The terminating \"hairpin\" loop occurs in the tryptophan operon when ________.
2. When tryptophan is present in the medium and available to the bacterium, ________.
=================================================================
What occurs in a bacterium with respect to genetic regulation of the tryptophan operon?
=================================================================
Microorganisms, for example, Escherichia coli (an inviting occupant of our gut) require amino
acids to survive—in light of the fact that, similar to us, they have to fabricate proteins. One of the
amino acids they need is tryptophan.
In the event that tryptophan is accessible in nature, E. coli will take it up and utilize it to fabricate
proteins. Be that as it may, E. coli can likewise make their own tryptophan utilizing catalysts that
are encoded by five qualities. These five qualities are situated alongside each other in what is
known as the trp operon.
On the off chance that tryptophan is available in nature, then E. coli microscopic organisms
don\'t have to combine it, so translation of the qualities in the trp operon is exchanged \"off.\"
When tryptophan accessibility is low, then again, the operon is exchanged \"on,\" the qualities
are interpreted, biosynthetic catalysts are made, and more tryptophan is produced.The trp operon
incorporates five qualities that encode chemicals required for tryptophan biosynthesis, alongside
a promoter (RNA polymerase restricting site) and an administrator (restricting site for a repressor
protein). The qualities of the trp operon are interpreted as a solitary mRNA.This extend of DNA
is perceived by an administrative protein known as the trp repressor. At the point when the
repressor ties to the DNA of the administrator, it keeps the operon from being translated by
physically impeding RNA polymerase, the interpretation enzyme.The trp repressor does not
generally tie to DNA. Rather, it ties and pieces interpretation just when tryptophan is available.
At the point when tryptophan is around, it appends to the repressor particles and changes their
shape so they get to be dynamic. A little particle like trytophan, which switches a repressor into
its dynamic state, is known as a corepressor.B. sufficient tryptophan is present.----------------
ANSWER
Solution
The terminating \"hairpin\" loop occurs in the tryptophan operon when ________.
2. When tryptophan is present in the medium and available to the bacterium, ________.
=================================================================
What occurs in a bacterium with respect to genetic regulation of the tryptophan operon?
=================================================================
Microorganisms, for example, Escherichia coli (an inviting occupant of our gut) require amino
acids to survive—in light of the fact that, similar to us, they have to fabricate proteins. One of the
amino acids they need is tryptophan.
In the event that tryptophan is accessible in nature, E. coli will.
trp Operon - Virtual High School (VHS) - SBI4UMichael Taylor
trp Operon
Recall
Cells respond to their environments by modifying gene expression.
Prokaryotic cells can individually adapt to their changing environments by
regulating the expression of their genes.
Bacteria can adjust to their environments using a special sequence of DNA
known as an operon, which controls the synthesis of protein in response to the environment. An operon has three key areas on the DNA strand: the promoter, the operator, and the transcription unit. The bacteria Escherichia coli need the amino acid tryptophan to survive. Amazingly, if tryptophan is not readily available in its environment, E. coli will actually make its own tryptophan from another compound by activating a metabolic pathway called the trp operon (trp for tryptophan). This metabolic process “shuts off’ as soon as tryptophan is readily available again. How the trp Operon Works Tryptophan is made using a sequence of five different enzymatic reactions. The genes that code for these five enzymes are clustered together on the same chromosome. A single promoter transcribes the entire cluster at once. In this way, the cell can turn “off” or “on” the entire series of functionally associated genes simultaneously. Let’s look at the molecules that cause these switches to be “on” or “off”. 1. How does gene regulation involving the trp repressor protein differ from what you observed with the lac repressor in the previous lesson? (2 points) 2. Based on your understanding of gene regulation in the cell and the function of the trp operon, describe how this process would be affected if there was a mutation in the operator region so that the operator could not carry out its function. (4 points) 3. What would be the result in this process of a genetic mutation that altered the shape of the trp repressor protein? (4 points)
trp Operon - Virtual High School (VHS) - SBI4UMichael Taylor
trp Operon
Recall
Cells respond to their environments by modifying gene expression.
Prokaryotic cells can individually adapt to their changing environments by
regulating the expression of their genes.
