The use of lasers has evolved as clinical experience along with scientific investigation. The dental
lasers of today have benefited from decades of laser research and have their basis in certain
theories from the field of quantum mechanics. When used efficaciously and ethically, lasers are an
exceptional modality of treatment for many clinical conditions that dental specialists treat on a
daily basis. The concept of using lasers for the treatment of periodontal disease elicits very strong
reactions from all sides of spectrum. Evidence suggests that lasers are useful as an adjunct or
alternative to traditional approaches in periodontal therapy. Future direction of lasers would be
towards a minimally invasive regenerative procedures along with laser assisted calculus detection
systems using laser fluorescence that is optical coherence tomography and a laser system which
selectively and completely removes the plaque and calculus that is under development. With recent
advances and development of wide range of laser wavelengths, different instrument designs and
different delivery systems, the purpose of this review is to determine the application and current
concept of lasers in the regeneration of periodontal tissues.
This document reviews the soft tissue applications of lasers in dentistry. It discusses how lasers provide benefits like sterilization of surfaces, a dry surgical field, decreased swelling and pain, and increased patient acceptance. Specific conditions that can be effectively treated with lasers are mentioned, such as peripheral ossifying fibromas, denture-induced fibrous hyperplasia, mucoceles, hemangiomas, and lymphangiomas. Lasers are shown to be useful tools for excising premalignant and malignant oral lesions as well. In summary, this document outlines the various uses of lasers in treating oral soft tissue disorders and conditions.
This document reviews the soft tissue applications of lasers in dentistry. It discusses how lasers provide benefits like surface sterilization, a dry surgical field, and increased patient acceptance for soft tissue procedures. Specific conditions that can be effectively treated with lasers are mentioned, such as peripheral ossifying fibromas, denture-induced fibrous hyperplasia, mucoceles, hemangiomas, and lymphangiomas. Lasers are described as a useful tool for treating premalignant and malignant oral lesions as well.
1) Lasers have various applications in periodontal and implant dentistry including calculus removal, soft tissue excision and ablation, root decontamination, biostimulation, and bacteria reduction.
2) Studies show lasers may provide benefits like less swelling and pain compared to conventional methods.
3) Different laser wavelengths penetrate tissues to varying depths depending on characteristics, and care must be taken to avoid overheating implants which could damage surfaces.
The use of lasers in dentistry, particularly in periodontics and peri-implant diseases, is becoming
increasingly common nowadays. Since their introduction in the late 20th century, they have revolutionized the
treatment options available for the management of periodontal disease. They allow the clinician to reach inside the
deeper pockets and help in reducing the bacterial load. They offer various advantages and have variations according
to their clinical use. This review presents an overview of their applications in periodontics.
Aim: This review aims at opening the clinical professionals eyes to various possibilities for the usage of laser that is innovative skill in the field of periodontics. Background: There is no doubt regarding clinical application of laser, but for best management and for effective clinical protocols literature should be supported by basic and clinical research and evidence. Review Results: In this review there is a collection of data from scientific papers clinically relevant to the periodontitis providing description of parameters of lasers, its effect on soft tissue, history of use laser in periodontics in particular as well as various use of laser in the field of periodontics .Conclusion: Laser is a promising auxillary tool in periodontics but further evidence is required to have effective clinical effect. Clinical Significance: Less of thermal damage, less bleeding and uneventful healing is the clinical significance of laser when used on soft tissues.
This document discusses the use of therapeutic and Nd:YAG lasers as adjunct treatments for periodontitis. It presents the results of four clinical studies that investigated the effects of low-level lasers and a single application of an Nd:YAG laser as supplements to scaling and root planing. The studies found that both therapeutic lasers and a single use of the Nd:YAG laser improved clinical outcomes and some immunological parameters when used in addition to conventional periodontal treatment. Longer coherence length appeared to produce slightly better results for therapeutic lasers.
This document discusses the use of lasers in periodontology. It begins by covering laser tissue interaction and the types of lasers available for periodontal applications. The document then summarizes several clinical applications of lasers in periodontology including frenectomies, crown lengthening, biopsies, and treatments for lesions, ulcers, and bleeding disorders. It also discusses uses for guided tissue regeneration, scaling and root planing, and preprosthetic surgery. In general, lasers provide benefits like less bleeding, sterilization of surgical sites, reduced post-op pain and swelling, and faster procedures. The laser-assisted new attachment procedure is described as a method for treating moderate to advanced periodontitis. Both advantages
Laser technology provides several benefits for prosthodontic and implant dentistry procedures. Lasers allow for precise soft and hard tissue incisions, coagulation to control bleeding, and reduction of postoperative pain and swelling. The erbium family of lasers can be used for soft tissue procedures as well as bone removal or contouring. This makes lasers useful for denture support surgery like vestibuloplasty and tuberosity reduction. Lasers also aid in second stage implant surgery by providing a dry, clean surgical site for immediate impressions. While many lasers can be used, erbium and carbon dioxide lasers interact minimally with dental implants.
This document reviews the soft tissue applications of lasers in dentistry. It discusses how lasers provide benefits like sterilization of surfaces, a dry surgical field, decreased swelling and pain, and increased patient acceptance. Specific conditions that can be effectively treated with lasers are mentioned, such as peripheral ossifying fibromas, denture-induced fibrous hyperplasia, mucoceles, hemangiomas, and lymphangiomas. Lasers are shown to be useful tools for excising premalignant and malignant oral lesions as well. In summary, this document outlines the various uses of lasers in treating oral soft tissue disorders and conditions.
This document reviews the soft tissue applications of lasers in dentistry. It discusses how lasers provide benefits like surface sterilization, a dry surgical field, and increased patient acceptance for soft tissue procedures. Specific conditions that can be effectively treated with lasers are mentioned, such as peripheral ossifying fibromas, denture-induced fibrous hyperplasia, mucoceles, hemangiomas, and lymphangiomas. Lasers are described as a useful tool for treating premalignant and malignant oral lesions as well.
1) Lasers have various applications in periodontal and implant dentistry including calculus removal, soft tissue excision and ablation, root decontamination, biostimulation, and bacteria reduction.
2) Studies show lasers may provide benefits like less swelling and pain compared to conventional methods.
3) Different laser wavelengths penetrate tissues to varying depths depending on characteristics, and care must be taken to avoid overheating implants which could damage surfaces.
