Serological tests, are vital to medical diagnosis. By inspecting the presence of antibodies in blood, these tests can help in identifying diseases, detecting infections, and gauging overall health condition.
Evaluation of diagnostic accuracy of elisa method in the detection of anti-nuclear antibodies compared to immunofluorescence
Authors:N.Sudha, P.Balapriya, P.S. Arul Raja Murugan
Int J Biol Med Res. 2024; 15(1): 7746-7749
Abstract:
Autoimmune connective tissue diseases are group of disorders in which autoantibodies are formed against self-antigen present in the nucleus and other component of the cell. The most common methods to detect antinuclear antibodies are ELISA and indirect Immunofluorescence. This study aims to evaluate the validity of ANA ELISA method as compared to Indirect immunofluorescence (IF) assay which is considered as the gold standard test. This is a descriptive study conducted in the department of Immunology, Madras Medical College Chennai, during the period of October 2021 to December 2021 with 110 samples. ANA ELISA and Indirect Immunofluorescence were done as per the instructions provided by manufacturer of kit. Out of the 110 samples 75 cases were positive, in this 29 were positive by Immunofluorescence alone, 43 cases were positive by both and 3 cases were positive by ELISA alone. The Pearson Correlation coefficient value showed positive correlation between the grading of intensity of the positive immunofluorescence pattern and optical density of antinuclear antibodies by ELISA. So both the methods can be used but in centers with appropriate facilities Immunofluorescence proves to be the gold standard in the diagnosis.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Evaluation of diagnostic accuracy of elisa method in the detection of anti-nuclear antibodies compared to immunofluorescence
Authors:N.Sudha, P.Balapriya, P.S. Arul Raja Murugan
Int J Biol Med Res. 2024; 15(1): 7746-7749
Abstract:
Autoimmune connective tissue diseases are group of disorders in which autoantibodies are formed against self-antigen present in the nucleus and other component of the cell. The most common methods to detect antinuclear antibodies are ELISA and indirect Immunofluorescence. This study aims to evaluate the validity of ANA ELISA method as compared to Indirect immunofluorescence (IF) assay which is considered as the gold standard test. This is a descriptive study conducted in the department of Immunology, Madras Medical College Chennai, during the period of October 2021 to December 2021 with 110 samples. ANA ELISA and Indirect Immunofluorescence were done as per the instructions provided by manufacturer of kit. Out of the 110 samples 75 cases were positive, in this 29 were positive by Immunofluorescence alone, 43 cases were positive by both and 3 cases were positive by ELISA alone. The Pearson Correlation coefficient value showed positive correlation between the grading of intensity of the positive immunofluorescence pattern and optical density of antinuclear antibodies by ELISA. So both the methods can be used but in centers with appropriate facilities Immunofluorescence proves to be the gold standard in the diagnosis.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. INTRODUCTION
Serological tests, are vital to medical
diagnosis. By inspecting the presence of
antibodies in blood, these tests can help in
identifying diseases, detecting infections,
and gauging overall health condition. This
article endeavours to highlight the
significance of serological tests and the
multiple conditions it can uncover.
2
Introduction
3. IMPORTANCE
In the medical research domain at any
research and education centre, a clear
understanding of serological tests is given
maximum priority. With an aim to reveal
the fascinating science behind these tests,
this extensive study delves deep into their
principles, methodologies, and potential
implications for disease diagnostics.
3
Importance of Serological Tests
4. 4
Serological tests conducted at a research and
education centre known as antibodies tests are
diagnostic techniques used to find antibodies in
the bloodstream. These tests have a critical
function in identifying previous or existing
infections and determining immunity levels.
Through comprehending the foundations and
methods of serological testing, we can gain a
worthwhile knowledge about disease diagnosis
and monitor the transmission of contagious
diseases.
Serological Tests and Their Purpose
5. Medical diagnosis involves using two techniques;
serological tests and secondary serological tests. The
primary serology method identifies the antibodies found in
a patient's serum, while the secondary serology method
goes one step further to determine and validate the type
of antibody. Primary serology is used for screening and
diagnosis purposes, whereas secondary serology is
primarily focused on diagnosis and applications. While
primary serological tests provide quick results, secondary
serological tests require resources and time .
5
Primary VS Secondary Serological Tests
6. Types of Serological Tests:
01 Agglutination Test: The agglutination test is utilized to detect antigens in a
specimen. In this test, an agent laden with antibodies is blended into the suspicious
sample. If the sample is positive for the antigen, the antibodies will latch onto it and cause
the particles to group into a visible clump.
02 ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay):
ELISA is an advantageous technique for assessing the number of antigens and
antibodies in a sample. An enzyme-incorporated plate that includes particular
antibodies is utilized in the course of action. The antibodies bind to any antigens or
antibodies in the sample, thus initiating the enzyme to emit a shade that can be
accurately gauged to calculate the number of these molecules.
7. Types of Serological Tests:
03 Hemagglutination Test: For ascertaining the level of antibodies in a serum
sample, a Hemagglutination test is performed. Here, a fixed amount of red blood cells is
combined with the serum and kept for incubation.
04
Precipitin Test: The precipitin test serves as a valuable means to
discern the presence of antigens within a given sample. The process involves
amalgamation of an antibody, a reagent, and the specimen harbouring the
corresponding antigen.
8. Types of Serological Tests:
05 Western Blot Test: It is a serological test of a different breed. It seeks the traces
of specific proteins within a sample. This intricate process surpasses the simplicity of
ELISA, thus delving deeper into the disease diagnosis confirmation.
06
Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA): Immunofluorescence
Assay (IFA) represents a tremendous leap in the serological tests. By
harnessing the power of radiant fluorescent dyes, this ingenious technique
unveils the clandestine presence and precise quantity of specific antibodies
within an enigmatic sample.
9. Serological tests are widely employed by public healthcare
institutions. These tests help detect and track infections,
autoimmune and hypersensitivity disorders, and other health
conditions. These tests at I3TK provide valuable information
about the condition and help in appropriate diagnosis. Hence, it
aids in facilitating efficient treatment. Additionally, they are
crucial in identifying previous exposure to pathogens, especially
in the meticulous scrutiny and regulation of diseases such as HIV,
hepatitis, and tuberculosis.
9
Conclusion: Why Are Serological Tests Critical for Testing?
Conclusion