The Many Lives of the New West
Author(s): Joseph E. Taylor, III
Source: Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Summer, 2004), pp. 141-165
Published by: Oxford University Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25442968
Accessed: 20-11-2016 20:56 UTC
REFERENCES
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http://www.jstor.org/stable/25442968?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents
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Historical Quarterly
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The Many Lives of the New West
Joseph E. Taylor III
References to a "New West" have grown in recent years, but it is unclear what
is new or western about the changes attributed to the region. Moreover, the
"New West" has a long and troubling history, and scholars should carefully
consider the terms masking and isolating tendencies before invoking it.
"There is no institutional memory in the West, only dawn."1
L/ately a lot of people have been treating
the American West, a region that has been conquered and colonized repeatedly over
half a millennium, like a bright, shiny dime. The West, so the story goes, became a
brave new world some twenty, thirty, or forty years ago. Writer Raye Ringholz, jour
nalists Timothy Egan and David Olinger, geographers William Riebsame and Peter
Walker, historians Patricia Limerick and William Wyckoff, economists Ed Whitelaw
and Thomas Power, and law professor Charles Wilkinson cite changes in the region's
economic, social, and cultural face as the dawning of a New West, and all attribute
these transformations to capital and technology.2 The declining importance of
Joseph Taylor, associate professor and Canada Research Chair at Simon Frasier
University, thanks Peter Boag, Lara Braithwaite, Paul Farber, Lynne Heasley, Matthew Klingle,
Nancy Langston, Bill Robbins, and the National Humanities Center.
1 Timothy Egan, Lasso the Wind: Away to the New West (New York, 1998), 130.
2 Raye Ringholz, Paradise Paved: The Challenges of Growth in the New West (Salt Lake
City, 1996); Egan, Lasso the Wind; David Olinger, "Old West Being Replaced by Luxury Homes,"
Denver Post, 12 April 1998, http://63.147.65.175/snapshot/partld.htm (accessed 3 December
2003; restricted access); Patricia Nelson Limeric ...
Representing Data VisuallyThis week, you are tasked to build visua.docxsodhi3
Representing Data Visually
This week, you are tasked to build visual representations of the data you have collected throughout your research. Visual representations of data allow us to share information more efficiently and, often, more effectively.
Using the data you gathered/created in your Analytical Report in week five, create three to four graphic representations of that data. This can be done using charts, graphs, tables, and so on. Feel free to be creative.
Sex, Gender, Culture, and a Great Event: The California Gold Rush
Author(s): Albert L. Hurtado
Source: Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 68, No. 1 (Feb., 1999), pp. 1-19
Published by: University of California Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641867 .
Accessed: 17/05/2014 14:35
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.
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content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
.
University of California Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Pacific
Historical Review.
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Sex, Gender, Culture, and a Great
Event: The California Gold Rush
ALBERT L. HURTADO
The author is a member of the history department at the
University of Oklahoma. A version of this paper was his
presidential address to the Pacific Coast Branch, American
Historical Association, at its ninety-first annual meeting in
August 1998 in San Diego, California.
I was working on the galleys for my book, Intimate Fron-
tiers: Sex, Gender, and Culture in Early California, when I happened
to hear several historians on National Public Radio. They were
explaining why a new historical organization, The History So-
ciety, was needed. Among other things, they argued that the
proliferation of gender studies in history threatened to trivial-
ize the discipline. We should be thinking about big things, and
we should be seeking the "truth."I I suspect that there are many
historians who believe that sex and gender are trivial subjects.
Sex and gender are merely manifestations of biology that are
common to all humans. What have they to do with the big
things in history? How does knowledge of sex and gender help
us discover some of the truth about the past?
This essay addresses those questions. Surely t ...
Organization of American Historians is collaborating with JS.docxjoyjonna282
Organization of American Historians is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of
American History.
http://www.jstor.org
Transformations of the Earth: Toward an Agroecological Perspective in History
Author(s): Donald Worster
Source: The Journal of American History, Vol. 76, No. 4 (Mar., 1990), pp. 1087-1106
Published by: Organization of American Historians
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2936586
Accessed: 25-07-2015 12:50 UTC
REFERENCES
Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2936586?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents
You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references.
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/
info/about/policies/terms.jsp
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content
in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship.
For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
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Transformations of the Earth:
Toward an Agroecological
Perspective in History
Donald Worster
Forty years ago a wise, visionary man, the Wisconsin wildlife biologist and conserva-
tionist Aldo Leopold, called for "an ecological interpretation of history," by which
he meant using the ideas and research of the emerging field of ecology to help ex-
plain why the past developed the way it did., At that time ecology was still in its
scientific infancy, but its promise was bright and the need for its insights was begin-
ning to be apparent to a growing number of leaders in science, politics, and society.
It has taken a while for historians to heed Leopold's advice, but at last the field of
environmental history has begun to take shape and its practitioners are trying to
build on his initiative.
Leopold's own suggestion of how an ecologically informed history might proceed
had to do with the frontier lands of Kentucky, pivotal in the westward movement
of the nation. In the period of the revolutionary war it was uncertain who would
possess and control those lands: the native Indians, the French or English empires,
or the colonial settlers? And then rather quickly the struggle was resolved in favor
of the Americans, who brought along their plows and live ...
This document provides praise and endorsements for the book "Guns, Germs, and Steel" by Jared Diamond from several experts. It highlights that Diamond provides an unconventional examination of human history through an interdisciplinary lens informed by fields like anthropology, archaeology, and epidemiology. The experts praise Diamond for addressing big questions about human development without resorting to racist explanations, and for his impressive synthesis of vast amounts of information from different areas to provide novel insights into the course of human history.
Sex, Gender, Culture, and a Great Event The California Gold R.docxbagotjesusa
Sex, Gender, Culture, and a Great Event: The California Gold Rush
Author(s): Albert L. Hurtado
Source: Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 68, No. 1 (Feb., 1999), pp. 1-19
Published by: University of California Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641867 .
Accessed: 17/05/2014 14:35
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
.
University of California Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Pacific
Historical Review.
http://www.jstor.org
This content downloaded from 204.17.179.87 on Sat, 17 May 2014 14:35:16 PM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucal
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641867?origin=JSTOR-pdf
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Sex, Gender, Culture, and a Great
Event: The California Gold Rush
ALBERT L. HURTADO
The author is a member of the history department at the
University of Oklahoma. A version of this paper was his
presidential address to the Pacific Coast Branch, American
Historical Association, at its ninety-first annual meeting in
August 1998 in San Diego, California.
I was working on the galleys for my book, Intimate Fron-
tiers: Sex, Gender, and Culture in Early California, when I happened
to hear several historians on National Public Radio. They were
explaining why a new historical organization, The History So-
ciety, was needed. Among other things, they argued that the
proliferation of gender studies in history threatened to trivial-
ize the discipline. We should be thinking about big things, and
we should be seeking the "truth."I I suspect that there are many
historians who believe that sex and gender are trivial subjects.
Sex and gender are merely manifestations of biology that are
common to all humans. What have they to do with the big
things in history? How does knowledge of sex and gender help
us discover some of the truth about the past?
This essay addresses those questions. Surely the California
gold rush qualifies as one of the "Big Things" in history. The
discovery of gold in 1848 set off a human migration that was
truly global in scope. Hundreds of thousands of people from
every continent set off for California. As a national event, the
1. Marc Trachtenberg, one of the historians who spoke about these issues on
public radio, explained his views more fully in "The Past Under Siege: A Historian
Ponders the State of his Profession-and What.
This document provides a summary of 19 sources related to historic preservation. The sources discuss a variety of topics including the history of Buffalo, NY; the impact of historic designations on property values; balancing preservation and development; and challenges with preservation in different cities. Many of the sources examine case studies and examples to understand how preservation has been approached and the effects it has had. The document suggests these sources will provide valuable background and perspectives to inform a paper on preserving history on the West Side of Buffalo.
Frederick Jackson Turner argues that the American frontier was a defining feature of U.S. history and development. As the frontier pushed westward, American settlers encountered primitive conditions that shaped new political and economic institutions to adapt to the changing landscape. Each new frontier area represented the start of a new development process. The constant westward movement and recurring frontier experience promoted the formation of a distinctly American character and composite national identity.
Running head HISTORY HOMEWORK18History homeworkName.docxcowinhelen
Running head: HISTORY HOMEWORK
18
History homework
Name
Institution
Question one
1.
Discuss the role of federal legislation in accelerating and shaping the course of westward expansion
In 1862, a law was passed under Homestead Act and Dawes Act of 1887, led to the support of transcontinental railroad construction and federal government regulation legislation of timber and water usage which urged people to migrate westward. Like Dawes Act sought to replace the communal ownership of land to private plots of land to the Native Americans. The government regulation of resources like the timber and water in the west made people migrate to the west.
2.
How did the incorporation of western territories into United States affect Indian nations such as the Sioux or the Nez Perce? Discuss the consequences of the Indian wars. Discuss the significance of reservation policy and the Dawes severalty act for tribal life
The discovery of valuable minerals like gold and silver which made people migrate to the westwards thereby bringing in settlers which resulted in violent confrontation by the Indians nations such as The Sioux and Nez Perces who did not want the push to reservations by the government which made the government to use US army which defeated them and gave in later. The Dawes Act advocated for private property on reservations from communal ownership which had over sixty percent of land taken by whites from Indians reserved land.
3.
What were some of the major technological advances in mining and in agriculture that promoted development of western economy
The technology advancement in mining was the hydraulic mining and on agriculture was the “singing plow” and the McCormick reaper. In mining, the new technology allowed deep mining of the earth at a relatively cheaper economic cost, while on the agriculture, it allowed the farmers to plow and harvest large acreage of land with the constant number of labor.
4.
Describe the unique features of Mexicano communities in the south-west before and after the mass immigration of the Anglos. How did changes in the economy affect the patterns of labor and status of women in these communities
The Mexicano communities in the southwest before mass immigration occupied the borderland which is between Mexico and United States. Initially, they worked maintaining their unique identity. During immigration where there was a rise of local elites among them both who were the Anglo and Mexicano lead to exiling of the poor Mexican out. The changes in the economy made them look for seasonal labor in the elite farms and ranches and others sought railroad and mining industries jobs. The women experienced domestic violence and only women from elite families were married to immigrants from United States for land possessions.
5.
What role did the Homestead Act play in the western expansion? How did farm families on the Great Plains divide chores among their members? What factors determined the likelihood of likelihood ...
World History hw essay2
World History
History Essay
Essay about What is World History?
World History in Context Essay
The Importance of History Essay
World History Reflection
Representing Data VisuallyThis week, you are tasked to build visua.docxsodhi3
Representing Data Visually
This week, you are tasked to build visual representations of the data you have collected throughout your research. Visual representations of data allow us to share information more efficiently and, often, more effectively.
Using the data you gathered/created in your Analytical Report in week five, create three to four graphic representations of that data. This can be done using charts, graphs, tables, and so on. Feel free to be creative.
Sex, Gender, Culture, and a Great Event: The California Gold Rush
Author(s): Albert L. Hurtado
Source: Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 68, No. 1 (Feb., 1999), pp. 1-19
Published by: University of California Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641867 .
Accessed: 17/05/2014 14:35
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
.
University of California Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Pacific
Historical Review.
http://www.jstor.org
This content downloaded from 204.17.179.87 on Sat, 17 May 2014 14:35:16 PM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucal
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641867?origin=JSTOR-pdf
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
Sex, Gender, Culture, and a Great
Event: The California Gold Rush
ALBERT L. HURTADO
The author is a member of the history department at the
University of Oklahoma. A version of this paper was his
presidential address to the Pacific Coast Branch, American
Historical Association, at its ninety-first annual meeting in
August 1998 in San Diego, California.
I was working on the galleys for my book, Intimate Fron-
tiers: Sex, Gender, and Culture in Early California, when I happened
to hear several historians on National Public Radio. They were
explaining why a new historical organization, The History So-
ciety, was needed. Among other things, they argued that the
proliferation of gender studies in history threatened to trivial-
ize the discipline. We should be thinking about big things, and
we should be seeking the "truth."I I suspect that there are many
historians who believe that sex and gender are trivial subjects.
Sex and gender are merely manifestations of biology that are
common to all humans. What have they to do with the big
things in history? How does knowledge of sex and gender help
us discover some of the truth about the past?
This essay addresses those questions. Surely t ...
Organization of American Historians is collaborating with JS.docxjoyjonna282
Organization of American Historians is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of
American History.
http://www.jstor.org
Transformations of the Earth: Toward an Agroecological Perspective in History
Author(s): Donald Worster
Source: The Journal of American History, Vol. 76, No. 4 (Mar., 1990), pp. 1087-1106
Published by: Organization of American Historians
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2936586
Accessed: 25-07-2015 12:50 UTC
REFERENCES
Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2936586?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents
You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references.
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/
info/about/policies/terms.jsp
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content
in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship.
For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
This content downloaded from 128.193.164.203 on Sat, 25 Jul 2015 12:50:56 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=oah
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2936586
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2936586?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents
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Transformations of the Earth:
Toward an Agroecological
Perspective in History
Donald Worster
Forty years ago a wise, visionary man, the Wisconsin wildlife biologist and conserva-
tionist Aldo Leopold, called for "an ecological interpretation of history," by which
he meant using the ideas and research of the emerging field of ecology to help ex-
plain why the past developed the way it did., At that time ecology was still in its
scientific infancy, but its promise was bright and the need for its insights was begin-
ning to be apparent to a growing number of leaders in science, politics, and society.
It has taken a while for historians to heed Leopold's advice, but at last the field of
environmental history has begun to take shape and its practitioners are trying to
build on his initiative.
Leopold's own suggestion of how an ecologically informed history might proceed
had to do with the frontier lands of Kentucky, pivotal in the westward movement
of the nation. In the period of the revolutionary war it was uncertain who would
possess and control those lands: the native Indians, the French or English empires,
or the colonial settlers? And then rather quickly the struggle was resolved in favor
of the Americans, who brought along their plows and live ...
