The Marginalization Of Aborial Schools

The Marginalization Of Aborial Schools
In these residential schools many students were abused, tortured, raped, starved this is just a glimpse
into the inhumane treatment children faced. Native language was forbidden in the residential
schools. The state forced students to speak English at the residential schools and if they did not they
were reinforced with harsh punishments. Since aboriginals were seen as 'savages' it was important to
the state and church to eliminate aboriginal language and make them 'cultured' people. Brass
explains that, "children in residential schools more than likely felt inferior because they could only
speak their language when family came this way they would learn English faster" (1987: 6).
Destroying and dismantling native culture through residential schools has left survivors with
socially impaired and cultural damage. Euro centric views of the Canadian state has impacted
aboriginal communities because many children today are unaware of what their mother tongue is
creating a marginalized effect these communities. The government today hasn't done much to
compensate the linguicide of aboriginal societies. When a genocide or linguicide is not properly
recognized it leaves a feeling of being second class citizens because their losses are not dealt with
adequately. Children were persistently reminded that their values, culture and beliefs are irrelevant.
This resulted in many young children with poor self–esteem, depression, lack of self–respect and
lack of motivation to succeed
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Taking a Look at the Inuits
Inuits are a community that originated 4000 years ago. The first inuit group is the Paleo–Eskimos.
Inuits live in 53 different Arctic and Northern communities in Canada but also in several Southern
cities. 22% live outside of the Inuits Nunagat (homeland) while the other part lives inside of the
homeland. Pre–Dorset culture is said to begin when the Paleo–Eskimos settled on the islands of the
Canadian archipelago and northern Greenland. They had winter very difficult because at that time,
they had lacked technologies such as boats, dog sleds, skin tents and sources of warmth other than
small fire pits and wood fuels. They have very long winters but only a couple of months of summer .
In fact, it is one of the coldest places on earth and because of this all the Inuit people adapted to the
lifestyle, food, transportation etc. A shelter was needed to keep them warm, and protect them from
the harsh winter weather. The shelter is a snow house which they use in winter and named "igloo".
An igloo is a temporary shelter that is made of snow blocks. They believe in animism which is a
belief that says all living and non–living things have a spirit. These spirits have to be kept happy and
there are several guidelines Inuit people have to follow in order to make the spirits happy.Their
language is Inuktitut which is their traditional language. The Inuits also have an alphabet of their
own its name is the same with their language, Inuktitut. The drawings of the letters are totally

The Inuktitut Culture
Some of the questions and observations I mention as arising from an ecological perspective, such as
the effect of tribal movement and climate change, link with ones that might arise when approaching
anthropological work with First Nation peoples in northern Canada from a cultural angle. The Cree
and Inuit, along with other First Nation tribes, are often described in relation to their intimate ties
with the environment. This intimacy (Hallenday) shapes every aspect of their cultures – how they
hunt, how they socialize, even their language. The Inuktitut language, for example, is known for its
linguistic variability in finely distinguishing between different types of weather, the subtlety of
which is easily lost in translation (throughout Hallenday's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
While a best definition of the term 'culture' remains elusive, most anthropologists would agree on
the necessity for having a working definition. John Monaghan and Peter Just elegantly define the
slippery notion of culture as "our capacity to conceptualize the world and to communicate those
conceptions symbolically" (2000).
In a paper on Indigenous knowledge production around diabetes, Heather Howard makes the point
that
"Individual illness and disease are inseparable from collective experience. They are interpreted
through shared, distinct, intersecting, historical and ongoing conditions of economic, political, and
other oppressions. Restoration of health and well–being are achieved through actions grounded in
collective resilience, which reestablish balance..."
She looks at the "lived histories of food," attempting to determine the effect of residential schools on
current eating habits. She argues that an abrupt change in culture might be contributing to the
observed

Natives and Self-government Essay
Natives and Self–government
From the moment of organized European appearances in North America, negotiation has been a
central characteristic of relationships between aboriginal residents and newcomers. It is a
characteristic that has been evident in treaty–making throughout Canada for more than three
hundred years and it continues to be the order of the day in modern treaties, claims and agreements
being negotiated with First Nations, Inuit, and Métis across in Canada. 1
One of the central issues in the negotiations over the past three decades has been the question of
aboriginal self–government, which has taken second place only to comprehensive land claims
negotiations in areas where no treaties have been signed to date.
VIEWS OF ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Among academics, political leaders, and government representatives differences of opinion and
concern abound: differences about the most beneficial structure of self–government, about who
controls what, about when self–government should be implemented, about whether or not a true
form self–government can ever be achieved.
Those who are critical of current forms of aboriginal self–government view them as little more than
convenient arrangements that allow aboriginal people administrative responsibility for services
which are ultimately controlled by the federal or provincial government.3 They argue that self–
government is essentially glorified municipal government; arrangements which are far from the
ideal of a third level of government equal in legislative and financial authority to the federal and
provincial governments.4
Self–government proposals also have their critics among the very people for whom it is intended.
For example, Inuit women have objected to many parts of the Nunavut agreement mainly because of
concerns about an emphasis on conventional southern Canadian notions of resource management.
They also had concerns and about an emphasis on the economic, social and political roles and issues
for men at the expense of those of women in Nunavut (Inuit Women‰s Association, 1993). In

Hegemony and Discourse : Negotiating Cultural...
Journalism http://jou.sagepub.com/
Hegemony and discourse : Negotiating cultural relationships through media production
Michael Robert Evans Journalism 2002 3: 309 DOI: 10.1177/146488490200300302 The online
version of this article can be found at: http://jou.sagepub.com/content/3/3/309
Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Journalism
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>> Version of Record – Dec 1, 2002 What is This? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Turner, 1990a, 1990b, 1992a, 1992b; Michaels, 1986, 1994). James Weiner (1997: 197) has noted
that indigenous peoples 'have utilized visual self–representation as a mode of empowerment,
political assertion, and cultural revival in the face of Western cultural and economic imperialism'.1
In describing these shifts in the availability of media technologies and the challenges and
opportunities created by them, Faye Ginsburg (1993: 559) has embraced Arjun Appadurai's
'mediascape' term. Appadurai coined the term in 1990:
Mediascapes refer both to the distribution of the electronic capabilities to produce and disseminate
information (newspapers, magazines, television stations and film production studios), which are
now available to a growing number of private and public interests throughout the world, and to the
images of the world created by these media. These images of the world involve many complicated
inflections, depending on their mode (documentary or entertainment), their hardware (electronic or
pre–electronic), their audiences (local, national or transnational) and the interests of those who own
and control them. What is most important about these mediascapes is that they provide (especially in
their television film and cassette forms) large and complex repertoires of images, narratives and
ethnoscapes to viewers throughout the