Bacteria can adjust to their environments using a special sequence of DNA
known as an operon, which controls the synthesis of protein in response to the environment. An operon has three key areas on the DNA strand: the promoter, the operator, and the transcription unit. The bacteria Escherichia coli need the amino acid tryptophan to survive. Amazingly, if tryptophan is not readily available in its environment, E. coli will actually make its own tryptophan from another compound by activating a metabolic pathway called the trp operon (trp for tryptophan). This metabolic process “shuts off’ as soon as tryptophan is readily available again. How the trp Operon Works Tryptophan is made using a sequence of five different enzymatic reactions. The genes that code for these five enzymes are clustered together on the same chromosome. A single promoter transcribes the entire cluster at once. In this way, the cell can turn “off” or “on” the entire series of functionally associated genes simultaneously. Let’s look at the molecules that cause these switches to be “on” or “off”. 1. How does gene regulation involving the trp repressor protein differ from what you observed with the lac repressor in the previous lesson? (2 points) 2. Based on your understanding of gene regulation in the cell and the function of the trp operon, describe how this process would be affected if there was a mutation in the operator region so that the operator could not carry out its function. (4 points) 3. What would be the result in this process of a genetic mutation that altered the shape of the trp repressor protein? (4 points)
Imagine a situation when a cell starts producing enzymes required for metabolism and those required for cell death (apoptosis) at the same time. The cell will be in a confused state and will not know which function to perform first. The needs of the body keep changing with time and cell has to tune itself to perform the desired set of activities. Gene regulation helps a unicellular organism to adapt well to the environment.
presented by HAFIZ M WASEEM
university of education LAHORE Pakistan
i am from mailsi vehari and studied in lahore
bsc in science college multan
msc from lahore
• Define transcription• Define translation• What are the 3 steps.pdfarihantelehyb
• Define transcription
• Define translation
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
• Define the “genetic dogma”
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
• What is the function of RNA polymerase?
• What is the function of DNA polymerase?
• Define “splicing of RNA”
• What is an exon?
• What component of the cell does the translation?
• What molecule in the cell does transcription?
• What are the functions of: operon, promotor?
• What is the difference between inducible operon and repressible operon?
Solution
• Define transcription
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Here is a more complete definition of
transcription.
• Define translation
Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to
a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship
between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it
encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three
bases to assemble the protein. Here is a more complete definition of translation:
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
Step # 1. Initiation:
Initiation of translation in E .coli involves the small ribosome subunit, a mRNA molecule, a
specific charge initiator tRNA, GTP, Mg++ and number of proteinaceous initiation factors (IFs).
These are initially part of the small subunit and are required to enhance binding affinity of the
various translational components (Table 8.1). Unlike ribosomal proteins, IFs are released from
the ribosome once initiation is completed.
Step # 2. Elongation:
Once both subunits of the ribosome are assembled with the mRNA, binding site for two charged
tRNA molecules are formed. These are designated as the ‘P’ or peptidyl and the ‘A’ or
aminoacyl sites. The charged initiator tRNA binds to the P site, provided that the AUG triplet of
mRNA is in the corresponding position of the small subunit. The increase of the growing
polypeptide chain by one amino acid is called elongation.
Step # 3. Termination:
Termination of protein synthesis is carried out by triplet codes (UAG, UAA, UGA; stop codons)
present at site A. These codons do not specify an amino acid, nor do they call for a tRNA in the
A site. These codons are called stop codons, termination codons or nonsense codons. The
finished polypeptide is still attached to the terminal tRNA at the P site, and the A site is empty.
• Define the “genetic dogma”
A theory in genetics and molecular biology subject to several exceptions that genetic information
is coded in self-replicating DNA and undergoes unidirectional transfer to messenger RNAs in
transcription which act as templates for protein synthesis in translation
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
The tRNA molecule, or tr.
sulfur trioxide is SO3 atomic mass S = 32.1 gmo.pdfshanki7
sulfur trioxide is SO3 atomic mass: S = 32.1 g/mol O =16.0 g/mol molar mass of
SO3 = 32.1 + 16.0x3 = 80.1 g/mol moles of SO3 = 2.15 mol mass of SO3 = moles of SO3 x
molar mass of SO3 = 2.15 x 80.1 = 172 g
Solution
sulfur trioxide is SO3 atomic mass: S = 32.1 g/mol O =16.0 g/mol molar mass of
SO3 = 32.1 + 16.0x3 = 80.1 g/mol moles of SO3 = 2.15 mol mass of SO3 = moles of SO3 x
molar mass of SO3 = 2.15 x 80.1 = 172 g.
More Related Content
Similar to The terminating hairpin loop occurs in the tryptophan operon whe.pdf
Imagine a situation when a cell starts producing enzymes required for metabolism and those required for cell death (apoptosis) at the same time. The cell will be in a confused state and will not know which function to perform first. The needs of the body keep changing with time and cell has to tune itself to perform the desired set of activities. Gene regulation helps a unicellular organism to adapt well to the environment.
presented by HAFIZ M WASEEM
university of education LAHORE Pakistan
i am from mailsi vehari and studied in lahore
bsc in science college multan
msc from lahore
• Define transcription• Define translation• What are the 3 steps.pdfarihantelehyb
• Define transcription
• Define translation
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
• Define the “genetic dogma”
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
• What is the function of RNA polymerase?
