The document summarizes key events and developments across the Americas and wider world during the 19th century. This included countries in the Americas gaining independence from European colonial powers, the U.S. expanding its territory and influence over North America, and countries like Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay experiencing political conflicts and rural violence. The 19th century also saw major wars in Europe like the Napoleonic Wars and Crimean War, as well as the Haitian Revolution, which helped end slavery and establish Haiti as a republic. It was an era marked by political upheaval, warfare, and shifting power dynamics globally.

1. The Long 19th Century By Jayson Caalaman