Understanding The Inuit People
"The Inuit say that the stars are holes in heaven. And every time we see the people we loved shining
through, we know they're happy. " This Quote from Jodi Picoult describes the indigenous people of
the arctic's beliefs. The Inuit
To fully appreciate the Inuit, you need to fully understand them first. The Inuit people speak
Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, and Greenlandic languages, which all belong to the Eskimo–
Aleut language family and in Canada and Alaska, they speak English. The Inuit peoples' diet
consisted of whales, walruses, and seals, which are high in protein and fat. The skin from these
animals were used to make boats. The typical Inuit day consists of hunting for the men and cleaning,
cooking, tending to children, and other

The Literacy And Understanding Of The Inuit Children
The hypotheses will be to test whether different personalities can be or cannot be observed in a
group of pre–teens from the Inuit children from northern Canada who will be fluent in the Inuktitut
language. The questionnaire will be prepared based on the level of literacy and understanding of the
Inuit children. The SPSS software will be used to assess the Big Five (Five Factor Model)
Personality Factors (Costa & McCrae, 1995). The questionnaires will be translated in the Inuit
language and will be consisting of 25–items with a 5 point Likert scale will be developed with the
factor analysis with the aim to determine personality traits based on the understanding and literacy
level of the participants. The items will be moved around not to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Lexical hypothesis allowed many factors to emerge, leading to the emerging of the five main
factors (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism), (Costa &
McCrae, 1995).
Costs & McCrae, (1995) supported the development that each of the Five Factor Model (FFM)
further split into six facets, (Widiger & Costa, 2012). The five factor model and their six facets are
explained as: "Extraversion (E) – gregariousness, sociability, affiliation, dominance, boldness and
forcefulness, Agreeableness (A) – generous, cooperative, altruistic and warm, Conscientiousness (C)
– responsible, efficiency, dependability, carefulness and organization, Neuroticism (low ES) –
anxiousness, insecurity, indecisiveness and being tense /Emotional Stability (ES) – self–reliant and
stable and Openness to Experience (O) – imaginative, unconventional, curious, original and
independent minded" (Ehrhart et. al., 2008) allowing the five factor model to be effective in
developing cross–cultural questionnaires (Costs & McCrae, 1995).
The Five Factor Model (FFM) and the further split into six facets, allows a broad analysis of the
personality traits which is an advantage especially when questions translated into Inuktitut language
which can further be re–tested with the same participants (Cooper, 2010).
A test was conducted using the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP; Goldberg, 1999) by
Maples et. al. (2014) using 120–item questionnaire test of the

Iroquois Compare And Contrast
How come they have never met each other? Hey, but they all live in Canada and all met the
Europeans! I wonder if the Europeans ever mentioned one tribe to the other? Anyway, the Inuit,
Haida, and the Iroquois are the same in many ways but are a lot different. How are the Inuit, Haida,
and Iroquois alike? Well to start they all live in Canada! The Inuit live the Atlantic coast of Labrador
in Canada. The Haida live in the West Coast of British Columbia in Canada. Last but not least, the
Iroquois live Southwest and North Ontario in Canada! Second, they use the similar fishing tools.
The Inuit use spears and kayaks. The Haida use spears, nets and traps. Last the Iroquois use spears,
arrows and nets. So they all use spears to help them fish. Third, their art. All of the tribes use their
are to communicate and also tell stories. Some use it to tell spirits or talk about spirits. Fourth, they
all got interrupted by the Europeans. The Inuit is was a good thing cause they taught the Inuit new
thing but they brought drug which is illegal to the Inuit. To the Haida it was bad cause they
took/killed all the seals so the Haida couldn't have seal. Last, to the Iroquois it was a good thing
because they got to see new things. Fifth, their homes. They made their home after ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
First, their language. They speak many languages but i chose the language Ottawa. They speak this
language a lot! Second, there location in Canada, which is Southwest Ontario. This location has
trees every where.totem poles. The Iroquois moved around following food, so their houses had to be
fast and easy. Their houses were made up of branches, birch bark, and t They live in the meadow
which have tons of berry bushes where they, of course, get their berries. Lastly, their myth and this
myth introduced something new into the world in there own story. It's about how the mosquitos
came and a good amount of people died from

Language Loss
As we increasingly realize that our own self–destruction is inevitable in the destruction of the planet,
the insular notion of Western modernity as the height of human progress is finally being
questioned. However, the resultant paradox is that although we realize the resultant flaws of
depending on one form of progress, the only alternatives that we could turn to are dying off of the
face of the earth. Thus the global trend of language loss is an issue incredibly worthy of long
overdue attention; it may in fact be our last meaningful alternative to rescue the plight of humanity's
survival. As a repository of knowledge, an expression of culture, and a symbolic embodiment of a
way of life, the loss of a language speaks for itself. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As both a by–product of their amalgamated colonial imagination and their equally delusional
scientific minds, Canada became a laboratory to be poked, measured, defined and prepared for
extraction back to continue the fervent industrialization of Europe (Rigney 1999: 109). The colonial
mentality is highlighted in their sense of property. Colonialists believed that property had to be
enacted; it is as much a physical reality as it is constant aspiration to control. In their minds,
property is a verb that must be put to work in order to define it (Blomley: 566). This is in accordance
of the influential perspective of John Locke, who helped to ingrain the belief that if the land was not
being used, it is being wasted. Thus the divine commons was rendered private property, "Eden sank
to grief" and our natural world was at the mercy of man's endless attempt to control and accrue all
that they could from their surroundings (Blomey: 561).
Just as Language is a creation of the natural world, it is the architect of sustaining meaning for a
culture. Therefore in its use, language is also a system of power that allows the meanings imparted
by cultural hegemony to endure and endure themselves (Focault: 22). Although this cultural lineage
now dominates the world's sense of progress, not all people believe in this once sense of reality. On
the margins of modernity, some people's resilient existence stands as testimony