• What is the function of DNA polymerase?
• Define “splicing of RNA”
• What is an exon?
• What component of the cell does the translation?
• What molecule in the cell does transcription?
• What are the functions of: operon, promotor?
• What is the difference between inducible operon and repressible operon?
Solution
• Define transcription
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Here is a more complete definition of
transcription.
• Define translation
Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to
a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship
between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it
encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three
bases to assemble the protein. Here is a more complete definition of translation:
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
Step # 1. Initiation:
Initiation of translation in E .coli involves the small ribosome subunit, a mRNA molecule, a
specific charge initiator tRNA, GTP, Mg++ and number of proteinaceous initiation factors (IFs).
These are initially part of the small subunit and are required to enhance binding affinity of the
various translational components (Table 8.1). Unlike ribosomal proteins, IFs are released from
the ribosome once initiation is completed.
Step # 2. Elongation:
Once both subunits of the ribosome are assembled with the mRNA, binding site for two charged
tRNA molecules are formed. These are designated as the ‘P’ or peptidyl and the ‘A’ or
aminoacyl sites. The charged initiator tRNA binds to the P site, provided that the AUG triplet of
mRNA is in the corresponding position of the small subunit. The increase of the growing
polypeptide chain by one amino acid is called elongation.
Step # 3. Termination:
Termination of protein synthesis is carried out by triplet codes (UAG, UAA, UGA; stop codons)
present at site A. These codons do not specify an amino acid, nor do they call for a tRNA in the
A site. These codons are called stop codons, termination codons or nonsense codons. The
finished polypeptide is still attached to the terminal tRNA at the P site, and the A site is empty.
• Define the “genetic dogma”
A theory in genetics and molecular biology subject to several exceptions that genetic information
is coded in self-replicating DNA and undergoes unidirectional transfer to messenger RNAs in
transcription which act as templates for protein synthesis in translation
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
The tRNA molecule, or tr.
sulfur trioxide is SO3 atomic mass S = 32.1 gmo.pdfshanki7
sulfur trioxide is SO3 atomic mass: S = 32.1 g/mol O =16.0 g/mol molar mass of
SO3 = 32.1 + 16.0x3 = 80.1 g/mol moles of SO3 = 2.15 mol mass of SO3 = moles of SO3 x
molar mass of SO3 = 2.15 x 80.1 = 172 g
Solution
sulfur trioxide is SO3 atomic mass: S = 32.1 g/mol O =16.0 g/mol molar mass of
SO3 = 32.1 + 16.0x3 = 80.1 g/mol moles of SO3 = 2.15 mol mass of SO3 = moles of SO3 x
molar mass of SO3 = 2.15 x 80.1 = 172 g.
This program here prints the number of words that occurs in the inpu.pdfshanki7
This program here prints the number of words that occurs in the input
For this problem we need to keep track of the number of times the word repeats in the string
print the count.
for this I used a class to hold the word count.
Find other versions of the program, i.e alphabetical order
class WordDataCounter {
// A small class to hold the data value for one word.
String wordcount; // The word (in lower case letters).
int count; // The number of times the word has been found.
WordData(String m) {
// Constructor creates an object with the specified word
// and with the counter initialized to 1.
wordcount = m;
count = 1;
}
}
/*
This program lets the user specify a text file for input and a file
for output. All the words are read from the input file. Words are
converted to lower case. The program makes a list of all the words
that occur in the file, along with the number of times that each
word occurs. The words and word frequencies are printed to an
output file. The list is printed twice: once in alphabetical order
and once in order of decreasing frequency. A word in this program is
defined to be any sequence of letters.
This class depends on the non-standard classes TextIO and TextReader.
*/
import java.io.*;
class WordData {
// A little class to hold the data for one word.
String word; // The word (in lower case letters).
int count; // The number of times the word has been found.
WordData(String w) {
// Constructor creates an object with the specified word
// and with the counter initialized to 1.
word = w;
count = 1;
}
}
public class WordFrequencies {
static WordData[] words; // An array to hold the words from the file.
// Note that the array will be expanded as
// necessary, in the insertWord() subroutine.
static int wordCount; // The number of words currently stored in
// the array.
public static void main(String[] args) {
TextReader in; // A stream for reading from the input file.
PrintWriter out; // A stream for writing to the output file.
String inputFileName; // Input file name, specified by the user.
String outputFileName; // Output file name, specified by the user.
words = new WordData[10]; // Start with space for 10 words.
wordCount = 0; // Currently, there are no words in the array.
