The Role of Lidar Intensity Data in Interpreting Archaeological Landscapes

The document discusses lidar and its applications in landscape archaeology. It begins with an overview of how lidar works and its technical capabilities. It then explores various visualization techniques used to analyze lidar data, including digital elevation models, hillshades, and models of slope and solar radiation. Applications of lidar in archaeology are also examined, such as mapping sites, erosion, and buried environments. The document concludes by noting the large volumes of data collected from lidar pose challenges for effective analysis and interpretation.

GIS and Archaeology: Fort Vancouver

Colby Parrott Persell

The document summarizes a 1974 archaeological excavation of the Sale Shop at Fort Vancouver using GIS. The excavation of 20 units was used to analyze artifact densities and distributions to better understand the layout and use of spaces within the shop. The highest density artifacts, like flat glass and nails, provided evidence for the locations of windows and doors. The artifact distributions also supported proposed areas for personal, trading, storage, and other activities inside the shop. Metadata was created for the spatial data using an open source program to comply with national standards.

kellndorfer_WE3.T05.4.pptx

This document describes research mapping forest height, biomass, and carbon across the contiguous United States from 2000-2007 using satellite and field data. A National Biomass and Carbon Dataset was created in 2000 by combining SRTM radar data, Landsat optical imagery, and field plot measurements. This provided 30m resolution estimates of height, biomass, and carbon. ALOS PALSAR dual-polarization SAR data from 2007 was later used to update biomass estimates. Both datasets were validated against field measurements and showed strong correlations at regional to national scales. The research demonstrated the ability to map important forest variables over large areas by combining different remote sensing and field data sources.

3 IGARSSWkshp_July2011_Csiszar_Fire_V1.pptx

This document discusses the validation of the NPP VIIRS active fire product. It provides an overview of the VIIRS fire detection capabilities and validation approach, which builds on lessons from validating the MODIS fire product. Reference datasets used for validation include ground-based measurements, airborne datasets, and higher resolution satellite data. Plans for validating the VIIRS product include analyzing early results from the 2011 calibration/validation period and ongoing efforts using coincident MODIS and Landsat data, as well as airborne datasets to sample diurnal and off-nadir detection characteristics. Challenges include the afternoon overpass time limiting coincident reference data availability.

2013 ASPRS Track, Ozone Modeling for the Contiguous United States by Michael ...

GIS in the Rockies

This document summarizes modeling methods for ground-level ozone concentrations in the contiguous United States. It describes four modeling methods tested: inverse distance weighting (IDW), ordinary kriging, generalized linear models (GLM), and geographically weighted regression (GWR). IDW and kriging account for spatial autocorrelation in the data. GLM and GWR use solar radiation and relative humidity as predictor variables. Kriging and GWR had the lowest errors when validated against new data points, though all models have limitations due to the characteristics and amount of input data. The document emphasizes that statistical models are abstractions of reality and should adhere to principles like parsimony.

This document provides an overview of remote sensing presented at a workshop. It defines remote sensing as obtaining information about an object without direct contact using some medium of transmission. Remote sensing involves planning sensor missions, receiving sensor data, and analyzing the resultant data. The document outlines different types of remote sensing based on the electromagnetic spectrum measured and the energy source. It also discusses the various resolutions captured by remote sensors and provides examples of sensors and their applications in fields like agriculture, geology, urban planning, and more.

IGARSS__RTC.pptx

This document discusses using radiometric terrain correction (RTC) to improve polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) land cover classification in boreal environments like interior Alaska. It introduces a study using ALOS PALSAR data and describes challenges with topography. RTC normalizes backscatter values using a terrain model to account for local terrain effects. The document demonstrates applying RTC to PALSAR coherency matrices and parameters, and integrating it with PolSARpro and MapReady tools for classification. Results show RTC improves classification accuracy, particularly for deciduous forests, by reducing radiometric variability from topography. However, RTC does not address differences in scattering mechanisms' sensitivity to incidence angle.

Alexander vega 2019_iop_conf._ser.__mater._sci._eng._603_022010

jalexvega

This document describes a study that used lidar data and very high resolution imagery to estimate the effects of tree roots on shallow landslides. The study area has slopes up to 30% and about 30% forest cover consisting of eucalyptus and coniferous trees. Lidar data was used to generate digital terrain models and characterize vegetation through canopy height models and image segmentation. The limit equilibrium method was then used to evaluate slope stability and consider the influence of tree roots by indirectly computing their contribution to soil strength based on root characteristics from literature.