This document provides praise and endorsements for the book "Guns, Germs, and Steel" by Jared Diamond from several experts. It highlights that Diamond provides an unconventional examination of human history through an interdisciplinary lens informed by fields like anthropology, archaeology, and epidemiology. The experts praise Diamond for addressing big questions about human development without resorting to racist explanations, and for his impressive synthesis of vast amounts of information from different areas to provide novel insights into the course of human history.
Sex, Gender, Culture, and a Great Event The California Gold R.docxbagotjesusa
Sex, Gender, Culture, and a Great Event: The California Gold Rush
Author(s): Albert L. Hurtado
Source: Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 68, No. 1 (Feb., 1999), pp. 1-19
Published by: University of California Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641867 .
Accessed: 17/05/2014 14:35
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
.
University of California Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Pacific
Historical Review.
http://www.jstor.org
This content downloaded from 204.17.179.87 on Sat, 17 May 2014 14:35:16 PM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucal
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641867?origin=JSTOR-pdf
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http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
Sex, Gender, Culture, and a Great
Event: The California Gold Rush
ALBERT L. HURTADO
The author is a member of the history department at the
University of Oklahoma. A version of this paper was his
presidential address to the Pacific Coast Branch, American
Historical Association, at its ninety-first annual meeting in
August 1998 in San Diego, California.
I was working on the galleys for my book, Intimate Fron-
tiers: Sex, Gender, and Culture in Early California, when I happened
to hear several historians on National Public Radio. They were
explaining why a new historical organization, The History So-
ciety, was needed. Among other things, they argued that the
proliferation of gender studies in history threatened to trivial-
ize the discipline. We should be thinking about big things, and
we should be seeking the "truth."I I suspect that there are many
historians who believe that sex and gender are trivial subjects.
Sex and gender are merely manifestations of biology that are
common to all humans. What have they to do with the big
things in history? How does knowledge of sex and gender help
us discover some of the truth about the past?
This essay addresses those questions. Surely the California
gold rush qualifies as one of the "Big Things" in history. The
discovery of gold in 1848 set off a human migration that was
truly global in scope. Hundreds of thousands of people from
every continent set off for California. As a national event, the
1. Marc Trachtenberg, one of the historians who spoke about these issues on
public radio, explained his views more fully in "The Past Under Siege: A Historian
Ponders the State of his Profession-and What.
This document provides a summary of 19 sources related to historic preservation. The sources discuss a variety of topics including the history of Buffalo, NY; the impact of historic designations on property values; balancing preservation and development; and challenges with preservation in different cities. Many of the sources examine case studies and examples to understand how preservation has been approached and the effects it has had. The document suggests these sources will provide valuable background and perspectives to inform a paper on preserving history on the West Side of Buffalo.
Frederick Jackson Turner argues that the American frontier was a defining feature of U.S. history and development. As the frontier pushed westward, American settlers encountered primitive conditions that shaped new political and economic institutions to adapt to the changing landscape. Each new frontier area represented the start of a new development process. The constant westward movement and recurring frontier experience promoted the formation of a distinctly American character and composite national identity.
Running head HISTORY HOMEWORK18History homeworkName.docxcowinhelen
Running head: HISTORY HOMEWORK
18
History homework
Name
Institution
Question one
1.
Discuss the role of federal legislation in accelerating and shaping the course of westward expansion
In 1862, a law was passed under Homestead Act and Dawes Act of 1887, led to the support of transcontinental railroad construction and federal government regulation legislation of timber and water usage which urged people to migrate westward. Like Dawes Act sought to replace the communal ownership of land to private plots of land to the Native Americans. The government regulation of resources like the timber and water in the west made people migrate to the west.
2.
How did the incorporation of western territories into United States affect Indian nations such as the Sioux or the Nez Perce? Discuss the consequences of the Indian wars. Discuss the significance of reservation policy and the Dawes severalty act for tribal life
The discovery of valuable minerals like gold and silver which made people migrate to the westwards thereby bringing in settlers which resulted in violent confrontation by the Indians nations such as The Sioux and Nez Perces who did not want the push to reservations by the government which made the government to use US army which defeated them and gave in later. The Dawes Act advocated for private property on reservations from communal ownership which had over sixty percent of land taken by whites from Indians reserved land.
3.
What were some of the major technological advances in mining and in agriculture that promoted development of western economy
The technology advancement in mining was the hydraulic mining and on agriculture was the “singing plow” and the McCormick reaper. In mining, the new technology allowed deep mining of the earth at a relatively cheaper economic cost, while on the agriculture, it allowed the farmers to plow and harvest large acreage of land with the constant number of labor.
4.
Describe the unique features of Mexicano communities in the south-west before and after the mass immigration of the Anglos. How did changes in the economy affect the patterns of labor and status of women in these communities
The Mexicano communities in the southwest before mass immigration occupied the borderland which is between Mexico and United States. Initially, they worked maintaining their unique identity. During immigration where there was a rise of local elites among them both who were the Anglo and Mexicano lead to exiling of the poor Mexican out. The changes in the economy made them look for seasonal labor in the elite farms and ranches and others sought railroad and mining industries jobs. The women experienced domestic violence and only women from elite families were married to immigrants from United States for land possessions.
5.
What role did the Homestead Act play in the western expansion? How did farm families on the Great Plains divide chores among their members? What factors determined the likelihood of likelihood ...
World History hw essay2
World History
History Essay
Essay about What is World History?
World History in Context Essay
The Importance of History Essay
World History Reflection
2013 Settler Colonial Studies Introduction The Significance Of The Frontier ...Jessica Henderson
This article introduces a special issue on intersections between histories of the American West and settler colonial studies. It discusses Frederick Jackson Turner's influential 1893 "frontier thesis," which argued that the American frontier shaped the country's democratic character through the process of settling the continent. The article analyzes an iconic photo of Turner canoeing in the Canadian wilderness in 1908, reenacting the fur trade era he studied. It notes how Turner's conception of the frontier as a meeting point between civilization and savagery parallels theories in settler colonial studies. The article argues this moment offers an opportunity to consider how scholars in each field can learn from debates in the other regarding the concept of the frontier.
The document provides an overview of key events and developments in world environmental history. It covers topics like ancient civilizations' connections to nature, medieval public health decrees, industrialization leading to increased pollution, and 20th century events like the Progressive Era, world wars, environmental movement of the 1960s-70s, and issues faced in recent decades like climate change. The document traces the evolving relationship between humanity and the environment over thousands of years.
≫ Legalization of Abortion Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. Abortion Essay - GCSE Religious Studies (Philosophy & Ethics) - Marked .... Abortion Essay - Document in A Level and IB Religious Studies. I had an abortion. Why is none of your business. - The Washington Post. Las leyes sobre el aborto en Estados Unidos: diez cosas que hay que .... The majority of Americans support abortion access.. Trump pushes anti-abortion agenda to build culture that 'cherishes innocent life'. Abortion rate at lowest level since 1973. Want to reduce abortion rates? Give parents money. - The Washington Post. Abortion laws: How different states use 'heartbeat' bills, Roe v. Wade. Questions surface as states pass abortion laws. With Abortion in Spotlight, States Seek to Pass New Laws - The New York .... 635711897809053841-AP-Abortion-Restrictions.jpg?width=2382&height=1346 .... Group launches site to help women self-induce abortions at home, citing .... What Is Abortion - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Abortion Essay | Fetal Viability | Abortion. Online Essay Help | amazonia.fiocruz.br. Abortion Argumentative Essay | Essay on Abortion Argumentative for .... Essay Writer for All Kinds of Papers - good thesis statement for being .... Essay For Abortion. Buy Essay Online - abortions essays - libdriastate.web.fc2.com. Abortion essays against - writefiction581.web.fc2.com. Abortion Essays Free. Argumentative essays for abortion - writefiction581.web.fc2.com. Argument essay about abortion facts - writersdoubt.web.fc2.com. Controversial essay on abortion - eassyforex.x.fc2.com. abortion intro paragraph. People against abortion essays - writinggroups319.web.fc2.com. The relevancy of abortion essay - articlehealthkart.x.fc2.com. Research essay on abortion Essay For Abortion
≫ Legalization of Abortion Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. Abortion Essay - GCSE Religious Studies (Philosophy & Ethics) - Marked .... Abortion Essay - Document in A Level and IB Religious Studies. I had an abortion. Why is none of your business. - The Washington Post. Las leyes sobre el aborto en Estados Unidos: diez cosas que hay que .... The majority of Americans support abortion access.. Trump pushes anti-abortion agenda to build culture that 'cherishes innocent life'. Abortion rate at lowest level since 1973. Want to reduce abortion rates? Give parents money. - The Washington Post. Abortion laws: How different states use 'heartbeat' bills, Roe v. Wade. Questions surface as states pass abortion laws. With Abortion in Spotlight, States Seek to Pass New Laws - The New York .... 635711897809053841-AP-Abortion-Restrictions.jpg?width=2382&height=1346 .... Group launches site to help women self-induce abortions at home, citing .... What Is Abortion - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Abortion Essay | Fetal Viability | Abortion. Online Essay Help | amazonia.fiocruz.br. Abortion Argumentative Essay | Essay on Abortion Argumentative for .... Essay Writer for All Kinds of Papers - good thesis statement for being .... Essay For Abortion. Buy Essay Online - abortions essays - libdriastate.web.fc2.com. Abortion essays against - writefiction581.web.fc2.com. Abortion Essays Free. Argumentative essays for abortion - writefiction581.web.fc2.com. Argument essay about abortion facts - writersdoubt.web.fc2.com. Controversial essay on abortion - eassyforex.x.fc2.com. abortion intro paragraph. People against abortion essays - writinggroups319.web.fc2.com. The relevancy of abortion essay - articlehealthkart.x.fc2.com. Research essay on abortion Essay For Abortion
The document provides instructions for requesting and completing an assignment writing request on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, and the company offers refunds for plagiarized work.
John michael greer: an old kind of science cellular automataArchiLab 7
The document discusses how modern science developed from its origins with Francis Bacon and the Royal Society in the 17th century. It was deeply tied to the goal of conquering nature and establishing human dominance. This goal was made possible by huge amounts of cheap energy from fossil fuels over the past 300 years, but as fossil fuel depletion accelerates, the basic conditions that supported faith in progress through science and technology are disappearing. Access to the products of science will become increasingly limited as resources must be diverted to maintain fossil fuel production. This signals a major change in how science will function in the future.
Acadiensis Journal of the History of the Atlantic Region .docxnettletondevon
Acadiensis: Journal of the History of the Atlantic Region
The Struggle over Slavery in the Maritime Colonies
Author(s): HARVEY AMANI WHITFIELD
Source: Acadiensis, Vol. 41, No. 2 (SUMMER/AUTUMN-ÉTÉ/AUTOMNE 2012), pp. 17-44
Published by: Acadiensis: Journal of the History of the Atlantic Region
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41803349
Accessed: 10-10-2017 21:29 UTC
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
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Acadiensis: Journal of the History of the Atlantic Region is collaborating with JSTOR to
digitize, preserve and extend access to Acadiensis
This content downloaded from 142.104.2.31 on Tue, 10 Oct 2017 21:29:43 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
The Struggle over Slavery
in the Maritime Colonies
HARVEY AMANI WHITFIELD
Cet article examine attentivement comment maîtres et esclaves s'affrontèrent pour
définir V esclavage dans les provinces Maritimes. S' appuyant sur des recherches
universitaires antérieures , il accorde une attention particulière au rôle que jouèrent
des personnes ď ascendance africaine dans V abolition de V esclavage, avec Faide
ď abolitionnistes de la région et de juges sympathiques à leur cause. La fin de
V esclavage mit à V avant-plan une nouvelle forme de racisme plus virulente qui
limitait les perspectives des communautés de Noirs libres de la région.
This article closely examines the ways in which masters and slaves struggled to
define slavery in the Maritimes. Building on the work of previous scholars , special
attention is given to the role that African-descended peoples played in ending
slavery with the help of local abolitionists and sympathetic judges. The end of
slavery brought to the forefront a new and more virulent form of racism that
circumscribed opportunities for free black communities in the region.
BETWEEN 1783 AND THE 1820s, SLAVES AND OWNERS struggled to define
the essence, meaning, contours, and extent of slavery.1 The study of slavery in
Canada is an uncomfortable subject. In popular understanding, it has been easier to
envision Canada as the protector of fugitive slaves rather than as the home of its own
system of slavery. In her study, The Hanging of Angélique, Afua Cooper noted that
slavery "has disappeared from Canada's historical chronicles, erased from its
memory and banished to the dungeons of its past."2 Yet, despite this lapse in
historical memory, the historical analysis of Cooper and others tells a very different
story. This article extends the existing scholarship by exploring the ways in which
slavery.
Essay On The World.pdfEssay On The WorldKatie Young
The world in 100 years essay in 2021 | College application essay, Essay .... 002 Essay Example How To Make The World Better Place Science Can Help .... Living in a globalized world essay. One world essay guide. The best essay in the world - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. Essay writing on globalization. Write an essay on World Earth Day | Essay Writing | English - YouTube. Write a short essay on World Environment Day | Essay on Environment Day .... Write an essay on World Environment Day | English | Essay Writing. Essays that changed the world. Essay on How the World Affects the Artist | Visual Arts - Year 11 HSC .... Marvelous Earth Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Essay on earth in english - YouTube. Essay "Between the world and me response " - grade A - Response to the .... World studies extended essay introduction 2. AP World History Essay Final | Age Of Enlightenment | Reason. World Cities Essay | Geography - Year 12 HSC | Thinkswap. into the world essay | English (Standard) - Year 12 HSC | Thinkswap. Learning How the World Works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written .... essay on world enviorment.docx - Long Essay on World Environment Day .... Essay on Business World | Business World Essay for Students and .... World English Example Essay | Teaching Resources. Essay about World Englishes - A Report on World Englishes and English ....
Unit 8: Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human SocietiesBig History Project
Jared Diamond's book Guns, Germs, and Steel aims to explain why some civilizations have conquered others through environmental and geographical factors rather than intellectual or genetic superiority. The book traces the unequal development of technologies like agriculture, writing and metal tools among societies, which led to imbalances of power by 1500 CE. Diamond argues that differences in potential crops and animals for domestication, along with the orientation of continents, contributed to uneven rates of technological progress and disease resistance between Eurasian and other societies over thousands of years. While geography influenced history, Diamond acknowledges there are still unanswered questions about the ultimate causes behind these global disparities.