/* Get the input file name from the user and try to create the
input stream. If there is a FileNotFoundException, print
a message and terminate the program. */
TextIO.put(\"Input file name? \");
inputFileName = TextIO.getln().trim();
try {
in = new TextReader(new FileReader(inputFileName));
}
catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
TextIO.putln(\"Can\'t find file \\\"\" + inputFileName + \"\\\".\");
return;
}
/* Get the output file name from the user and try to create the
output stream. If there is an IOException, print a message
and terminate the program. */
TextIO.put(\"Output file name? \");
outputFileName = TextIO.getln().trim();
try {
out = new PrintWriter(new FileWriter(outputFileName));
}
catch (IOException e) {
TextIO.putln(\"Can\'t open file \\\"\" + o.
This is a heart related disease. The identification of a disease.pdfshanki7
This is a heart related disease.
The identification of a disease of heart attack demands enzyme confirmation if we are to
separate painl diseases from heart-related sickness involving death of living tissues of heart-
related tissue. Patients with a first heart attack are more in their risk profile and are more (in a
way that\'s close to the truth or true number) separated and labeled into different
electrocardiographic subsets than are patients with prior infarctions. The recording of the
electrical activity of the heart has been used to classify two types of heart attack--the Q-wave
(transmural) infarction, with the result that a Q wave represents through-and-through
endocardial-to-epicardial death, and the non--Q-wave (nontransmural) infarction, with the effect
that the absence of a Q wave points to less big heart-related damage and possibly an increased
possibility of repeating heart-related event
ASHD -- Arteriosclerotic Heart Disease
Solution
This is a heart related disease.
The identification of a disease of heart attack demands enzyme confirmation if we are to
separate painl diseases from heart-related sickness involving death of living tissues of heart-
related tissue. Patients with a first heart attack are more in their risk profile and are more (in a
way that\'s close to the truth or true number) separated and labeled into different
electrocardiographic subsets than are patients with prior infarctions. The recording of the
electrical activity of the heart has been used to classify two types of heart attack--the Q-wave
(transmural) infarction, with the result that a Q wave represents through-and-through
endocardial-to-epicardial death, and the non--Q-wave (nontransmural) infarction, with the effect
that the absence of a Q wave points to less big heart-related damage and possibly an increased
possibility of repeating heart-related event
ASHD -- Arteriosclerotic Heart Disease.
The follow list restates these 3 fundamental levels of service for Q.pdfshanki7
The follow list restates these 3 fundamental levels of service for QoS:
Best-effort service: the normal type of connectivity without some guarantee. This kind of
service, in orientation to Catalyst switch, use first-in first-out queue, which only transmit packet
as they get there in a line with no special treatment.
Integrated services: IntServ, also known as solid QoS, is a complete condition of services. In
additional terms, the IntServ model implies that traffic flow is kept openly by all midway system
and possessions.
Differentiated services—DiffServ, also known as flexible QoS, is class base, where a few
module of traffic obtain special behavior more additional traffic classes. differentiate services
use arithmetical preference, not a hard assurance like incorporated services. In additional terms,
DiffServ categorize traffic and then sort it into line of different efficiencies.
The IntServ model, distinct in RFC 1633, guarantees a unsurprising performance of the
association for application. IntServ give several services that accommodate several QoS
necessities. IntServ is implementing throughout the use of the supply Reservation Protocol,
enable at together the endpoints and the net devices connecting. This enabled application needs
an exact type of service from this enabled system previous to it send information. Open signal
via RSVP make the appeal, and the request inform the network of its traffic report and needs a
exacting type of service that can include its bandwidth and holdup necessities. The application is
predictable to send information only following it gets verification as of the network. The network
as well expect the application to propel information that deceit in it’s describe traffic profile
IntServ follow the signaled QoS form where the end hosts sign their QoS necessities to the
system. Each individual message stream wants to request capital from the network. Rim routers
utilize the Resource Reservation Protocol to indicator and keep the pet bandwidth for every flood
in the network.
The DiffServ model provides several levels of examine that convince differing QoS necessities.
Though, different with the IntServ model, an request that use DiffServ do not plainly signal the
network strategy before transfer information. DiffServ is a QoS completion method that is
modified for current networks and their explanation. DiffServ reassigns bit in the kind of service
pasture of an IP packet title. DiffServ use differentiates services code points as the QoS main
concern descriptor importance and supports 64 stage of categorization
For example, VoIP require extremely small jitter, a one way holdup in the arrange of 150 ms
plus certain bandwidth in the range of 8Kbps to 64Kbps, needy on the codec use. In one more
example, a case move request, base on ftp, do not undergo from jitter, as packet failure will be
extremely damaging to the throughput.