The use of lasers in dentistry, particularly in periodontics and peri-implant diseases, is becoming
increasingly common nowadays. Since their introduction in the late 20th century, they have revolutionized the
treatment options available for the management of periodontal disease. They allow the clinician to reach inside the
deeper pockets and help in reducing the bacterial load. They offer various advantages and have variations according
to their clinical use. This review presents an overview of their applications in periodontics.
Aim: This review aims at opening the clinical professionals eyes to various possibilities for the usage of laser that is innovative skill in the field of periodontics. Background: There is no doubt regarding clinical application of laser, but for best management and for effective clinical protocols literature should be supported by basic and clinical research and evidence. Review Results: In this review there is a collection of data from scientific papers clinically relevant to the periodontitis providing description of parameters of lasers, its effect on soft tissue, history of use laser in periodontics in particular as well as various use of laser in the field of periodontics .Conclusion: Laser is a promising auxillary tool in periodontics but further evidence is required to have effective clinical effect. Clinical Significance: Less of thermal damage, less bleeding and uneventful healing is the clinical significance of laser when used on soft tissues.
This document discusses the use of therapeutic and Nd:YAG lasers as adjunct treatments for periodontitis. It presents the results of four clinical studies that investigated the effects of low-level lasers and a single application of an Nd:YAG laser as supplements to scaling and root planing. The studies found that both therapeutic lasers and a single use of the Nd:YAG laser improved clinical outcomes and some immunological parameters when used in addition to conventional periodontal treatment. Longer coherence length appeared to produce slightly better results for therapeutic lasers.
This document discusses the use of lasers in periodontology. It begins by covering laser tissue interaction and the types of lasers available for periodontal applications. The document then summarizes several clinical applications of lasers in periodontology including frenectomies, crown lengthening, biopsies, and treatments for lesions, ulcers, and bleeding disorders. It also discusses uses for guided tissue regeneration, scaling and root planing, and preprosthetic surgery. In general, lasers provide benefits like less bleeding, sterilization of surgical sites, reduced post-op pain and swelling, and faster procedures. The laser-assisted new attachment procedure is described as a method for treating moderate to advanced periodontitis. Both advantages
Laser technology provides several benefits for prosthodontic and implant dentistry procedures. Lasers allow for precise soft and hard tissue incisions, coagulation to control bleeding, and reduction of postoperative pain and swelling. The erbium family of lasers can be used for soft tissue procedures as well as bone removal or contouring. This makes lasers useful for denture support surgery like vestibuloplasty and tuberosity reduction. Lasers also aid in second stage implant surgery by providing a dry, clean surgical site for immediate impressions. While many lasers can be used, erbium and carbon dioxide lasers interact minimally with dental implants.
Innovative and an Effective Fiber Optic probe for Laser Ablation of tumors that helps in providing the advanced cancer treatment with less side effects.
Review of Lasers in Dentistry and Safety MeasuresIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of lasers in dentistry and safety measures. It summarizes the main types of lasers used including CO2, Nd:YAG, diode, and discusses their applications such as caries removal, gum treatment, and teeth whitening. Lasers have advantages over traditional methods like less bleeding and minimal swelling. However, safety is an important concern as different lasers have varying tissue penetration and thermal effects. Proper training, safety equipment, and adherence to exposure limits are needed to ensure safe use of lasers in clinical procedures.
Lasers have many applications in operative dentistry including caries detection, cavity preparation, prevention of dental caries, bleaching, and photopolymerization of composite resin. Different types of lasers like Er:YAG, CO2, and diode lasers can be used safely for hard and soft tissue procedures with benefits like minimal damage, hemostasis, reduced post-operative pain and inflammation, and sterilization of wounds. While lasers provide advantages, training is required for their safe use and they can be costly to obtain.
This document discusses the clinical applications of lasers in the oral cavity. It begins with an introduction to lasers and their tissue interactions. It then discusses various types of lasers and their uses in procedures like caries removal, treating dentinal hypersensitivity, managing recurrent aphthous stomatitis, performing frenectomies, root canal treatments, laser-assisted curettage, gingival recontouring, soft tissue excisions, and treating oral malignancies with photodynamic therapy. It emphasizes that lasers can be effective alternatives to scalpels for many oral procedures due to benefits like hemostasis, lack of sutures needed, reduced pain and scarring. However, precautions must be taken
Diode laser applications in periodonticsMinkle Gulati
This document summarizes 5 case reports demonstrating the use of a 940nm diode laser for various soft tissue dental procedures. The laser was used to perform a frenectomy, second stage implant surgery, vestibular deepening, gingivectomy, and gingival depigmentation. For all cases, the laser provided advantages over traditional techniques such as less bleeding, pain, swelling and scarring. Patients experienced faster healing and good postoperative outcomes. The document concludes the diode laser is a beneficial device for soft tissue dental surgery that provides intraoperative and postoperative advantages compared to conventional methods.
Laser assisted nonsurgical periodontal therapy a review (autosaved)Dr Viral Patel
This document reviews the use of lasers in non-surgical periodontal therapy. It discusses how lasers can be used to decontaminate and coagulate periodontal pockets to remove bacterial biofilms and support healing. Different types of lasers including diode, Nd:YAG, CO2, and erbium lasers are described. Treatment protocols involve using lasers for sulcular debridement and repeated decontamination of pockets over multiple appointments to thoroughly reduce the bacterial load and support tissue maturation. Lasers are shown to be bactericidal and improve periodontal health outcomes when used as an adjunct to conventional root debridement and as part of expanded infection therapy protocols.
Laser science is principally concerned with quantum electronics, laser construction, optical cavity design, the physics of producing a population inversion in laser media, and the temporal evolution of the light field in the laser. It is also concerned with the physics of laser beam propagation, particularly the physics of Gaussian beams, with laser applications, and with associated fields such as non-linear optics and quantum optics.
Lasers have various applications in operative dentistry including cavity preparation, caries detection, bleaching, and composite resin polymerization. Different types of lasers such as Er:YAG, CO2, and diode lasers can be used to ablate dental hard tissues with little pulp damage. Lasers also increase the resistance of enamel and dentin to caries, aid in caries diagnosis, and accelerate tooth whitening. Their precision and ability to coagulate tissues make lasers beneficial for various dental procedures with advantages such reduced pain and scarring.
Soft And Hard Tissue Management Using LasersAndres Cardona
This document discusses the use of lasers in soft and hard tissue management for esthetic dental procedures. It provides background on the history and mechanisms of dental lasers. The erbium laser wavelength is highlighted as it allows conservative, less invasive treatment of both hard tissues like enamel and bone as well as soft tissues. Specific techniques described include laser-assisted cavity preparation and restoration, as well as cosmetic procedures like gingival contouring and osseous crown lengthening to enhance the smile. Case studies demonstrate how these laser techniques can be used to adjust gingival levels and proportions for esthetic outcomes.
