The theory and practice of corporate
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This document discusses various investment rules used in capital budgeting decisions, including the net present value (NPV) rule and alternative rules. It provides the following key points: - The preferred rule is NPV, which accepts projects with positive NPV and rejects those with negative NPV. - Common alternative rules include payback period, accounting rate of return, internal rate of return, and profitability index. These rules are easier to calculate but have limitations. - A survey found that three-quarters of companies use IRR and nearly three-quarters use NPV when evaluating projects. Payback period and accounting rate of return are also commonly used. - Alternative rules can be biased against long-
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Capital budgeting
Capital budgeting is the process of evaluating potential long-term investments and capital expenditures. It involves estimating cash flows, assessing risk, determining discount rates, and calculating metrics like net present value and internal rate of return to determine which projects to accept. Capital is a limited resource, so management must carefully evaluate projects and allocate capital to the most economically acceptable and profitable opportunities. However, net present value and internal rate of return sometimes select different projects, usually due to differences in project size, life, or cash flow patterns. Both metrics can be reliably used if the discount rate reflects true risk and an internal rate of return is reasonably achievable.
Capital budgeting
The document discusses various capital budgeting techniques used to evaluate investment projects, including estimating cash flows, net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and profitability index (PI). It addresses calculating these metrics, their decision rules, and limitations. Specifically, it explains that NPV is calculated by discounting after-tax cash flows and subtracting the initial cost, while IRR is the discount rate that sets NPV equal to zero. The document also notes situations where multiple IRRs may exist.
Slide 1 8-1Capital Budgeting• Analysis of potent.docx
Slide 1
8-1
Capital Budgeting
• Analysis of potential projects
• Long-term decisions
• Large expenditures
• Difficult/impossible to reverse
• Determines firm’s strategic direction
When a company is deciding whether to invest in a new project, large sums of money can be at stake. For
example, the Artic LNG project would build a pipeline from Alaska’s North Slope to allow natural gas to
be sent from the area. The cost of the pipeline and plant to clean the gas of impurities was expected to be
$45 to $65 billion. Decisions such as these long-term investments, with price tags in the billions, are
obviously major undertakings, and the risks and rewards must be carefully weighed. We called this the
capital budgeting decision. This module introduces you to the practice of capital budgeting. We will
consider a variety of techniques financial analysts and corporate executives routinely use for the capital
budgeting decisions.
1. Net Present Value (NPV)
2. Payback Period
3. Average Accounting Rate (AAR)
4. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) or Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR)
5. Profitability Index (PI)
Slide 2
8-2
• All cash flows considered?
• TVM considered?
• Risk-adjusted?
• Ability to rank projects?
• Indicates added value to the firm?
Good Decision Criteria
All things here are related to maximize the stock price. We need to ask ourselves the following
questions when evaluating capital budgeting decision rules:
Does the decision rule adjust for the time value of money?
Does the decision rule adjust for risk?
Does the decision rule provide information on whether we are creating value for the firm?
Slide 3
8-3
Net Present Value
• The difference between the market value of a
project and its cost
• How much value is created from undertaking
an investment?
Step 1: Estimate the expected future cash flows.
Step 2: Estimate the required return for projects of
this risk level.
Step 3: Find the present value of the cash flows and
subtract the initial investment to arrive at the Net
Present Value.
Net present value—the difference between the market value of an investment and its cost.
The NPV measures the increase in firm value, which is also the increase in the value of what the
shareholders own. Thus, making decisions with the NPV rule facilitates the achievement of our
goal – making decisions that will maximize shareholder wealth.
Slide 4
8-4
Net Present Value
Sum of the PVs of all cash flows
Initial cost often is CF0 and is an outflow.
NPV =∑
n
t = 0
CFt
(1 + R)t
NPV =∑
n
t = 1
CFt
(1 + R)t
- CF0
NOTE: t=0
Up to now, we’ve avoided cash flows at time t = 0, the summation begins with cash flow zero—
not one.
The PV of future cash flows is not NPV; rather, NPV is the amount remaining after offsetting the
PV of future cash flows with the initial cost. Thus, the NPV amount determines the incremental
value created by unde.
Capitalbudgeting
Capital budgeting is the process of evaluating potential long-term investments and capital expenditures. It involves estimating cash flows, assessing risk, determining discount rates, and calculating metrics like net present value and internal rate of return to determine which projects will provide the highest returns and contribute most to firm value. The key challenges are that capital resources are limited, projects have different sizes, lives, and cash flow patterns, so the net present value and internal rate of return methods do not always agree on the best project selection. Reliable capital budgeting requires using realistic discount rates that account for project risk when applying net present value, and ensuring projected internal rates of return are reasonably achievable.
Project_selectionProject_selectionnn.ppt
The document discusses various models for project selection, including numeric and non-numeric models. Numeric models often use profitability measures like net present value, internal rate of return, payback period, and benefit-cost ratio to evaluate projects. Non-numeric models include more qualitative approaches like the sacred cow, operating necessity, and product line extension. The document provides examples of how to calculate key metrics like net present value, internal rate of return, payback period, and compares different project alternatives.
