The Philippine Disaster Risk Profile.pdf

12/02/2024
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DISASTER NURSING
NCM 121
GILBERT F. FERNANDO, RN
LOCAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OFFICER II
INSTRUCTOR/ TEACHER FACULTY – COLLEGE OF NURSING
DISASTER AHEAD
PH: DISASTER RISK
ESSENTIALS OF DISASTER NURSING

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lecture, SN’s will be able to:
1. Understand Philippines Disaster Risk Profile;
2. Classify the major types of disasters based on
their unique characteristics;
3. Differentiate Natural and Human-induced
hazards, Internal and External Disasters; and
4. Understand the effects of Disasters
PHILIPPINES
▪ We are an archipelago of 7,107 islands
▪ A total land area of approximately 300,000
square kilometers (116,000 sq. miles)
▪ Three main islands: Luzon, Visayas and
Mindanao
▪ The seas surrounding the islands are the
Philippine Sea on the east, the South China Sea
on the west, and the Celebes Sea on the south.
▪ The island of Borneo lies a few hundred
kilometers southwest and Taiwan directly north.
▪ The Moluccas and Sulawesi are to the
south/southwest, and Palau is to the east
beyond the Philippine Sea.

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Why are we
prone to diverse
natural hazards?
PHILIPPINES: DISASTER RISK PROFILE
PACIFIC RING OF FIRE:
This is the area where the Philippine Sea and Eurasian Tectonic Plates meet and is
prone to occurrences of different geologic hazards

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ACTIVE FAULT AND
TRENCHES
(faultfinder.phivolcs
.dost.gov.ph)
+

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PACIFIC TYPHOON BELT
This explains the occurrences of different weather disturbances such as typhoons.
Our country is visited by an average of 20 typhoons per year, according to the
Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
(PAGASA).
+

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+
SPACE
+
AGGRAVATING FACTOR
1. Today 50 % of the world
population lives in urban
centers by 2030 this is
expected to increase to 60%.
2. The majority of the largest
cities, known as Mega Cities
are in developing countries
while 90% of the population
growth of developing
countries will be urban in
nature.
UNPLANNED
URBANIZATION

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AGGRAVATING FACTOR
CLIMATE
CHANGE
Largely due to
the emission of
greenhouse
gases such as
carbon dioxide.
Weather :
• Short term changes
• Can change rapidly
(what is happening
outside right now)
Climate :
• Long term state
• Occurs over seasons
or longer
CLIMATE CHANGE

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CLIMATE CHANGE
• Change in climate
identified by
changes in
properties
• Persists for an
extended period
• Due to natural
variability or as a
result of human
activity
CLIMATE CHANGE
•Stronger and more
frequent typhoons
•Droughts
•Extremely warm and
cold seasons
(Aftermath of Typhoon
Haiyan in 2013)
Photo credit:: Google Images

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CLIMATE CHANGE
Rapid rise in global
temperature brought
about by the
greenhouse effect.
CLIMATE CHANGE

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CLIMATE CHANGE
Greenhouse Gas (GHG)
Carbon Dioxide Methane
CLIMATE CHANGE
Nitrous Oxide Chlorofluorocarbon

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CLIMATE CHANGE
Cutting and Burning of Trees
CLIMATE CHANGE

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CLIMATE CHANGE
CLIMATE CHANGE

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• Sea level rise due to
melting of ice caps
• Growing
unpredictability and
intensity of rain and
typhoon
1940 2004
CLIMATE CHANGE
Effects of Climate Change
•Drought
•Decrease in crop
yields
CLIMATE CHANGE

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•Diseases
•Coastal erosion
•Destroyed habitat
CLIMATE CHANGE
•Compromised
water
resources
CLIMATE CHANGE

