The Rise of Emotion-aware Conversational Agents: Threats in Digital Emotions

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Presentation of the paper at the workshop "#RCBlackMirror2018: Re-Coding Black Mirror" Part of WWW'18, April 23, 2018, Lyon, France

Science

The Rise of Emotion-aware
Conversational Agents:
Threats in Digital Emotions
Martino Mensio
Giuseppe Rizzo
Maurizio Morisio
#RCBlackMirror2018 @ WWW2018
24 April 2018
Lyon, FR

Objective
- analyze theoretical advances enabling
Conversational Agents
- analyze emotional side-effects of user-centricity
Considering similarities with Black Mirror episodes and
other real-world examples
2

Main episode of inspiration
s02e01 Be Right Back: a person “reconstructed” from digital traces
- different interaction channels
- emotional attachment to bots
- free will, autonomy and ethics [1]
3
[1] Moor, J. (2009). Four kinds of ethical robots. Philosophy Now, 72, 12-14.

Background: three stages
5
text voice embodied

Background: stage #1 Textual interaction
6
[2] Serban, I. V., Sordoni, A., Bengio, Y., Courville, A. C., & Pineau, J. (2016, February). Building End-To-End
Dialogue Systems Using Generative Hierarchical Neural Network Models. In AAAI (Vol. 16, pp. 3776-3784).

Background: stage #2 Voice interaction
7
speech-to-text and
text to speech
voice imitation
capabilities
tonal features in
input/output

Background: stage #3 Embodied agent
8
body movements facial expression humanoid
robots:
Sophia [3]
Nadine [4]
[3] http://www.hansonrobotics.com/robot/sophia/
[4] http://bit.ly/telegraph_knapton_nadine

Background: additional ingredients
- topic focus [5]
- persona-based generation[6]
- emotions (recognise, process, simulate) [7]
- channel specific features
9
[5] Chen Xing, Wei Wu, Yu Wu, Jie Liu, Yalou Huang, Ming Zhou, and Wei-Ying Ma. 2017. Topic Aware Neural
Response Generation.. In AAAI, Vol. 17. 3351–3357.
[6] Jiwei Li, Michel Galley, Chris Brockett, Georgios P Spithourakis, Jianfeng Gao, and Bill Dolan. 2016. A persona-based
neural conversation model. The 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics 1, 994–1003. CL
Lisetti. 1998. Affective computing. (1998).
[7] https://cakechat.replika.ai/

Background: Replika example
[8] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQGqMVuAk04 10

Short-term therapeutic effect
12
Someone who:
- always listens to you
- always agrees
- never complains
- available on-demand
Provides:
- relief
- self-consciousness

Addiction
- “race for attention” [9]
- escape from reality
13
[9] http://bit.ly/ted_harris_talk

Isolation
14
- side effects of tools that should enable more connections
- hikikomori
- virtual friends can make the situation worse

Personality change
15
Big Five Personality Traits [10]
- openness reduction ← “filter bubble”
- extraversion reduction ← isolation
Could be measured specifically for
Conversational Agents
[10] Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American psychologist, 48(1), 26.

Societal implication
inability to connect with other people
16

Conclusions
- Conversational Agents should be tools, not
substitute human relationships
- need for regulation on the emotional field
17

Let’s keep emotions for humans
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The Rise of Emotion-aware Conversational Agents: Threats in Digital Emotions

1. The Rise of Emotion-aware Conversational Agents: Threats in Digital Emotions Martino Mensio Giuseppe Rizzo Maurizio Morisio #RCBlackMirror2018 @ WWW2018 24 April 2018 Lyon, FR

2. Objective - analyze theoretical advances enabling Conversational Agents - analyze emotional side-effects of user-centricity Considering similarities with Black Mirror episodes and other real-world examples 2

3. Main episode of inspiration s02e01 Be Right Back: a person “reconstructed” from digital traces - different interaction channels - emotional attachment to bots - free will, autonomy and ethics [1] 3 [1] Moor, J. (2009). Four kinds of ethical robots. Philosophy Now, 72, 12-14.

4. Background: Conversational Agents 4

5. Background: three stages 5 text voice embodied

6. Background: stage #1 Textual interaction 6 [2] Serban, I. V., Sordoni, A., Bengio, Y., Courville, A. C., & Pineau, J. (2016, February). Building End-To-End Dialogue Systems Using Generative Hierarchical Neural Network Models. In AAAI (Vol. 16, pp. 3776-3784).

7. Background: stage #2 Voice interaction 7 speech-to-text and text to speech voice imitation capabilities tonal features in input/output

8. Background: stage #3 Embodied agent 8 body movements facial expression humanoid robots: Sophia [3] Nadine [4] [3] http://www.hansonrobotics.com/robot/sophia/ [4] http://bit.ly/telegraph_knapton_nadine

9. Background: additional ingredients - topic focus [5] - persona-based generation[6] - emotions (recognise, process, simulate) [7] - channel specific features 9 [5] Chen Xing, Wei Wu, Yu Wu, Jie Liu, Yalou Huang, Ming Zhou, and Wei-Ying Ma. 2017. Topic Aware Neural Response Generation.. In AAAI, Vol. 17. 3351–3357. [6] Jiwei Li, Michel Galley, Chris Brockett, Georgios P Spithourakis, Jianfeng Gao, and Bill Dolan. 2016. A persona-based neural conversation model. The 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics 1, 994–1003. CL Lisetti. 1998. Affective computing. (1998). [7] https://cakechat.replika.ai/

10. Background: Replika example [8] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQGqMVuAk04 10

11. Effects 11

12. Short-term therapeutic effect 12 Someone who: - always listens to you - always agrees - never complains - available on-demand Provides: - relief - self-consciousness

13. Addiction - “race for attention” [9] - escape from reality 13 [9] http://bit.ly/ted_harris_talk

14. Isolation 14 - side effects of tools that should enable more connections - hikikomori - virtual friends can make the situation worse

15. Personality change 15 Big Five Personality Traits [10] - openness reduction ← “filter bubble” - extraversion reduction ← isolation Could be measured specifically for Conversational Agents [10] Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American psychologist, 48(1), 26.

16. Societal implication inability to connect with other people 16

17. Conclusions - Conversational Agents should be tools, not substitute human relationships - need for regulation on the emotional field 17

18. Let’s keep emotions for humans https://www.slideshare.net/MartinoMensio https://twitter.com/MartinoMensio 18

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