LASERS – IT’S ROLE IN PERIODONTAL REGENERATIONhiij
The use of lasers has evolved as clinical experience along with scientific investigation. The dental
lasers of today have benefited from decades of laser research and have their basis in certain
theories from the field of quantum mechanics. When used efficaciously and ethically, lasers are an
exceptional modality of treatment for many clinical conditions that dental specialists treat on a
daily basis. The concept of using lasers for the treatment of periodontal disease elicits very strong
reactions from all sides of spectrum. Evidence suggests that lasers are useful as an adjunct or
alternative to traditional approaches in periodontal therapy. Future direction of lasers would be
towards a minimally invasive regenerative procedures along with laser assisted calculus detection
systems using laser fluorescence that is optical coherence tomography and a laser system which
selectively and completely removes the plaque and calculus that is under development. With recent
advances and development of wide range of laser wavelengths, different instrument designs and
different delivery systems, the purpose of this review is to determine the application and current
concept of lasers in the regeneration of periodontal tissues.
LASERS – IT’S ROLE IN PERIODONTAL REGENERATIONhiij
The use of lasers has evolved as clinical experience along with scientific investigation. The dental
lasers of today have benefited from decades of laser research and have their basis in certain
theories from the field of quantum mechanics. When used efficaciously and ethically, lasers are an
exceptional modality of treatment for many clinical conditions that dental specialists treat on a
daily basis. The concept of using lasers for the treatment of periodontal disease elicits very strong
reactions from all sides of spectrum. Evidence suggests that lasers are useful as an adjunct or
alternative to traditional approaches in periodontal therapy. Future direction of lasers would be
towards a minimally invasive regenerative procedures along with laser assisted calculus detection
systems using laser fluorescence that is optical coherence tomography and a laser system which
selectively and completely removes the plaque and calculus that is under development. With recent
advances and development of wide range of laser wavelengths, different instrument designs and
different delivery systems, the purpose of this review is to determine the application and current
concept of lasers in the regeneration of periodontal tissues.
LASERS – IT’S ROLE IN PERIODONTAL REGENERATIONhiij
The use of lasers has evolved as clinical experience along with scientific investigation. The dental lasers of today have benefited from decades of laser research and have their basis in certain theories from the field of quantum mechanics. When used efficaciously and ethically, lasers are an exceptional modality of treatment for many clinical conditions that dental specialists treat on a daily basis. The concept of using lasers for the treatment of periodontal disease elicits very strong reactions from all sides of spectrum. Evidence suggests that lasers are useful as an adjunct or alternative to traditional approaches in periodontal therapy. Future direction of lasers would be towards a minimally invasive regenerative procedures along with laser assisted calculus detection systems using laser fluorescence that is optical coherence tomography and a laser system which selectively and completely removes the plaque and calculus that is under development. With recent advances and development of wide range of laser wavelengths, different instrument designs and different delivery systems, the purpose of this review is to determine the application and current concept of lasers in the regeneration of periodontal tissues.
The simultaneous advances in engineering, medicine, and molecular biology have accelerated the pace of introductions of new light-based technologies in dermatology. In this review, the authors examine recent advances in laser surgery as well as peer into the future of energy-based cutaneous medicine.
Gold Nanoparticles provides target specific drug delivery which ensures proper potency of the cytotoxic drug with minimal side effects as compared to other traditional methods of chemotherapy administration
ABSTRACT- The study was conducted to assess DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of cancer patients put on radiotherapy, medical workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiations and control group of normal healthy individuals. The blood samples were collected from 20 cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy in Government Rajindra hospital, Patiala, 16 medical workers from Radiology and Radiotherapy department of Government Rajindra hospital, Mata Kaushalya hospital, T.B. hospital, Patiala and 10 normal healthy individuals from Punjabi University, Patiala, India. The DNA damage was evaluated by using alkaline COMET assay, the damage was assessed from two COMET parameters i.e. mean COMET tail length and frequency of cells showing migration. It was found that all the cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy as well as the medical workers, who were occupationally exposed to ionizing radiations for variable period of time showed DNA damage, whereas none of the control subjects showed any damage. The comparison of DNA damage between the cancer patients and medical workers revealed highly significant differences. On the basis of results obtained, it could be said that the exposure to acute high doses of radiations cause greater DNA damage in comparison to chronic low doses of radiations.