Solution
The follow list restates these 3 fundamental levels of service for QoS:
Best-e.
tested on eclipseDoublyLinkedList class.pdfshanki7
//tested on eclipse
/*************DoublyLinkedList class*******************/
public class DoublyLinkedList {
/*Data member variable declaration*/
private Node head;
private int count;
/**default constructor*/
public DoublyLinkedList() {
/*Initializing variable*/
head=null;
count =0;
}
/*Insert at beginning in doubly linked list*/
public void insertBeginning(String name){
/*checking head is null then we will add node at head*/
if(head==null){
head=new Node(name, null, null);
count++;
}else{
/*else create temp node and setting next to head
* and then making temp to head*/
Node temp=new Node(name,null,null);
temp.setNext(head);
head.setPrev(temp);
head=temp;
count++;
}
}
public void printList(){
Node temp=head;
/*Printing element of doubly list*/
while(temp!=null){
System.out.println(temp.getData());
temp=temp.getNext();
}
}
/*Returning count from doubly linked list*/
public int count(){
return count;
}
/*deleting specific node from doubly linked list*/
public void delete(String name){
Node current=head,previous=head;
/*if it is head node to be deleted*/
if(head.getData().equals(name)){
current=head.getNext();
current.setPrev(null);
head=current;
previous=head;
}else{
/*If node in middle of list*/
while(current.getNext()!=null){
if(current.getData().equals(name)){
current.getNext().setPrev(previous);
previous.setNext(current.getNext());
count--;
break;
}
previous=current;
current=current.getNext();
}
/*If node is at last*/
if(current.getNext()==null){
if(current.getData().equals(name)){
previous.setNext(null);
count--;
}
}
}
}
/*deleting all nodes from list by assigning head to null
* and memory releasing take care by garbage collector*/
public void clear(){
head=null;
count=0;
}
/*Inserting element in alphabetic order*/
public void insertAlpha(String name){
Node current=head,previous=head;
/*creating new node*/
Node newNode=new Node(name,null,null);
/*if head node is null*/
if(head==null){
head=newNode;
count++;
}else{
/*please read about compareTo() method about returning value*/
if(head.getData().compareTo(name)>0){
newNode.setNext(head);
head=newNode;
count++;
}else{
/*condition for getting position of node to be inserted*/
while(current!=null&¤t.getData().compareTo(name)<=0){
previous=current;
current=current.getNext();
}
/*if node need to be inserted at last*/
if(current==null){
previous=newNode;
}else{
/*If node need to inserted in middle*/
newNode.setNext(current);
previous.setNext(newNode);
current.setPrev(newNode);
newNode.setPrev(previous);
}
count++;
}
}
}
/*Main method start*/
public static void main(String args[]){
/*creating object of doubly linked list*/
DoublyLinkedList doublyLinkedList=new DoublyLinkedList();
doublyLinkedList.insertBeginning(\"sunita\");
doublyLinkedList.insertBeginning(\"lalchand\");
/*calling alphabetic order method*/
doublyLinkedList.insertAlpha(\"ramsingh\");
doublyLinkedList.insertBeginning(\"Lokesh\");
doublyLinkedList.insertBeginning(\"Pritam\");
/*****printing list********/
doublyLinkedList.printL.
Please read the comment ins codeExpressionTree.java-------------.pdfshanki7
Please read the comment ins code
ExpressionTree.java
----------------------------------
/**
* This is the class for Expression Tree.