Cultural Factors In Canada
Canada is considered one of the greatest countries to live in according to the World Happiness
Report 2015. This is represented through the quality of life of the people, the economic
development, the landforms, and many more factors. Since Canada is multicultural it has many
influences from many countries, mainly America, that it is difficult to show the distinct culture of
Canada as a country. Americanism not only affected Canada, but also many other smaller countries
since America own most of the multi–national corporations such as McDonald's. Some factors that
make Canada a distinct country are bilingualism, the Aboriginal people, and its symbols that
represents Canada. Multiculturalism affects Canada's identity to shine and show Canada's ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means Canada accepts many immigrants from different parts of the world. These people come
to Canada with different languages, cultures, motivations, and other backgrounds. Some even
establish their own country's restaurant or something related to their background. As many people of
the same background comes to Canada, there are many events related to them and Canada shows
importance to those events. For example, Chinese people are one of the largest population. In
Canada, people celebrate the Chinese new year in school, there is Chinatown, people respect the fact
that Chinese are allow to bring traditional food to school, and many more. This diverse population in
Canada makes people interested into different cultures. Their common knowledge of other country's
products, events and many more information will develop according to their relationship with one
another. For example, most Canadians would recognize Sushi as a japanese food or it contains
seaweed. This is because of the knowledge learned from one another through news, communication,
and the relationship with one another. Multiculturalism excludes racism and lack of human rights.
As more immigrants come to Canada there will be more cultures which is an advantage and also a
disadvantage to Canada because it overlaps Canada's true culture to the fact that many people in
Canada does not know what is the actual Canadian culture. Most of all, Americanism has affected
not only Canada but many other countries as well. This is due to more business and trade since
America owns most of the multi–national corporations. People believe that the American culture and
the Canadian culture has no differences, these people are called the Continentalists. Canada has
many branches of American companies such as McDonalds', Starbucks, Wendy's, and many more
other companies. On the other hand, the Nationalists thinks that Canada itself has it own distinct
culture and

Inuit And Cree Compare And Contrast
Inuit and Cree compare and contrast Even though the Cree and the Inuit had a peace treaty, they are
indeed very different. Not only are they different, but they also have a few similarities. Here I will
tell you a few of the differences and similarities between the Cree and Inuit. The Inuit and Cree are
different in numerous ways, but language is a massive one. Inuit speak different languages like
Inuktitut, Inupiaq, Kalaallisut, and etc. They speak languages I can barely pronounce! Cree on the
other hand, speak languages you might know like English, and French. They also speak the native
Cree language. Cree and Inuit speak different languages, VERY different languages, that is. Cree
and Inuit are also different because of their clothing.

Self Government In Canada
Self–government is the cornerstone of the Inuit policy goals in the Nunavut region; while self–
government is an important goal, the idea is intricately linked to other goals such as land claims
settlements, cultural preservation, and economic development, goals which the people of Nunavut
are finding very hard to meet (Nowland–Card, 41). Indigenous people were self–governed long
before Europeans arrived in Canada, but in 1876, the Indian Act came into effect, dismantling
traditional governance systems and Indigenous peoples' lives (Bc Treaty Commission). Today, the
Federal government recognizes that Indigenous people have an inherent, constitutionally protected
right to self–government; a right to manage their own affairs (Bc Treaty Commission). ... Show
But the model of self–government offered by the Canadian government leaves the people of
Nunavut financially at the mercy of the Government and thus is impractical and doomed to fail. The
Government still owns a huge amount of the land and makes the final decisions on important issues.
There is still no sovereignty for Indigenous people as their lives are still partly dictated by the
Federal Government. Their lack of any revenue source leads to heavy reliance on the Federal
Government making this method highly unsustainable. Thus, the Indigenous people surrendered
their rights for a failed cause, but one that could potentially see a revival. With the recent devolution
plans in Canada between the Federal Government, the Government of Nunavut and Nunavut
Tunngavik Incorporated, the company in charge of setting out the process of the transfer of land
from the Crown to the Nunavut Government, there is hope for the revival of Nunavut (Devolution
Nunavut). Devolution is important because it brings decision–making closer to home, giving
Nunavut a greater say in issues that affect them; final decisions over public land and resource use
will be made in Nunavut and not in Ottawa giving the Northerners greater autonomy over their
resources (Devolution Nunavut). With greater autonomy comes greater

Has the Creation of Nunavut Come too Quickly? Essay
Has the Creation of Nunavut Come too Quickly?
The North of Canada may invoke thoughts of polar bears, penguins, and Eskimos, however this
region has a history of exploitation. Since the 1940's, the Inuit people (Eskimo is considered a
derogatory term by locals) have been forced to assimilate to Canadian laws and language. Prior to
the arrival of the Canadian officials and their economic and law systems and infrastructures, the
Inuit lived in small groups off the tundra. Their economic system was one of trade and they spoke
Inuktitut, which was only an oral language until about fifty years ago.
Yet, this way of life was altered drastically with the increasing presence of the Canadian government
in the region. In the early ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After the JAWS project, the Canadian government poured funds into the Northwest Territories and
began to strongly exert force over the native people residing there. During the 1950's the Canadian
government issued the "Eskimo numbers" policy. The Inuit were given a badge with their number
stamped on it. This official numbers replaced their names on official records and documents. They
were no longer individuals but a group of numbers. Later, the government attempted to retract its
mistake and restore names to the records, but even then dozens of mistakes were made. Early on, the
government crushed the way of life as a means to gain control over the thousands of families spread
throughout the arctic region. Most of the dogs that pulled sleds were discarded in an attempt to keep
numbers of people living in these artificial communities. Also, the English language was introduced.
Inuit children were placed in Christian boarding schools and punished if they spoke Inuktitut.
Unsurprisingly, tensions between the Inuit and Canadians mounted. After years of negotiations
between the North and South to rectify the problems between the Inuit and the Canadian
government, the Northwest Territories was renamed Nunavut (meaning "our land") and was given
control over social, economical and environmental life in the territory. Nunavut is not an ethnic or
provincial government but rather a public and