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PHILIPPINES: DECLARATION OF DISASTER
Major Disasters in the Philippines
2009 Tropical Storm Ondoy
464 37
Dead Missing
529 4.9 M
Injured Affected
PhP 11B Damages
Major Disasters in the Philippines 2013 Bohol Earthquake
209 Dead
8 Missing
877Injured
3.2 M Affected
PhP 2.25B Damages

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2013 Typhoon Yolanda
6 300 Dead
1 062 Missing
28 688 Injured
16 M Affected
PhP 89.6B Damages
2018 Mayon Volcano Eruption
Around 90 000
Affected
PhP 166 M
Damages

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2018 Typhoon Ompong
82 2
Dead Missing
138 3 M
Injured Affected
PhP 33.9B
Damages
2019 Major Earthquakes
Porac, Pampanga (M 6.1)
Itbayat, Batanes (M 5.9)
Castillejos, Zambales (M 5.9)
San Julian, E. Samar (M 6.5)
Tulunan, Cotabato (M 6.6)
Davao Del Sur (M 6.9)

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2020 Taal Volcano Eruption
737 K
Affected
PhP 3B
Damages
2020 (to present) Novel
Coronavirus (COVID-19)
As of 16 August 2023 (WHO):
4,173,631
confirmed cases
66,646
deaths

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+
+
-
2013, Zamboanga Crisis
7
Dead
119 000
Displaced
PhP 3.2B
Damages

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2017, Marawi Crisis
87
Dead
350 000
Displaced
PhP 17B
Damages
Cost of Disasters
It was estimated by the
Philippine Institute for
Development Studies (PIDS)
that the estimated cost of
disasters per year in the
Philippine economy based
on 1905 to 2017data is
around 85 to 422 billion
pesos.

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WORLD RISK INDEX REPORT 2020
The 15 countries with the highest risk
worldwide
Country Risk (%)
1. Vanuatu 56.71
2. Antigua and
Barbuda
30.80
3. Tonga 29.39
4. Solomon Islands 29.36
5. Guyana 22.87
6. Papua New
Guinea
22.18
7. Brunei
Darussalam
21.68
8. Guatemala 20.69
9. Philippines 20.69
10 .Bangladesh 18.78
3rd in 2011 – 2013
2nd in 2014
3rd in 2015 – 2016
3rd in 2017
3rd in 2018
9th in 2019
Developed by Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft in
cooperation with the United Nations
University in Bonn)
❑193 Countries UN-recognized
❑Over 99 percent of the world’s population
❑The countries with the highest disaster risk
worldwide are the Philippines (WRI 46.82),
India (WRI 42.31), and Indonesia (WRI
41.46).
Publisher WorldRiskReport 2022 Bündnis Entwicklung
Hilft Ruhr University Bochum – Institute for International
Law of Peace and Armed Conflict (IFHV)

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DISASTER: DEFINITION
AND CLASSIFICATION

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How do we differentiate disasters from
hazards?
HAZARD VS. DISASTER?
HAZARDS
A dangerous
phenomenon,
substance, human
activity or condition
that pose threat to life
and property.
RA 10121

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WHAT IS DISASTER?
Serious disruption of the functioning of a
community or a society
Human losses
Material losses
Economic losses
Environmental
losses
WHAT IS MEDICAL DISASTER?
Cebu City hospital staff members cope with
disaster | Inquirer News
A catastrophic event
that results in casualties
that overwhelm the
healthcare resources
in that particular
community.
Al-Madhari & Zeller

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CLASSIFICATION
2 Broad Categories of Disaster:
▪ Natural (Geophysical, hydrometeorological, climatological)
▪ Man-made (Human-induced)
NATURAL HAZARDS

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HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARD
Hydrometeorological hazards
are processes or phenomena of
atmospheric, hydrological or
oceanographic nature