This document provides an overview of lasers used in oral medicine. It discusses the history and mechanism of laser tissue interaction. Common lasers used include CO2, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, and diode lasers. Applications include treatment of oral lesions, pain management, salivary gland diseases, biopsy, caries detection and removal, calculus removal, and bleaching. Lasers offer advantages over traditional techniques such as less bleeding, less pain, and faster healing.
Lasers have various applications in prosthodontics including gingival retraction, crown lengthening, edentulous site preparation, osseous recontouring, soft tissue management, and removable prosthodontics. Different lasers such as diode, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, and CO2 lasers can be used depending on whether hard or soft tissue is being treated, with Er lasers able to recontour bone. Lasers provide benefits like precision, hemostasis, and improved tissue healing compared to traditional methods.
The document discusses the use of lasers in periodontics, including for treating dentinal hypersensitivity, non-surgical periodontal therapy, and surgical therapy. It summarizes the different types of lasers used, such as low-level lasers for biostimulation, Nd:YAG and diode lasers for bacterial reduction, and Er:YAG lasers for calculus detection and removal with minimal thermal damage to tooth surfaces. The document reviews studies on the effectiveness of lasers for calculus detection and removal, bacterial reduction, detoxification of root surfaces, and biostimulation effects with low-level laser therapy.
This document discusses the use of lasers in pediatric dentistry. It begins with an introduction to lasers and their history and classifications. The main advantages of lasers are reduced pain and bleeding. Applications discussed include caries removal and prevention, frenectomy for ankyloglossia, and pulpotomy. Lasers allow these procedures to be performed in a less stressful manner for children. However, high costs and need for additional training are limitations to their use in pediatric dentistry.
INTRODUCTION OF LASERS IN ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY
INITIAL USE IN ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY
CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER LIGHT
CLASSIFICATION OF LASERS
TISSUE INTERACTION
TYPES OF LASERS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
LASER SAFETY IN SURGERY AND ANESTHESIA
PATIENT SELECTION
APPLICATIONS
SURGICAL LASER TECHNIQUE
APPLIED ASPECTS
RECENT ADVANCES
COMPLICATIONS
Health informatics an international journal (hiij) -- november 2018 issuehiij
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics.
This document discusses optical coherence tomography (OCT). It begins with an introduction to OCT, explaining that it uses low-coherence interferometry to produce 2D or 3D images of internal tissue microstructures. It then covers the basic components of an OCT system including a Michelson interferometer. The document outlines several advantages of OCT such as its high resolution, rapid data acquisition, and ability to be used in small catheter designs. Applications discussed include imaging of the esophagus, epithelium, early cancers, and vulnerable plaques. Limitations and future areas of research focus on increasing penetration depth and resolution.
This document summarizes the current state and future prospects of dental laser phototherapy (LPT). It notes that while over 3,500 studies on LPT now exist on PubMed, protocols vary widely between studies and the field lacks standardized guidelines. However, LPT is gaining acceptance in dentistry, with manufacturers now offering LPT options on dental laser equipment. While higher quality studies are still needed to establish evidence for most applications, LPT has been shown to be effective for over 100 conditions with few side effects, representing an attractive alternative or supplement to pharmaceuticals. Continued development of LPT protocols and education initiatives are encouraged to help integrate this modality more fully into evidence-based dental practice.
This document summarizes a seminar on optical coherence tomography (OCT). OCT uses low-coherence interferometry to produce high-resolution, cross-sectional tomographic images of internal tissue microstructures by measuring backscattered light. The document outlines the basic principles and components of OCT, its advantages over other imaging modalities, its applications in fields like dermatology and cardiology, limitations around penetration depth and acquisition speed, and the future potential for whole-market revenue of $2.5 billion annually as resolution and speed improve.
This document discusses the use of lasers in various medical fields such as dermatology, ophthalmology, dentistry, and gastroenterology. It explains that lasers can be used through four types of tissue interactions: photochemical, photothermal, photoablative, and photomechanical. Specific laser types and their applications in procedures like photocoagulation, photodisruption, and photorefractive keratectomy are outlined. The laser delivery systems of articulated arms, fiber optics, and waveguides are also summarized.
A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO PREDICTING DEPRESSION: VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL INSIGHTS...hiij
While global standards have been established for diagnosing depression, the reliance on expert judgement
and observation remains a challenge. This study delves into a potential approach of efficient data
collection to increase the practicability of machine learning models in accurately predicting depression
based on a comprehensive analysis of verbal and non-verbal cues exhibited by individuals.
Health Disparities: Differences in Veteran and Non-Veteran Populations using ...hiij
Introduction: This study investigated self-reported health status, health screenings, vision problems, and
vaccination rates among veteran and non-veteran groups to uncover health disparities that are critical for
informed health system planning for veteran populations.
Methods: Using public-use data from the National Health Interview Survey (2015-2018), this study adopts
an ecologic cross-sectional approach to conduct an in-depth analysis and visualization of the data assisted
by Generative AI, specifically ChatGPT-4. This integration of advanced AI tools with traditional
epidemiological principles enables systematic data management, analysis, and visualization, offering a
nuanced understanding of health dynamics across demographic segments and highlighting disparities
essential for veteran health system planning.
Findings: Disparities in self-reports of health outcomes, health screenings, vision problems, and
vaccination rates were identified, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions and policy adjustments.
Conclusion: Insights from this study could inform health system planning, using epidemiological data
assessment to suggest enhancements for veteran healthcare delivery. These findings highlight the value of
integrating Generative AI with epidemiological analysis in shaping public health policy and health
planning.
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Innovative and an Effective Fiber Optic probe for Laser Ablation of tumors that helps in providing the advanced cancer treatment with less side effects.
Review of Lasers in Dentistry and Safety MeasuresIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of lasers in dentistry and safety measures. It summarizes the main types of lasers used including CO2, Nd:YAG, diode, and discusses their applications such as caries removal, gum treatment, and teeth whitening. Lasers have advantages over traditional methods like less bleeding and minimal swelling. However, safety is an important concern as different lasers have varying tissue penetration and thermal effects. Proper training, safety equipment, and adherence to exposure limits are needed to ensure safe use of lasers in clinical procedures.
