The Union Jack flag represents the union of the individual flags of England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Over time, through various acts and treaties, these countries became united under one sovereign. The flag evolved to include elements representing each nation, beginning with England and Scotland in 1606. Ireland was added in 1801 after it joined the United Kingdom. Wales is not represented as it was a principality, not a kingdom, when the flag was designed.

1. The British Flag
A flag containing three other flags.

2. The Union Jack
The Union Flag, popularly known as the *Union Jack, is the
national flag of the United Kingdom. It is the British flag.
It is called the Union Flag because it symbolises the
administrative union of the countries of the United Kingdom.
It is made up of the individual Flags of three of the Kingdom's
countries all united under one Sovereign - the countries of
'England, of 'Scotland' and of 'Northern Ireland' (since 1921
only Northern Ireland has been part of the United Kingdom).
As Wales was not a Kingdom but a Principality it could not be
included on the flag.
The following pages will tell you how the Union Flag (Union
Jack) came to be the UK's national flag and the making of the
United Kingdom.

3. The Making of the Union Flag
St George - England
The National Flag of England
England is represented by the flag of St. George
In 1194 A.D., Richard I of England introduced the Cross of St. George, a red cross on a white
ground, as the National Flag of England.
At this point in the story on the United Kingdom, England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland were
separate countries. However, this was soon to change....
In 1536, under Henry VIII, an Act of Union was passed making Wales, in effect a province of
England.

4. The Making of the Union Flag
St Andrew - Scotland
The National Flag of Scotland
Scotland is represented by the flag of St. Andrew (a diagonal white cross form (a saltire) on a blue field)
After Queen Elizabeth I of England died in 1603, King James VI of Scotland inherited the English throne
and became King James I of England. It was a Union of the Crowns, but not yet of the nations. Each
country still kept their own parliaments.
Early in his reign James attempted to combine England and Scotland in a united kingdom of 'Great Britain'.
This was the policy he presented to his first Parliament, called on 22 March 1604. The union was resisted.
James defied them. On 20 October 1604 he proclaimed a new title for himself as 'King of Great Britain'.
But what flag should be used?
A problem arose, which flag should be hoisted on the king's ships. English sailors resented the Scottish
colours and the Scots scorned the cross of St. George .
In 1606 the problem was solved ........

5. The Making of the Union Flag
The first Union Flag (1606)
A compromise was the answer and it led to the creation of the first Union Flag.
On 12 April 1606, the National Flags of Scotland and England were united for use at sea, thus
making the first Union 'Jack'. Ashore however, the old flags of England and Scotland
continued to be used by their respective countries.
A royal decree declared that the ships of the Kingdom of Great Britain "shall bear on their
maintops the red cross, commonly called St. George's cross, and the white cross, commonly
called St. Andrew's cross.“
When the red cross of England was put onto the flag of Scotland, a white border was added
around the red cross for reasons of heraldry. (The rules of heraldry demanded that two
colours must never touch each other.)

6. The Making of the Union Flag
• On 28th July, 1707, during the reign of Queen Anne, this flag was
by royal proclamation made the National flag of Great Britain, for
use ashore and afloat.
• The Act of Union of 1707, joined England and Scotland together,
creating a single kingdom with a single Parliament called 'United
Kingdom of Great Britain'.
• England Wales and Scotland were now united together under one
monarch and one parliament.
• The Royal Navy christened the British flag " The Union".
• Interesting Fact:
• When the 'Union Flag' was first introduced, in 1606, it was known
simply as 'the British flag' or 'the flag of Britain'.
• Nearly one hundred years later, another country was added to the
Union flag ...

7. The Making of the Union Flag
Northern Ireland - St Patrick
Ireland is represented by the cross of St. Patrick (a diagonal red cross on a white
background.)
On 1 January 1801, Ireland was united with Great Britain and it became necessary to have a
new National Flag in which Ireland was represented. The cross St Patrick was combined with
the Union Flag of St George and St Andrew, to create the Union Flag that has been flown
ever since.

8. The Making of the Union Flag
+
The cross of St. Patrick was inserted so the position given to St.
Andrew's Cross in one quarter was the same as that given to the Irish
one in the diagonally opposite quarter; in heraldry this is known as
"counterchanging"

9. The Making of the Union Flag
The Union Flag with the St. George's Cross removed showing how the saltires (diagonal
crosses) are counterchanged.
The 'new' British flag is not symmetrical because of the counterchange.
As Scotland joined the Union nearly two hundred years before Ireland, St Andrew's Cross was
placed uppermost in the top quarter nearest the flagstaff, this being the most honourable
position according to heraldry, while the Irish Cross was given the second most honourable
position, the top quarter of the fly.
In order to avoid having the red of the Irish Cross directly upon the blue field of the Scottish
one an edging of the white field of the Irish Cross is used.
The symbols of Scotland and Ireland are placed side by side on the Union Flag.

10. The Making of the Union Flag
England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland were now all joined together and called the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The name was later changed to United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland when the greater part of Ireland left the United
Kingdom in 1921.
NB. The St. Patrick's Cross remains in the flag even though today only Northern Ireland is
part of the United Kingdom.