906882

LiviuBadea2

This document examines how surface contamination affects the accuracy of X-ray reflectometry (XRR) measurements of thin film structures. It simulates XRR data for clean and contaminated titanium nitride films on silicon substrates, at both laboratory and synchrotron source intensities. Using Bayesian statistical analysis, it determines that surface contamination can dominate thickness measurement uncertainties, minimizing advantages of higher intensity data. Even knowing the contamination composition does not significantly reduce thickness uncertainties. Effective cleaning is necessary for high XRR measurement accuracy.

Using explainable machine learning to evaluate climate change projections

5 October 2023… Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Dynamics Seminar (Presentation): Using explainable machine learning to evaluate climate change projections, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Remote Presentation. References... Labe, Z.M., E.A. Barnes, and J.W. Hurrell (2023). Identifying the regional emergence of climate patterns in the ARISE-SAI-1.5 simulations. Environmental Research Letters, DOI:10.1088/1748-9326/acc81a, https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/acc81a

Wireless sensor network research and application

Sheila May Jungco

This paper describes the implementation of a sensor network to monitor meteorological and hydrological conditions in Yosemite National Park. The sensor network, consisting of 20 instruments, was designed to be low-maintenance, low-powered, and unobtrusive. It measured water levels, temperatures, conductivities, snow depth, and radiation over several years in the Merced and Tuolumne River basins. The data collected helped scientists better understand changes in snowmelt patterns and their impacts on streamflow in the region. However, the paper did not provide many technical details about the sensor network itself.

WE1.L09 - GLOBAL BIOMASS ESTIMATES FROM DESDYNI

Global biomass estimates are critical for understanding the carbon cycle and climate change. The DESDynI mission aims to characterize the global distribution of aboveground biomass using lidar and radar. It aims to provide biomass estimates with 10% accuracy at 250m resolution globally every 3 years. Lidar will measure vertical structure and biomass in dense forests, while radar will map structure in less dense areas. Fusion of lidar and radar data using statistical and ecosystem modeling will produce the high resolution global biomass maps needed to improve carbon cycle science and policy. Significant algorithm development and field calibration efforts are underway in preparation for the 2017 DESDynI launch.

SIXTEEN CHANNEL, NON-SCANNING AIRBORNE LIDAR SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY (LIST) SIMULATOR

This document describes the development of an airborne lidar instrument called A-LISTS to demonstrate technologies for a proposed spaceborne lidar mission called LIST. LIST aims to map global topography at 5m resolution to study Earth's surface and changes over time. A-LISTS will test a multi-beam laser transmitter, high sensitivity detectors, and data processing to achieve LIST measurement capabilities from an aircraft. Its first flight in September 2011 will collect lidar data over various terrain to evaluate performance. Key challenges for LIST that A-LISTS helps address include detecting ground returns through vegetation canopies and developing efficient, lightweight instruments.

Probing the Hurricane Boundary Layer using NOAA's Research Aircraft

Jun Zhang

Jun Zhang presented this work during his short visit at NCAR in June 2011. Below is the abstract of this talk: The boundary layer is known to play an important role in the energy transport processes of a hurricane, regulating the radial and vertical distribution of momentum and enthalpy that are closely related to storm development and intensification. However, the hurricane boundary layer is the least observed part of a storm till now. In particular, there is a lack of turbulence observation due to instrumentation limitation and safety constraint. This talk will present aircraft observations of the atmospheric boundary layer structure in intense hurricanes. Turbulence data presented are related to topics of air-sea exchange of turbulent fluxes, turbulent kinetic energy budget, dissipative heating, and vertical mixing in the boundary layer. The question of how to define the top of the hurricane boundary layer is also discussed.