Lasers have many applications in operative dentistry including caries detection, cavity preparation, prevention of dental caries, bleaching, and photopolymerization of composite resin. Different types of lasers like Er:YAG, CO2, and diode lasers can be used safely for hard and soft tissue procedures with benefits like minimal damage, hemostasis, reduced post-operative pain and inflammation, and sterilization of wounds. While lasers provide advantages, training is required for their safe use and they can be costly to obtain.
This document discusses the clinical applications of lasers in the oral cavity. It begins with an introduction to lasers and their tissue interactions. It then discusses various types of lasers and their uses in procedures like caries removal, treating dentinal hypersensitivity, managing recurrent aphthous stomatitis, performing frenectomies, root canal treatments, laser-assisted curettage, gingival recontouring, soft tissue excisions, and treating oral malignancies with photodynamic therapy. It emphasizes that lasers can be effective alternatives to scalpels for many oral procedures due to benefits like hemostasis, lack of sutures needed, reduced pain and scarring. However, precautions must be taken
Diode laser applications in periodonticsMinkle Gulati
This document summarizes 5 case reports demonstrating the use of a 940nm diode laser for various soft tissue dental procedures. The laser was used to perform a frenectomy, second stage implant surgery, vestibular deepening, gingivectomy, and gingival depigmentation. For all cases, the laser provided advantages over traditional techniques such as less bleeding, pain, swelling and scarring. Patients experienced faster healing and good postoperative outcomes. The document concludes the diode laser is a beneficial device for soft tissue dental surgery that provides intraoperative and postoperative advantages compared to conventional methods.
Laser assisted nonsurgical periodontal therapy a review (autosaved)Dr Viral Patel
This document reviews the use of lasers in non-surgical periodontal therapy. It discusses how lasers can be used to decontaminate and coagulate periodontal pockets to remove bacterial biofilms and support healing. Different types of lasers including diode, Nd:YAG, CO2, and erbium lasers are described. Treatment protocols involve using lasers for sulcular debridement and repeated decontamination of pockets over multiple appointments to thoroughly reduce the bacterial load and support tissue maturation. Lasers are shown to be bactericidal and improve periodontal health outcomes when used as an adjunct to conventional root debridement and as part of expanded infection therapy protocols.
Laser science is principally concerned with quantum electronics, laser construction, optical cavity design, the physics of producing a population inversion in laser media, and the temporal evolution of the light field in the laser. It is also concerned with the physics of laser beam propagation, particularly the physics of Gaussian beams, with laser applications, and with associated fields such as non-linear optics and quantum optics.
Lasers have various applications in operative dentistry including cavity preparation, caries detection, bleaching, and composite resin polymerization. Different types of lasers such as Er:YAG, CO2, and diode lasers can be used to ablate dental hard tissues with little pulp damage. Lasers also increase the resistance of enamel and dentin to caries, aid in caries diagnosis, and accelerate tooth whitening. Their precision and ability to coagulate tissues make lasers beneficial for various dental procedures with advantages such reduced pain and scarring.
Soft And Hard Tissue Management Using LasersAndres Cardona
This document discusses the use of lasers in soft and hard tissue management for esthetic dental procedures. It provides background on the history and mechanisms of dental lasers. The erbium laser wavelength is highlighted as it allows conservative, less invasive treatment of both hard tissues like enamel and bone as well as soft tissues. Specific techniques described include laser-assisted cavity preparation and restoration, as well as cosmetic procedures like gingival contouring and osseous crown lengthening to enhance the smile. Case studies demonstrate how these laser techniques can be used to adjust gingival levels and proportions for esthetic outcomes.
This document provides an overview of lasers used in oral medicine. It discusses the history and mechanism of laser tissue interaction. Common lasers used include CO2, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, and diode lasers. Applications include treatment of oral lesions, pain management, salivary gland diseases, biopsy, caries detection and removal, calculus removal, and bleaching. Lasers offer advantages over traditional techniques such as less bleeding, less pain, and faster healing.
Lasers have various applications in prosthodontics including gingival retraction, crown lengthening, edentulous site preparation, osseous recontouring, soft tissue management, and removable prosthodontics. Different lasers such as diode, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, and CO2 lasers can be used depending on whether hard or soft tissue is being treated, with Er lasers able to recontour bone. Lasers provide benefits like precision, hemostasis, and improved tissue healing compared to traditional methods.
The document discusses the use of lasers in periodontics, including for treating dentinal hypersensitivity, non-surgical periodontal therapy, and surgical therapy. It summarizes the different types of lasers used, such as low-level lasers for biostimulation, Nd:YAG and diode lasers for bacterial reduction, and Er:YAG lasers for calculus detection and removal with minimal thermal damage to tooth surfaces. The document reviews studies on the effectiveness of lasers for calculus detection and removal, bacterial reduction, detoxification of root surfaces, and biostimulation effects with low-level laser therapy.
This document discusses the use of lasers in pediatric dentistry. It begins with an introduction to lasers and their history and classifications. The main advantages of lasers are reduced pain and bleeding. Applications discussed include caries removal and prevention, frenectomy for ankyloglossia, and pulpotomy. Lasers allow these procedures to be performed in a less stressful manner for children. However, high costs and need for additional training are limitations to their use in pediatric dentistry.
INTRODUCTION OF LASERS IN ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY
INITIAL USE IN ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY
CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER LIGHT
CLASSIFICATION OF LASERS
TISSUE INTERACTION
TYPES OF LASERS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
LASER SAFETY IN SURGERY AND ANESTHESIA
PATIENT SELECTION
APPLICATIONS
SURGICAL LASER TECHNIQUE
APPLIED ASPECTS
RECENT ADVANCES
COMPLICATIONS
Health informatics an international journal (hiij) -- november 2018 issuehiij
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics.
This document discusses optical coherence tomography (OCT). It begins with an introduction to OCT, explaining that it uses low-coherence interferometry to produce 2D or 3D images of internal tissue microstructures. It then covers the basic components of an OCT system including a Michelson interferometer. The document outlines several advantages of OCT such as its high resolution, rapid data acquisition, and ability to be used in small catheter designs. Applications discussed include imaging of the esophagus, epithelium, early cancers, and vulnerable plaques. Limitations and future areas of research focus on increasing penetration depth and resolution.
This document summarizes the current state and future prospects of dental laser phototherapy (LPT). It notes that while over 3,500 studies on LPT now exist on PubMed, protocols vary widely between studies and the field lacks standardized guidelines. However, LPT is gaining acceptance in dentistry, with manufacturers now offering LPT options on dental laser equipment. While higher quality studies are still needed to establish evidence for most applications, LPT has been shown to be effective for over 100 conditions with few side effects, representing an attractive alternative or supplement to pharmaceuticals. Continued development of LPT protocols and education initiatives are encouraged to help integrate this modality more fully into evidence-based dental practice.