* Used to create Expression Tree and Evaluate it
*/
/**
* Following logic is used to construct a Tree
* Here we use stack for Preparing Tree
* Loop through given Expression String
* If Character is Operand , Create node and push to stack
* If Character is Operator then
* 1)Create Node for Operator
* 2)Pop 2 nodes from Stack and Made
* OpretorNode--> left == first node pop
* OpretorNode--> right == second node pop
* At the end of creation of Expression Tree, Stack have only one node , which is root of
Expression tree
*/
/** Class ExpressionTree **/
class ExpressionTree
{
/** class TreeNode
* Stored Character ==> Digit(0..9) or a Operator +,-,*,/
* Left Node and Right Node
*
* **/
class TreeNode
{
char data;
TreeNode left, right;
/** constructor **/
public TreeNode(char data)
{
this.data = data;
this.left = null;
this.right = null;
}
}
/** class StackNode **/
class StackNode
{
TreeNode treeNode;
StackNode next;
/** constructor **/
public StackNode(TreeNode treeNode)
{
this.treeNode = treeNode;
next = null;
}
}
private static StackNode top;
/** constructor
* Constructor takes input string like \"+-+7*935*82*625\"
* Input should be in Prefix notation
* **/
public ExpressionTree(String expression)
{
top = null;
//Call Method for prepare expression tree
buildTree(expression);
}
/** function to clear tree **/
public void clear()
{
top = null;
}
/** function to push a node **/
private void push(TreeNode ptr)
{
if (top == null)
top = new StackNode(ptr);
else
{
StackNode nptr = new StackNode(ptr);
nptr.next = top;
top = nptr;
}
}
/** function to pop a node
* When it find operator pop 2 elements from Stack
*
* **/
private TreeNode pop()
{
if (top == null)
throw new RuntimeException(\"Underflow\");
else
{
TreeNode ptr = top.treeNode;
top = top.next;
return ptr;
}
}
/** function to get top node **/
private TreeNode peek()
{
return top.treeNode;
}
/** function to insert character **/
private void insert(char val)
{
try
{
//If Operand , Create node and push to Stack
if (isDigit(val))
{
TreeNode nptr = new TreeNode(val);
push(nptr);
}
//If Operator , Create node and popup 2 elements and make them its right and left
else if (isOperator(val))
{
TreeNode nptr = new TreeNode(val);
nptr.left = pop();
nptr.right = pop();
push(nptr);
}
}
catch (Exception e)
{
System.out.println(\"Invalid Expression\");
}
}
/** function to check if digit **/
private boolean isDigit(char ch)
{
return ch >= \'0\' && ch <= \'9\';
}
/** function to check if operator **/
private boolean isOperator(char ch)
{
return ch == \'+\' || ch == \'-\' || ch == \'*\' || ch == \'/\';
}
/** function to convert character to digit **/
private int toDigit(char ch)
{
return ch - \'0\';
}
/** function to build tree from input */
public void buildTree(String eqn)
{
for (int i = eqn.length() - 1; i >= 0; i--)
insert(eqn.charAt(i));
}
/** function to evaluate tree */
public dou.
Please find the answers and explanations belowPart A1. The ing.pdfshanki7
Please find the answers and explanations below:
Part A:
1. The ingestion of botulism toxin would best be described as a food poisoning. (ingestion of
botulism toxin or any other gut-infecting agent is non-technically termed as food poisoning. It is
different from infection in the sense that food poisoning may not always lead to sustained gut
infection but diagnosis of gut infection results evidently from food poisoning)
2. The ingestion of a significant number of Clostridium cells would be a infection.
(Immunologically, a sufficeint amount of pathogen is required for starting a degrading immune
response in the body. This is called the threshold number of the pathogen which can elicit an
immune response in the body. When the number of pathogeni cells increases beyond this
threshold, the person feels sick and an infection persists)
3.Spoilage is a change in appearance, smell, or taste of a food that makes it undesirable to a
consumer. (Technically, spoilage is defined as physcial and chemical change in the
appearance,smell, taste or nutritional content of the food due to infection or residence of a
pathogen in it.)
Part B:
For any pathogen to enter and cause infection, some specific steps need to be fulfilled by it.
Firstly, the concentration of the pathogen must be large enough to survive in the food item. This
infected food item will be ingested by the host and the pathogen will reach the gut. The pathogen
survives the harsh environment of the gut and starts replicating. This replication of the pathogen
comes with severe side effects on the host which include physical and physiological deterioration
of the gut lining along with eliciting immune response in the host. This ultimately causes
infection/disease.
So, the correct order of events would be:
1. The potatoes were contaminated with soil containing Clostridium botulinum endospores.
2. The toxin remained in the pruno after straining.
3. The conditions in the bag of pruno were favorable for germination.
4. Clostridium botulinum replicated and increased the number of organisms in the pruno.
5. Bacterial cells produced and secreted toxin.
6. The inmates drank the contaminated pruno and became ill.
Solution
Please find the answers and explanations below:
Part A:
1. The ingestion of botulism toxin would best be described as a food poisoning. (ingestion of
botulism toxin or any other gut-infecting agent is non-technically termed as food poisoning. It is
different from infection in the sense that food poisoning may not always lead to sustained gut
infection but diagnosis of gut infection results evidently from food poisoning)
2. The ingestion of a significant number of Clostridium cells would be a infection.
(Immunologically, a sufficeint amount of pathogen is required for starting a degrading immune
response in the body. This is called the threshold number of the pathogen which can elicit an
immune response in the body. When the number of pathogeni cells increases beyond this
threshold, the pers.