Globalization, Culture, and Identities in CrisisAuthor(s) R.docxbudbarber38650
Globalization, Culture, and Identities in Crisis
Author(s): Robert J. Lieber and Ruth E. Weisberg
Reviewed work(s):
Source: International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, Vol. 16, No. 2 (Winter, 2002),
pp. 273-296
Published by: Springer
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20020163 .
Accessed: 23/09/2012 14:40
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
.
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Politics, Culture, and Society.
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International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, Vol. 16, No. 2, Winter 2002 (? 2002)
Globalization, Culture, and Identities in Crisis
Robert J. Lieber* * and Ruth E. Weisbergf
Culture in its various forms now serves as a primary carrier of globalization
and modern values, and constitutes an important arena of contestation for
national, religious, and ethnic identity. Although reactions in Europe, Japan,
and other societies where modern values prevail, tend to be symbolic, in areas
of the developing world, especially in Muslim countries where traditional
values and radically different notions of identity and society predominate,
reactions tend to be very intense and redirected at external targets through
forms of transference and scapegoating. Ultimately, this is not so much a
clash between civilizations as a clash within civilizations.
KEY WORDS: culture; globalization; identity; transference; backlash.
GLOBALIZATION AND CULTURE
Globalization and its discontents has taken on huge significance in the
aftermath of September 11th. Driven by the end of the Cold War, a dramatic
surge in international trade, investment and finance, and the onset of the
information revolution, the subject had attracted growing attention for more
than a decade. However, the traumatic events of 9/11, the nihilistic rage
evident in the destruction of the World Trade Center, and the issues that
have arisen in its aftermath provide an enormous new impetus.
Until very recently, analyses of globalization have emphasized eco
nomics and politics rather than culture. Definitions of globalization abound,
*
Professor of Government & Foreign Service, Department of Government, Georgetown Uni
versity, Washington, DC.
^Dean, School of Fine Arts, University of Southern California, Watt .
According to the NASW Code of Ethics section 6.04 (NASW, 2008), .docxaryan532920
According to the NASW Code of Ethics section 6.04 (NASW, 2008), social workers are ethically bound to work for policies that support the healthy development of individuals, guarantee equal access to services, and promote social and economic justice.
For this Discussion
, review this week’s resources, including
Working with Survivors of Sexual Abuse and Trauma: The Case of Rita
and “The Johnson Family”. Consider what change you might make to the policies that affect the client in the case you chose. Finally, think about how you might evaluate the success of the policy changes.
By Day 3
Post
an explanation of one change you might make to the policies that affect the client in the case. Be sure to reference the case you selected in your post. Finally, explain how you might evaluate the success of the policy changes.
Working With Survivors of Sexual Abuse and Trauma: The Case of Rita
Rita is a 22-year-old, heterosexual, Latina female working in the hospitality industry at a resort. She is the youngest of five children and lives at home with her parents. Rita has dated in the past but never developed a serious relationship. She is close to her immediate and extended family as well as to her female friends in the Latino community. Although her parents and three of her siblings were born in the Dominican Republic, Rita was born in the United States.
A year ago, Rita was sexually assaulted by an acquaintance of a male coworker. Rita and a female coworker met Juan and Bob after work at a local bar for a light meal and a few drinks. Because Rita had to get up early to work her shift the next day, Bob offered to drive her home. Instead of taking Rita directly home, however, he drove to a desolate spot nearby and assaulted her. Afterward, Bob threatened to harm her family if she did not remain silent and proceeded to drive her home. Although Rita did not tell her family what happened, she did call our agency hotline the next day to discuss her options. Because Rita’s assault occurred within the 5-day window for forensic evidence collection of this kind, Rita consented to activation of the county’s sexual assault response team (SART). Although she agreed to have an advocate and the sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE) meet her at the hospital, Rita tearfully stated that she did not want to file a police report at that time because she did not want to upset her family. The nurse examiner interviewed Rita, collected evidence, recorded any injuries, administered antibiotics for possible sexually transmitted infections, and gave Rita emergency contraception in case of pregnancy. The advocate stayed with Rita during the procedure, supporting her and validating her experience, and gave her a referral for individual crisis counseling at our agency.
My treatment goals for Rita included alleviation of rape trauma syndrome symptoms that included shame and self-blame, validation of self-worth and empowerment, and processing how it would feel to discl.
According to the text, crime has been part of the human condition si.docxaryan532920
The document provides instructions for a 4-6 page paper on criminal law. It asks the student to:
1) Determine if the Ex Post Facto Clause can prohibit increased federal minimum sentencing guidelines and provide a rationale.
2) Explain the distinction between criminal, tort, and moral wrongs, and support or criticize the premise that moral laws have higher standards than criminal law.
3) Identify and discuss the differences between solicitation and conspiracy to commit a crime, and support or criticize the unilateral approach to conspiracy convictions.
4) Identify the four goals of criminal law and discuss how they effectuate protecting the public and preventing innocent convictions.
According to Ronald Story and Bruce Laurie, The dozen years between.docxaryan532920
Conservatives came to dominate American politics between 1968 and 1980 by capitalizing on social unrest and challenging the New Deal coalition. They embraced ideas and policies that emphasized free markets, deregulation, and tax cuts. These policies shaped American society into the 21st century by promoting economic growth while also increasing inequality.
According to Kirk (2016), most of your time will be spent work with .docxaryan532920
According to Kirk (2016), most of your time will be spent work with your data. The four following group actions were mentioned by Kirk (2016):
Data acquisition: Gathering the raw material
Data examination: Identifying physical properties and meaning
Data transformation: Enhancing your data through modification and consolidation
Data exploration: Using exploratory analysis and research techniques to learn
Select 1 data action and elaborate on the actions performed in that action group.
Reference: Kirk, A. (2016). Data Visualisation: A Handbook for Data Driven Design (p. 50). SAGE Publications.
.
According to the Council on Social Work Education, Competency 5 Eng.docxaryan532920
According to the Council on Social Work Education, Competency 5: Engage in Policy Practice:
Social workers understand that human rights and social justice, as well as social welfare and services, are mediated by policy and its implementation at the federal, state, and local levels. Social workers understand the history and current structures of social policies and services, the role of policy in service delivery, and the role of practice in policy development. Social workers understand their role in policy development and implementation within their practice settings at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels and they actively engage in policy practice to effect change within those settings. Social workers recognize and understand the historical, social, cultural, economic, organizational, environmental, and global influences that affect social policy. They are also knowledgeable about policy formulation, analysis, implementation, and evaluation.
Walden’s MSW program expects students in their specialization year to be able to:
Evaluate the implication of policies and policy change in the lives of clients/constituents.
Demonstrate critical thinking skills that can be used to inform policymakers and influence policies that impact clients/constituents and services.
This assignment is intended to help students demonstrate the behavioral components of this competency in their field education.
To prepare
: Working with your field instructor, identify a social problem that is common among the organization (or its clients) and research current policies at that state and federal levels that impact the social problem. Then, from a position of advocacy, identify methods to address the social problem (i.e., how you, as a social worker, and the agency advocate to change the problem). You are expected to specifically address how both you and the agency can effectively engage policy makers to make them aware of the social problem and the impact that the policies have on the agency and clients.
The Assignment (2-3 pages): Social Problems is Ex-cons finding Jobs Opportunities in State of California. The Agency is Called "Manifest" the website is Manifest.org
Identify the social problem
Explain rational for selecting social problem
Describe state and federal policies that impact the social problem
Identify specific methods to address the social problems
Explain how the agency and student can advocate to change the social problem
You are expected to present and discuss this assignment with your agency Field Instructor. Your field instructor will be evaluating your ability to demonstrate this competency in their field evaluation. In addition, you will submit this assignment for classroom credit. The Field Liaison will grade the assignment “PASS/FAIL,” see rubric for passing criteria.
.
According to Kirk (2016), most of our time will be spent working.docxaryan532920
According to Kirk (2016), most of our time will be spent working with our data. The four following group actions were mentioned by Kirk (2016):
Book: Kirk, A. (2016). Data visualisation a handbook for data driven design. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
Data acquisition: Gathering the raw material
Data examination: Identifying physical properties and meaning
Data transformation: Enhancing your data through modification and consolidation
Data exploration: Using exploratory analysis and research techniques to learn
Select 1 data action and elaborate on the actions preformed in that action group.
.
According to Kirk (2016), most of your time will be spent working wi.docxaryan532920
According to Kirk (2016), most of your time will be spent working with your data. The four following group actions were mentioned by Kirk (2016):
Data acquisition: Gathering the raw material
Data examination: Identifying physical properties and meaning
Data transformation: Enhancing your data through modification and consolidation
Data exploration: Using exploratory analysis and research techniques to learn
Select 1 data action and elaborate on the actions preformed in that action group.
.
According to Davenport (2014) the organizational value of healthcare.docxaryan532920
According to Davenport (2014) the organizational value of healthcare analytics, both determination and importance, provide a potential increase in annual revenue and ROI based on the value and use of analytics. To complete this assignment, research and evaluate the challenges faced in the implementation of healthcare analytics in the Health Care Organization (HCO) or health care industry using the following tools:
The paper must also address the following:
Application of PICO (problem, intervention, comparison group, and outcomes) to the challenge identified in your research.
The paper:
Must be two to four double-spaced pages in length (not including title and references pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the
Ashford Writing Center. (Links to an external site.)
Must include a separate title page with the following:
Title of paper
Student’s name
Course name and number
Instructor’s name
Date submitted
Must use at least three scholarly sources in addition to the course text.
Must document all sources in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
.
According to the authors, privacy and security go hand in hand; .docxaryan532920
According to the authors, privacy and security go hand in hand; and hence, privacy cannot be protected without implementing proper security controls and technologies. Today, organizations must make not only reasonable efforts to offer protection of privacy of data, but also must go much further as privacy breaches are damaging to its customers, reputation, and potentially could put the company out of business. As we continue learning from our various professional areas of practice, its no doubt that breaches have become an increasing concern to many businesses and their future operations. Taking Cyberattacks proliferation of 2011 into context, security experts at Intel/McAfee discovered huge series of cyberattacks on the networks of 72 organizations globally, including the United Nations, governments and corporations.
Q: From this research revelation in our chapter 11, briefly state and name the countries and organizations identified as the targeted victims?
.
According to Gilbert and Troitzsch (2005), Foundations of Simula.docxaryan532920
According to Gilbert and Troitzsch (2005), Foundations of Simulation Modeling, a simulation model is a computer program that captures the behavior of a real-world system and its input and possible output processes.
Briefly explain what the simulation modeling relies upon?
-500 words at least.
-No Plagiarism.
-APA Format.
.
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The document provides instructions for requesting and completing an assignment writing request on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, and the company offers refunds for plagiarized work.
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The document discusses how modern science developed from its origins with Francis Bacon and the Royal Society in the 17th century. It was deeply tied to the goal of conquering nature and establishing human dominance. This goal was made possible by huge amounts of cheap energy from fossil fuels over the past 300 years, but as fossil fuel depletion accelerates, the basic conditions that supported faith in progress through science and technology are disappearing. Access to the products of science will become increasingly limited as resources must be diverted to maintain fossil fuel production. This signals a major change in how science will function in the future.
Acadiensis Journal of the History of the Atlantic Region .docxnettletondevon
Acadiensis: Journal of the History of the Atlantic Region
The Struggle over Slavery in the Maritime Colonies
Author(s): HARVEY AMANI WHITFIELD
Source: Acadiensis, Vol. 41, No. 2 (SUMMER/AUTUMN-ÉTÉ/AUTOMNE 2012), pp. 17-44
Published by: Acadiensis: Journal of the History of the Atlantic Region
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41803349
Accessed: 10-10-2017 21:29 UTC
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
http://about.jstor.org/terms
Acadiensis: Journal of the History of the Atlantic Region is collaborating with JSTOR to
digitize, preserve and extend access to Acadiensis
This content downloaded from 142.104.2.31 on Tue, 10 Oct 2017 21:29:43 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
The Struggle over Slavery
in the Maritime Colonies
HARVEY AMANI WHITFIELD
Cet article examine attentivement comment maîtres et esclaves s'affrontèrent pour
définir V esclavage dans les provinces Maritimes. S' appuyant sur des recherches
universitaires antérieures , il accorde une attention particulière au rôle que jouèrent
des personnes ď ascendance africaine dans V abolition de V esclavage, avec Faide
ď abolitionnistes de la région et de juges sympathiques à leur cause. La fin de
V esclavage mit à V avant-plan une nouvelle forme de racisme plus virulente qui
limitait les perspectives des communautés de Noirs libres de la région.
This article closely examines the ways in which masters and slaves struggled to
define slavery in the Maritimes. Building on the work of previous scholars , special
attention is given to the role that African-descended peoples played in ending
slavery with the help of local abolitionists and sympathetic judges. The end of
slavery brought to the forefront a new and more virulent form of racism that
circumscribed opportunities for free black communities in the region.
BETWEEN 1783 AND THE 1820s, SLAVES AND OWNERS struggled to define
the essence, meaning, contours, and extent of slavery.1 The study of slavery in
Canada is an uncomfortable subject. In popular understanding, it has been easier to
envision Canada as the protector of fugitive slaves rather than as the home of its own
system of slavery. In her study, The Hanging of Angélique, Afua Cooper noted that
slavery "has disappeared from Canada's historical chronicles, erased from its
memory and banished to the dungeons of its past."2 Yet, despite this lapse in
historical memory, the historical analysis of Cooper and others tells a very different
story. This article extends the existing scholarship by exploring the ways in which
slavery.