This document summarizes a seminar on optical coherence tomography (OCT). OCT uses low-coherence interferometry to produce high-resolution, cross-sectional tomographic images of internal tissue microstructures by measuring backscattered light. The document outlines the basic principles and components of OCT, its advantages over other imaging modalities, its applications in fields like dermatology and cardiology, limitations around penetration depth and acquisition speed, and the future potential for whole-market revenue of $2.5 billion annually as resolution and speed improve.
This document discusses the use of lasers in various medical fields such as dermatology, ophthalmology, dentistry, and gastroenterology. It explains that lasers can be used through four types of tissue interactions: photochemical, photothermal, photoablative, and photomechanical. Specific laser types and their applications in procedures like photocoagulation, photodisruption, and photorefractive keratectomy are outlined. The laser delivery systems of articulated arms, fiber optics, and waveguides are also summarized.
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While global standards have been established for diagnosing depression, the reliance on expert judgement
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an ecologic cross-sectional approach to conduct an in-depth analysis and visualization of the data assisted
by Generative AI, specifically ChatGPT-4. This integration of advanced AI tools with traditional
epidemiological principles enables systematic data management, analysis, and visualization, offering a
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Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ)hiij
Healthcare Informatics: An International Journal is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that Publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the health care.
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics. Original contributions are solicited on topics covered under the broad areas such as (but not limited to) listed below:
Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ)hiij
Healthcare Informatics: An International Journal is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that Publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the health care.
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics. Original contributions are solicited on topics covered under the broad areas such as (but not limited to) listed below:
HEALTH DISPARITIES: DIFFERENCES IN VETERAN AND NON-VETERAN POPULATIONS USING ...hiij
Introduction: This study investigated self-reported health status, health screenings, vision problems, and
vaccination rates among veteran and non-veteran groups to uncover health disparities that are critical for
informed health system planning for veteran populations.
Methods: Using public-use data from the National Health Interview Survey (2015-2018), this study adopts
an ecologic cross-sectional approach to conduct an in-depth analysis and visualization of the data assisted
by Generative AI, specifically ChatGPT-4. This integration of advanced AI tools with traditional
epidemiological principles enables systematic data management, analysis, and visualization, offering a
nuanced understanding of health dynamics across demographic segments and highlighting disparities
essential for veteran health system planning.
Findings: Disparities in self-reports of health outcomes, health screenings, vision problems, and
vaccination rates were identified, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions and policy adjustments.
Conclusion: Insights from this study could inform health system planning, using epidemiological data
assessment to suggest enhancements for veteran healthcare delivery. These findings highlight the value of
integrating Generative AI with epidemiological analysis in shaping public health policy and health
planning.
Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ)hiij
Healthcare Informatics: An International Journal is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that Publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the health care.
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics. Original contributions are solicited on topics covered under the broad areas such as (but not limited to) listed below:
Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ)hiij
Healthcare Informatics: An International Journal is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that Publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the health care.
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics. Original contributions are solicited on topics covered under the broad areas such as (but not limited to) listed below:
Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ)hiij
Healthcare Informatics: An International Journal is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that Publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the health care.
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics. Original contributions are solicited on topics covered under the broad areas such as (but not limited to) listed below:
Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ)hiij
Healthcare Informatics: An International Journal is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that Publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the health care.
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics. Original contributions are solicited on topics covered under the broad areas such as (but not limited to) listed below:
Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ)hiij
Healthcare Informatics: An International Journal is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that Publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the health care.
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics. Original contributions are solicited on topics covered under the broad areas such as (but not limited to) listed below:
BRIEF COMMENTARY: USING A LOGIC MODEL TO INTEGRATE PUBLIC HEALTH INFORMATICS ...hiij
The COVID-19 pandemic has been a watershed moment in public health surveillance, highlighting the
crucial role of data-driven insights in informing health actions and policies. Revisiting key concepts—
public health, epidemiology in public health practice, public health surveillance, and public health
informatics—lays the foundation for understanding how these elements converge to create a robust public
health surveillance system framework. Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, this integration was
exemplified by the WHO efforts in data dissemination and the subsequent global response. The role of
public health informatics emerged as instrumental in this context, enhancing data collection, management,
analysis, interpretation, and dissemination processes. A logic model for public health surveillance systems
encapsulates the integration of these concepts. It outlines the inputs and outcomes and emphasizes the
crucial actions and resources for effective system operation, including the imperative of training and
capacity development.
Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ)hiij
Healthcare Informatics: An International Journal is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that Publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the health care.
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics. Original contributions are solicited on topics covered under the broad areas such as (but not limited to) listed below:
AUTOMATIC AND NON-INVASIVE CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITORING IN PAEDIATRIC PATIENTShiij
Glycated haemoglobin does not allow you to highlight the effects that food choices, physical activity and
medications have on your glycaemic control day by day. The best way to monitor and keep track of the
immediate effects that these have on your blood sugar levels is self-monitoring, therefore the use of a
glucometer. Thanks to this tool you have the possibility to promptly receive information that helps you to
intervene in the most appropriate way, bringing or keeping your blood sugar levels as close as possible to
the reference values indicated by your doctor. Currently, blood glucose meters are used to measure and
control blood glucose. Diabetes is a fairly complex disease and it is important for those who suffer from it
to check their blood sugar (blood sugar) periodically throughout the day to prevent dangerous
complications. Many children newly diagnosed with diabetes and their families may face unique challenges
when dealing with the everyday management of diabetes, including treatments, adapting to dietary
changes, and the routine monitoring of blood glucose. Many questions may also arise when selecting a
blood glucose meter for paediatric patients. With current blood glucose meters, even with multiple daily
self-tests, high and low blood glucose levels may not be detected. Key factors that may be considered when
selecting a meter include accuracy of the meter; size of the meter; small sample size required for testing;
ease of use and easy-to-follow testing procedure; ability for alternate testing sites; quick testing time and
availability of results; ease of portability to allow testing at school and during leisure time; easyto- read
numbers on display; memory options; cost of meter and supplies. In this study we will show a new
automatic portable, non-invasive device and painless for the daily continuous monitoring (24 hours a day)
of blood glucose in paediatric patients.