Mass of liquid = 22.5 gHeat added = 2.34 kJ = 2340 JTemperature .pdfshanki7
Mass of liquid = 22.5 g
Heat added = 2.34 kJ = 2340 J
Temperature change = 56.3 - 14.0 = 42.3oC
Specific heat capacity = heat added/(mass x temperature change)
= 2340/(22.5 x 42.3) = 2.46 J/g.oC
Solution
Mass of liquid = 22.5 g
Heat added = 2.34 kJ = 2340 J
Temperature change = 56.3 - 14.0 = 42.3oC
Specific heat capacity = heat added/(mass x temperature change)
= 2340/(22.5 x 42.3) = 2.46 J/g.oC.
It is given that we should use 4 bit input, i.e we will have a set o.pdfshanki7
It is given that we should use 4 bit input, i.e we will have a set of 16 different inputs. The output
of the circuit will be 1 if and only if the decimal equivalent formed by the 4 input bits is an
integer that belongs to the fibonacci series.
a) The truth table according to the above requirement is
A
B
C
D
O
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
B) K - map for the above truth table is
c) According to the above K-map, prime implicants would be
A\'B\', B\'C\'D\' and C\'D
d) All the prime implicants are essential prime implicants
e) A\'B\'+B\'C\'D\'+C\'D
A
B
C
D
O
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
Solution
It is given that we should use 4 bit input, i.e we will have a set of 16 different inputs. The output
of the circuit will be 1 if and only if the decimal equivalent formed by the 4 input bits is an
integer that belongs to the fibonacci series.
a) The truth table according to the above requirement is
A
B
C
D
O
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
B) K - map for the above truth table is
c) According to the above K-map, prime implicants would be
A\'B\', B\'C\'D\' and C\'D
d) All the prime implicants are essential prime implicants
e) A\'B\'+B\'C\'D\'+C\'D
A
B
C
D
O
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0.
import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List;public class H.pdfshanki7
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
public class H2ClassA {
List list = new ArrayList ();
public static void main(String[] args) {
H2ClassA y = new H2ClassA ();
int [] v = {4, 3, 7, 5, 99, 3};
// change the for loop to old type of for loop
for(int i=0;i
Solution
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
public class H2ClassA {
List list = new ArrayList ();
public static void main(String[] args) {
H2ClassA y = new H2ClassA ();
int [] v = {4, 3, 7, 5, 99, 3};
// change the for loop to old type of for loop
for(int i=0;i.
Heterochromatin is a tightly packed form of DNA, which comes in mult.pdfshanki7
Heterochromatin is a tightly packed form of DNA, which comes in multiple varieties.
constitutive heterochromatin the chromatin in regions of the chromosomes that are invariably
heterochromatic; it contains highly repetitive sequences of DNA that are genetically inactive and
serves as a structural element of the chromosome.
facultative heterochromatin the chromatin in regions of the chromosomes that become
heterochromatic in certain cells and tissues; for example, it makes up the inactive X chromosome
in female somatic cells.
Homologous chromosomes are chromosome pairs, one from each parent, that are similar in
length, gene position and centromere location.
Duplicated chromosome The occurrence of a repeated section of genes in a chromosome.
Haploid is Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes, as in germ cell, or half the diploid
number of a somatic cell.
Aneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell,
example : a human cell having 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46.
Nondisjunction is the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister
chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal
distribution of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei.
Solution
Heterochromatin is a tightly packed form of DNA, which comes in multiple varieties.
constitutive heterochromatin the chromatin in regions of the chromosomes that are invariably
heterochromatic; it contains highly repetitive sequences of DNA that are genetically inactive and
serves as a structural element of the chromosome.
facultative heterochromatin the chromatin in regions of the chromosomes that become
heterochromatic in certain cells and tissues; for example, it makes up the inactive X chromosome
in female somatic cells.
Homologous chromosomes are chromosome pairs, one from each parent, that are similar in
length, gene position and centromere location.
Duplicated chromosome The occurrence of a repeated section of genes in a chromosome.
Haploid is Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes, as in germ cell, or half the diploid
number of a somatic cell.
Aneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell,
example : a human cell having 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46.
Nondisjunction is the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister
chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal
distribution of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei..
H2A (ACID) Molarity = 0.15 M Normality N1 = Mo.pdfshanki7
H2A (ACID)
Molarity = 0.15 M
Normality N1 = Molarity x Basicity of acid
= 0.15x 2
= 0.3 N
Volume V1 = 100 ml
N1V1 = 0.3 x 100 = 30
NaOH (BASE)
Molarity = 0.16 M
Normality N2 = Molarity xAcidity of Base
= 0.16 x 1
= 0.16 N
Volume V2 = 100 ml
N2V2 = 0.16X100 = 16
Since concentration of ACID is more than concentration of BASE, resulatant concentration is
equal to
H+ ion concentration.