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Hydrometeorological hazards include:
❑ TROPICAL CYCLONES (TYPHOONS/HURRICANES)
❑ THUNDERSTORMS
❑ HAILSTORMS
❑ TORNADOES
❑ STORM SURGES
❑ HEAVY SNOWFALL
❑ AVALANCHES
❑ FLOODS/FLASH FLOODS
❑ BLIZZARDS
The following are the most common
Hydrometeorological hazards as defined by the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA):
CYCLONE TORNADO
TYPHOON FLASHFLOOD
FLOOD THUNDERSTORM
STORM SURGE EL NIÑO and LA NIÑA

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WHAT IS A
CYCLONE? A powerful
spinning storm
with that contains
strong winds and
rains
Cyclones are large-scale storms characterized by
low pressure in the center surrounded by circular
wind motion.
The energy that powers typhoons comes from the
evaporation of warm ocean water.
❖Warmer ocean water produces more
powerful typhoons, which can grow into
"super typhoons“
❖ Increase in sea level is the result of the low-pressure central area
of the storm creating suction, the storm winds piling up water, and
the tremendous speed of the storm. Rare storm surges have risen
as much as 14 meters above normal sea level.

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WHAT IS
TYPHOON?
Large, powerful and
violent tropical cyclone. It
is a low pressure area
rotating counter-clockwise
and containing rising warm
air

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Severe storms arising in the
Atlantic waters are known as
HURRICANES,
Those developing in the
Pacific Ocean and the China
seas are called TYPHOONS
WHAT IS
THUNDERSTORM
A weather condition that
produces lightning and
thunder, heavy rainfall
from cumulonimbus clouds
and possibly a tornado.

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Lightning is a major threat
during a thunderstorm.
Lightning is an electrical
discharge that results from the
buildup of positive and
negative charges within a
thunderstorm, which appears
as a bolt.
Preventive measures urged
as lightning kills 3 in
Pangasinan
WHAT IS
TORNADO?
a violent rotating
column of air extending
from thunderstorm to
the ground

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TORNADO
Tornadoes are rapidly
whirling, funnel-shaped air
spirals that emerge from a
violent thunderstorm and
reach the ground.
Tornadoes can have a
wind velocity of up to 200
miles per hour, a sufficient
force to destroy even
massive buildings. 50-mile wide tornado” flattened everything in
and around the city of Tacloban.
Buhawi in Tungkil,
Minglanilla Cebu
June 18, 2013
2PM
Hydrometeorological
conditions also can be a
factor in other hazards
such as:
❑ Flashfloods
❑ Floods
❑ Storm Surges

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WHAT ARE
MONSOONS?
A seasonal change in
the direction of the
prevailing, or strongest,
winds of a region.
In the Philippines, there are two
kinds of winds and seasons that
occur in the country every year.
❑ Amihan is known as the
Northeast monsoon
❑ Habagat is known as the
Southwest monsoon.
MONSOON

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GEOLOGICAL
HAZARDS
GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
A geological hazard is a condition or event that may cause harm to
property and life as a result of a geological process such as
earthquake, volcanic eruption, or landslide.
01
Earthquake
02
Volcanic Eruption
03
Landslides

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GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
EARTHQUAKE
GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
An earthquake is a feeble
shaking to violent trembling of
the ground produced by the
sudden displacement of rocks or
rock materials below the earth’s
surface.
There are two types of earthquakes:
❑ Tectonic earthquakes
❑ Volcanic earthquakes.

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GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Common Earthquake Hazards:
Ground shaking is a disruptive up-
down and sideways movement or
motion experienced during an
earthquake that can cause objects to
fall, break windows and among
others.
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND RUPTURE
LIQUIFACTION
LANDSLIDES
TSUNAMI
GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Ground rupture is displacement on
the ground due to movement of
fault. The movement may have
vertical and horizontal component
and may be as small as less than
0.5 meters.
LIQUIFACTION
LANDSLIDES
TSUNAMI
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND RUPTURE