2018_L7_CAPITAL_BUDGETING__INVESTMENT_APPRAISAL_TECHNIQUES_-_Final-1.docx
The document discusses various capital budgeting techniques for evaluating investment projects. It begins by introducing capital budgeting and some key concepts. It then describes the payback period method and its limitations, such as ignoring cash flows after the payback point and not accounting for the time value of money. The document also discusses the discounted payback period method and the accounting rate of return (ARR) method. It provides examples and evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of each technique.
Capital budgeting
This document discusses various capital budgeting techniques used to evaluate business investment projects, including net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), profitability index (PI), payback period, and average rate of return (ARR). It provides examples of how to calculate each metric and explains the appropriate decision rules and limitations of each approach.
17 appraisal techniques.ppt
The document discusses two appraisal techniques: the payback method and average rate of return method. The payback method measures the time it takes to repay the original investment from revenues and favors shorter payback periods. However, it does not account for earnings after payback or discount future earnings. The average rate of return method calculates total earnings over the project life and divides by number of years, but also fails to discount future earnings.
INVESTMENT DECISION AND RELATED PROBLEM
Investment Decision — Capital Budgeting Techniques — Pay Back Method — Accounting Rate Of Return — NPV — IRR — Discounted Pay Back Method — Capital Rationing — Risk Adjusted Techniques Of Capital Budgeting. — Capital Budgeting Practices.
Chapter8Capital Budgeting (1).ppt
This document summarizes capital budgeting techniques for financial decision making. It discusses the net present value (NPV) rule, payback period, internal rate of return (IRR), and profitability index. The NPV rule accepts projects where NPV is positive and rejects those where it is negative. The payback period accepts projects with payback below a required period. IRR accepts projects where IRR exceeds the required return. The profitability index contrasts present value of cash inflows to outflows. Examples are provided to illustrate how to calculate and apply each method. Limitations of some techniques like IRR for mutually exclusive projects are also noted.
Prachi gupta 02415101718 bba4sem
The document discusses capital budgeting techniques used to evaluate potential large investments. It describes the payback period method and average rate of return method. The payback period method calculates the number of years for the initial investment to be paid back from cash inflows. The average rate of return method calculates the average annual accounting profit as a percentage of the average investment over the project's lifetime. The document provides examples of calculating payback periods and average rates of return for projects using both straight-line and written down depreciation methods. It outlines the rules for accepting or rejecting projects based on whether the payback period or rate of return meets requirements.
Financial Management- Making Capital Investment Decision
The document discusses capital investment decision making. It provides an overview of four main investment appraisal methods - accounting rate of return, payback period, net present value, and internal rate of return. Each method is examined in terms of its advantages and disadvantages. Surveys of businesses show that net present value and internal rate of return are the most commonly used methods. Strategic planning is also important for identifying profitable investment opportunities that align with a business's strengths and market opportunities. The investment appraisal process involves six key stages from determining available funds to monitoring approved projects.
Similar to The theory and practice of corporate (20)
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Financial Management- Making Capital Investment Decision
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我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
Brian Fitzsimmons on the Business Strategy and Content Flywheel of Barstool S...
On episode 272 of the Digital and Social Media Sports Podcast, Neil chatted with Brian Fitzsimmons, Director of Licensing and Business Development for Barstool Sports.
What follows is a collection of snippets from the podcast. To hear the full interview and more, check out the podcast on all podcast platforms and at www.dsmsports.net
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The theory and practice of corporate
- 1. The Theory and Practice of Corporate
- 18. Average Accounting Return Rule Example (contd) Then, the average net income is given by Average Net Income =(100,000+150,000+50,000+0-50,000)/5=50,000 Table 1 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Revenue 433,333 450,000 266,667 200,000 133,333 Expense 200,000 150,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 Before tax Cash flow 233,333 300,000 166,667 100,000 33,333 Depreciation 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 Earning before tax 133,333 200,000 66,667 0 -66,667 tax 33,333 50,000 16,667 0 -16,667 Net Income 100,000 150,000 50,000 0 -50,000
- 20. Average Accounting Return Rule Example (contd) We simply take the average of the investment. Notice that investment occurs at date 0. Therefore, there are 6 periods in this table. The average investment is then determined by Average Investment =(500,000+400,000+300,000+200,000+100,000+0)/6=250,000 Table 2 Year 0 Year 1 Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Value of the investment $500,000 $400,000 $300,000 $200,000 $100,000 $0
- 48. Alternative Investment Rule 5 -Profitability Index Example- First, you compute the present discount value of cash flows subsequent to the initial investment with discount rate of 12%. This is given by Then, the profitability index is computed by dividing the above number ($70.5) by the initial investment ($20). Therefore, the Profitability Index (PI) for this example is given by