Explainable AI approach for evaluating climate models in the Arctic

27 March 2024… IARPC Collaborations, Modelers’ Community of Practice (Presentation): Explainable AI approach for evaluating climate models in the Arctic. Remote Presentation. References... Labe, Z. M., & Barnes, E. A. (2022). Comparison of climate model large ensembles with observations in the Arctic using simple neural networks. Earth and Space Science, 9(7), e2022EA002348, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EA002348

Summary of DART Geophysical Methodology 100111

DART Project

Building an Information Infrastructure to Support Genetic Sciences

MO4.L09 - DIGITAL BEAMFORMING SAR (DBSAR) FOR BIOMASS ESTIMATION

DBSAR is an airborne synthetic aperture radar developed by NASA to estimate biomass. It uses digital beamforming to implement advanced scanning modes not possible with conventional SARs. DBSAR's architecture includes an 8-channel phased array antenna, reconfigurable waveform generator, and real-time processor. Initial flights were conducted in 2008 over forests, and field measurements were collected to correlate radar backscatter to biomass. Ongoing work involves biomass retrieval algorithms using DBSAR and interferometry techniques.

Adaptive and compressive beamforming using deep learning for medical ultrasound

Shujaat Khan

In ultrasound (US) imaging, various types of adaptive beamforming techniques have been investigated to improve the resolution and the contrast-to-noise ratio of the delay and sum (DAS) beamformers. Unfortunately, the performance of these adaptive beamforming approaches degrades when the underlying model is not sufficiently accurate and the number of channels decreases. To address this problem, here, we propose a deep-learning-based beamformer to generate significantly improved images over widely varying measurement conditions and channel subsampling patterns. In particular, our deep neural network is designed to directly process full or subsampled radio frequency (RF) data acquired at various subsampling rates and detector configurations so that it can generate high-quality US images using a single beamformer. The origin of such input-dependent adaptivity is also theoretically analyzed. Experimental results using the B-mode focused US confirm the efficacy of the proposed methods.

2nd CSP Training series : solar resource assessment (1/2)

Leonardo ENERGY

Fourth session of the 2nd Concentrated Solar Power Training dedicated to solar resource assessment. DNI measurement: instruments, calibration, maintenance, spectral corrections and accuracies DNI prediction: various types of radiative models with their pros and cons from validation results Sources of DNI data for the world: Why do they differ so much, what accuracy can we expect? Short-term, interannual and long-term variability in DNI Frequency distribution as a function of climate Concentrators or flat plates? The Solar Resource Enhancement Factor can help decide Resource assessment for large projects: Why local measurements are important

LIDAR TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION ON FORESTRY

Abhiram Kanigolla

The document discusses LiDAR technology and its applications in forestry. It begins by explaining what LiDAR is and the different platforms it can be used on, including satellites, aircraft, and ground-based systems. It then discusses several forestry applications of LiDAR such as measuring tree height, crown width, biomass, and basal area. Two case studies are presented, one on estimating carbon stock in an urban forest using LiDAR data, and another on estimating forest canopy fuels. The document concludes that LiDAR provides highly accurate, high-resolution data that allows forest characteristics to be acquired quickly and is useful for applications like biomass estimation and modeling fire behavior.

Learning new climate science by thinking creatively with machine learning

Presentation for: GFDL/AOS Summer Internship Lecture Series The popularity of machine learning is rapidly growing in nearly all areas of Earth science. However, there is also some hesitancy in adopting the use of these methods due to concerns about their reliability, reproducibility, and interpretability – thus, they are often described as “black boxes.” In this talk, I will introduce a few simple examples from climate science that leverage new visualization methods to peer into the machine learning “black box,” which help us to better understand their predictions while also learning new science. These same machine learning visualization tools can be easily adapted for a wide variety of applications and other scientific fields of study.

The Emerging Cyberinfrastructure for Earth and Ocean Sciences

$Toward Real-Time Analysis of Large Data Volumes for Diffraction Studies by Ma...$ $Toward Real-Time Analysis of Large Data Volumes for Diffraction Studies by Ma...$

Toward Real-Time Analysis of Large Data Volumes for Diffraction Studies by Ma...

EarthCube

2003-12-04 Evaluation of the ASOS Light Scattering Network

Rudolf Husar

The document reports on an evaluation of the Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) light scattering network. It analyzes data from 220 ASOS stations to evaluate the precision and performance of the ASOS visibility sensors. It finds that some stations show excellent correlation between duplicate sensors while others show poorer correlation or significant offsets. It also examines diurnal patterns and the effects of relative humidity on visibility readings.

An Archaeology of the East Midlands. Class 7, Beeston Winter 2015

The document discusses the transition of the East Midlands region between 1500-1900, focusing on changes in towns and the countryside. It describes the rapid population growth and industrialization during this period, with evidence found through archaeology and documents. For example, enclosure movements transformed the rural landscape and are best shown through physical remains and maps. The rise of country houses and designed landscapes also reflected changes in social status and wealth.