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GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Liquefaction is a process that
transforms the behavior of a body
of sediments from that of a solid to
that of a liquid when subjected to
extremely intense shaking.
LIQUIFACTION
LANDSLIDES
TSUNAMI
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND RUPTURE
GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Earthquake-induced landslides are
failures in steep or hilly slopes
triggered by an earthquake. Loose
thin soil covering on the slopes of
steep mountains are prone to mass
movement, especially when
shaken during an earthquake.
LIQUIFACTION
LANDSLIDES
TSUNAMI
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND RUPTURE

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GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Tsunami is a set of sea waves
resulting from the disturbance of
ocean floor by an earthquake. This
is a series of giant sea waves
commonly generated by under-
the-sea earthquakes and whose
heights could be greater than 5
meters.
LIQUIFACTION
LANDSLIDES
TSUNAMI
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND RUPTURE
GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Tsunami is a set of sea waves
resulting from the disturbance of
ocean floor by an earthquake. This
is a series of giant sea waves
commonly generated by under-
the-sea earthquakes and whose
heights could be greater than 5
meters.
LIQUIFACTION
LANDSLIDES
TSUNAMI
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND RUPTURE

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GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Volcanic eruption happens when materials such as
magma, ash, and gas are released from a volcano due
to a buildup of pressure inside.
The effects of an eruption can be on a local scale
affecting the areas near the volcano (e.g. lava flow
reaches nearby towns) or on a global scale (e.g. volcanic
ash particles on air change global temperature).

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GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Lahar is a mixture of
volcanic debris and
water that flows at the
slopes of the volcano.
It destroys
infrastructures, buries
towns and crops, and
fills river channels.
GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Pyroclastic fall is a mass of
hot, dry pyroclastic
material (mixture of ash
and dust) and hot gases.
It moves rapidly along the
ground surface. It buries
towns and causes burns,
injury, and damage upon
impact.

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GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Volcanic gases are vapors
released during an eruption.
Some of these gases, such as
hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and
sulfur dioxide (SO2), are
poisonous. They cause
respiratory damage and
death
GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Tephra falls/Ballistic
Projectiles are rock
fragments and lava blobs
ejected by a volcano. They
damage structures, break
power lines, kill vegetation,
and cause respiratory
damage.
2020 Taal Volcano Tephra Falls

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GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
LANDSLIDES
GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Mud flow is the flow of
mud and rock. It may
pick up trees, houses,
and cars as it moves
down the slope. It may
block bridges and
tributaries causing flood
along its path.

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GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Earthflow is the downward
flow of fine-grained
materials, such as clay,
fine sand, and silt.
Rock fall is the sliding,
toppling, or falling of rocks
along a slope.
GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Triggering
Mechanisms
❑ Gravity
❑ Heavy Rainfall/
Water Content
❑ Earthquake

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CLIMATOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Drought is an extended period of
unusually low precipitation that
produces a shortage of water for
people, animals, and plants.
Glacial lake outburst are floods
that occur when water held back
by a glacier or moraine is suddenly
released.
Wildfires are any uncontrolled and
non-prescribed combustion or
burning of plants in a natural
setting such as a forest, grassland,
and brush land.
MAN-MADE HAZARDS

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CLASSIFICATION
3 Broad Categories of
Man-made Disaster:
▪ Complex Emergencies
are situations where populations suffer significant
casualties as a result of war, civil strife, or other
political conflicts. This can result fromm a
combination of forces such as drought, famine,
disease, and political unrest.
After 2017 Marawi battle, displaced Filipinos hope to return home
CLASSIFICATION
Man-made Disaster:
▪ Technological Disasters
* NA-TECH Disaster (Natural and
Technological Disasters)
a natural disaster or phenomenon
that triggers a secondary disaster,
as a result of weaknesses in the
human environment
The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident in
Soviet Union

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CLASSIFICATION
Man-made Disaster:
▪ Technological Disasters
Sinking of the MV Princess of the Stars
CLASSIFICATION
3 Broad Categories
of Man-made
Disaster:
▪ Disasters that are not
caused by natural hazards
but occur in human
settlements (Human-
settlement Disaster)
700 Residents Homeless in 14-hour Fire in March 2015