Essay On The World.pdfEssay On The WorldKatie Young
The world in 100 years essay in 2021 | College application essay, Essay .... 002 Essay Example How To Make The World Better Place Science Can Help .... Living in a globalized world essay. One world essay guide. The best essay in the world - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. Essay writing on globalization. Write an essay on World Earth Day | Essay Writing | English - YouTube. Write a short essay on World Environment Day | Essay on Environment Day .... Write an essay on World Environment Day | English | Essay Writing. Essays that changed the world. Essay on How the World Affects the Artist | Visual Arts - Year 11 HSC .... Marvelous Earth Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Essay on earth in english - YouTube. Essay "Between the world and me response " - grade A - Response to the .... World studies extended essay introduction 2. AP World History Essay Final | Age Of Enlightenment | Reason. World Cities Essay | Geography - Year 12 HSC | Thinkswap. into the world essay | English (Standard) - Year 12 HSC | Thinkswap. Learning How the World Works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written .... essay on world enviorment.docx - Long Essay on World Environment Day .... Essay on Business World | Business World Essay for Students and .... World English Example Essay | Teaching Resources. Essay about World Englishes - A Report on World Englishes and English ....
Unit 8: Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human SocietiesBig History Project
Jared Diamond's book Guns, Germs, and Steel aims to explain why some civilizations have conquered others through environmental and geographical factors rather than intellectual or genetic superiority. The book traces the unequal development of technologies like agriculture, writing and metal tools among societies, which led to imbalances of power by 1500 CE. Diamond argues that differences in potential crops and animals for domestication, along with the orientation of continents, contributed to uneven rates of technological progress and disease resistance between Eurasian and other societies over thousands of years. While geography influenced history, Diamond acknowledges there are still unanswered questions about the ultimate causes behind these global disparities.
Globalization, Culture, and Identities in CrisisAuthor(s) R.docxbudbarber38650
Globalization, Culture, and Identities in Crisis
Author(s): Robert J. Lieber and Ruth E. Weisberg
Reviewed work(s):
Source: International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, Vol. 16, No. 2 (Winter, 2002),
pp. 273-296
Published by: Springer
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20020163 .
Accessed: 23/09/2012 14:40
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of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
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International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, Vol. 16, No. 2, Winter 2002 (? 2002)
Globalization, Culture, and Identities in Crisis
Robert J. Lieber* * and Ruth E. Weisbergf
Culture in its various forms now serves as a primary carrier of globalization
and modern values, and constitutes an important arena of contestation for
national, religious, and ethnic identity. Although reactions in Europe, Japan,
and other societies where modern values prevail, tend to be symbolic, in areas
of the developing world, especially in Muslim countries where traditional
values and radically different notions of identity and society predominate,
reactions tend to be very intense and redirected at external targets through
forms of transference and scapegoating. Ultimately, this is not so much a
clash between civilizations as a clash within civilizations.
KEY WORDS: culture; globalization; identity; transference; backlash.
GLOBALIZATION AND CULTURE
Globalization and its discontents has taken on huge significance in the
aftermath of September 11th. Driven by the end of the Cold War, a dramatic
surge in international trade, investment and finance, and the onset of the
information revolution, the subject had attracted growing attention for more
than a decade. However, the traumatic events of 9/11, the nihilistic rage
evident in the destruction of the World Trade Center, and the issues that
have arisen in its aftermath provide an enormous new impetus.
Until very recently, analyses of globalization have emphasized eco
nomics and politics rather than culture. Definitions of globalization abound,
*
Professor of Government & Foreign Service, Department of Government, Georgetown Uni
versity, Washington, DC.
^Dean, School of Fine Arts, University of Southern California, Watt .
According to the NASW Code of Ethics section 6.04 (NASW, 2008), .docxaryan532920
According to the NASW Code of Ethics section 6.04 (NASW, 2008), social workers are ethically bound to work for policies that support the healthy development of individuals, guarantee equal access to services, and promote social and economic justice.
For this Discussion
, review this week’s resources, including
Working with Survivors of Sexual Abuse and Trauma: The Case of Rita
and “The Johnson Family”. Consider what change you might make to the policies that affect the client in the case you chose. Finally, think about how you might evaluate the success of the policy changes.
By Day 3
Post
an explanation of one change you might make to the policies that affect the client in the case. Be sure to reference the case you selected in your post. Finally, explain how you might evaluate the success of the policy changes.
Working With Survivors of Sexual Abuse and Trauma: The Case of Rita
Rita is a 22-year-old, heterosexual, Latina female working in the hospitality industry at a resort. She is the youngest of five children and lives at home with her parents. Rita has dated in the past but never developed a serious relationship. She is close to her immediate and extended family as well as to her female friends in the Latino community. Although her parents and three of her siblings were born in the Dominican Republic, Rita was born in the United States.
A year ago, Rita was sexually assaulted by an acquaintance of a male coworker. Rita and a female coworker met Juan and Bob after work at a local bar for a light meal and a few drinks. Because Rita had to get up early to work her shift the next day, Bob offered to drive her home. Instead of taking Rita directly home, however, he drove to a desolate spot nearby and assaulted her. Afterward, Bob threatened to harm her family if she did not remain silent and proceeded to drive her home. Although Rita did not tell her family what happened, she did call our agency hotline the next day to discuss her options. Because Rita’s assault occurred within the 5-day window for forensic evidence collection of this kind, Rita consented to activation of the county’s sexual assault response team (SART). Although she agreed to have an advocate and the sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE) meet her at the hospital, Rita tearfully stated that she did not want to file a police report at that time because she did not want to upset her family. The nurse examiner interviewed Rita, collected evidence, recorded any injuries, administered antibiotics for possible sexually transmitted infections, and gave Rita emergency contraception in case of pregnancy. The advocate stayed with Rita during the procedure, supporting her and validating her experience, and gave her a referral for individual crisis counseling at our agency.
My treatment goals for Rita included alleviation of rape trauma syndrome symptoms that included shame and self-blame, validation of self-worth and empowerment, and processing how it would feel to discl.
According to the text, crime has been part of the human condition si.docxaryan532920
The document provides instructions for a 4-6 page paper on criminal law. It asks the student to:
1) Determine if the Ex Post Facto Clause can prohibit increased federal minimum sentencing guidelines and provide a rationale.
2) Explain the distinction between criminal, tort, and moral wrongs, and support or criticize the premise that moral laws have higher standards than criminal law.
3) Identify and discuss the differences between solicitation and conspiracy to commit a crime, and support or criticize the unilateral approach to conspiracy convictions.
4) Identify the four goals of criminal law and discuss how they effectuate protecting the public and preventing innocent convictions.
According to Ronald Story and Bruce Laurie, The dozen years between.docxaryan532920
Conservatives came to dominate American politics between 1968 and 1980 by capitalizing on social unrest and challenging the New Deal coalition. They embraced ideas and policies that emphasized free markets, deregulation, and tax cuts. These policies shaped American society into the 21st century by promoting economic growth while also increasing inequality.
According to Kirk (2016), most of your time will be spent work with .docxaryan532920
According to Kirk (2016), most of your time will be spent work with your data. The four following group actions were mentioned by Kirk (2016):
Data acquisition: Gathering the raw material
Data examination: Identifying physical properties and meaning
Data transformation: Enhancing your data through modification and consolidation
Data exploration: Using exploratory analysis and research techniques to learn
Select 1 data action and elaborate on the actions performed in that action group.
Reference: Kirk, A. (2016). Data Visualisation: A Handbook for Data Driven Design (p. 50). SAGE Publications.
.
According to the Council on Social Work Education, Competency 5 Eng.docxaryan532920
According to the Council on Social Work Education, Competency 5: Engage in Policy Practice:
Social workers understand that human rights and social justice, as well as social welfare and services, are mediated by policy and its implementation at the federal, state, and local levels. Social workers understand the history and current structures of social policies and services, the role of policy in service delivery, and the role of practice in policy development. Social workers understand their role in policy development and implementation within their practice settings at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels and they actively engage in policy practice to effect change within those settings. Social workers recognize and understand the historical, social, cultural, economic, organizational, environmental, and global influences that affect social policy. They are also knowledgeable about policy formulation, analysis, implementation, and evaluation.
Walden’s MSW program expects students in their specialization year to be able to:
Evaluate the implication of policies and policy change in the lives of clients/constituents.
Demonstrate critical thinking skills that can be used to inform policymakers and influence policies that impact clients/constituents and services.
This assignment is intended to help students demonstrate the behavioral components of this competency in their field education.
To prepare
: Working with your field instructor, identify a social problem that is common among the organization (or its clients) and research current policies at that state and federal levels that impact the social problem. Then, from a position of advocacy, identify methods to address the social problem (i.e., how you, as a social worker, and the agency advocate to change the problem). You are expected to specifically address how both you and the agency can effectively engage policy makers to make them aware of the social problem and the impact that the policies have on the agency and clients.
The Assignment (2-3 pages): Social Problems is Ex-cons finding Jobs Opportunities in State of California. The Agency is Called "Manifest" the website is Manifest.org
Identify the social problem
Explain rational for selecting social problem
Describe state and federal policies that impact the social problem
Identify specific methods to address the social problems
Explain how the agency and student can advocate to change the social problem
You are expected to present and discuss this assignment with your agency Field Instructor. Your field instructor will be evaluating your ability to demonstrate this competency in their field evaluation. In addition, you will submit this assignment for classroom credit. The Field Liaison will grade the assignment “PASS/FAIL,” see rubric for passing criteria.
.
According to Kirk (2016), most of our time will be spent working.docxaryan532920
According to Kirk (2016), most of our time will be spent working with our data. The four following group actions were mentioned by Kirk (2016):
Book: Kirk, A. (2016). Data visualisation a handbook for data driven design. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
Data acquisition: Gathering the raw material
Data examination: Identifying physical properties and meaning
Data transformation: Enhancing your data through modification and consolidation
Data exploration: Using exploratory analysis and research techniques to learn
Select 1 data action and elaborate on the actions preformed in that action group.
.
According to Kirk (2016), most of your time will be spent working wi.docxaryan532920
According to Kirk (2016), most of your time will be spent working with your data. The four following group actions were mentioned by Kirk (2016):
Data acquisition: Gathering the raw material
Data examination: Identifying physical properties and meaning
Data transformation: Enhancing your data through modification and consolidation
Data exploration: Using exploratory analysis and research techniques to learn
Select 1 data action and elaborate on the actions preformed in that action group.
.
According to Davenport (2014) the organizational value of healthcare.docxaryan532920
According to Davenport (2014) the organizational value of healthcare analytics, both determination and importance, provide a potential increase in annual revenue and ROI based on the value and use of analytics. To complete this assignment, research and evaluate the challenges faced in the implementation of healthcare analytics in the Health Care Organization (HCO) or health care industry using the following tools:
The paper must also address the following:
Application of PICO (problem, intervention, comparison group, and outcomes) to the challenge identified in your research.
The paper:
Must be two to four double-spaced pages in length (not including title and references pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the
Ashford Writing Center. (Links to an external site.)
Must include a separate title page with the following:
Title of paper
Student’s name
Course name and number
Instructor’s name
Date submitted
Must use at least three scholarly sources in addition to the course text.
Must document all sources in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
.
According to the authors, privacy and security go hand in hand; .docxaryan532920
According to the authors, privacy and security go hand in hand; and hence, privacy cannot be protected without implementing proper security controls and technologies. Today, organizations must make not only reasonable efforts to offer protection of privacy of data, but also must go much further as privacy breaches are damaging to its customers, reputation, and potentially could put the company out of business. As we continue learning from our various professional areas of practice, its no doubt that breaches have become an increasing concern to many businesses and their future operations. Taking Cyberattacks proliferation of 2011 into context, security experts at Intel/McAfee discovered huge series of cyberattacks on the networks of 72 organizations globally, including the United Nations, governments and corporations.
Q: From this research revelation in our chapter 11, briefly state and name the countries and organizations identified as the targeted victims?
.
According to Gilbert and Troitzsch (2005), Foundations of Simula.docxaryan532920
According to Gilbert and Troitzsch (2005), Foundations of Simulation Modeling, a simulation model is a computer program that captures the behavior of a real-world system and its input and possible output processes.
Briefly explain what the simulation modeling relies upon?
-500 words at least.
-No Plagiarism.
-APA Format.
.
According to Klein (2016), using ethical absolutism and ethical .docxaryan532920
According to Klein (2016), using ethical absolutism and ethical relativism in ethical decision making can lead to different outcomes. How can moral reasoning about a specific situation differ based on relativism or absolutism? Can you provide an illustration or example of an accounting procedure/situation whose outcome may differ based on absolutism or relativism? Is ethical relativism a more suitable standard within a global IFRS Environment? Why or why not?
at least 250 words
.
According to Franks and Smallwood (2013), information has become.docxaryan532920
Social media differs from email in its functionality due to social media's immaturity compared to the stability of email. Specifically, social media allows for a greater volume of information to be shared and exchanged through newer tools like blogs, microblogs, and wikis which have increased the lifeblood of information for many businesses. Additionally, research has documented key differences in how social media is used compared to the more established email.
According to the Council on Social Work Education, Competency 5.docxaryan532920
According to the Council on Social Work Education, Competency 5: Engage in Policy Practice:
Social workers understand that human rights and social justice, as well as social welfare and services, are mediated by policy and its implementation at the federal, state, and local levels. Social workers understand the history and current structures of social policies and services, the role of policy in service delivery, and the role of practice in policy development. Social workers understand their role in policy development and implementation within their practice settings at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels and they actively engage in policy practice to effect change within those settings. Social workers recognize and understand the historical, social, cultural, economic, organizational, environmental, and global influences that affect social policy. They are also knowledgeable about policy formulation, analysis, implementation, and evaluation. Social workers:
Identify social policy at the local, state, and federal level that impacts well-being, service delivery, and access to social services;
Assess how social welfare and economic policies impact the delivery of and access to social services;
Apply critical thinking to analyze, formulate, and advocate for policies that advance human rights and social, economic, and environmental justice.
This assignment is intended to help students demonstrate the behavioral components of this competency in their field education.
To prepare: Working with your field instructor, identify, evaluate, and discuss policies established by the local, state, and federal government (within the last five years) that affect the day to day operations of the field placement agency.
The Assignment (1-2 pages): (In The States California. The Good Seed is a Drop-In center for 18-25 years!
Describe the policies and their impact on the field agency.
