There have been three eras of globalization according to the author. The world first began globalizing from 1400 to 1800 when it shrunk from "Size Large" to "Size Medium" starting with Columbus' discovery. From 1800 to 2000, globalization further increased trade, jobs, and economic growth. The third era began in 2000 when the world "flattened" as people from all countries began globalizing themselves through increased connectivity and outsourcing.