An Archaeology of the East Midlands. Class 6, Beeston, Winter 2015

This document summarizes a class on medieval towns in the East Midlands. It discusses: 1) Pre-conquest towns including those that existed before the Vikings, the five boroughs established by the Vikings, and reconquest towns built as fortifications against the Vikings. 2) Post-conquest towns, noting a lack of archaeological evidence for most due to limited excavation. It highlights evidence from Nottingham including its origins as an Anglo-Saxon fortification and its development as a Norman borough and in the late medieval period. 3) Map regression is introduced as a technique to rediscover town plans through overlaying historic maps. Examples are shown tracing Nottingham's walls and defenses over time.

Similar to The Role of Lidar Intensity Data in Interpreting Archaeological Landscapes

Remote sensing [compatibility mode]

Sumanta Das

IGARSS__RTC.pptx

Alexander vega 2019_iop_conf._ser.__mater._sci._eng._603_022010

jalexvega

906882

LiviuBadea2

Using explainable machine learning to evaluate climate change projections

Wireless sensor network research and application

Sheila May Jungco

WE1.L09 - GLOBAL BIOMASS ESTIMATES FROM DESDYNI

SIXTEEN CHANNEL, NON-SCANNING AIRBORNE LIDAR SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY (LIST) SIMULATOR

Probing the Hurricane Boundary Layer using NOAA's Research Aircraft

Jun Zhang

Explainable AI approach for evaluating climate models in the Arctic

Summary of DART Geophysical Methodology 100111

DART Project

Building an Information Infrastructure to Support Genetic Sciences

MO4.L09 - DIGITAL BEAMFORMING SAR (DBSAR) FOR BIOMASS ESTIMATION

Adaptive and compressive beamforming using deep learning for medical ultrasound

Shujaat Khan

2nd CSP Training series : solar resource assessment (1/2)

Leonardo ENERGY

LIDAR TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION ON FORESTRY

Abhiram Kanigolla

Learning new climate science by thinking creatively with machine learning

The Emerging Cyberinfrastructure for Earth and Ocean Sciences

$Toward Real-Time Analysis of Large Data Volumes for Diffraction Studies by Ma...$ $Toward Real-Time Analysis of Large Data Volumes for Diffraction Studies by Ma...$

Toward Real-Time Analysis of Large Data Volumes for Diffraction Studies by Ma...

EarthCube

2003-12-04 Evaluation of the ASOS Light Scattering Network

Rudolf Husar

Similar to The Role of Lidar Intensity Data in Interpreting Archaeological Landscapes (20)

Remote sensing [compatibility mode]

IGARSS__RTC.pptx

Alexander vega 2019_iop_conf._ser.__mater._sci._eng._603_022010

906882

Using explainable machine learning to evaluate climate change projections

Wireless sensor network research and application

WE1.L09 - GLOBAL BIOMASS ESTIMATES FROM DESDYNI

SIXTEEN CHANNEL, NON-SCANNING AIRBORNE LIDAR SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY (LIST) SIMULATOR

Probing the Hurricane Boundary Layer using NOAA's Research Aircraft

Explainable AI approach for evaluating climate models in the Arctic

Summary of DART Geophysical Methodology 100111

Building an Information Infrastructure to Support Genetic Sciences

MO4.L09 - DIGITAL BEAMFORMING SAR (DBSAR) FOR BIOMASS ESTIMATION

Adaptive and compressive beamforming using deep learning for medical ultrasound

2nd CSP Training series : solar resource assessment (1/2)

LIDAR TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION ON FORESTRY

Learning new climate science by thinking creatively with machine learning

The Emerging Cyberinfrastructure for Earth and Ocean Sciences

$Toward Real-Time Analysis of Large Data Volumes for Diffraction Studies by Ma...$ $Toward Real-Time Analysis of Large Data Volumes for Diffraction Studies by Ma...$

Toward Real-Time Analysis of Large Data Volumes for Diffraction Studies by Ma...

