEORY because it assumes that the whole person
is constantly being motivated by one need or
another and that people have the potential to grow
toward psychological health- self actualization.
BIOGRAPHY

6. •He scored 195 in an IQ test
•“the MOST lonely and miserable childhood of any person discussed in
this book.”
• Born on April 1, 1908
• Oldest of 7 children born to Samuel Maslow and Rose Schilosky
Maslow
• As a child, Maslow’s life was filled with intense feelings of shyness,
inferiority and depression.
• He was not close to his parents.
• As a student, Maslow did well in courses that sparked his interest and
performed poorly in course he did not like.
• Fell in love with his first cousin, Bertha Goodman
• As a graduate student, he worked closely with Harry Harlow
BIOGRAPHY

7. • He became E.L. Thorndike's research assistant.
•Maslow, surmised that, of all people who had ever
lived, he had the best teachers.
• Died on June 8, 1970 due to heart attack.
BIOGRAPHY

8. • Maslow adopted a holistic approach to
motivation. That is, the whole person,
not any single part or function, is
motivated.
• Motivation is usually complex
• People are continually motivated by
one need or another
MASLOW’S VIEW OF MOTIVATION

9. • ALL people everywhere are
motivated by the SAME needs.
• Needs can be arranged in a
hierarchy.
MASLOW’S VIEW OF MOTIVATION

10. • Assumes that lower level needs MUST be
satisfied or at least relatively satisfied
before higher level needs become
motivators.
•Lower level needs have PREPOTENCY over
higher level needs; that is, they must be
satisfied or mostly satisfied before higher
level needs become activated.
HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

11. •The five needs are CONATIVE NEEDS,
meaning they have a striving or
motivational character
HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

14. •MOST basic needs of any person
•MOST prepotent of all
•Starving people become preoccupied
with food and are willing to do nearly
anything to obtain it.
PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS

15. • How physiolgical needs differ from
other needs
a) They are the only needs that can
be completely satisfied or even overly
satisfied
b) Recuring nature
PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS

16. • physical security, stability,
dependency, protection, and freedom
from threatening forces
• Differ from physiological needs in
that they CANNOT BE OVERLY
SATISFIED.
SAFETY NEEDS

17. • desire for friendship, wish for a
mate and children, need to belong to
a family, a club, a neighborhood, or a
nation.
• Includes some aspect of sex and
human contact as well as the need to
both give and receive love.
LOVE AND BELONGING NEEDS

18. • include self-respect, confidence,
competence, and the knowledge that
others hold them in high esteem
• TWO LEVELS OF ESTEEM NEEDS
a) REPUTATION – in the eyes of
others
b) SELF- ESTEEM – own feelings of
worth and confidence
ESTEEM NEEDS

19. • include self- fulfillment, the
realization of all one’s potential, and a
desire to become creative in the full
sense of the word
•Self-actualizers are NOT dependent
on the satisfaction of either love or
esteem needs; they become
independent from the lower level
needs that gave them birth.
SELF- ACTUALIZATION

20. DO ALL PEOPLE REACH
THIS? WHY OR WHY NOT?

21. It is a matter of whether or not you embrace
the B- VALUES .
• People who highly respect such values as
truth, beauty, justice and the other b-values
become self-actualizing.

22. • B- values (BEING values) – indicators of
psychological health and are opposed to
DEFICIENCY NEEDS, which motivate non-self
actualizers
• Maslow termed b-values “METANEEDS” to
indicate that they are the ultimate level of needs.
•METAMOTIVATION – motives of self-actualizing
people
VALUES OF SELF- ACTUALIZERS

23. • Values include: TRUTH, GOODNESS,
BEAUTY, WHOLENESS, ALIVENESS/
SPONTANEITY, UNIQUENESS,
PERFECTION, COMPLETION, JUSTICE and
ORDER, SIMPLICITY, RICHNESS or
TOTALITY, EFFORTLESSNESS,
PLAYFULNESS/HUMOR, SELF-
SUFFICIENCY/AUTONOMY.
VALUES OF SELF- ACTUALIZERS

24. • Maslow hypothesized that when people's
metaneeds are not met, they experience
illness, an existential illness.
• Absence of the B-values leads to a
pathology.
• Deprivation of any of the B-values results in
METAPATHOLOGY, or the lack of a
meaningful philosophy of life.
VALUES OF SELF- ACTUALIZERS