INTEGRATING MACHINE LEARNING IN CLINICAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMShiij
This review article examines the role of machine learning (ML) in enhancing Clinical Decision Support
Systems (CDSSs) within the modern healthcare landscape. Focusing on the integration of various ML
algorithms, such as regression, random forest, and neural networks, the review aims to showcase their
potential in advancing patient care. A rapid review methodology was utilized, involving a survey of recent
articles from PubMed and Google Scholar on ML applications in healthcare. Key findings include the
demonstration of ML's predictive power in patient outcomes, its ability to augment clinician knowledge,
and the effectiveness of ensemble algorithmic approaches. The review highlights specific applications of
diverse ML models, including moment kernel machines in predicting surgical outcomes, k-means clustering
in simplifying disease phenotypes, and extreme gradient boosting in estimating injury risk. Emphasizing
the potential of ML to tackle current healthcare challenges, the article highlights the critical role of ML in
evolving CDSSs for improved clinical decision-making and patient care. This comprehensive review also
addresses the challenges and limitations of integrating ML into healthcare systems, advocating for a
collaborative approach to refine these systems for safety, efficacy, and equity.
BRIEF COMMENTARY: USING A LOGIC MODEL TO INTEGRATE PUBLIC HEALTH INFORMATICS ...hiij
The COVID-19 pandemic has been a watershed moment in public health surveillance, highlighting the
crucial role of data-driven insights in informing health actions and policies. Revisiting key concepts—
public health, epidemiology in public health practice, public health surveillance, and public health
informatics—lays the foundation for understanding how these elements converge to create a robust public
health surveillance system framework. Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, this integration was
exemplified by the WHO efforts in data dissemination and the subsequent global response. The role of
public health informatics emerged as instrumental in this context, enhancing data collection, management,
analysis, interpretation, and dissemination processes. A logic model for public health surveillance systems
encapsulates the integration of these concepts. It outlines the inputs and outcomes and emphasizes the
crucial actions and resources for effective system operation, including the imperative of training and
capacity development.
INTEGRATING MACHINE LEARNING IN CLINICAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMShiij
This review article examines the role of machine learning (ML) in enhancing Clinical Decision Support
Systems (CDSSs) within the modern healthcare landscape. Focusing on the integration of various ML
algorithms, such as regression, random forest, and neural networks, the review aims to showcase their
potential in advancing patient care. A rapid review methodology was utilized, involving a survey of recent
articles from PubMed and Google Scholar on ML applications in healthcare. Key findings include the
demonstration of ML's predictive power in patient outcomes, its ability to augment clinician knowledge,
and the effectiveness of ensemble algorithmic approaches. The review highlights specific applications of
diverse ML models, including moment kernel machines in predicting surgical outcomes, k-means clustering
in simplifying disease phenotypes, and extreme gradient boosting in estimating injury risk. Emphasizing
the potential of ML to tackle current healthcare challenges, the article highlights the critical role of ML in
evolving CDSSs for improved clinical decision-making and patient care. This comprehensive review also
addresses the challenges and limitations of integrating ML into healthcare systems, advocating for a
collaborative approach to refine these systems for safety, efficacy, and equity.
Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ)hiij
Healthcare Informatics: An International Journal is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that Publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the health care.
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics. Original contributions are solicited on topics covered under the broad areas such as (but not limited to) listed below:
The Proposed Guidelines for Cloud Computing Migration for South African Rural...hiij
It is now overdue for the hospitals in South African rural areas to implement cloud computing technologies in order to access patient data quickly in an emergency. Sometimes medical practitioners take time to attend patients due to the unavailability of kept records, leading to either a loss of time or the reassembling of processes to recapture lost patient files. However, there are few studies that highlight challenges faced by rural hospitals but they do not recommend strategies on how they can migrate to cloud computing. The purpose of this paper was to review recent papers about the critical factors that influence South African hospitals in adopting cloud computing. The contribution of the study is to lay out the importance of cloud computing in the health sectors and to suggest guidelines that South African rural hospitals can follow in order to successfully relocate into cloud computing.The existing literature revealed that Hospitals may enhance their record-keeping procedures and conduct business more effectively with the help of the cloud computing. In conclusion, if hospitals in South African rural areas is to fully benefit from cloud-based records management systems, challenges relating to data storage, privacy, security, and the digital divide must be overcome.
SUPPORTING LARGE-SCALE NUTRITION ANALYSIS BASED ON DIETARY SURVEY DATAhiij
While online survey systems facilitate the collection on copious records on diet, exercise and other healthrelated data, scientists and other public health experts typically must download data from those systems
into external tools for conducting statistical analyses. A more convenient approach would enable
researchers to perform analyses online, without the need to coordinate additional analysis tools. This
paper presents a system illustrating such an approach, using as a testbed the WAVE project, which is a 5-
year childhood obesity prevention initiative being conducted at Oregon State University by health scientists
utilizing a web application called WavePipe. This web application has enabled health scientists to create
studies, enrol subjects, collect physical activity data, and collect nutritional data through online surveys.
This paper presents a new sub-system that enables health scientists to analyse and visualize nutritional
profiles based on large quantities of 24-hour dietary recall records for sub-groups of study subjects over
any desired period of time. In addition, the sub-system enables scientists to enter new food information
from food composition databases to build a comprehensive food profile. Interview feedback from novice
health science researchers using the new functionality indicated that it provided a usable interface and
generated high receptiveness to using the system in practice.
AN EHEALTH ADOPTION FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEWhiij
The document summarizes a systematic literature review on factors influencing adoption of eHealth technologies in developing countries. The review analyzed 29 papers published between 2009-2021. Key findings included:
- Widely used frameworks for eHealth adoption in developing countries were TAM, UTAUT, and TOE, but these did not fully capture all relevant factors.
- Additional factors identified included socio-demographic, technological, information, socio-cultural, organizational, governance, ethical/legal, and financial dimensions.
- The review proposed a novel, context-specific eHealth adoption framework for developing countries with eight dimensions addressing the above factors.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
1. Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ) Vol.7, No.2/3/4, November 2018
DOI: 10.5121/hiij.2018.7401 1
LASERS – IT’S ROLE IN PERIODONTAL
REGENERATION
Princy Anna Mathew, Vikram More and B.S.Jagadish Pai.