2003-12-04 Evaluation of the ASOS Light Scattering Network

More from Keith Challis

An Archaeology of the East Midlands. Class 7, Beeston Winter 2015

An Archaeology of the East Midlands. Class 6, Beeston, Winter 2015

An Archaeology of the East Midlands. Class 5, Beeston Winter 2015

This document summarizes an online class about the medieval countryside of the East Midlands. It discusses key periods and themes in the region's landscape development between 850-1500 CE, including the impact of Scandinavian settlement, the rise of manorialism and open field systems, and the establishment of nucleated villages. It also profiles the village of Laxton as an example of a regulated medieval rural settlement that maintained open field agriculture into modern times. The class materials aim to outline factors shaping medieval rural landscapes and help students identify physical evidence that survives today.

An Archaeology of the East Midlands. Class 4, Beeston Winter 2015

This class covered the origins and impact of Viking incursions and settlement in the East Midlands region. Key topics included Viking origins in Scandinavia, their raids and conquests in England beginning in the late 8th century, and evidence of Scandinavian settlement through archaeological remains, place names, and documents like the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The class discussed the important Viking sites of Repton, where a mass grave from 873/874 was found, and Ingleby with its barrows, as well as other winter camp sites like Torksey that show the complexity of Viking-Anglo Saxon interactions in the region. Students were assigned to further research themes of medieval countryside development using an author's analysis of

An Archaeology of the East Midlands. Class 3, Beeston, Winter 2015

This document summarizes an archaeology class on cultural transitions in the East Midlands region of the UK from the Iron Age to the Dark Ages. The class covered the Iron Age landscape and society, the brief Roman occupation and its impact, and the debate around whether the post-Roman period represented a "Dark Age" or a return to an Iron Age culture. Key topics included Iron Age farming, settlements, and hillforts; the Roman establishment of towns and villas; and Anglo-Saxon migrations, burial practices, architecture like grubenhauser, and the emergence of kingdoms like Mercia.

Archaeology of the East Midlands Class 2b Beeston Winter 2015

This document discusses the history and development of aerial archaeology. It focuses on the contributions of Derrick Riley, a pioneer of aerial archaeology in Britain who discovered many new archaeological sites from the air in the 1970s and 80s. The document also explores the use of aerial photography, satellite imagery, lidar, and other aerial techniques to identify archaeological features from the sky or space that are not visible from the ground, and how these methods have transformed understanding of archaeological landscapes.

Archaeology of East Midlands Class 2 Beeston Winter 2015

This document summarizes a class on the early prehistory of the East Midlands region of England. It discusses the earliest human occupation of the region dating back to 450,000 years ago along the Bytham River. As the last ice age ended, the landscape changed dramatically with rising sea levels flooding Doggerland between Britain and continental Europe. The Late Upper Paleolithic period saw nomadic hunter-gatherers occupying caves like Creswell Crags. The Neolithic period saw the adoption of agriculture and construction of monuments like cursuses, henges, and long barrows. Notable archaeological sites from this time include Lismore Field settlement remains and the Bronze Age burial site at Lockington that

An Archaeology of the East Midlands. Class 1 Beeston Winter 2015

This document outlines the syllabus for an archaeology course on the East Midlands region. The course will introduce students to what archaeology is, different theoretical approaches, and types of archaeological research. It will also cover the physical landscape and geology of the East Midlands region, particularly related to fluvial geoarchaeology along river valleys like the Trent Valley. The course aims to give students a broad understanding of human activity and culture in the East Midlands through time based on archaeological evidence.

An Archaeology of the East Midlands, Class 9. Radcliffe Autumn 2014

This document summarizes an archaeology class on the East Midlands region of England. The class covered how the region's history and cultural heritage have shaped its identity. It discussed defining characteristics of the East Midlands, reviewed key topics taught in the class on the region's prehistory and history, and assessed student learning outcomes. The class aimed to help students understand how archaeology can provide insight into the unique history and culture of the East Midlands.

An Archaeology of the East Midlands Class 8. Radcliffe Autumn 2014

This class covered themes in industrial and early modern archaeology in the East Midlands region. It discussed the definition and origins of industrial archaeology, key primary industries like coal mining and lead extraction, and secondary industries such as iron/steel production and textiles. It also addressed themes of transport infrastructure including canals and railways, development of towns linked to industry, and the work of George Sanderson in mapping the industrial revolution.