Propose specific recommendations regarding how you, as a social work intern, and the agency can advocate for policies pertaining to advancing social justice for the agency and the clients it serves.
.
According to the authors, privacy and security go hand in hand; and .docxaryan532920
According to the authors, privacy and security go hand in hand; and hence, privacy cannot be protected without implementing proper security controls and technologies. Today, organizations must make not only reasonable efforts to offer protection of privacy of data, but also must go much further as privacy breaches are damaging to its customers, reputation, and potentially could put the company out of business. As we continue learning from our various professional areas of practice, its no doubt that breaches have become an increasing concern to many businesses and their future operations. Taking Cyberattacks proliferation of 2011 into context, security experts at Intel/McAfee discovered huge series of cyberattacks on the networks of 72 organizations globally, including the United Nations, governments and corporations.
From this research revelation in our chapter 11, briefly state and name the countries and organizations identified as the targeted victims?
Use the APA format to include your references. Each paragraph should have different references and each para should have at least 4 sentences.
.
According to recent surveys, China, India, and the Philippines are t.docxaryan532920
According to recent surveys, China, India, and the Philippines are the three most popular countries for IT outsourcing. Write a short paper (4 paragraphs) explaining what the appeal would be for US companies to outsource IT functions to these countries. You may discuss cost, labor pool, language, or possibly government support as your reasons. There are many other reasons you may choose to highlight in your paper. Be sure to use your own words.
Must be in APA format with references and citations.
.
According to the authors, countries that lag behind the rest of the .docxaryan532920
According to the authors, countries that lag behind the rest of the world’s ICT capabilities encounter difficulties at various levels. Discuss specific areas, both within and outside, eGovernance, in which citizens living in a country that lags behind the rest of the world in ICT capacity are lacking. Include in your discussion quality of life, sustainability, safety, affluence, and any other areas that you find of interest. Use at least 8-10 sentences to discuss this topic.
.
According to Peskin et al. (2013) in our course reader, Studies on .docxaryan532920
According to Peskin et al. (2013) in our course reader, "Studies on early health risk factors, including prenatal nicotine/alcohol exposure, birth complications, and minor physical anomalies have found that these risk factors significantly increase the likelihood of anti-social and criminal behavior throughout life." What policy changes might you suggest to help curtail the occurrence or effects of these risk factors? Remember to think about public health policy, not just criminal policy.
.
According to Franks and Smallwood (2013), information has become the.docxaryan532920
According to Franks and Smallwood (2013), information has become the lifeblood of every business organization, and that an increasing volume of information today has increased and exchanged through the use of social networks and Web2.0 tools like blogs, microblogs, and wikis. When looking at social media in the enterprise, there is a notable difference in functionality between e-mail and social media, and has been documented by research – “…that social media differ greatly from e-mail use due to its maturity and stability.” (Franks & Smallwood, 2013).
Q: Please identify and clearly state what the difference is?
Use the APA format to include your references. Each paragraph should have different references and each para should have at least 4 sentences.
.
According to Ang (2011), how is Social Media management differen.docxaryan532920
According to Ang (2011), how is Social Media management different than traditional Customer Relationship Management (CRM)? Define the four pillars of social media (connectivity, conversations, content creation and collaboration) and analyze how each pillar can be used to aid Social Media management. Identify the benefits Social Media management. Provide examples to illustrate each point.
The paper must be 1-2 pages in length (excluding title and reference page) and in APA (6th edition) format. The paper must include the Ang (2011) article in correct APA format.
.
According to (Alsaidi & Kausar (2018), It is expected that by 2020,.docxaryan532920
According to (Alsaidi & Kausar (2018), "It is expected that by 2020, around 25 billion objects will become the part of global IoT network, which will pose new challenges in securing IoT systems. It will become an easy target for hackers as these systems are often deployed in an uncontrolled and hostile environment. The main security challenges in IoT environment are authorization, privacy, authentication, admission control, system conformation, storage, and administration" (p. 213).
Discuss and describe the difference between a black hole attack and a wormhole attack.
.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
The Many Lives of the New WestAuthor(s) Joseph E. Taylor.docx
1. The Many Lives of the New West
Author(s): Joseph E. Taylor, III
Source: Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Summer,
2004), pp. 141-165
Published by: Oxford University Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25442968
Accessed: 20-11-2016 20:56 UTC
REFERENCES
Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/25442968?seq=1&cid=pdf-
reference#references_tab_contents
You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked
references.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars,
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For more information about
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Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the
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Historical Quarterly
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The Many Lives of the New West
Joseph E. Taylor III
References to a "New West" have grown in recent years, but it
is unclear what
is new or western about the changes attributed to the region.
Moreover, the
"New West" has a long and troubling history, and scholars
should carefully
consider the terms masking and isolating tendencies before
invoking it.
"There is no institutional memory in the West, only dawn."1
L/ately a lot of people have been treating
the American West, a region that has been conquered and
colonized repeatedly over
half a millennium, like a bright, shiny dime. The West, so the
story goes, became a
brave new world some twenty, thirty, or forty years ago. Writer
Raye Ringholz, jour
3. nalists Timothy Egan and David Olinger, geographers William
Riebsame and Peter
Walker, historians Patricia Limerick and William Wyckoff,
economists Ed Whitelaw
and Thomas Power, and law professor Charles Wilkinson cite
changes in the region's
economic, social, and cultural face as the dawning of a New
West, and all attribute
these transformations to capital and technology.2 The declining
importance of
Joseph Taylor, associate professor and Canada Research Chair
at Simon Frasier
University, thanks Peter Boag, Lara Braithwaite, Paul Farber,
Lynne Heasley, Matthew Klingle,
Nancy Langston, Bill Robbins, and the National Humanities
Center.
1 Timothy Egan, Lasso the Wind: Away to the New West (New
York, 1998), 130.
2 Raye Ringholz, Paradise Paved: The Challenges of Growth in
the New West (Salt Lake
City, 1996); Egan, Lasso the Wind; David Olinger, "Old West
Being Replaced by Luxury Homes,"
Denver Post, 12 April 1998,
http://63.147.65.175/snapshot/partld.htm (accessed 3 December
2003; restricted access); Patricia Nelson Limerick, "The
Shadows of Heaven Itself," in Atlas of
the New West: Portrait of a Changing Region, ed. William E.
Riebsame (New York, 1997), 151-78;
Peter Walker, "Reconsidering 'Regional' Political Ecologies:
Toward a Political Ecology of the
Rural American West," Progress in Human Geography 27
(March 2003): 18; William Wyckoff,
4. "Inside the New West: A View from Suburban Montana,"
Pacific Historical Review 67 (August
1998): 406; Ed Whitelaw, "Oregon's Real Economy," Old
Oregon 72 (Winter 1992): 30-3;
Thomas Power, Lost Landscapes and Failed Economies: The
Search for a Value of Place
(Washington, DC, 1996); Charles Wilkinson, "Paradise
Revised," in Atlas of the New West,
15-44; The Eagle Bird: Mapping a New West (New York,
1992). For definitions of the term "New
West," see also Susan Kollin, "Wister and the 'New West,'" in
Reading The Virginian in the New
West, ed. Melody Graulich and Stephen Tatum (Lincoln, 2003),
235; Carl Abbott, "That Long
Western Border: Canada, the United States, and a Century of
Economic Change," in Parallel
Destinies: Canadian-American Relations West of the Rockies,
ed. John M. Findlay and Ken S.
Coates (Seattle, 2002), 205-6; John Walker, "Excerpts of the
New West Dictionary," High
Country News, 29 September 1997.
Western Historical Quarterly 35 (Summer 2004): 141-165.
Copyright ? 2004, Western
History Association.
This content downloaded from 128.111.121.42 on Sun, 20 Nov
2016 20:56:34 UTC
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SUMMER 2004 Western Historical Quarterly
5. resource extraction and rise of the Internet, light industry, and
tourism has indeed
altered the West. Shifts in economic and cultural power have
been dramatic, yet ar
guments about an intrinsically new or different West stumble
on many counts. Most
developments are national in scope, many of the propelling
forces are far from new
or revolutionary, and few effects are universal. This New West
is ultimately both less
and more than it seems: at once a marketing tool for a classist,
urban fantasy about the
pastoral countryside and a romantic elision of the dark side of
gentrification.
The shortcomings of New West declarations carry us only so
far. In this strange
era of the post-industrial, post-modern, post-dot.com, and post-
9/11, it is easy to pick
the bones of last year's prophesies. Rents in chic San Francisco
fell by a third in 2001,
and Oregon suffered the distinction of having the nation's
highest unemployment rate
through 2002, all because the digital bubble burst. This was the
same economy that
prophets said would permanently relieve western hinterlands of
their dependence on
extractive industry. If western history teaches that booms have
busts, and newspapers
show that New West themes engulf the nation, then rather than
dwell on the histori
cal and geographical myopia of boosters, let us instead focus
on the long, rich history
of the New West trope and place its latest incarnation in social
6. and environmental
context. I may be wrong; I might have to live this down the rest
of my career, but I
want to explain why scholars should eschew New West in favor
of other categories
of analysis.3
Beyond the analytical failings of newness and westerness lay
more disturbing issues.
Although smart people hail the New West as a place where
people and nature will
thrive like never before, most changes reveal persisting
weaknesses in environmental
and social justice. Gentrification and recreational tourism,
forces that are as fractured
and diffuse as they are powerfully transformative, tear the
social and cultural fabric of
rural communities, and the pain is felt primarily by minority
and blue-collar residents.4
The emphasis on New West environmental amenities also
fueled a rush of exurban
settlement that accelerated consumption of natural resources
and fragmentation of
ecosystems. In so many ways the New West, with its ongoing
marginalization of labor,
degradation of nature, and implementation of homogeneity,
seems a helluva lot like
the Old West. From missionaries to Mormons and '49ers to
equity refugees, western
ers have been trying to simplify the West into monochromatic
societies; and from
Chinatown to the Barrio and Albina to the Res, the West has
been America's most
3 See also Carl Abbott, ed., "Forum: Atlas of the New West,"
7. Pacific Historical Review
67 (August 1998): 379-420.
4 For gentrification and tourism see A. Warde, "Gentrification
as Consumption:
Issues of Class and Gender," Environment and Planning D 9
(September 1991): 223-32; William
B. Beyers and Peter B. Nelson, "Contemporary Development
Forces in the Nonmetropolitan
West: New Insights from Rapidly Growing Communities,"
Journal of Rural Studies 16 (October
2000): 461; Walker, "Reconsidering 'Regional' Political
Ecologies," 15; Alice Wondrak, "Seen
Any Wildlife? Community Conflict and a Struggle for the Soul
of Estes Park, Colorado,"
Cultural Geographies 9 (2002): 72-5.
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Joseph E. Taylor III
effectively segregated region for a very long time.5 Drive
through Park City, Sunriver,
or Mendocino, and it is hard to see this latest New West as a
break with that past.
Arguments for a New West ultimately turn circular. The real
and perceived
separations that accompany New West imagery?of nature from
people and people
8. from people?have become powerful rationales for further
segregations to save fragile
nature and playground refuges. Yet the more the West seems
New and discrete, the
more it relies on its figurative and literal ties to the Old. Take
for example fly fish
ing. Elite angling has long been a badge of environmental
sensitivity, but in recent
decades it has erupted as a prototype of New West play because
of strong marketing
and a lyrical movie by Robert Redford, yet cowboy aesthetics
are central to its modern
appeal.6 Similarly, desires to protect nature have fueled intense
battles over access to
public lands, but resource extraction still thrives because
Americans, in general, and
exurban residents, in particular, are energetic consumers. Big-
Box stores and metas
tasizing subdivisions testify to a lively demand for western
lumber and water.7 Fewer
people work state and federal lands, but many simply moved to
private holdings. The
result has been more-apparent-than-real environmental reform.
Efficiencies, rather
than less consumption, drove most workers from the ranges and
woods, and wherever
jobs vanished, gentrification seemed to accelerate.8 This has
been a complex process,
5 Elliott West, "Reconstructing Race," Western Historical
Quarterly 34 (Spring
2003): 7-26.
9. 6 Kollin, "Wister and the 'New West,'" 235; Ken Owens,
"Fishing the Hatch: New
West Romanticism and Fly-Fishing in the High Country," in
Imagining the Big Open: Nature,
Identity, and Play in the New West, ed. Liza Nicholas, Elaine
Bapis, and Thomas Harvey (Salt
Lake City, 2003), 117-9.
7 Wyckoff, "Inside the New West," 403; Virginia Scharff,
"Honey, I Shrunk the
West," Pacific Historical Review 61 (August 1998): 411-3;
Limerick, "The Shadows of Heaven
Itself," 161.
8 For shifts in production see, for example, Stuart Allan,
Aileen R. Buckley, and
James E. Meacham, Atlas of Oregon, ed. William Loy, 2d ed.
(Eugene, OR, 2001), 74-5, 85, 90-7;
Doug MacCleery, "Is the Shift to 'Ecological Sustainability' or
Ecosystem Management on U.S.
Public Lands Merely a Sophisticated 'NIMBYism'
Masquerading as a 'Paradigm Shift?'" USDA
Forest Service Eco-Watch Dialogues,
http://www.fs.fed.us/eco/eco-watch/consumption_ethic2.
html (accessed 3 December 2003). For job losses see William
Prudham, "Timber and Town:
Post-War Federal Forest Policy, Industrial Organization, and
Rural Change in Oregon's Illinois
Valley," Antipode 30 (January 1998): 177-98; Michael
Milstein, "Loggers Displaced in 1990s Left
Behind, Study Finds," Portland Oregonian, 7 January 2003; Ted
Helvoigt, Darius Adams, and Art
Ayre, "Employment Transitions in Oregon's Wood Products
Sector During the 1990s," Journal of
Forestry 101 (June 2003): 42-6; Matthew S. Carroll, Keith A.
Blatner, Frederick J. Alt, Ervin G.
10. Schuster, and Angela J. Findley, "Adaptation Strategies of
Displaced Idaho Woods Workers:
Results of a Longitudinal Panel Study," Society & Natural
Resources 13 (March 2000): 95-113;
Jonathan Kusel, Susan Kocher, Jonathan London, Lita
Buttolph, and Ervin Schuster, "Effects of
Displacement and Outsourcing on Woods Workers and Their
Families," Society & Natural
Resources 13 (March 2000): 115-34; Steven E. Daniels,
Corrine L. Gobeli, and Angela J.