Essay On Canada
Some areas of first nations people in canada were Arctic, Subarctic, Northwest Coast, Plateau,
Plains, and the Eastern Woodland. In 1842 there were about 3727 first nations in Lower Canada that
the government knew about but that didn't include the Hunting Indians of the Northern Interior. By
1867 there were thought to be roughly 125,000 first nations including about 10,000 Metis in the
west and 2,000 Inuit in the north. The population of the first nations were not stable. The aboriginal
demographics got worse and worse. The population bottomed out but sometime between the 1890s
and and interwar era population made a slow recovery. The First Nations got their food by
gathering, hunting, farming, and fishing. The first nations traditional ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Residential schools were purposely built farther away from first nation civilizations to reduce
contact with the first nations children and their families. Residential schools harmed children by
forcing them to leave their homes, not allowing them to use their native languages, and exposing
many of them to physical and sexual abuse. The residential schools forced the first nation children to
speak only english and french. The residential schools also left a permanent scar on first nations by
causing post–traumatic stress Disorder, alcoholism, substance abuse, and even suicide. The parents
and families of the first nations children resisted the Residential schools. The families were forced to
go into hiding from the government officials rounding up the first nations children. When parents
told the government that the schools were abusing their children the government dismissed it as an
excuse for their children not to attend the schools when in fact the children were being abused.
Children from the ages of 7 to 16 were forced to attend the schools and children of all ages were
abused. The first nation children were abused by their very own teachers and administrators. The
types of abuse the children faced were physical and sexual assault, malnourishment, and harsh
discipline that would never have been allowed in normal schools back then. The schools were
overcrowded, had poor sanitation, insufficient heating, and a lack of medical

The Origins Of The Inuit Culture
A culture is known to be a group of people, usually a group of First Nations people who share the
same knowledge, beliefs, values, languages, experiences, etc. amongst each other as a community.
Those cultural knowledge and activities continue to be passed down to younger generations as time
goes on. First Nations cultures are very important to many First Nations people because it is like the
backbone to not only their future but their future generations as well. Just like the Inuit people who
cherish their own people and culture. (NEED REFERENCE)
Firstly, here is a little taste of the Inuit's history. The people of the arctic are known to be called,
"The Eskimo's" back in the old times, The Inuit people speak and write their traditional Inuktitut
language, and they are a group of First Nations people who live throughout the Arctic region in
Canada. The Inuk culture seems to be well adapted to their homes in the Arctic. They know how to
survive on their traditional land and rely their resources very well. The Inuk women typically spend
their days looking after their children, making clothing, working on animal skins, and cooking. The
Inuk women have a specific way to do things in their culture, for instance, they make their clothing
in a unique way by making each outfit thick enough to survival the cold days, or they would make
layers of each clothing so they can keep warm. All pieces of their clothing are essential based on
seasons. The Anoraks and pants were likely knee

Martin Frobisher's Heredity: The Anglican Church Of Canada
The Anglican Church of Canada has its heredity in the Church of England, which separated from the
Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century (Anglican Church of Canada, 2015). The church sealed
certain customs although it is influenced by the Protestant Reformation; this includes early church
creeds and the progression of bishops from the line of the apostles. As a result of this history,
Anglicanism is at times referred to as "Reformed Catholicism" (Anglican Church of Canada, 2015).
Anglicanism travelled out of the country with British colonial development; in 1578 near modern
Iqaluit, Nunavut, a chaplain celebrated the Eucharist as a member of Martin Frobisher's Arctic
expedition (Anglican Church of Canada, 2015). This was the first Anglican

Why The Big Five Factor Model ( Ffm ) Structure Was...
The hypotheses were to test different personalities in a group of 9 to 12 years old Inuit children from
northern Canada who speak the Inuktitut language. The questionnaire was prepared based on the
understanding of the Inuit children. The study was conducted using the IPIP measure scales;
(Extraversion, Neuroticism, Openness, Agreeableness & Conscientiousness), (Goldberg, 1999) and
the Big Five Factor Model which measure the personality factors of the Big Five (Costa & McCrae,
1992). The four goals of Psychology was taken into consideration using the 25–item translated
questionnaire with a 5 point Likert scale.
Introduction:
The purpose of this study was to assess if the Big Five Factor Model (FFM) structure was
appropriate for Inuit children using the IPIP questionnaires.
FFM originated from the United States and is currently used by psychologist around the world in
various applications. The model suggests that personality traits are universal and can fit well in a
cross culture testing (Costs & McCrae, 1995).
Triandis (2000b) supports that cross–cultural and indigenous psychologists do not use the same
personality tests instead the psychologist constructs an equivalent measure taking into consideration
the sensitivity of the culture.
The FFM when further split into six facets allows a broader analysis of the personality traits
providing an advantage if the questions were translated into the Inuktitut language. The translated
single item test when tested

Endangered Language In English
The number of languages spoken in the world has been diminishing steadily over the past centuries.
According to estimates (Romaine, 2007), scientists suggest that on average, one language may
vanish every 14 days，and thousands of languages are on the verge of extinction (Romaine, 2007).
Furthermore, more than half of the languages spoken today are expected to disappear in the next 100
years. What is worse, among the 6,000 existing languages (excluding dialects), only about 5% are
spoken by more than one million speakers, some languages are spoken by just one or two people
(Danesi, 2016, p.18). Scientists and linguists can help revive a dead language or try to maintain a
language to some extent. However, this task faces a great number of struggles and difficulties. In
this essay, we will discuss the influence of dominant language, the importance of language revival,
the value of having a language, and measures to save an endangered language. The greatest
difficulty in postponing language attrition is that people generally want to use the language that has
the most social, political, and economic power. In other words, people prefer to learn dominant
languages, such as English, Spanish, and Chinese, which are spoken by millions of people.
English is now what linguists call a "Lingua Franca" because of the tendency for people to use
English as an international language (Danesi, 2016, p.122), as well as the fact that over 40 countries
use English as their official