25. 1. Free from psychopathology
2. Had progressed through the hierarchy
of needs
3. embracing the B-values
4. full use and exploitation of talents,
capacities and potentials
CRITERIA FOR SELF- ACTUALIZATION

26. More Efficient Perception of
Reality
Acceptance of Self, Others, and
Nature
Spontaneity, Simplicity, and
Naturalness
Problem- Centering
The Need for Privacy
Autonomy
Continued Freshness of
Appreciation
CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF-ACTUALIZING PEOPLE
The Peak Experience
Gemeinschaftsgefuhl
Profound Interpersonal
Relations
The Democratic Character
Structure
Discrimination Between
Means and Ends
Philosophical Sense of Humor
Creativeness
Resistance to Enculturation

27. • Self-actualizing people are capable of both
giving and receiving love and are no longer
motivated by the kind of DEFICIENCY LOVE (D-
love).
•Self-actualizers are capable of B-LOVE. B-
LOVE is mutually felt and shared and are not
motivated by a deficiency or incompleteness
within the lover.
•They simply love and are loved. Their love is
never harmful. It is the kind of love that allows
lovers to be relaxed, open, and nonsecretive.
LOVE, SEX, AND SELF- ACTUALIZATION

28. • AESTHETIC NEEDS – the need for beauty and
aesthetically pleasing experiences
• COGNITIVE NEEDS – desire to know, to solve
mysteries, to understand, and to be curious
• NEUROTIC NEEDS- lead only to stagnation and
pathology
MASLOW IDENTIFIED 3 OTHER
CATEGORIES OF NEEDS:

29. • Occasionally needs are REVERSED
• Reversals, however, are usually more
apparent than real. If we understood the
unconscious motivation underlying the
behavior, we would recognize that the
needs are not reversed.
REVERSED ORDER OF NEEDS

30. • Maslow believed that even though all behaviors
have a cause, some behaviors are not motivated.
- conditioned reflexes, maturation, or drugs.
UNMOTIVATED BEHAVIOR

31. • Maslow distinguished between EXPRESSIVE BEHAVIOR
(which is often unmotivated) and COPING BEHAVIOR
(which is always motivated and aimed at satisfying a
need.
• EXPRESSIVE BEHAVIOR - frequently unconscious and
usually takes place naturally and with little effort. It has
no goals and is merely the person's mode of expression
• COPING BEHAVIOR- ordinarily conscious, effortful,
learned and determined by the external environment.
EXPRESSIVE AND COPING BEHAVIOR

32. •Lack of satisfaction of any of the basic needs
leads to some kind of pathology
•METAPATHOLOGY- deprivation of self-
actualization needs
– the absence of values, the lack of fulfillment,
and the loss of meaning in life
DEPRIVATION OF NEEDS

33. • Maslow hypothesized that some
human needs are innately
determined even though they can
be modified by learning. He called
these needs INSTINCTOID NEEDS.
INSTINCTOID NATURE OF NEEDS

34. • Higher needs are similar to lower ones in
that they are instinctoid.
• Higher level needs are later on the
phylogenetic and evolutionary scale.
• Higher level needs produce more happiness
and more peak experience, although
satisfaction of lower level needs may produce
a degree of pleasure.
COMPARISON OF HIGHER AND LOWER NEEDS

35. • Personal Orientation Inventory by
Everett L. Shostrom
• Short Index of Self-Actualization by
Alvin Jones and Rick Crandall
• Brief Index of Self-Actualization by
John Sumerlin and Charles Bundrick
MEASURING SELF-ACTUALIZATION

36. • According to Maslow, everyone is
born with a will toward health, a
tendency to grow toward self-
actualization, but few people reach it.
• One reason is the JONAH COMPLEX
or the fear of being one’s best
THE JONAH COMPLEX

37. • The aim of therapy would be for clients
to embrace the BEING VALUES.
• Psychotherapy is largely an
interpersonal process.
•Psychotherapy should be directed at the
need level currently being thwarted, in
most cases love and belongingness needs.
PSYCHOTHERAPY

38. •Generally Optimistic
• Moderate emphasis on both similarities
and uniqueness
• Teleological and Purposive
CONCEPT OF HUMANITY