Coorg Institute of Dental Sciences , Karnataka, India
ABSTRACT
The use of lasers has evolved as clinical experience along with scientific investigation. The dental
lasers of today have benefited from decades of laser research and have their basis in certain
theories from the field of quantum mechanics. When used efficaciously and ethically, lasers are an
exceptional modality of treatment for many clinical conditions that dental specialists treat on a
daily basis. The concept of using lasers for the treatment of periodontal disease elicits very strong
reactions from all sides of spectrum. Evidence suggests that lasers are useful as an adjunct or
alternative to traditional approaches in periodontal therapy. Future direction of lasers would be
towards a minimally invasive regenerative procedures along with laser assisted calculus detection
systems using laser fluorescence that is optical coherence tomography and a laser system which
selectively and completely removes the plaque and calculus that is under development. With recent
advances and development of wide range of laser wavelengths, different instrument designs and
different delivery systems, the purpose of this review is to determine the application and current
concept of lasers in the regeneration of periodontal tissues.
KEYWORDS
Carbon Dioxide Laser, Solid state Laser, Laser Assisted New Attachment Procedure, Laser assisted
Comprehensive Pocket Treatment, Low Level Laser Therapy.
1. BACKGROUND
Maiman, a scientist with the Hughes Aircraft Corporation, conducted a study using a ruby crystal
that emits a coherent radiant light when stimulated by energy, based on the theory originally
postulated by Albert Einstein and first developed LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated
Emission of Radiation).
In a study conducted by a dermatologist, Goldman, when two pulses of red light beam from ruby
crystals were focused with laser for tattoo removal, it showed painless surface crazing of enamel
Further experiments conducted by Stean&Sojrmaer, showed the shift of pendulum from ruby
laser to CO2 &Nd:YAG lasers for better interactions with dental hard tissues.
In the nineteenth century , 1970 was considered as “a pivot of change” where the use of lasers for
soft-tissue surgical procedures came forth and Lenz et al together with Frame, Pecaro& Pick were
among the pioneers to report oral surgical application of CO2 laser, oral soft tissue lesions and
periodontal procedures. It was Mayer’s & Myer’s who described the use of modified ophthalmic
2. Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ) Vol.7, No.2/3/4, November 2018
2
Nd:YAG laser for removal of dental caries and received permission from FDA for selling of
Nd:YAG laser device in 19891.
Nd:YAG laser was eventually used in periodontal procedures and since then lasers have been
used largely by researchers and clinical periodontal practitioners.
2. LASERS IN PERIODONTICS AND PERI-IMPLANT THERAPY
As a result of increase in the basic and clinical investigations related to Diode, CO2, Nd:YAG,
Er:YAG&Er,Cr:YSGG lasers, application of laser for periodontal and implant therapy have
gradually expanded.2-3 Adjunctive use of lasers for initial periodontal therapy, not only to
debride connective tissue & epithelium within pockets, but also to inactivate bacteria that invade
the periodontal tissues can be carried out with the help of these wavelengths with moderate power
output. In addition, Erbium lasers have been observed to achieve ablation of calculus with
efficiency that can be compared with hand/ultrasonic instruments thus preserving the underneath
root cementum4
.
Precise & small procedures with minimal damage around the treated site can be performed by the
practitioners with laser power delivered through a fine laser tip. Such a precise treatment
modality is of great importance while performing minimally invasive periodontal treatments2,5
.
Another treatment modality has emerged, named phototherapy, which is better known as Low-
Level Laser Therapy (LLLT)6
. An important principle of phototherapy is that the power
parameters are employed at lower dose than that used for surgery. LLLT was often termed as
“Soft Laser Therapy” or “Cold Laser Therapy” which created some confusion. Hence, the current
term “photo biomodulation”, more accurately describes the intended process that is, the reduction
of inflammation with stimulation of cell proliferation6
.
Another application of phototherapy is antimicrobial PDT, which aims to destroy pathogens in
pocket with ROS produced by combination of a low-level visible light laser & a photosensitizer.
This protocol has attracted attention as a novel, minimally invasive approach for the treatment of
pockets around teeth and dental implants7,8
.
3. CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH WAVELENGTH IN PERIODONTITIS AND
PERI-IMPLANT THERAPY.
3.1 LASERS FOR SOFT TISSUE ABLATION ONLY.
3.1.1 Diode &Nd:YAG Lasers
The photonic energy from Diode & Nd:YAG lasers is in the neon-infrared spectrum (approx..
800-1100nm) and is selectively absorbed in areas of inflammation by blood components and
tissue pigments. A non-contact mode may be employed when attempting any haemostasis2
.
For initial periodontal therapy, these lasers are used for inactivation of bacteria and removal of
inflamed soft-tissue from periodontal pocket/from around the implant sulcus, for achieving
3. Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ) Vol.7, No.2/3/4, November 2018
3
hemostasis in acutely inflamed tissue3
. These procedures employ relatively low average power,
which are usually below than that used for surgery.
In general, Nd:YAG laser must be used with caution, and attention must be given to the
irradiation parameters and to the laser beam placement5
.
3.1.2 CO2 Laser:
These employ photonic energy in far - infrared spectrum (9,300-10,600). Compared to others,
they have highest absorption in dental minerals such as Hydroxyapatite and Calcium phosphate.
The penetration depth into soft-tissue is relatively shallow (approx.0.2mm)2
.
CO2 lasers have similar soft tissue applications for periodontal therapy as the diode and Nd:YAG
wavelengths. These applications include bacterial reduction, debridement of diseased soft tissue
in pockets and around implants and coagulation2
.
3.1.3 ERBIUM Laser:
Erbium lasers such as Er:YAG and Er:Cr:YSGG lasers target water/hydroxide ions (OH¯ ) as
primary targets and minerals as secondary target and emit in the mid-infrared range at a
wavelength of 2940nm for Er:YAG and 2780nm for Er:Cr:YSGG5
. It can be used as a hard tissue
laser for excisions, ablations, bony tissue exostosis & bony tissue biopsy.
The photonic energy of both the lasers can be delivered in either a contact/non-contact mode.
These lasers can be used for soft-tissue debridement of periodontal and peri-implant diseased
tissue, bacterial reduction and calculus removal in a non-surgical approach8
.
4. LOW LEVEL LASERS FOR BIOMODULATION
Evidence from literature has demonstrated that the photo-biomodulatory effect of laser treatment,
conventionally termed as LLLT using above described wavelengths utilized to cut soft/hard tissue
contribute to the beneficial effects of ‘surgical’ laser approaches6
.
In an in-vitro study Er:YAG lasers have shown to stimulate more osteoblasts and gingival
fibroblasts (human). This low dose of laser energy delivery enhanced proliferation and earlier
structural formation.
The mechanisms of enhanced proliferation accelerated wound healing with LLLT is not
completely clear, but can be partially explained by biostimulation. Devices specifically designed
for photo-biomodulation are available in diode lasers with emission wavelengths of 630-980nm6
.