Findley, "Reemployment Programs for Dislocated Timber
Workers: Lessons from Oregon,"
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144 SUMMER 2004 Western Historical Quarterly
however, because it was not just the very rich who propelled
change.9 Rural patterns
have been displaced by the demands of a broad, transnational
class of amenity-seeking,
franchise-patronizing consumers. Aspenization and
McDonaldization have merged,
and the result is a mess.10
Despite these wrenching developments, the Old West, often
now caricatured as
a cowboy state, did not go gentle into that good night, and its
resilience has exposed
a huge irony surrounding the latest New West. Although some
rural residents did
cash in, many others resisted gentrification. The media fixates
11. on the violence of Nye
County and Klamath Lakes, but more representative, if less
conspicuous, are those
seeking accommodation. Some are landowners negotiating
compacts with government
agencies and non-governmental organizations to solve
environmental and economic
concerns, others are neighbors discussing contentious issues
outside courtrooms and
councils addressing complex water and wildlife issues.11 The
goal everywhere has been
to ameliorate environmental problems without shredding the
material and cultural
fabric of communities. Put bluntly, these community focused
efforts are an attempt
to stem gentrification. The emergence of accommodation seems
the most interesting,
significant, and hopeful development in recent years, yet it is
also at considerable odds
with the core values of this latest New West.
Society & Natural Resources 13 (March 2000): 135-50;
Matthew S. Carroll, Steven E. Daniels,
and Jonathon Kusel, "Employment and Displacement among
Northwestern Forest Products
Workers," Society & Natural Resources 13 (March 2000): 151-
6; Matthew S. Carroll, Charles W.
McKetta, Keith A. Blatner, and Con Schallau, "A Response to
'Forty Years of Spotted Owls?
A Longitudinal Analysis of Logging Industry Job Losses,'"
Sociological Perspectives 42 (Summer
1999): 325-33; William R. Freudenburg, Lisa J. Wilson, and
Daniel J. O'Leary, "Forty Years
of Spotted Owls? A Longitudinal Analysis of Logging Industry
Job Losses," Sociological
12. Perspectives 41 (Spring 1998): 1-26.
9 For consequences of gentrification see Beyers and Nelson,
"Contemporary
Development Forces in the Nonmetropolitan West," 459-72;
Connie Young Chiang, "Shaping
the Shoreline: Environments, Society, and Culture in Monterey,
California" (PhD diss.,
University of Washington, 2002); Bonnie Christensen, Red
Lodge and the Mythic West: Coal
Miners to Cowboys (Lawrence, 2002); Hal K. Rothman, Devil's
Bargains: Tourism in the
Twentieth-Century American West (Lawrence, 1998); John
Walton, Storied Land: Community
and Memory in Monterey (Berkeley, 2001); Meredith Wiltsie
and William Wyckoff,
"Reinventing Red Lodge: The Making of a New Western
Landscape, 1884-2000," in
Imagining the Big Open, 124-50.
10 For Aspenization and McDonaldization see Rothman,
Devil's Bargains, 338-70;
Dave Gowdey, "Urban Immigration is Another Name for
Cultural Genocide," Colorado Central
Magazine 56 (October 1998): 2; Bruce Selcraig, "Fore! in Santa
Fe," High Country News, 17 May
1993; George Ritzer, The McDonaldization Thesis:
Explorations and Extensions (Thousand Oaks,
CA, 1998), 1-2, 91-4, 117-49, 177-8; Eric Schlosser, Fast Food
Nation: The Dark Side of the All
American Meal (Boston, 2001).
11 Sally K. Fairfax and Darla Guenzler, Conservation Trusts
(Lawrence, 2001); Eve
13. Endicott, ed., Land Conservation through Public/Private
Partnerships (Washington, DC, 1993);
Seth Zucker man, "Toward a New Salmon Economy," in
Salmon Nation: People and Fish at the
Edge, ed. Edward C. Wolf and Seth Zuckerman (Portland, OR,
1999), 63-73; "National Land
Trust Census: Charts and Graphs," Land Trust Alliance,
http://www.lta.org/newsroom/census_
charts.htm (accessed 3 December 2003).
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Joseph E. Taylor III
Charles Wilkinson has been as perceptive as any New West
writer, so we should
heed his caution that the New West is "hard terrain to read" and
"use the term gingerly."
Before going further, then, we should specify which New West
we are discussing.12 A
review of Library of Congress titles that use the phrase "New
West" reveals at least
four distinct epochs in the last 135 years: the first was a
transcontinental revision of
western possibilities, the second a nostalgic longing for the
frontier period, the third
an ambivalent assessment of mid-twentieth-century modernity,
and the latest a fest
of social and ecological diversity. Although the content of each
New West has varied,
all have stressed how technology, markets, and nature have
14. radically changed this
region we call the West.
Appropriately enough, the first New West began as the Union
Pacific and Central
Pacific met at Promontory Point. At the very moment that the
state and capital were
creating a new, continental and transnational space, Samuel
Bowles's Our New West
and Charles Brace's The New West, followed in 1879 by Robert
Strahorn's To the
Rockies and Beyond, unleashed a literary clich? with all the
qualities of a horror
movie villain. From the beginning, New West authors stressed
how technology was
transforming western opportunities and experiences.13 In the
post-Civil War era the
technology was railroads, the opportunities seemed unlimited,
and the experiences
were settlement and tourism. Although Strahorn's subtitle
(Saunterings in the Popular
Health, Pleasure, and Hunting Resorts) flagged a class bias in
New West literature,
Bowles seemed to offer a more democratic spin by assuring
readers that the railroad
would open "a new world of wealth, and a new world of natural
beauty, to the working
and the wonder of the old."14
Every author of the era emphasized the economic opportunities
of the
Transcontinental New West. Rails and telegraph lines had
created what Richard White
calls the "first information age," and all echoed Bowles's
conclusion that railroads
were "the key to all our New West."15 Promoters integrated
15. innovation into their tales
of western progress. Boosters in Denver, Los Angeles,
Portland, Tacoma, and other
12 Charles Wilkinson, "Paradise Revised," 18.
13 Samuel Bowles, Our New West: Records of Travel between
the Mississippi River and
the Pacific Ocean (Hartford, CT, 1869); Charles Brace, The
New West (New York, 1869); Robert
Strahorn, To the Rockies and Beyond, or A Summer on the
Union Pacific Railroad . . . (Omaha,
1879). For state, capital, and transnational, see Richard White,
"It's Your Misfortune and None of
My Own: A New History of the American West (Norman,
1990), 57-9, 145-7, 236, 246-8;
Donald Meinig, Transcontinental America, 1850-1915, vol. 3 in
The Shaping of America: A
Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History (New Haven,
1998), 3-8; Augustus J.
Veenendaal, Jr., Slow Train to Paradise: How Dutch Investment
Helped Build American Railroads
(Stanford, CA, 1996).
14 Bowles, Our New West, v.
15 Quote from telephone conversation with Richard White;
Richard White,
"Information, Markets, and Corruption: Transcontinental
Railroads in the Gilded Age,"
Journal of American History 90 (June 2003): 21-2; Bowles, Our
New West, 46; Brace, The New
West, 182-7.
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SUMMER 2004 Western Historical Quarterly
towns? communities of which many foundered?argued that new
technologies made
their places logical sites of investment, and railroads fueled
such hopes with promises of
trunk or spur lines. The Kansas City Board of Trade's
promotional broadside The New
West boasted of its links to the Pacific Ocean, while Charles
Bliss's The New West:
New Mexico and Edward Tenney's Colorado: And Homes in the
New West served as
primers on settlement opportunities near railroads. Of course,
the railroads subsidized
many of these tracts. Strahorn at one time or another worked
with the Denver & Rio
Grande, the Colorado Central, and the Union Pacific, the latter
of which published
To the Rockies and Beyond through New West Publishing in
Omaha.16
Seen one way, the Kansas City Board of Trade simply emulated
what John Smith,
William Cooper, and Chicago's founders had done in the ages
of sails, wagons, and
steam, but the 1870s were not like any previous era.17 As Karl
Marx noted, new technol
17. ogy had annihilated old geography when locomotion reworked
spatial logic. A Board of
Trade could argue that the Pacific Ocean reached all the way to
Kansas; Henry Villard
could extend Russian Germans' westward exodus to Nebraska
and Dakota; Portland
businessmen could scheme to corner the world salmon
market.18 The first New West
was far more globalized than any previous West, yet despite
the changes of industrial
capitalism, or maybe because of them, the period's market
rhetoric was mostly a con
servative adaptation of old speculative interests to evolving
technologies.
Far more novel was how the Transcontinental New West had
reconceptualized
nature for both profit and play. As a number of scholars argue,
an eastern literati was
16 Kansas City Board of Trade, The New West: Its Outlets to
the Ocean (Kansas City,
MO, 1873); Charles Bliss, The New West: New Mexico
(Boston, 1879); Edward Tenney, Colorado:
And Homes in the New West (Boston, 1880). For an image of
Strahom see http://freepages.gene
alogy.rootsweb.com/~jtenlen/restrahom.jpg (accessed 3
December 2003); For Strahorn's back
ground and activities see Frieda Knobloch, "Creating the
Cowboy State: Culture and
Underdevelopment in Wyoming since 1867," Western
Historical Quarterly 32 (Summer 2001):
202-5. For New West Publishing see J. M. Wolfe, Wolfe's
Omaha City Directory, 1879-1880
(Omaha, 1879), 316.1 thank Eliza Robertson at the National
18. Humanities Center, Dan Kubrick
at the Omaha Public Library, and the anonymous reviewer for
help with this citation.
17 For early boosters see John Smith, "A True Relation of Such
Occurrences and
Accidents of Note ...," in The Complete Works of John Smith,
ed. Philip Barbour, vol.l (1608;
reprint, Chapel Hill, NC, 1986), 27-117; Alan Taylor, William
Coopers Town: Power and
Persuasion on the Frontier of the Early American Republic
(New York, 1995); William Cronon,
Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York,
1991). For failed boosters see
Norman Clark, Mill Town . . . (Seattle, 1970), 14-42. For
boosters and regional identity see
John Findlay, "A Fishy Proposition: Regional Identity in the
Pacific Northwest," in Many
wests: Place, Culture, and Regional Identity, ed. David Wrobel
and Michael Steiner (Lawrence,
1997), 37-70.
18 Karl Marx and Frederich Engels, "Manifesto to the
Communist Party," in The
Marx-Engels Reader, ed. Robert Tucker (New York, 1978),
476; Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The
Railway Journey: The Industrialization of Time and Space in
the 19th Century (Berkeley, 1986);
David Emmons, Garden in the Grasslands: Boomer Literature
of the Central Great Plains (Lincoln,
1971); Thomas Fuchs, "Henry Villard: A Citizen of Two
Worlds" (PhD diss., University of
Oregon, 1991); "Board of Trade," Portland Morning Oregonian,
16 August 1877, 3.
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Joseph E. Taylor 111
reimagining western nature through distinctly classist, racial,
and gendered lenses. The
result was a romanticized western landscape, emptied of
humans and crowned sub
lime.19 Here was an early articulation of the modern
wilderness aesthetic, and Bowles,
Brace, and Strahorn were among the first to sell environmental
amenities. For those
who could afford the ticket, railroads helped create and serve
an emerging demand for
wildness. Bowles called the New West an "originally, freshly,
uniquely, majestically"
natural geography: "Nowhere are broader and higher
mountains; nowhere, climates
more propitious; nowhere broods an atmosphere so pure and
exhilarating."20 Brace
prophesied: "When our pleasure-seekers on the Eastern coast
can reach in a week
such objects of wonderful grandeur and beauty as the
Yosemite, Lake Tahoe, and the
high Sierras, there will be crowds taking their summer trip
hither. This region will
become our American Switzerland."21 By 1887, William
Thayer's Marvels of the New
West could only reinforce a well-established link between
industrial transportation,
20. mass media, and western nature. Its first chapter, a 133-page
dissertation of the West's
"Marvels of Nature," took readers on a rail journey from
Colorado's Arkansas Canon
to Multnomah Falls in the Columbia Gorge, the Petrified Forest
in Arizona, and the
Old Woman of the Mountain in Montana.22
Ironically, historians are most familiar with the next New
West, yet we least associ
ate it with this phenomenon. During the 1890s, mass media
continued to disseminate
the market rhetoric of the New West. In 1890, Portland's
Immigration Board published
The New Empire to boost their city as the dominant Northwest
entrep?t; Spokane
merchants responded in 1897 with the New West Trade.23 Like
their predecessors,
both cities heralded the opportunities presented by new
railroads, but the continuity
of entrepreneurial rhetoric did not extend to other uses of New
West. Sociocultural
forces in the East were inspiring a basic reworking of the
West's historic and mythic
19 Anne Farrar Hyde, An American Vision: Far Western
Landscape and National
Culture, 1820-1920 (New York, 1990), 10; David Robertson,
West of Eden: A History of the Art
and Literature of Yosemite (San Francisco, 1984); William
Cronon, "Telling Tales on Canvas," in
Discovered Lands, Invented Pasts, by Jules David Prown et al.
(New Haven, 1992), 37-86; Kevin
DeLuca and Anne Demo, "Imagining Nature and Erasing Class
and Race: Carleton Watkins,
21. John Muir, and the Construction of Wilderness," Environmental
History 6 (October 2001): 541
50; Mark Spence, Dispossessing the Wilderness: Indian
Removal and the Making of the National
Parks (New York, 1999); Patricia Nelson Limerick,
"Disorientation and Reorientation: The
American Landscape Discovered from the West," in Something
in the Soil: Legacies and
Reckonings in the New West (New York, 2000), 194-5.
20 Bowles, Our New West, v; also quoted in Limerick, "The
Shadows of Heaven
Itself," 151.