Inuit People Research Paper
The Inuit People of Canada
The Inuit of Canada are indigenous because they've lived around the region for over four thousand
years, and they still practice their traditions and customs. In addition, the Inuit people have historical
ties to regions in Canada along with historical distinctiveness from the rest of the Canadian
population. These people live in the eastern areas of Canada and are called the Inuit which means
"people" in their native language, Inuktitut.
In the past, they lived in tents and huts, but now many of these people live in modern houses. The
indigenous people still speak Inuktitut and practice traditional customs such as having a name
passing onto another Inuk so that the name lives forever. In addition, the more traditional Inuit still
prepare many of their native foods and often hunt for their meat.
For many years, the Inuit people were incapable of attaining many of their native meats due to
having little land to hunt on, suffering from high rates of suicide, and struggling from substance
abuse. However, within the past decade conditions have improved due to the Canadians and Inuit
people negotiating a land deal. As a result, many of the indigenous people can practice their
traditions in their own communities in their new territory called Nunavut. This ... Show more
The stakeholders included the government and corporations who wanted more land for their
businesses. For many years, the Inuit couldn't prepare their traditional foods due to the meats of
certain animals and herbs of particular plants becoming less common due to portions of their lands
being taken. For example, aged walrus meat and chared, arctic fish were meats that were harder to
come by due to the minimal amount of land that the Inuit

The French And English Europeans
Before Europeans made initial contact with the First Nations tribes who resided in what would be
later christened Canada, the First Nations tribes had a spiritual relationship with the land
surrounding them, practicing methods of preserving both the land and the animals. Additionally,
they also had a structural government that consisted of men dictating political matters and women
controlling the economic results. The European ideology differed immensely; they saw the land as
property to own and women as bearers of children and housekeepers. The differing cultural values
of both became more pronounced when further involvement and association with one another took
place, with the Europeans ultimately considering the First Nations tribes as ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For any noticeable changes to occur, the Canadian government must take further actions on First
Nations issues and relations and construct programs to inform the public of the First Nations people
past; only then shall they regain their identity.
Residential Schools
The Canadian government funded church–run residential schools in a successful bid to eliminate
First Nations culture and assimilate children of First Nations people into idealized version of
European youth. In 1883, the Indian Affairs policy directed their attention to the refocusing of
residential schools as a front for a constituted act of assimilation under the guise of education.
("First Nations in Canada", last modified November 21, 2013) The schools educated First Nations
children with similar subjects taught to European Canadian children, simultaneously banning
traditional clothing, language, and religion.
The assimilation however devolved into relentless emotional and physical abuse of the Aboriginal
children if they were caught practicing any traits from their culture, with accounts of sexual assault
documented. Students lived in inhumane conditions and were segregated from

Inuit Culture Vs American Culture
There are many different cultures in different places. But the 2 specific ones we will be comparing
today is the Inuit and the American cultures. Most people would think there would be a certain
culture in America because most of the people don't really think about what culture we are but we
actually do have a culture in some aspects of our lives. For example we the Americans speak many
different languages we speak spanish, english, chinese just about everything we will take anyone
regardless of what language they speak.The inuits on the other hand their language is very different
they speak Inuktitut which is only one. Here in america like I said we speak multiple. Another thing
that is different between our cultures is our economy here

The Sale of Indian Textiles in Canada Essay
The Sale of Indian Textiles in Canada Canada, with its economic and political stability offers a
variety of business opportunities. With such a large population of immigrants, Canada is known for
its acceptance of diverse cultures. English and French are Canada's official languages and there are
many other languages spoken freely by diverse racial groups on Canadian soil. Many different
religions are also practiced freely and peacefully in Canada.
India has a population of 986.6 million people. This country holds 15 % of the world's entire
population. Within this country, a variety of cultures and traditions can be found. Christianity,
Hinduism as well as the Muslim religion are all practiced freely in India. With 18 official ... Show
Many sources were referred to when trying to find statistics and facts in order to lend credibility and
accuracy to our paper. There were differences between some of the sources, which forced us to
verify yet a third source to find answers. 2.3 Data Analysis Techniques
The data found on the web was used to investigate the many factors that enable us to penetrate this
market and establish trade with India. Economic and political stability for example, is critical to
trade between the countries involved. Other factors such as the product fit with the market and the
market size were also critical to this project. Through hard statistics and facts, we were able to
obtain enough information about the countries to make our import plan seem feasible.
2.4 Action Plan Timeline
Between both partners, there was approximately 46 hours spent to completing this project. The first
month was spent collecting data on both countries. Organizing the information took the most time.
Establishing our implementation plan came next and finally structuring both the presentation and
written assignment. 3.1.1 Country Profile
India, with its population of 986.6 million people, is the world's second largest country in terms of
population. There are 18 official languages in India and over 900 dialects or closely related
languages. Hindi is the most common language used and English, is the second most common.
There is a remarkable mosaic of cultural and racial people found in India.