5. MINIMALLY INVASIVE FLAPLESS PERIOPOCKET SURGERY
Laser therapy is well accepted by patients as a minimally invasive procedure that potentially
reduces the necessity of subsequent periodontal flap surgery7
.
4. Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ) Vol.7, No.2/3/4, November 2018
4
5.1 LANAP &LAPIP
LANAP was developed by two dentists in California; Robert Gregg and Del Mc Carthy 1989,
who were looking for alternatives to conventional periodontal surgery, especially for
periodontally hopeless teeth5
. Through trial and error several evolutions and name changes from
Laser ENAP to LPT to LANAP, the definitive LANAP protocol was established and patented9
.
LANAP is a minimally invasive surgical procedure as indicated in systematic review of the AAP
workshop by Kao et al (2015) and in a recent review by Aoki et al (2015)8
. It is still the only laser
procedure to have human histologic evidence to justify the US-FDA 510 (K) marketing clearance
for cementum-mediated periodontal ligament attachment in the absence of a long junctional
epithelium7,9
.
The Laser Assisted Peri-Implantitis Procedure (LAPIP) protocol for treating peri-implantitis with
a minimally invasive surgical approach adapts the LANAP protocol used to treat teeth for
treatment of ailing dental implants11
.
5.2 LASER ASSISTED COMPREHENSIVE POCKET TREATMENT USING ERBIUM LASERS
(LCPT):
Erbium lasers can safely and effectively remove granulation tissue, even from the bone defects
difficult to access without harming the osseous tissue and when used in Non-Surgical Periodontal
Therapy, can aid in restoring periodontal health. From these observations, Aoki et al (2015)
proposed the concept of Laser Assisted Comprehensive Pocket Therapy (LCPT)8
. Successful
clinical results were obtained with this therapy, occasionally accompanied by bone regeneration
in the vertical bone defects.
Hence, LCPT technique might be an effective minimally invasive approach as a flapless surgical
procedure for the treatment of moderate to deep periodontal pockets with vertical bone defects
and might reduce the necessity for subsequent conventional flap surgery.
In recent years, there has been a great development in research of laser therapies for the dentistry
field and a specialized use in the areas such as implantology3
. Use of low-level laser therapy and
certain wavelengths, specific lasers supply direct biostimulative light energy to the cells. It has
been reported that low-level semiconductor diode enhances the wound healing process. The
periodontal ligament is crucial for maintaining the tooth and surrounding tissues in periodontal
wound healing. Low-level lasers have direct effect on periodontal ligament fibroblasts and also
has stimulating effects on bone cells and can accelerate the repair process of bone6
.
In a study done by Flaminia et al (2010), evaluation of low pulse energy Nd:YAG laser
irradiation was done where it showed to exert a biostimulative effect on different cells
representative of oral micro-environment particularly osteoblasts12
. Another study done by
Aleksie et al in 2010, it was suggested that low-level Er:YAG laser irradiation increases
osteoblast proliferation, mainly by activation of MAPK/ERK pathways suggesting that Er:YAG
laser may be able to promote bone healing following periodontal and peri-implant therapy13
.
A case series study done by Brown et al in 2013, assessed the efficacy of advanced lasers in a
LANAP case series, wherein the new MVP-7 laser (Periolase)14
, a free-running pulsed Nd:YAG
5. Health Informatics - An International Journal (HIIJ) Vol.7, No.2/3/4, November 2018
5
laser provided a reliable alternative to traditional periodontal surgery9
. Properly applied, this laser
showed lesser bleeding, swelling and discomfort. Also it was shown to specifically target
identifiable pathogen.
In a study by Cochran et al in 2012, wherein the biostimulative effect of low-level laser
irradiation on alveolar bone during orthodontic tooth movement along with formation of new
keratinized gingiva showed that laser bio stimulation could improve the differentiation of PDL
stem cells in fibroblasts and are able to promote attached gingiva around the erupted teeth15
.
A recent study done by Falaki et al in 2016 checked for the efficacy of dual-wavelength laser
therapy using minimally invasive techniques for intrabony periodontal defects where it showed
that use of such dual wavelength lasers showed up to 40% bone-fill which was favorably
comparable with traditional surgery7
.
Dogan et al in 2016 conducted a study to compare the efficacy of GTR with GTR plus low-level
laser therapy in the treatment of Grade II furcation defects. This study showed that both treatment
modalities led to significant favorable clinical improvements but GTR plus LLLT showed to be
more effective than GTR alone16
.
In a recent meta-analysis and systemic review done by Behdin et al in 2015 for the effectiveness
of laser application in periodontal surgical therapy, showed that the evidence available is
insufficient to support the effectiveness of dental laser as an adjunct to reparative/regenerative
surgical periodontal therapy, due to small sample size and heterogeneity among studies17
.
To date, although clinical reports of successful laser applications for regeneration in periodontal
and peri-implant diseases have been published, evidence supporting the therapeutic benefit of
laser use from larger clinical trials and meta-analyses has not yet been conclusively established17
.
On the other hand, two wavelength-specific techniques like LANAP, using Nd:YAG laser and
Er:YAG laser assisted comprehensive pocket treatment (Er-LCPT) using Erbium lasers have
shown to be more effective and suitable over conventional surgical option of treatment5,9
.
It is evident by the data that adjunctive use and as nontherapeutic use of lasers for periodontal
regeneration is better than the conventional methods alone; providing a more comprehensive
method of treatment for moderate-severe cases of periodontal disease with periodontal pockets.
Hence, the studies done in past 5-6 years showed promising results especially in usage of laser for
regenerative purposes along with its various other bio stimulatory effects.
The use of lasers for calculus detection using laser fluorescence that is optical coherence
tomography and a laser system which can selectively and completely lead to removal of plaque
and calculus is under development. This can direct the future of lasers towards a minimally
invasive regenerativeprocedure. 4,7,8
A “Photo-brushing” approach involving the application of anti-microbial photodynamic therapy
for routine plaque control by patients is also under development18
.
6. CONCLUSION
Literature review of the past 5-6 years studies on lasers for periodontal regeneration were
conducted on various aspects via increased rate of wound healing, analgesic effects, regenerative
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effects via increased differentiation of osteogenic cell lineages from the stem cells available in the
periodontium, along with the regeneration of soft tissue and it’s improved qualitative and
quantitative characteristics during orthodontic procedures.
Hence, along with various bio stimulatory actions of lasers (depending on wavelength, frequency,
mode etc) as described in literature studies, a new feather of “regeneration” has been added to the
hat of laser application in periodontology.
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