Key-words- Single cell gel electrophoresis, Micronuclei, Thermoluminescent dosimeter, Aberration
Abstract
Objective(s):
The current systematic study has reviewed the therapeutic potential of gold nanoparticles as nano radiosensitizers for cancer radiation therapy.
Materials and Methods:
This study was done to review nano radiosensitizers. PubMed, Ovid Medline, Science Direct, SCOPUS, ISI web of knowledge, Springer databases were searched from 2000 to September 2013 to identify appropriate studies.
Any study that assessed nanoparticles, candidate of radio enhancement at radiotherapy on animals or cell lines was included by two independent reviewers.
Results:
Gold nanoparticles can enhance radiosenstivity of tumor cells. This effect is shown in vivo and in vitro, at kilovoltage or megavoltage energies, in 15 reviewed studies. Emphasis of studies was on gold nanoparticles. Radiosensitization of nanoparticles depend on nanoparticles’ size, type, concentration, intracellular localization, used irradiation energy and tested cell line.
Conclusion:
Study outcomes have showed that gold nanoparticles have been beneficial at cancer radiation therapy.
LASERS – IT’S ROLE IN PERIODONTAL REGENERATIONhiij
The use of lasers has evolved as clinical experience along with scientific investigation. The dental
lasers of today have benefited from decades of laser research and have their basis in certain
theories from the field of quantum mechanics. When used efficaciously and ethically, lasers are an
exceptional modality of treatment for many clinical conditions that dental specialists treat on a
daily basis. The concept of using lasers for the treatment of periodontal disease elicits very strong
reactions from all sides of spectrum. Evidence suggests that lasers are useful as an adjunct or
alternative to traditional approaches in periodontal therapy. Future direction of lasers would be
towards a minimally invasive regenerative procedures along with laser assisted calculus detection
systems using laser fluorescence that is optical coherence tomography and a laser system which
selectively and completely removes the plaque and calculus that is under development. With recent
advances and development of wide range of laser wavelengths, different instrument designs and
different delivery systems, the purpose of this review is to determine the application and current
concept of lasers in the regeneration of periodontal tissues.
LASERS – IT’S ROLE IN PERIODONTAL REGENERATIONhiij
The use of lasers has evolved as clinical experience along with scientific investigation. The dental
lasers of today have benefited from decades of laser research and have their basis in certain
theories from the field of quantum mechanics. When used efficaciously and ethically, lasers are an
exceptional modality of treatment for many clinical conditions that dental specialists treat on a
daily basis. The concept of using lasers for the treatment of periodontal disease elicits very strong
reactions from all sides of spectrum. Evidence suggests that lasers are useful as an adjunct or
alternative to traditional approaches in periodontal therapy. Future direction of lasers would be
towards a minimally invasive regenerative procedures along with laser assisted calculus detection
systems using laser fluorescence that is optical coherence tomography and a laser system which
selectively and completely removes the plaque and calculus that is under development. With recent
advances and development of wide range of laser wavelengths, different instrument designs and
different delivery systems, the purpose of this review is to determine the application and current
concept of lasers in the regeneration of periodontal tissues.
LASERS – IT’S ROLE IN PERIODONTAL REGENERATIONhiij
The use of lasers has evolved as clinical experience along with scientific investigation. The dental lasers of today have benefited from decades of laser research and have their basis in certain theories from the field of quantum mechanics. When used efficaciously and ethically, lasers are an exceptional modality of treatment for many clinical conditions that dental specialists treat on a daily basis. The concept of using lasers for the treatment of periodontal disease elicits very strong reactions from all sides of spectrum. Evidence suggests that lasers are useful as an adjunct or alternative to traditional approaches in periodontal therapy. Future direction of lasers would be towards a minimally invasive regenerative procedures along with laser assisted calculus detection systems using laser fluorescence that is optical coherence tomography and a laser system which selectively and completely removes the plaque and calculus that is under development. With recent advances and development of wide range of laser wavelengths, different instrument designs and different delivery systems, the purpose of this review is to determine the application and current concept of lasers in the regeneration of periodontal tissues.
The simultaneous advances in engineering, medicine, and molecular biology have accelerated the pace of introductions of new light-based technologies in dermatology. In this review, the authors examine recent advances in laser surgery as well as peer into the future of energy-based cutaneous medicine.