Anglicanism In Canada
The Anglican Church of Canada has its inheritance in the Church of England, which detached from
the Roman Catholic Church in the 1500s (Anglican Church of Canada, 2015). The church conserved
certain customs although it is influenced by the Protestant reorganization; this includes early church
creeds and the series of bishops from the procession of the apostles (Anglican Church of Canada,
2015). Given, this record, Anglicanism is at times referred to as transformed Catholicism (Anglican
Church of Canada, 2015). Anglicanism travelled out of the country with British ceremonial
development; in 1578 near Iqaluit, Nunavut, a chaplain renowned the Eucharist as an element of
Martin Frobisher's Arctic voyage (Anglican Church of Canada, 2015). This ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This style was very popular in early western Canada as it uses materials that are effortlessly
accessible and it is relatively uncomplicated. The structure of the church also consisted of, wood
construction, pointed arch windows, separate entry porch and attached haven (Midnapore Church of
England Society, 2014). Today in order to keep these styles of churches functioning, they had to be
altered slightly. These altercations included general construction consisting of stone.
Aside from being a place of worship, St. Paul's Anglican Church makes an effort to communicate
and interact with their community. They implement several types of activities for all age types and
welcome everyone. These activities consist of, a coffee house event, where they build relationships
with students and community members, they provide a chance for students form McMaster
University to come and study among their leaders if necessary, and offer a program called Sunday
school children and afternoon guild members (StPaulsWestdale,2015)

Characteristics Of The Atlantic Walrus
SPECIES PROFILE
For
Atlantic Walrus
Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus
Prepared for
MSC 276 – Marine Vertebrate Zoology
By
John Feickert jefeickert137@mail.cfcc.edu Submitted : March 10th, 2017
Names and classification
Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus
Atlantic Walrus
Synonyms: Aivik (Inuktitut), Morzh (Russian), Rostungur (Icelandic), Valross (Swedish)
Family: Odobenidae Atlantic Walrus
Description
The Atlantic Walrus can be best described as a very large seal with 2 large tusks. No other marine
mammal has these two characteristics (Burt,1952). The most distinguishing trait of the Walrus are
their long tusks that are actually enlarged, upper canine teeth that continue to grow throughout the
animal's entire life and can reach a maximum ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Figure 2. Atlantic Walrus male (left) and female (right) (Arkive.org, 2017). Figure 3. A closer view
of the vibrissae of the Atlantic Walrus (Arkive.org, 2017).
Distribution
The Pacific Walrus, Odobenus rosmarus divergens, make up 90% of the world's population of

walruses while the Atlantic Walrus, Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus, and the Laptev Walrus, Odobenus
rosmarus laptevi, make up about 10% combined (Jay, 2008). The estimated population of Odobenus
rosmarus rosmarus is 10,000 – 19,000 (Jefferson, 2008). Walruses inhabit the relatively shallow
waters along the coast in the North Atlantic, the Bering Sea and the Artic Ocean near North America
and Eurasia (Figure 4) (Reeves, 2002). No walruses are not found in North Carolina.
Figure 4. The areas shaded in blue represent the global range of the Atlantic Walrus, Odobenus
rosmarus (WWF, 2017).
Habitat
Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus inhabits artic waters. They usually are seen on islands in the artic and
on floating sheets of ice called ice floes. They are also usually found and seen in groups called herds
(Burt, 1952). Atlantic walrus need large open bodies of water that are shallow, less than 80m,
because those areas are usually rich in clams and invertebrates for them to eat. Walrus also need ice
or land nearby so they can haul out of the water. In the summer and fall when the ice is scarce, they
will haul out in large groups near low rocky shores (DFO, 2017).
Conservation Biology
Life cycle

Research Paper On Inuits
"The Real People" Most believe that Native American live deep within temperate forests, but one
tribe lives within a much colder and frigid climate. This tribe is known as the Inuits. Inuit means
"The Real People" (Santella 5). A group of Inuits traveled to the Americas from Asia, and they went
towards the north pole. They eventually settled in the Arctic regions and began to thrive (7). They
are widely dispersed throughout the Siberian, Alaskan, Canadian, and Greenland regions (6). The
Inuits have an interesting history, lifestyle, and religion. The Inuits live in the frigid climate of the
Arctic. The temperatures of the Arctic can be as low as –85 degrees Fahrenheit (Santella 10). Arctic
is known as the "Land of the Midnight Sun because ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the Europeans first came into contact with the Inuits, they spread diseases which killed many
of their kind. As time went by, outsiders changed the Inuits way of life (Santella 35). Airbases and
radio stations built in the Arctic changed the Inuit's nomadic way of life by influencing the creation
of permanent settlements near these areas. The creation of schools and health care facilities were
also very influential in the change of the Inuit culture ("Inuit Culture, Traditions, and History").
People from other countries had a major impact on the Inuits

According To Culler's Inuit Culture
Art and society are closely linked together. From the point of view of the social history of art, the
artwork is a product of a kind of social relation. Inuit culture is an important part of Canadian
culture, but there has a big difference between Arctic and other regions. According to Culler, "what
is crucial is not any particular form or content, but differences, which enable it so signify" (Culler,
1997, p58). It unique geographical environment and humanity history background has formed
unique traditional region characteristic. This essay will discuss how Inuit artist Pitaloosie Saila
through art to makes a continuation of Inui culture, and how historical and personal experiences
makes her unique highly personal style. Pitaloosie was

Essay on Inuit Religion
Inuit religion has been around for as long as there have been Inuit. The Inuit religion is not the same
as it was a thousand years ago. A thousand years ago the Inuit religion was basically referred to as
animism. Animism is the belief that everything has a soul, including the animals (Watson, Bratton,
no date). The Inuit religion of the past was centered on myths, rituals and beliefs. The Inuit religion
of today has changed from worshiping and praying to several spiritual Gods to worshiping only God
the Father in Heaven. The change in their beliefs started long before they ever laid eyes on the white
man (R. Carleton, personal communication, 1–26–07). The Inuit Church service that this author
feels that the Inuit have a real sense of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People can tell the songs mean more to them than just words being sung. Just look around the room,
People can see people with their eyes closed, people looking up to the heavens. The songs are also
sung in Inuktitut, but there is no disguising the melody of some songs such as Amazing Grace.
When the minister speaks there is the feel of honesty in his words. It was evident that if people did
not understand English they could tell he is being sincere just by looking at him. There maybe a few
testimonies of how the people have changed by letting God into their lives. Look around the room
and see a young girl sitting with her knees up next to her chest while she is listening to the
testimonies. After the testimonies there may be some people who wish to be prayed over. Reepa and
Boyd will be happy to comply with the people's wishes.
Personal Interview with Reepa Evic–Carleton The interview takes place in the City Church in
Vanier on January 26, 2007. Present at the interview are Reepa Evic–Carleton, her husband Boyd,
and the interviewer. Reepa spoke of the religion she grew up with, which is the one she still
practices today. She stated that her mom and dad taught her how to live within yourself, how to be
with other people and to be with nature and have that respect for your maker, who she knows to be
God. Reepa stated that she has had a personal encounter with God

