2. The issues of equivalence
• Equivalent – commensurate, comparable,
correspondent, corresponding, equal, even,
homologous interchangeable, similar,
synonymous.
• Equivalent – (1) something that has the same
use or function as something else (2) equal in
value, quantity, significance (3) having the
same or a similar effect or meaning
3. The issues of equivalence
• ‘sense for sense’< > ‘word for word’
• ‘free’ < > ‘faithful
▼
relationship between ST and the TT – how
to define and measure ?
tertium comparationis
7. Roman Jakobson
• Intralingual translation > rewording
• Interlingual translation > ‘language to language’
• Intersemiotic translation > verbal into non-verbal
Equivalence in difference – same message in two different codes.
Languages differ essentially in what they must convey and not in
what they may convey.
8. Equivalence in a formalist context
• Vladimir Nabokov, ‘Problems of
Translation: “Onegin” in English (in
Venuti)
• Vladimir Nabokov, ‘The Servile Path’ in
• Evgenii Onegin or in R.A. Brower, On
Translation (OUP, 1966)
9. Equivalence – early models
• ‘… the text was seen as a linear
sequence of units, and translation was
merely a transcoding process involving
the substitution of a sequence of
equivalent units.’ (M. Snell-Hornby, Translation
Studies, p. 16)
10. Equivalence – early models
• J.C. Catford – shifts, formal
correspondence (See in Venuti)’ or his
1965 book (Library)
• Vinay and Darbelnet
• W. Koller – types of equivalence
11. Strategies and solutions
Vinay, J.P. and J. Darbelnet, Comparative Stylistics. See in Venuti
• Borrowing ( perestroika, tapas)
• Calques (fruits of the season, w czym mogę pomóc?)
• Literal translation
• Transposition (rauchen verbotten > no smoking)
• Modulation (Vou l’avez échappé belle > You’ve had a
narrow escape)
• Equivalence
• Adaptation
• Areas affected by the above: the lexicon, syntax, the
message
12. The science of translation – E. Nida
• Formal equivalence – attention on message,
correspondence (sentence to sentence, form
to form), accuracy and correctness).
• Dynamic eqivalence – relationship between
a receptor and message should remain the
same.
• Lamb of God >>>> Seal of God
• (See Nida in Venuti)
13. The science of translation – P.Newmark
• ‘Communicative translation attempts to produce on
its readers an effect as close as possible to that
obtained on the readers of the original. Semantic
translation attempts to render, as closely as possible
the semantic structures and syntactic structures of
the second language allow, the exact contextual
meaning of the original.’ (P. Newmark, Approaches to
Translation)
• Communicative – TL biased, idiomatic, free
• Semantic – literal, faithful
14. The science of translation – A. Neubert
• Translation is a text-induced text
• The target text is textually different. It is
‘couched in a different world of discourse.’
• Different communicative matrix
• Source and target patterns of expectation.
15. Text Linguistics – A. Neubert
• Last night the minister declared that the rumours
about his resignation were totally unfounded. He was
speaking at a dinner given by the Lord Mayor on the
occasion of …
• Gestern abend erklärte der Minister, daβ die
Gerüchte über seinen Rücktritt jeder Grundlage
entbehrten. Er machte diese Äuβerung während
eines Essens, das der Oberbürgermeister aus
Anlaβ… gab
16. Text linguistics – A. Neubert
• Training in translation and interpreting, then, is
training in awareness of intertextuality. Incidentally,
this explains why one of the most effective training
methods for students and practitioners of language
mediation consists in textually-conscious reading and
listening, particularly, of course in the target
language, if it happens to be a foreign language. But,
what is sometimes underestimated, training in
awareness of textual conventions in one’s native
language is just as helpful to achieve an advanced
sense of intertextuality.
17. Semiotic equivalent
• Word to image
• Image to word
• Image to image
• Thomas, J. Reading Images. Palgrave 2001
• Kress, G. and Van Leeuven, T. Reading Images. Routledge
1996