An Archaeology of the East Midlands. Class 7 Radcliffe Autumn 2014

The document provides an overview of a class on archaeology of the East Midlands from 1500-1900. It discusses major transitions like enclosure, industrialization, and population growth. Examples are given of significant changes like enclosure that can be best understood through archaeology by examining earthworks, field boundaries, and landscape features. A case study of Hardwick Hall and estate is presented to illustrate the development of country houses and designed landscapes over this period.

An Archaeology of the East Midlands. Class 6 Radcliffe, Autumn 2014

This document summarizes a class on medieval towns in the East Midlands. It discusses the archaeological evidence for pre-Conquest and post-Conquest towns. For pre-Conquest towns, it describes the limited evidence for early Saxon settlements and the five Danish-ruled boroughs. It also outlines the reconquest towns established after the Vikings. For post-Conquest towns, it focuses on the medieval development of Nottingham based on excavations, and discusses challenges in studying other towns due to limited excavations. Field archaeology techniques like map regression and interpreting earthworks are also covered.

An Archaeology of the East Midlands, Class 5. Radcliffe Autumn 2014

This document summarizes a class on the medieval countryside of the East Midlands. It discusses the landscape changes between 850-1100 CE that led to the shaping of the medieval landscape, including the development of manors, villages, open field systems, and castles. It then examines key themes in the medieval landscape such as rural settlement patterns, agriculture, and feudal structures. Finally, it provides the example of Laxton, a village that retains its medieval open field system, to illustrate these themes.

Archaeology of the East Midland Class 4: Radcliffe Autumn 2014

This document summarizes an archaeology class covering the Angles, Saxons, and Vikings in the East Midlands region of England. The class discusses Viking origins and raids beginning in the 8th century AD. It also examines evidence of Scandinavian settlement through place names and artifacts. A key site discussed is Repton, where a Viking army overwintered in 873-874 AD, leaving behind a mass grave and nearby pagan burial ground. Geophysical survey techniques for investigating archaeological sites below the ground surface are also introduced.

Archaeology of the East Midlands: Class 3. Radcliffe Autumn 2014

This document discusses an archaeology class on cultural transitions in the East Midlands from the Iron Age to the Dark Ages. The class covers the Late Iron Age landscape and society; the brief Roman occupation and influence; and the debate around whether the early post-Roman period represented a "Dark Age" or continuation of the Iron Age. Key points include the continuity of settlement patterns between these periods, the impact of Roman rule and decline, and the origins and material culture of Anglo-Saxon communities in England. Geophysical survey techniques like lidar, magnetometry, and ground-penetrating radar are also introduced for non-invasive archaeological prospection.

An Archaeology of the East Midlands: Class 2. Radcliffe Autumn 2014

This document summarizes an archaeology class on the early prehistory of the Midlands region. It discusses the earliest human occupation of the region dating back to hand axes from the Bytham River period. It also describes the landscape and environment during and after the last ice age, including the now submerged Doggerland region. The document then covers the Neolithic and Bronze Age periods in the Midlands, highlighting evidence of settlement, ceremonial monuments like cursus and henge sites, and burials, including a notable hoard found in a barrow at Lockington.

Archaeology from the Air: Lecture 1, Nottingham Autumn 2014

This document summarizes an online course on aerial archaeology. It introduces the instructor and provides an outline of the course, which covers the history and techniques of aerial archaeology. The first section focuses on early pioneers of aerial archaeology from the 1900s, including OGS Crawford in Britain and Antoine Poidebard in the Middle East, who helped establish the practice of using aerial photography to identify archaeological sites.

An Archaeology of the East Midlands: Class 1

This document outlines an archaeology course on the East Midlands region. It introduces the instructor and provides an overview of the course, which examines the archaeology and techniques of the region through 9 sessions. The first session defines archaeology and its approaches, discusses the region's environment and geology, and demonstrates geoarchaeological techniques through examples from the Trent Valley, including structures preserved in river deposits.

Hoskins' england class 8

This document summarizes a class about W.G. Hoskins and the English landscape. The class was divided into several sections: A Desirable Spot to Build Upon discussed the early industrial landscape and the impact of water power, steam power, and urbanization on the landscape. An Unexpected Corner examined Hoskins' views on different types of towns. Sixty Years On reviewed critiques of Hoskins' work and developments in urban archaeology. What did W.G. Hoskins Ever do for Us discussed Hoskins' contributions to landscape studies. The class included a field trip to examine landscape features and evidence of development.

Hoskins' england class 7 temp