Enid Schildkrout's 'Into The Heart Of Africa'
"Into the Heart of Africa" was an infamous exhibition at the Royal Ontario Museum in 1989 that
made its way into textbooks as an example of cultural appropriation. The exhibition advertised itself
as the "first major African exhibition in Toronto" and aimed to be a "critical examination of the
relationship between Ontario and Africa" at the turn of the century (Burret 2004: p. 127). Through
the juxtaposition of provocative colonial imagery and artifacts with critical texts and ironic captions,
the exhibition challenges dominant colonial narratives regarding Africa (p. 132). Yet, within a few
months of its opening, the museum made national headlines with accusations of racism, cultural
appropriation, and the propagation of old colonial stereotypes ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(Young, 2009). From a post–colonial perspective, this practice is both harmful and hegemonic –
systematically devaluing the cultures of minority groups and casting them as exotic or mysterious.
While this is far from the original intent of "Into the Heart of Africa", Anthropologist Enid
Schildkrout argues that it is inevitable that it becomes perceived this way – with its ambiguity and
reliance on irony and juxtaposition, built upon "unrealistic, and untested, expectations about the
audience" (Schildkrout 1991: p. 16). Some scholars argue that despite the exhibition's intentions,
members of the general public do often trust museums as authoritative sources, and were thus
shocked by exhibit's the violent images and seemingly colonial presentation of African artifacts.
(Burret 2004, p. 139). Others draw attention to the lack of involvement of the African Canadian
community, arguing that this led to a detachment between the curators of the exhibition and the
needs and perspective of both its audience and subject matter (Burret 2004, p. 141). Regardless of
the true cause, it is clear that there are many lessons to be drawn from this experience – from the
importance of community involvement to the value of a clear presentations of themes and curatorial

Fleur De Lis Symbolism
1. #13: This number represents all the provinces and territories in Canada collar 2.Maple leaf:
According to historians the maple leaf has been a prominent symbol of Canada since the 1700s,
however aboriginal people had been using the maple tree for its sap well before the settlement of the
first european immigrants. The maple leaf also symbolizes country wide unity because maple trees
grow in all ten provinces and three territories.
3.Fleurde–lis: Fleur–de–lis translates into english as "Lily Flower" (In french, fleur means "flower"
and lis means "lily"). This emblematic flower appears on a number of flags and coat of arms in
Europe, not to mention right here in Canada. However, it is particularly associated with the with the
French Monarchy and it remains an unofficial symbol of France.
The fleur–de–lis appears on Canada's coat of arms, the queens personal flag, and also those of Trois
Rivieres, Sherbrooke, Montreal, and Quebec. It is found on so many flags because initially it would
designate areas settled by the french. For many Canadian francophones the fleur–de–lis is a symbol
of their cultural identity; when Canada was discovered it was a reminder for the ... Show more
inukshuk: The inuksuit (plural of inukshuk) are stone figures made by the inuit. Inukshuk is an
Inuktitut word that means "in the likeness of a human". There are different kinds and depending on
how they are built they can symbolize different things however they are typically used for
communication and survival. One of the most well known and traditional inuksuit is a built to
resemble a human and the purpose of this kind of inushuk is to ensure people they are on the right
path and/or there is a village near by. These inuksuit symbolize friendship and safety. When nunavut
was made its own territory in 1999, they made the central figure of their flag the inuksuk and it has
since received much more attention. It was also the official symbol for the winter olympics of 2010
which was held in

Examples Of Bilingualism In Canada
In general,
1. Canada has two official languages
2. policy: bilingualism and multiculturalism
3. Heavy immigration and it cause immigrant varieties
*Examples of immigrant varieties:
–––Toronto's Italese
–––English is a second language for many children in schools located in Vancouver and Toronto
*About Canada
––located in North America
––Member of the Commonwealth, a constitutional monarchy and confederation of ten provinces and
two territories.
––national variety has coexisted for some 230 years
––Indigenous languages including Cree, Iroquois, and Inuktitut and a number of immigrant
languages such as Italian and Ukrainian.
––American and Canadian accents are similar and so alike. In Canada English and French are
official. The influence from BrE is becoming less and less significant. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A preoccupation with the wilderness.
There are a lot of empty spaces in northern among urban Canadians. And many Canadians are
conscious of the vast extent of Canada.
*Population
–––urbanized and mobile
*History
The history of Ontario can give the reason why CanE sounds more like AmE than like BrE. After
the Treaty of Paris in 1762 English–speaking settlers (most were from the New England colonies)
started to enter mainland Canada in huge numbers.
A wave of a large amount of people arrived in Quebec and south–east of Montreal because of the
American Revolution (1776–83).
During the 19th century the population in canada rised a lot due to government promotion of
settlement and fighting against American attack during the War of 1812.The population of around
100,000 was 80% of American background in 1812; in 1871, the number rose to 1.6m.
There isn't any marked difference in accent among children of Englishmen, Scotchmen, Americans,
and even of Germans.
*Pronunciation
Canadian say words differently from Americans. It also depends on different regions in Canada.

