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The World is Flat
1. Unit 9: Creating a Global Economy
Globalization goes hand in hand with
the construction of the modern world
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2. OBJECTIVES
โข Demonstrate that globalization has had diverse impacts on
societies and places
โข Discuss technological innovations that have collapsed some
the effects of distance and how they have reshaped
economic geographies
โข Explain why the space-time convergence is accelerating
โข Examine the three waves of globalization and the
unevenness of the space-time convergence
3. โข Technological advances, especially
communications and transportation, have
spurred the compression
โข When transportation costs are high, only
high-end goods can be traded
โข Early navigation led to a concentration of
economic activities in coastal regions
โข Sea-going vessels, railways, and canals each
successively cut time and costs of transport
Space-Time Convergence:
the collapse of the time it takes to cover distance
5. โข Each convergence destroys old geographies and
creates new ones
โข Containers and the massive container ships have
boosted global trade
โข Older ports and canals canโt handle the
largest of the container ships, so newer docks
are created further downstream
โข Information is vital in mature economies, and
communications drive convergence
Space-Time Convergence
6. Before the Erie Canal opened in 1825, it
could take up to 20 days to travel between
New York City and Buffalo. After the canal
opened, it took less than 4 days. (Fig 9.2)
8. โข Regional empires became global
โข Biotic transfer:
โข Horses and wheat from Old World to New
โข Turkey and tomatoes from New World to Old
โข Disease decimated native populations
โข Demographic holocaust led to imported labor
โข Slavery united Africa, Europe, and Americas
Three Waves of Globalization
First Wave โ 1492: The Columbian Encounter
9. โข Lower tariffs, international labor market, and
greater capital mobility increased connectivity
โข Telegraph, railways, steamships, and canals
produced uneven development
โข WWI, Great Depression, and WWII shocked the
system
โข After WWII, regional alliances and
international organizations (IMF, UN) were
formed
Three Waves of Globalization
Second Waveโ1865-1970
10. โข Global production chains and deregulated
financial system
โข Containerization standardized the system and
eliminated break-of-bulk
โข steep drop in transportation cost
โข Spatial shift in manufacturing
Three Waves of Globalization
3rd Waveโ1970 to today
11. The Panama Canal, completed in 1914,
reduced the distance between the Atlantic
and Pacific Oceans. (Fig 9.6)
12. A Flat World?
โข Differences are being smoothed through globalization
(Thomas Friedmanโs book The World is Flat)
โข Cheap labor, exports, and manufacturing are not
enough to create developmental equality
โข Dependable infrastructure, transportation links,
and political stability are prerequisites for long
term entrance to the global core
โข Globalization creates both homogeneity AND spatial
difference
โข The worldโs topography is more varied than flat
13. CONCLUSION
โข Globalization has had diverse impacts on societies and
places
โข Technological innovations in transportation and
communication have collapsed some of the effects of
distance and have reshaped economic geographies
โข Globalization is accelerating the space-time convergence
โข The three waves of globalization have created an
unevenness of the space-time convergence
Editor's Notes
9.3 Space-time convergence between Boston and New York