21 Brace, The New West, 185.
22 William Thayer, Marvels of the New West: A Vivid
Portrayal of the Stupendous
Marvels in the Vast Wonderland West of the Missouri River
(Norwich, CT, 1887), xxix.
23 Katherine G. Morrissey, Mental Territories: Mapping the
Inland Empire (Ithaca, NY,
1997), 139; and The New West (Spokane, WA) Trade (begun in
1897).
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SUMMER 2004 Western Historical Quarterly
significance, and Frederick Jackson Turner's "The Significance
22. of the Frontier in
American History" highlighted these anxieties by warning that
the United States
was entering an ominous age because its frontier had closed.24
In an age when many
influential Americans worried that they were being overrun by
Europe, and that a
plague of neurasthenia was crippling middle-class men, Turner
offered a nativist theory
of American culture that was rooted in the masculine frontier.
Although his argu
ments about American democratic development fared poorly,
his essay is still useful
for illuminating the cultural concerns that were driving both
eastern anti-modernism
and the next New West.25
Thus, although many westerners were desperate to modernize,
eastern writers
desired a very different West. From 1890 to 1930, their New
West was essentially
nostalgic. Threatened by polyglot eastern cities, Owen Wister,
Zane Grey, and other
writers crafted antimodern fantasies of a pastoral past ruled by
guns, horses, and chiv
alrous men. The result was the apotheosis of the cowboy as an
American knight.26
The plot of William Raine's Gunsight Pass; How Oil Came to
the Cattle Country
and Brought the New West was typical in depicting white
heroes struggling against
a dark-skinned villain (in this case Mexican), but the subtitle
revealed an atypical
consideration for how technology had changed the West after
1890.27 A potboiler about
cowhands turned derrick workers and then capitalists was a
23. departure from the genre's
clich?s, yet other New West writers broke with convention
even further. The Nostalgic
New West often featured women and youths civilizing wild
places in less violent, yet
equally mythic, stories. Among these were Amy Blanchard's
Gentle Pioneer, Being
the Story of the Early Days in the New West, Alfred Rice's An
Oregon Girl: A Tale
of American Life in the New West, Edwin Sabin's Boy Settler;
or, Terry in the New
West, and Frederick Niven's Lady of the Crossing; A Novel of
the New West. Seattle
24 Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier
in American History,"
in Annual Report of the American Historical Association for
the Year 1893 (1893), 199-227.
25 For critiques of Turner's essay see William Cronon,
"Revisiting the Vanishing
Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western
Historical Quarterly 18 (April 1987):
157-76; Martin Ridge, "The Life of an Idea: The Significance
of Frederick Jackson Turner's
Frontier Thesis," Montana The Magazine of Western History 41
(Winter 1991): 2-13; Richard
White, "Frederick Jackson Turner," in Historians of the
American Frontier: A Bio-Biographical
Sourcebook, ed. John R. Wunder (New York, 1988), 660-81.
For fin de si?cle culture see Jackson
Lears, No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the
Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920
24. (New York, 1981); Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization:
A Cultural History of Gender and
Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago, 1995); Kim
Townsend, Manhood at Harvard:
William James and Others (New York, 1996).
26 Jane Tompkins, West of Everything: The Inner Life of
Westerns (New York, 1992);
Richard Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier
in Twentieth-Century America (New
York, 1992); Stephen May, Zane Grey: Romancing the West
(Athens, OH, 1997).
27 William Raine, Gunsight Pass: How Oil Came to the Cattle
Country and Brought the
New West (New York, 1921).
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Joseph E. Taylor III
publisher L. B. Mock captured the sentiment of these works in
its dedication to Lucy
Byrd Mack's Maid of Pend d'Oreille, an Indian Idyl: "to those
daring souls who made
the new west positive."28
To the extent that they considered the subject, Progressive
historians paralleled
novelists' treatment of the New West. Both groups linked the
trope with the past. Like
25. the domesticated New West novels, John Eaton's Sheldon
Jackson, A Pioneer in the
New West highlighted the role of the eastern-based Woman's
Board of Home Missions
of the Presbyterian Church in taming the West as a Christian
society. Frederick
Jackson Turner's Rise of the New West echoed Raine in
emphasizing technology's
civilizing impact. Like most other novelists, though, Turner
focused on the romantic
past of canals and steam rather than a bustling present. Linking
New West with the
trans-Appalachian era also seems to have created retroactively
a fifth New West be
fore 1840.29 All the Nostalgic New West works also shared
three familiar traits: they
expressed a fascination?sometimes horrid?with modernity and a
yearning for a
romanticized moral order; they combined supposedly
dispassionate description with
boosterish prescription; and the imagined and real Wests
continued to harmonize
fact with fiction.
In contrast, the third New West bared growing contradictions
between popular
culture and the social and cultural conditions of the times. By
the late 1930s, urban
ization and the New Deal had laid the foundation for rapid
industrialization.30 A few
writers again argued that such changes signaled another New
West. Ronald Russell's
1938 A New West to Explore portrayed the Portland Junior
Symphony as "pioneers
26. of a great artistic and cultural future for America "31 The
appropriation of frontier
imagery for an urban, highbrow future foreshadowed the
rhetoric of John E Kennedy,
but this was neither the only nor the dominant reworking of
frontier at the time. Like
28 Amy Blanchard, Gentle Pioneer, Being the Story of the
Early Days in the New West
(Boston, 1903); Lucy Byrd Mack, Maid of Pend d'Oreille, an
Indian Idyl (Seattle, 1910); Alfred
Rice, An Oregon Girl: A Tale of American Life in the New
West (Portland, 1914); Edwin L. Sabin,
Boy Settler; or, Terry in the New West (New York, 1916);
Frederick Niven, Lady of the Crossing; A
Novel of the New West (New York, 1919).
29 John Eaton, Sheldon Jackson, A Pioneer in the New West
(New York, 1898);
Frederick Jackson Turner, Rise of the New West, 1819-1829
(New York, 1906). One can argue
that I make too much of the New West, that I should instead
place it the context of Walter E.
Weyl's The New Democracy; An Essay on Certain Political and
Economic Tendencies in the United
States (New York, 1914), Herbert Croly's New Nationalism,
and the New Republic (and later
FDR's New Deal, Dwight Eisenhower's New Look, and JFK's
New Frontier). Unlike those neolo
gisms, the New West already had a history.
30 Michael P. Malone and Richard W. Etulain, The American
West: A Twentieth
27. Century History (Lincoln, 1989), 220; Richard White, The
Organic Machine (New York,
1995), 72.
31 Ronald Russell, A New West to Explore; The Story of the
Portland (Oregon) Junior
Symphony Orchestra and Jacques Gershkovitch, Pioneers of a
Great Artistic and Cultural Future for
America (Boston, 1938). See also Victor Chittick, ed.,
Northwest Harvest, A Regional Stocktaking
(New York, 1948).
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150 SUMMER 2004 Western Historical Quarterly
the earliest works on the New West, Bruce Grant's The Cowboy
Encyclopedia: The
Old and the New West from the Open Range to the Dude Ranch
traced how urban
ization and transportation (in this case the automobile) had
gentrified the rural West
for play. Grant and others also noted that, despite dramatic
change in the West, most
Americans were still obsessed with the frontier of cowboys,
trappers, and missions,
and that popular culture had essentially frozen the West in
1880.32 Eastern climbers
gloried in conquering untrammeled peaks in Colorado's Needles
Mountains, while
Jack Kerouac noticed how "the energetic Chamber of
28. Commerce types of the new
West decided to revive the ghost town of Central City,
Colorado" as a tourist trap,
complete with a Victorian opera and Old Western saloons.33
Here was an Ambivalent
New West, both peering ahead and wistfully gazing over its
shoulder.
The way professional historians employed the New West
reveals the roots of the
New Western History backlash. At a time when the West was
the country's most rapidly
growing, culturally potent region, every historian who invoked
New West from 1937
to 1970 focused on the distant past, never allowing it even to
cross the hundredth
meridian. Bernard Mayo's Henry Clay: Spokesman of the New
West (1937), William
Chambers's Old Bullion Benton, Senator from the New West
(1956), Roscoe Buley's
The Romantic Appeal of the New West, 1815-1840 (1961), and
Randolph Randall's
James Hall: Spokesman of the New West (1964) all equated
New West with Trans
Appalachia. As if to underscore this trend, Ray Allen
Billington republished Turner's
Rise of the New West in 1962.34 Here was an example of
consensus history, of the past
pared down to stories of stalwart men upholding principles of
democracy and industry.
The historians were reinforced by the romantic literature of
Irene Grissom's Verse of
the New West and Emmie Mygatt's Rim-Rocked, A Story of the
New West.35 This
29. mythic perspective was the backdrop for Henry Nash Smith's
Virgin Land and Leo
Marx's The Machine in the Garden. Both highlighted the bond
between urbanization
32 Bruce Grant, The Cowboy Encyclopedia: The Old and the
New West from the Open
Range to the Dude Ranch (Chicago, 1951). See also Earl
Pomeroy's trenchant analysis of western
tourism in in Search of the Golden West: The Tourist in
Western America (New York, 1957), 139?
217; and his The Pacific Slope: A History of California,
Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Utah, and
Nevada (New York, 1965), 293-371.
33 Duncan Maclnnes, "The Old and New West in the Needle
Mountains," Appalachia
34 (June 1941): 374-9 and Jack Kerouac, On the Road (1955;
reprint, New York, 1976), 51.
34 Bernard Mayo, Henry Clay: Spokesman of the New West
(1937; reprint, Hamden,
CT, 1966); William Chambers, Old Bullion Benton, Senator
from the New West: Thomas Hart
Benton, 1782-1858 (1956; reprint, New York, 1970); Roscoe
Buley, The Romantic Appeal of the
New West, 1815-1840 (Detroit, 1961); Randolph Randall,
James Hall, Spokesman of the New
West (Columbus, OH, 1964); Frederick Jackson Turner, Rise of
the New West, 1819-1829 (New
York, 1962).
35 Irene Grissom, Verse of the New West (Caldwell, ID, 1931);
Emmie Mygatt, Rim
Rocked, A Story of the New West (New York, 1952). For
30. consensus history see Peter Novick, That
Noble Dream: The "Objectivity Question" and the American
Historical Profession (New York,
1988), 333-5.
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Joseph E. Tartar ???
and pastoral aesthetics, and revealed that American
ambivalence about modernity
has long been central to the New West interest in nature (often
expressed as frontier)
as psychic refuge.36
These tendencies have produced ever greater paradoxes in the
latest New West.
At first glance, the surfeit of works makes this era seem
substantively different. The
Library of Congress catalog contains over one hundred New
West titles?greater
by a magnitude of ten than any previous era?but on close
examination, half have
nothing to do with the American West. Others include
publishing houses such as
New West Library, New West Publishing, New West Press,
New West House, New
West Writers, and New West Communications, or
entertainment companies such as
New West Music, New West Recordings, New West Records,
New West Films, and
31. New West Entertainment, the latter of which issued a string of
slasher movies.37 A few
more are sound recordings such as Charles Tyler's Saga of the
Outlaws: A Polyphonic
Sonic Tale of the Old & New West, the Beat Farmers' Tales of
the New West, and
Walking Wounded's The New West.38 New West cuisine
inspired two books, New West
architecture another, and Canadians have adopted New West to
describe changing
economic, social, and cultural conditions from Winnipeg to
Vancouver.39
The thirty-two remaining titles blend old and new trends. Eight
address older
36 Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West in
Symbol and Myth (New
York, 1957); Leo Marx, The Machine in the Garden:
Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America
(New York, 1964). See also Paul Sutter, Driven Wild: How the
Fight Against Automobiles
Launched the Modern Wilderness Movement (Seattle, 2002).
37 Publishing houses using the phrase include New West
Library (San Francisco),
New West Publishing (San Rafael), New West Press (Hamilton,
WA), New West
Communications Corporation (Beverly Hills), New West House
(Bruneau, ID); and New West
Writers (Abbotsford, BC). For entertainment companies see
New West Music (Van Nuys), New
West Recordings (Abilene, TX), New West Records (Austin).
For film studios see New West
32. Films Production, and New West Entertainment.
38 Charles Tyler, Saga of the Outlaws: A Polyphonic Sonic
Tale of the Old & New West
[sound recording], Nessa Records N-16, one analog album,
1978; Walking Wounded, The New
West [sound recording], Chameleon Records CHLP 8613, one
analog album, 1987; The Beat
Farmers, Tales of the New West [sound recording], Rhino
Records RNLP 853, one analog album,
1985.
39 For cuisine see Linda Eckhardt, The New West Coast
Cuisine (Los Angeles, 1985);
Dennis Rohde, Pizza: A Slice of the New West (Flagstaff, AZ,
1997). For architecture, see Cottle
Graybeal Yaw Architects, Architecture of the New West:
Recent Works by Cottle Graybeal Yaw
(Des Plaines, IL, 2002). For Canada, see Anne Nothof, ed.,
Ethnicities: Plays from the New West
(Edmonton, AB, 1999); Elma Schemenauer, Calgary: Heart of
the New West (Calgary, AB,
2000); Darrel Janz, Calgary: Heart of the New West (Memphis,
2001); Frederick H. Candelaria,
ed., New West Coast: 72 Contemporary British Columbia
Poets: New Poems with Personal
Commentaries and Autobiographical Sketches (Vancouver, BC,
1977); John Richards and Larry
Pratt, Prairie Capitalism: Power and Influence in the New West
(Toronto, ON, 1979); Eric Wells,
Winnipeg: Where the New West Begins: An Illustrated History
(Burlington, ON, 1982); Paul
Grescoe and David Cruise, The Money Rustlers: Self Made
33. Millionaires of the New West (New
York, 1985).
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152 SUMMER 2004 Western Historical Quarterly
New Wests. Stephen Brown's Voice of the New West: John G.