Gold Nanoparticles provides target specific drug delivery which ensures proper potency of the cytotoxic drug with minimal side effects as compared to other traditional methods of chemotherapy administration
ABSTRACT- The study was conducted to assess DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of cancer patients put on radiotherapy, medical workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiations and control group of normal healthy individuals. The blood samples were collected from 20 cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy in Government Rajindra hospital, Patiala, 16 medical workers from Radiology and Radiotherapy department of Government Rajindra hospital, Mata Kaushalya hospital, T.B. hospital, Patiala and 10 normal healthy individuals from Punjabi University, Patiala, India. The DNA damage was evaluated by using alkaline COMET assay, the damage was assessed from two COMET parameters i.e. mean COMET tail length and frequency of cells showing migration. It was found that all the cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy as well as the medical workers, who were occupationally exposed to ionizing radiations for variable period of time showed DNA damage, whereas none of the control subjects showed any damage. The comparison of DNA damage between the cancer patients and medical workers revealed highly significant differences. On the basis of results obtained, it could be said that the exposure to acute high doses of radiations cause greater DNA damage in comparison to chronic low doses of radiations.
Key-words- Single cell gel electrophoresis, Micronuclei, Thermoluminescent dosimeter, Aberration
Abstract
Objective(s):
The current systematic study has reviewed the therapeutic potential of gold nanoparticles as nano radiosensitizers for cancer radiation therapy.
Materials and Methods:
This study was done to review nano radiosensitizers. PubMed, Ovid Medline, Science Direct, SCOPUS, ISI web of knowledge, Springer databases were searched from 2000 to September 2013 to identify appropriate studies.
Any study that assessed nanoparticles, candidate of radio enhancement at radiotherapy on animals or cell lines was included by two independent reviewers.
Results:
Gold nanoparticles can enhance radiosenstivity of tumor cells. This effect is shown in vivo and in vitro, at kilovoltage or megavoltage energies, in 15 reviewed studies. Emphasis of studies was on gold nanoparticles. Radiosensitization of nanoparticles depend on nanoparticles’ size, type, concentration, intracellular localization, used irradiation energy and tested cell line.
Conclusion:
Study outcomes have showed that gold nanoparticles have been beneficial at cancer radiation therapy.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
4. An Overview of Sugarcane White Leaf Disease in Vietnam.pdf
The wound healing contradiction
1. Letters to the Editor
The Laser Wound Healing Contradiction
Jan Tune´r, DDS
Dear Editor,
In the recent review of the literature by Loreti et al.,1
the
authors demonstrate the contradictory situation regarding
the scientific documentation for using laser phototherapy
(LPT) to improve wound healing. Although 557 studies were
identified from 2008 up to today, only 31 of these had a score
of 3 or more on the Jadad scale. And merely three of these were
clinical studies. Therefore, although wound healing is the most
studied indication for LPT, the scientific basis is only ac-
ceptable for rodents. And because rodent wound healing is
different from human wound healing, the documentation for
using LPT in a clinical situation remains questionable. So far
the authors have made a good point, but it ends there.
First of all, the authors have only listed the reported doses
(J/cm2
). This is not enough; the applied energy (J) always
has to be taken into account in an analysis. Almost any dose
can be achieved by changing the output power, especially
the spot size. A dose of 4 J/cm2
is sometimes thought to be
‘‘the gold standard’’ for wound healing, but it can be
reached in seconds or in minutes, depending upon the power
of the laser. And if a thin fiber is used, a high dose is reached
much faster than when using a wide fiber. Irradiation time in
itself is an important parameter.2,3
Simply comparing the
numerical values of the doses has no meaning, and can lead
the reader in the wrong direction.4
Additionally, the reported
doses are not always correct.
Next, the authors have chosen to use the lasing compo-
nents instead of reporting the wavelengths. This leaves the
reader unaware of the actual wavelength used, because, for
example, GaAlAs has a wide wavelength range. And, it is not
uncommon to find GaAlAs reported, but with the lasing
components actually being InGaAlP. The latter is reported
twice, as ‘‘phosphide indium-gallium-arsenic (InGaAlp)’’ and
as ‘‘indium-gallium-arsenic (InGaAlp).’’ Both are incorrectly
spelled and are actually the same. Even worse is the ‘‘laser’’
GnbH,’’ which does not exist. It turns out to be a 660 nm laser
from Lasotronic GmbH in Switzerland, ‘‘GmbH’’ meaning
‘‘company with limited liability.’’ And an ‘‘InGasAs’’ laser
turns out to be an ordinary GaAlAs 980 nm laser. This is a
typo in the original article, but a review of the literature
cannot only quote whatever is written. An independent
analysis of the studies used in the review must be performed.