11. The Making of the Union Flag
The formation of the Union Flag (Union Jack) came about as the
result of the progressive merging of the inhabitants of the British
Isles under one throne.
1603 - King James VI of Scotland inherited the English throne and
became King James I of England.
1606 - the National Flags of Scotland and England were united for
use at sea, thus making the first Union Flag
1707 - during the reign of Queen Anne, the first Union Flag was by
royal proclamation made the National flag of Great Britain, for use
ashore and afloat.1801 - Ireland was united with Great Britain and
the present Union Flag was formed.
The Union Flag consists of the three heraldic crosses of St George, St
Andrew and St Patrick.
The flags of the Patron Saints of England, Scotland and Ireland are
represented on the Union Flag. But, why is Wales not represented
on the Union Flag?
To summarize...

12. The Making of the Union Flag
Wales
Why doesn't the Welsh dragon appear on the Union Flag?
The Welsh dragon does not appear on the flag because when the first Union Flag
was created in 1606, Wales was already united with England from the 13th century.
This meant that Wales a Principality instead of a Kingdom and as such could not be
included.
In 1536, under Henry VIII, the Act of Union joined England and Wales officially.

13. The Making of the Union FlagWhat would the Union Flag look like if Wales was represented?
In November 2007, a Welsh MP, Ian Lucas, asked parliament why Wales is not represented
in the Union Jack. Of course, we have the answer here on our website, but what if Wales
was represented, what would the flag look like?
Below you can see Ian Lucas' version of the Union flag with Wales represented:
Does the Union Flag as we know it, have a future?

14. The Future of the UK's Flag
At the moment, the countries representing the UK, are still united under one flag. How long
this will be so, no one knows. Even now, each of the countries which form the United
Kingdom, is fighting for its own independence.
For the first time since 1707, the Scots now have their own Parliament in Edinburgh, and
the Welsh their own national assembly in Cardiff. As a result, the Scottish saltire and the red
dragon of Wales are much more in evidence.
Is the Union Flag (Union Jack) on its way out?
In 1997, British Airways decided to scrub the Union Flag off the tails of its airliners and
replace it with pictures of jackals from Africa and other ethnic designs. Its chief executive,
Bob Ayling, said that the airline was no longer a British company with global operations, but
a global company that happened to be headquartered in Britain: “We are proud to have
been born and raised in Britain,” he explained. “But we want to show Britain as modern,
not imperial...We still have our Beefeaters, but we now lead the world in restaurants and in
fashion.”
In 2003, a campaign was launched to try and modernise the red, white and blue flag by
adding a touch of black to reflect multicultural Britain in the 21st Century. The proposed
new flag (see right) was the work of Nigel Turner, an enthusiastic fan of the UK's
transformation into a multiracial society over the past 50 years. The campaign was NOT
successful.

15. The Future of the UK's Flag
2007
More teenagers see themselves as English, Scottish or Welsh rather than British
A YouGov poll carried out by the Daily Telegraph in 2007 found that
fewer than one third of today's teenagers instinctively think of
themselves as British rather than English, Scottish or Welsh. But,
pressed to say whether they also think of themselves as British, the
great majority say yes. Only 10 per cent of the teenage sample, many
of them Scots, reject a British identity altogether.
Most people want the United Kingdom broken up
An ICM poll published by the Daily Mail in 2007 suggested that
majorities of voters in both Scotland and England now want the
countries to split.
The Future?
Will the Union flag be replaced by four separate flags or will all the
flags and the Union Jack, be replaced by something else?
Only time will tell.

16. The Future of the UK's Flag
How to fly the Union Flag correctly
How can you tell if it is upside down?
Correct Way Wrong way
Please don't fly the Union flag
the wrong way up!
The broader (wider) diagonal
white stripe should be at the top
on the side of the flag nearest the
flagpole.
The UK flag is NOT entirely symmetrical!
You can rotate the flag and it still will be the right way up but you can't invert it (not
refective symmetry).
Look at the white diagonals and you will see why.
On the side next to the flagpole, (the hoist side), the thick white band is above the red band
on both diagonals, the white band being part of the cross of St Andrew, the Scottish flag
and the red band being part of the cross of St Patrick, the Irish flag.
To deliberately fly the flag upside down is a signal indicating a situation of 'DISTRESS'. It is
also "lese Majeste" (which means: insulting the Crown), and is theoretically still a crime in
the UK and its commonwealth!

17. Flag Information
How high is a flag at "half mast"?
It is not half way up the flag pole, as you might have expected, but the height of the
flag from the top of the pole.
The practice of half-masting a flag arose to serve cases of the death of a sailor on the
ship. The flag was half-masted to inform other vessels that the crew were mourning
their shipmate, and hence a polite request that they not be disturbed. After the
committal, the flag was raised to full staff, to indicate that the mourning period was
ended.
When is the Union Flag Flown?
The Union Flag is flown on government buildings on days marking:
the birthdays of members of the Royal family,
Commonwealth Day,
Coronation Day,
The Queen's official birthday,
Remembrance Day and on the days of the State Opening and prorogation of
Parliament.
It is also flown on St David's Day (Wales), St George's Day (England), St Andrew's Day
(Scotland), and St Patrick's Day (Northern Ireland).