People from different regions pronounce differently.
(1) Canadian Raising. (/ai/ becomes /ʌi/ and /au/ becomes

The Encyclopedia Of Human Rights
Who's in Charge? The Encyclopedia of Human Rights Issues since 1945, defines sovereignty as the
state having complete power to enact legislation regarding "all property, events, institutions, and
persons" living inside its borders. The Oxford English Dictionary lists the following definitions of
sovereignty that can be used in this context. They are, rule and existing as an independent state and
supremacy in respect of power, domination, or rank; supreme dominion, authority, or rule. Inherent
in the definition of sovereignty is independence and the ability to make decisions without
consultation or being overruled by anyone or entity. In the United States Native American tribes or
nations are sovereign. Native Americans retain political ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, the film "Atanarjuat (The Fast Runner)" is an illustration of visual sovereignty as well,
being the "first Inuit feature–length film." Raheja writes (Raheja 14). The visual sovereignty is
maintained Raheja explains, by the use of indigenous actors who speak the native language,
Inuktitut, translated with English captions along with the refusal to edit out scenes of everyday life
(Raheja 20). Scenes such as these are considered boring and usually removed from Hollywood
movies, Raheja says (Raheja 20). The subject of sovereignty is relevant to Native Americans
because, it is a concept that all Native Americans are interested in Michelle H Raheja writes in
"Visual Sovereignty, Indigenous Revisions and Atanarjuat." Sovereignty refers to Native American
history that was, in effect, established before contact with Europeans (Raheja 198). Many of the
films we have watched this semester illustrate the condition of Native American tribes without their
sovereignty being honored. Although "This May Be the Last Time is primarily an example of visual
sovereignty, (The Muscogee tell their stories of loss and faith), a scene in the film is an account the
Trail of Tears, the story of the Cherokee, who were forced to travel by foot thousands of miles to

Nunavut in Canada´s Northen Territory Essay
April 1st, 1999 a new territory was created when new boundaries were drawn in Canada's northern
territory, the Northwest Territories. The Inuik people that lived in the Northwest Territories were the
reason behind the motivation for the separation. After a long hard process, filled with agreements
and disagreements, Nunavut was finally declared its own territory and was separated from the
Northwest Territories.
Nunavut, which in Inuktitut means "Our Land", was the first significant change to the map of
Canada since Newfound land and Labrador joined confederation in 1949. The idea of separating the
Northwest Territories to create a new territory dates back to the 1950's. The non–aboriginals of the
Northwest Territories in the Mackenzie ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A year later in 1981, MLA's asked the people of the Northwest Territories "Do you think the NWT
should be divided?" On April 14, 1982, 56.6 percent of the people who voted voted to support the
idea. Over the next 10 years boundaries were agreed upon and disagreed upon.
In December 1991 the federal government reached an agreement with the Inuit on their land claims,
with the "Parker line" set as the boundary between the existing province and the new one. February
1992, executive council set May 4 as the date for the Northwest Territories to vote on the proposed
boundary that was known as the "Parker Line". This was approved in a referendum in late May. That
same year later in November, the Inuit approved the Nunavut final land claim agreement. November
3rd to 6th, 85 per cent of Inuit beneficiaries voted to accept the terms of the proposed Nunavut Land
Claims Agreement. The agreement was signed by Paul Quassa of the Tungavik Federation of
Nunavut in Iquilat on May 25th, 1993, with Priminister Brian Mulroney and the Northwest
Territories government leader, Nellie Cournoyear both present. It was then later read into law as
with the Nunavut Act on July 9th, 1993 by the Parliament of Canada. This marked a significant
landmark in the history of aboriginal self–governance.
The Nunavut Land Claims Agreement entitled Nunavut to 2,000,000km2 settlement area with
350,000km2 designated as Inuit Owned Lands including sub–surface rights to

Native issues Essay
A reason to learn and preserve the language that is used in your community is to keep a culture
alive, be unqiue and different from other cultures. Have a language to speak and some way of
communicating back and forth with other people. The elders of our communities have used our
language throughout their lives, they were forced to learn the English language, and now we should
be forced to learn our native language. With no if and's or buts about it.
During the past 100 years or more, some 10 of Canada's once–flourishing Aboriginal languages
have become extinct, and at least a dozen are on the brink.
As of 1996, only three out of 50 Aboriginal languages – Cree, Inuktitut and Ojibway – had large
enough populations to be considered ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Note to readers
This report is based on an article in the publication Canadian social trends that explores which of
Canada's Aboriginal languages are flourishing and which are in danger of disappearing.
The article examines the factors that differentiate viable languages from endangered ones. In
addition, it compares language use and maintenance patterns between 1981 and 1996 to understand
what happened to Aboriginal languages over the years, and what the future may hold for them.
The article uses data from the 1981 to 1996 censuses as well as the 1991 Aboriginal Peoples Survey.
The 1996 Aboriginal identity population includes those people who reported identifying with at least
one Aboriginal group, that is, North American Indian, MŽtis or Inuit. In 1991 and in previous
censuses, the Aboriginal population was defined using the ethnic origin question based primarily on
ancestry. Because of changes in concepts and measures of the Aboriginal population over time, the
time–series analysis from the census is restricted to language–based data only.
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Endangered languages experienced the largest declines. For example, for every 100 individuals with
Salish

A Study On Big Five Factor Model
A study was conducted to test using the "Big Five Factor Model" (Costa & McCrae, 1995) to
measure whether different personalities can or cannot be observed with a group of 1006 Inuit
children from Northern Canada who spoke the Inuktitut language between the ages of 9 to 12 year
old who were recruited for the study. The 'International Personality Item Pool (IPIP)' measure scale
was used and the five item measure scales selected were: "(Extraversion, Neuroticism, Openness,
Agreeableness & Conscientiousness)", (Goldberg, 1999). The study produced results that
'Conscientiousness' scored the highest amongst the Inuit children more than expected. This could
have been due to the nurturing and parenting styles of the Inuit community. There is a need for
further studies to be conducted with the parents, caregivers, and educators of the Inuit children to
confirm whether their personality findings was correct. Extended research may have findings of
significant differences depending on the researchers, questionnaires and the interpretation of the
data.
Structure and Measurement of Intelligence, Method and Results
Introduction:
The purpose of the study was to assess if the Big Five Factor Model (FFM) structure was
appropriate for testing the Inuit children personality using the IPIP questionnaires.
FFM originated from the United States and is currently used by psychologist around the world in
various applications to measure the personality characteristics, the test accuracy has

The Marginalization Of Aborial Schools

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