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CLASSIFICATION
Disaster Categories
Disaster are categorized based on the
following:
▪ Onset
* Sudden/Rapid
* Slow / Gradual and Progresive
▪ Impact
* Sudden
* Prolonged
▪ Duration
* Short
* Prolonged/ Protracted
▪ Location
CLASSIFICATION
Disasters in Hospitals and other Health Care
Facilities
▪ Internal
Disruption of normal hospital
function due to injuries or deaths of
hospital personnel or damage to
the physical plant, as with hospital
fire, power failure or chemical spill.
▪ External
Include scenarios such as
earthquakes, mass casualty
events or epidemics where the
hospital itself may or may not be
affected but is a critical part of
the larger response.

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CLASSIFICATION
Internal Disasters (Within the
Facility’s walls)
❑ Fires
❑ Utility failures
❑ Workplace violence
❑ Explosions/ bomb threats
❑ Radiation contamination
❑ Acts of terrorism and
bioterrorism in the health
care facility
External Disasters
❑ Incidents caused by
man-made or natural
Hazards
HEALTH EFFECTS OF DISASTERS
Premature Deaths, Injuries and Illnesses Damaged local health care
Infrastructure
Increased Risk of
Communicable Diseases
Psychological, emotional, and social impacts Food Shortage/Insecurity Displaced Population

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2013 Typhoon
Yolanda
6 300 Dead
1 062 Missing
28 688 Injured
2013 Bohol Earthquake
209 Dead
8 Missing
877 Injured
2009 Tropical
Storm Ondoy
464 Dead
37 Missing
529 Injured
2020 (to present) Novel
Coronavirus (COVID-19)
As of 06 Feb. 2022: 3.6 million
confirmed cases 54, 214
dead

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DOH: 177 health
facilities affected
due to Abra
quake | GMA
News Online
15 health facilities incur
minor damage from
Paeng: DOH
The major causes of
communicable disease in
disasters can be categorized
into four areas:
▪ Infections due to contaminated
food and water
▪ Respiratory infections
▪ Vector and insect-borne diseases
▪ Infections due to wounds and
injuries.
More than 400 cases of
diarrhoea and gastroenteritis
in typhoon-affected areas
due to ST Rai, with 141 health
facilities damaged by the
storm, according to Philippine
Government agencies
https://reliefweb.int/

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Emotional instability, stress
reactions, anxiety, trauma and
other psychological symptoms
are observed commonly after the disaster and
other traumatic experiences.
Disaster and its impact on mental health: A narrative review
Nikunj Makwana
Published online 2019 Oct 31
In the Philippines, after super
typhoon Haiyan affected the
Visayas Region, approximately
800,000 people suffered from mental
health problems. Of this number,
about 10% or 80,000 people were
dealing with severe depression
https://bmcproc.biomedcentral.com/articles/
18 March 2021, Rome – A new report released today by the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) shows that the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme
weather disasters such as floods, droughts and megafires as a result of climate
change is having a devastating effect on food security and livelihoods.
https://unfccc.int/news/climate-change-related-disasters-a-major-threat-to-food-security-fao

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Fighting in Zamboanga over the
next four weeks displaced more
than 100,000 people, most of them
in the Muslim minority. The conflict
resulted in dozens of deaths and the
destruction of more than 10,000
homes.
https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/04/30/philippi
nes-protect-zamboangas-displaced-minorities
KEY MESSAGES
A professional
mandate exists that
calls for nurses to
participate in the
development of and
serve as an integral
part of a community’s
disaster preparedness
plan.
Nurses must participate
as full partners with the
medical and
emergency
management
communities in all
aspects of disaster
response and recovery.

The Philippine Disaster Risk Profile.pdf

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The Philippine Disaster Risk Profile.pdf