A review of the literature requires less analysis than a
meta-analysis. However, it requires a critical look at the
articles to be quoted. A Jadad evaluation is a good start, but
because ‘‘it is all in the parameters,’’ these parameters have
to be independently checked and analyzed. One of the three
clinical studies5
used 90 J/cm2
, a very high dose, and be-
cause it was achieved by using a 15 W, 980 nm laser for
3 sec per cm2
and increasing the skin temperature up to
maximum 50°, it is obvious that this is not LPT as we know
it, and of course it is not effective.
One further aspect of a review on this topic should be the
use of healthy individuals. Many studies have done so, but it
is now well realized that the effect of LPT on wound healing
in healthy animals is very limited. Instead, modern research
has used, for example, genetically diabetic animals, in
which the positive effect of LPT is more obvious.6,7
A notable part of the discussion says ‘‘The shorter the
wavelength, the higher its action and power of penetration.’’
What does ‘‘action’’ mean? And, actually, it is the other
way around, or, rather with red having low penetration,
*810 nm is the best and then penetration is lowered as the
wavelength is further increased.
In summary, the authors have gathered the best wound
healing studies from recent years and come to the conclu-
sion that the evidence is scarce, especially for the clinical
aspect.1
This is a useful wakeup call, but apart from that, the
review lacks quality and should be read with care.
The average cost of treating a chronic wound in a diabetic
Swedish patient is >3000 USD per year.8
Therefore, if LPT
works as well as is widely anecdotally reported, there are
large potential savings for healthcare decision makers.
Maybe we should leave the rats and mice and continue the
work of Mester from the 1970s.9,10
Out of 1018 patients
with chronic leg ulcers, 74% healed within a few months.
Author Disclosure Statement
No competing financial interests exist.
References
1. Loreti EH, Pascoal VL, Nogueira BV, Silva IV, Pedrosa
DF. Use of laser therapy in the healing process: a literature
review. Photomed Laser Surg 2015;33:104–116.
2. van Breugel, HHFI, Ba¨r PRD. Power density and exposure
time of HeNe laser irradiation are more important than total
energy dose in photo-biomodulation of human fibroblasts
in vitro. Lasers Surg Med 1992;12:528–537.
Private Dental Clinic, Grangesberg, Sweden.
Photomedicine and Laser Surgery
Volume 33, Number 6, 2015
ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
Pp. 343–344
DOI: 10.1089/pho.2015.3905
343
2. 3. Castano AP, Dai T, Yaroslavsky I, Cohen R, Apruzzese
WA, Smotrich MH, Hamblin MR. Low-level laser therapy
for zymosan-induced arthritis in rats: Importance of illu-
mination time. Lasers Surg Med 2007;39:543–550.
4. Tune´r J, Hode L. Low level laser therapy for hand arthritis –
fact or fiction? Clin Rhematol 2010;29:1075–1076.
5. Lecle`re FM, Puechguiral IR, Rotteleur G, Thomas P,
Mordon S. A prospective randomized study of 980 nm di-
ode laser-assisted venous ulcer healing on 34 patients.
Wound Repair Regen 2008;18:580–585.
6. Al-Watban FA. Laser therapy converts diabetic wound
healing to normal healing. Photomed Laser Surg 2009;27:
127–135.
7. Bicalho Rabelo S, Balbin Villaverde A, Amadei Nicolau R,
Castillo Salgado MA, et al. Comparison between wound
healing in induced diabetic and nondiabetic rats after low-
level laser therapy. Photomed Laser Surg 2006;24:474–
479.
8. Andersson P. Leg ulcer treatment from a nursing perspective.
2007. Available at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/
8679494_How_patients_with_diabetes_who_have_foot_and_
leg_ulcers_perceive_the_nursing_care_they_receive (Last
accessed March 1, 2015).
9. Mester E, Spiry T, Szende B, Tota JG. Effect of laser-rays
on wound healing. Am J Surg 1971;122:532–535.
10. Mester E, Mester AF, Mester A. The biomedical effects of
laser application. Lasers Surg Med 1985;5:31–39.
Address correspondence to:
Jan Tune´r
Spjutvagen 11
Grangesberg 77232
Sweden
E-mail: jan.tuner@swipnet.se
344 TUNE´ R