Normality at eqivalance point N = (N1V1 - N2V2)/ (V1+V2)
= 30 - 16/(100+100)
= 14/200
= 0.07 N
= H+ ion concentartion
Solution
H2A (ACID)
Molarity = 0.15 M
Normality N1 = Molarity x Basicity of acid
= 0.15x 2
= 0.3 N
Volume V1 = 100 ml
N1V1 = 0.3 x 100 = 30
NaOH (BASE)
Molarity = 0.16 M
Normality N2 = Molarity xAcidity of Base
= 0.16 x 1
= 0.16 N
Volume V2 = 100 ml
N2V2 = 0.16X100 = 16
Since concentration of ACID is more than concentration of BASE, resulatant concentration is
equal to
H+ ion concentration.
Normality at eqivalance point N = (N1V1 - N2V2)/ (V1+V2)
= 30 - 16/(100+100)
= 14/200
= 0.07 N
= H+ ion concentartion.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The terminating hairpin loop occurs in the tryptophan operon whe.pdf
1. The terminating "hairpin" loop occurs in the tryptophan operon when ________.
2. When tryptophan is present in the medium and available to the bacterium, ________.
=================================================================
What occurs in a bacterium with respect to genetic regulation of the tryptophan operon?
=================================================================
Microorganisms, for example, Escherichia coli (an inviting occupant of our gut) require amino
acids to survive—in light of the fact that, similar to us, they have to fabricate proteins. One of the
amino acids they need is tryptophan.
In the event that tryptophan is accessible in nature, E. coli will take it up and utilize it to fabricate
proteins. Be that as it may, E. coli can likewise make their own tryptophan utilizing catalysts that
are encoded by five qualities. These five qualities are situated alongside each other in what is
known as the trp operon.
On the off chance that tryptophan is available in nature, then E. coli microscopic organisms
don't have to combine it, so translation of the qualities in the trp operon is exchanged "off."
When tryptophan accessibility is low, then again, the operon is exchanged "on," the qualities
are interpreted, biosynthetic catalysts are made, and more tryptophan is produced.The trp operon
incorporates five qualities that encode chemicals required for tryptophan biosynthesis, alongside
a promoter (RNA polymerase restricting site) and an administrator (restricting site for a repressor
protein). The qualities of the trp operon are interpreted as a solitary mRNA.This extend of DNA
is perceived by an administrative protein known as the trp repressor. At the point when the
repressor ties to the DNA of the administrator, it keeps the operon from being translated by
physically impeding RNA polymerase, the interpretation enzyme.The trp repressor does not
generally tie to DNA. Rather, it ties and pieces interpretation just when tryptophan is available.
At the point when tryptophan is around, it appends to the repressor particles and changes their
shape so they get to be dynamic. A little particle like trytophan, which switches a repressor into
its dynamic state, is known as a corepressor.B. sufficient tryptophan is present.----------------
ANSWER
Solution
The terminating "hairpin" loop occurs in the tryptophan operon when ________.
2. When tryptophan is present in the medium and available to the bacterium, ________.
=================================================================
2. What occurs in a bacterium with respect to genetic regulation of the tryptophan operon?
=================================================================
Microorganisms, for example, Escherichia coli (an inviting occupant of our gut) require amino
acids to survive—in light of the fact that, similar to us, they have to fabricate proteins. One of the
amino acids they need is tryptophan.
In the event that tryptophan is accessible in nature, E. coli will take it up and utilize it to fabricate
proteins. Be that as it may, E. coli can likewise make their own tryptophan utilizing catalysts that
are encoded by five qualities. These five qualities are situated alongside each other in what is
known as the trp operon.
On the off chance that tryptophan is available in nature, then E. coli microscopic organisms
don't have to combine it, so translation of the qualities in the trp operon is exchanged "off."
When tryptophan accessibility is low, then again, the operon is exchanged "on," the qualities
are interpreted, biosynthetic catalysts are made, and more tryptophan is produced.The trp operon
incorporates five qualities that encode chemicals required for tryptophan biosynthesis, alongside
a promoter (RNA polymerase restricting site) and an administrator (restricting site for a repressor
protein). The qualities of the trp operon are interpreted as a solitary mRNA.This extend of DNA
is perceived by an administrative protein known as the trp repressor. At the point when the
repressor ties to the DNA of the administrator, it keeps the operon from being translated by
physically impeding RNA polymerase, the interpretation enzyme.The trp repressor does not
generally tie to DNA. Rather, it ties and pieces interpretation just when tryptophan is available.
At the point when tryptophan is around, it appends to the repressor particles and changes their
shape so they get to be dynamic. A little particle like trytophan, which switches a repressor into
its dynamic state, is known as a corepressor.B. sufficient tryptophan is present.----------------
ANSWER