Jackson concerns the
Trans-Appalachian frontier. William Speer's The Encyclopedia
of the New West, Scott
Solliday's Chandler, Pioneer City of the New West, Stanley
Noyes's and Daniel Gelo's
Comanches in the New West, and Donald Pisani's Water and
American Government
(with a chapter on "Wiring the New West: The Strange Career
of Public Power") focus
on the Nostalgic New West. Gary Elliott's Senator Alan Bible
and the Politics of the
New West discusses the Ambivalent New West.40 Gene
Gressley's Old West/New West
and Barbara Meldrum's Old West-New West were less
concerned with New West
than historiographical directions.41 The remaining twenty-four
titles offer takes on the
post-1970 New West. Their main themes are environmental and
social diversity, but
diversity is riddled with contradictions. If urbanization had
inspired pastoral dreams
34. before 1945, the post-war, post-industrial West has fueled
obsessions with wilderness.
By 1970, those who could afford what Roderick Nash called
"full stomach" environ
mentalism were fleeing urban social and cultural diversity for
rural ecological diversity
and unpeopled spaces.42
One set of New West titles addresses the changing landscape.
Robert Adams
christened this New West in 1974 with a photographic essay,
titled The New West,
that explored the impact of rapid growth along Colorado's
Front Range. As John
Szarkowski explains in his foreword, Adams was distressed by
how "sprawling non
towns . . . suddenly cover so much of what was recently our
beautiful countryside."43
Jeanie Kasindorf's The Nye County Brothel Wars, which
portrayed a local struggle over
legalized prostitution as a Wisterian showdown between good
and evil, implied that
the West was still essentially wild and violent.44 More recent
works have focused on
the urban invasion of the rural West. In different places and
with unique perspectives,
writers have charted these cultural clashes. Dave Carty's Born
Again at the Laundromat
roams Montana's unsexy side to describe a world that will
never find its way into a
40 Stephen W. Brown, Voice of the New West: John G.
Jackson, His Life and Times
35. (Mac?n, GA, 1985); Donald Pisani, Water and the American
Government: The Reclamation
Bureau, National Water Policy, and the West, 1902-1935
(Berkeley, 2002); William S. Speer, ed.,
The Encyclopedia of the New West, Containing Fully
Authenticated Information of the Agricultural,
Mercantile, Commercial . . ., rev. ed. (Easley, SC, 1979); Scott
Solliday, Chandler, Pioneer City of
the New West (Chandler, AZ, 1996); Stanley Noyes and Daniel
Gelo, Comanches in the New
West, 1895-1908: Historic Photographs (Austin, TX, 1999);
Gary E. Elliott, Senator Alan Bible
and the Politics of the New West (Reno, 1994).
41 Gene M. Gressley, ed., Old West/New West: Quo Vadis?
(Worland, WY, 1994) and
Barbara Howard Meldrum, ed., Old West-New West:
Centennial Essays (Moscow, ID, 1993).
42 Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, 3d ed.
(New Haven, 1982), 343;
William Cronon, "The Trouble with Wilderness or, Getting
Back to the Wrong Nature," in
Uncommon Ground: Toward Reinventing Nature, ed. William
Cronon (New York, 1995), 69-90.
43 Robert Adams, The New West: Landscapes Along the
Colorado Front Range, fore
word by John Szarkowski (Boulder, CO, 1974), x.
44 Jeanie Kasindorf, The Nye County Brothel Wars: A Tale of
the New West (New
York, 1985).
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Joseph E. Taylor III
tourist brochure. Peter Decker's Old Fences, New Neighbors
muses over gentrification
of western Colorado's working ranches. Raye Ringholz's
Paradise Paved traces growth
pressures in the inland West, while Liza Nicholas's, Elaine
Bapis's, and Thomas Harvey's
Imagining the Big Open uses Robert Redford's romantic
depictions of Old and New
as a fulcrum to analyze the remaking of the West as a nature
playground.45 In all these
works a collision of urban consumers and rural producers has
created, in the words
of Aspen architects Cottle Graybeal Yaw, "a dynamically
evolving rural-recreational
lifestyle, blending work with play and creating new definitions
of community." Nothing
underscores this better than Elizabeth Flood's Cowboy High
Style and Bud Lilly's and
Paul Schullery's Bud Lilly's Guide to Flyfishing the New West,
both of which explicitly
link gentrified lifestyles to the rural West.46 At times, New
West diversity can seem
like little more than wealthy folk playing in the country.
New West studies of literature and art also stress diversity, and
many expand the
37. conceptual and geographical boundaries of the Diverse New
West. Brian Bouldrey's
Writing Home and Robert Gish's First Horses feature short
stories, memoirs, and po
ems on a range of western experiences. Gregory Morris's
Talking Up a Storm honors
western writers of national acclaim, while Krista Comer
explores the spatial gendering
of their works in Landscapes of the New West.47 Blending
stories of trailer parks, gay
neighborhoods, and wheat-bread suburbs, this New West is
indeed demographically and
culturally complex. This is the point of Charles Guerin's The
New West, which argues
that recent western art is a "celebration of non-conformity of
the artistic spirit."48 The
urban vista of these studies is unusual, however. More typical
in equating New West
with rural, Ann Ronald's The New West of Edward Abbey is
nevertheless a quixotic
entry. If Abbey's love of wilderness is as New West as it gets,
his glorification of sexist
loners is Old West according to Melody Graulich 's and
Stephen Tatum's Reading The
45 Dave Carty, Born Again at the Laundromat: And Other
Visions of the New West
(New York, 1992); Peter R. Decker, Old Fences, New
Neighbors (Tucson, AZ, 1998); Ringholz,
Paradise Paved; Nicholas, Bapis, and Harvey, Imagining the
Big Open. While lacking the New
West tag, Raye Ringholz's Little Town Blues: Voices from the
38. Changing West (Salt Lake City,
1992) also traces these stories in the New West hangouts of
Aspen, Jackson, Moab, Moose, Park
City, Santa Fe, and Sedona.
46 Cottle Graybeal Yaw Architects, Architecture of the New
West, 10; Elizabeth Clair
Flood, Cowboy High Style: Thomas Molesworth to the New
West (Salt Lake City, 1992); Bud Lilly
and Paul Schullery, Bud Lilly's Guide to Fly Fishing the New
West (Portland, OR, 2000). See also
"Points West," Sunday Morning, Columbia Broadcasting
System (CBS), 18 August 2002.
47 Brian Bouldrey, ed., Writing Home: Award-Winning
Literature from the New West
(Berkeley, 1999); Robert Gish, First Horses: Stories of the New
West (Reno, 1993); Gregory L.
Morris, Talking up a Storm: Voices of the New West (Lincoln,
1994); Krista Comer, Landscapes of
the New West: Gender and Geography in Contemporary
Women's Writing (Chapel Hill, 1999).
48 Charles A. Guerin, curator, The New West: January ll-
March 16, 1986, Colorado
Springs Fine Arts Center (Colorado Springs, CO, 1986), 4.
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SUMMER 2004 Western Historical Quarterly
39. Virginian in the New West.49 Most of Reading's authors follow
paths blazed by Jane
Tompkins in analyzing the racist, classist, and gendered
structure of Owen Wister's
classic, but these essays seem more akin to New Western
history than New West. The
exception is Susan Kollin's "Wister and the 'New West,'" which
shows how relevant
The Virginian can be to modern range wars over public
lands.50 The varied perspectives
of these works reinforces the argument that the Diverse New
West is being rocked by
social and cultural change, but is this new?
A third set of books foreground contests over nature in the New
West, but here
diversity seems to contradict itself. Thomas McGuire's,
William Lord's, and Mary
Wallace's Indian Water in the New West and Carl Abbott's, Sy
Adler's, and Margery
Post Abbott's Planning a New West both explore urban impacts
on western nature.
The essays in Indian Water trace the history of Indian water
treaties, the growing
pressure to shift water from rural to urban consumers, and the
prospect of privatized
water markets and declining federal support for tribes. Cities
are engines driving
rural resource extraction, but in Planning a New West they
become nature's friend
as Portlanders lobby to save the Columbia River Gorge for
scenic recreation, albeit
at the expense of the economic and political power of gorge
residents.51 Three more
40. works focus mainly on New West struggles over public lands.
Sharman Russell's
Kill the Cowboy and Charles Wilkinson's The Eagle Bird chart
the legacy of rural
resource industries, yet both ultimately call for moderation and
balance rather than
unilateral closure of public lands to Old West interests.52 Less
restrained is Timothy
Egan's Lasso the Wind. Egan, who in an earlier book advocated
eliminating logging
so the Pacific Northwest would have nicer scenery, adopts the
same perspective for
environmental conflicts around the West.53 One of the
paradoxes of the Diverse New
West is that some of its advocates posit a Hobson's choice
between diverse nature and
diverse communities.
Standing apart are three attempts to comprehensively analyze
this New West.
Michael Johnson's New Westers is a breathtaking examination
of market, scholarly,
49 Ann Ronald, The New West of Edward Abbey
(Albuquerque, 1982); Graulich and
Tatum, Reading The Virginian in the New West.
50 Kollin, "Wister and the 'New West,'" 233-54.
51 Thomas R. McGuire, William B. Lord, Mary G. Wallace,
eds., Indian Water in the
New West (Tucson, AZ, 1993); Carl Abbott, Sy Adler, and
Margery Post Abbott, Planning a New
West: The Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area
(Corvallis, OR, 1997). For New West ten
41. sions with Indians, see Robert Sullivan, A Whale Hunt (New
York, 2000). For urban consump
tion, see Tom Knudsen, "State of Denial" in the Sacramento
(California) Bee, 27 April 2003,
http://www.sacbee.com/static/live/news/projects/denial/
(accessed 3 December 2003).
52 Sharman Apt Russell, Kill the Cowboy: A Battle of
Mythology in the New West
(Reading, MA, 1993); Wilkinson, The Eagle Bird.
53 Egan, Lasso the Wind; Timothy Egan, The Good Rain:
Across Time and Terrain in the
Pacific Northwest (New York, 1990), 253. See also John Baden
and Donald Snow, eds., The Next
West: Public Lands, Community, and Economy in the American
West (Washington, DC, 1997);
Power, Lost Landscapes and Failed Economies; Walker,
"Reconsidering 'Regional' Political
Ecologies," 18.
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Joseph E. Taylor III
literary, visual, and musical representations of the West, but its
vast sweep results in
reified clich?s such as the West is "willy-nilly... self-
fashioning and self-imitative" and
that "the whole scene is changing."54 By contrast, Neil
Campbell's jargon-laden Cultures
42. of the American New West deftly exposes the New West's
shimmering condition:
Efforts to define the West inevitably reduce its complexities
and smooth
out its contradictions by transforming cultural processes into
natural
ones, history into myth. To view the West otherwise is to see it
as sev
eral spaces simultaneously, overlapping, in contact and
exchange, as
'thirdspace'. In this sense, the New West is always relational,
dialogic,
engaged in or capable of reinvention?and, therefore,
contradictory,
irreducible, and hybrid.55
Both Johnson and Campbell capture facets of the region's
complex dynamics, but
neither delivers a coherent sense of where the New West is
located. It seems spatially
disconnected, flitting about from hip town to cool resort with
lots of empty space
in between.
At first glance William Riebsame's Atlas of the New West
seems to address this
problem. The maps of a peopled, cultured, playful, ugly West
ground discussion as they
reveal important shifts in perception. The New West appears
more obviously diverse
and explicitly interested (in all meanings of that word) in
recreation than at any
previous moment.56 Yet Riebsame's central argument is
43. overdetermined: the essence
of the New West is a shift from the traditional economy of
resource extraction to an
amenities-seeking service economy; the Internet and light
industry revolutionized
rural economies by drawing a highly educated class from cities
to exurbia. "The New
West," he argues, "is truly built by New Westerners, not by the
commodities industry
nor even the corporate logic of economies of scale."57 Few
authors more completely
efface the West's past, but essays by Wilkinson and Limerick
reveal the Atlas's underly
ing tensions. Where Wilkinson sees in the restoration of a
Missoula carousel and the
Quincy Library Group hopes of a kinder, gentler West,
Limerick turns unusually (for
her) pessimistic, doubting the New West's newness and ability
to "reverse history" to
solve problems with social equity. The New West's romantic
dreams, she remarks at
the end of her essay, "both shelters and darkens our lives."58
54 Michael L. Johnson, New Westers: The West in
Contemporary American Culture
(Lawrence, 1996), 28, 149.
55 Neil Campbell, The Cultures of the American New West
(Chicago, 2000), 164.
56 Riebsame, Atlas of the New West, 95, 113, 124, 137; see
also Michael Janofsky, "U.S.
Utah Land Accord Incites Unlikely Critics," New York Times,
44. A18, 23 May 2003.
"Riebsame, Adas of the New West, 12, 109; Egan, Lasso the
Wind, 133; Timothy P.
Duane, Shaping the Sierra: Nature, Culture, and Conflict in the
Changing West (Berkeley, 1999),
73-194; Joel Kotkin, The New Geography: How the Digital
Revolution is Reshaping the American
Landscape (New York, 2000), 3-51.
58 For "reverse" and "darken" see Limerick, "The Shadows of
Heaven Itself," 165, 178;
Wilkinson, "Paradise Revised," 38-44.
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SUMMER 2004 Western Historical Quarterly
The Atlas is a tremendous effort to document systematically
what others assert
anecdotally, but even its strengths undermine the notion of a
New West. For one
thing, Riebsame's maps also reveal the disconnected nature of
this New West. Logging,
mining, and farming still thrive, even if loggers, miners, and
farmers do not.59 For
another, essentializing rural history as extractive has immense
rhetorical power, but
this simplified relationship of past to present obscures crucial
biases. Where the rural
45. West was purely extractive?a claim at odds with earlier New
Wests?it now seems
purely for play?which is equally problematic. As Wilkinson
notes, "Most of the [New
West's] ascendant values ... cannot rightly be called new; all
had long preceded" it.60
Anne Hyde adds that much of the "Interior West has always
functioned as a sort of
destination resort for wealthy grown-up children, with the poor
providing the raw
materials and the services to make such a fantasy possible."61
Workers who must live
in dorms reminiscent of nineteenth-century logging camps or
commute long distances
to service wealthy tourists underscore High Country News
publisher Ed Marston's
observation that "El Nuevo West is also the old West."62
Work, play, and class are but opening wedges; the New West
markers falter repeat
edly. Although the region might seem more diverse to New
West writers, Asians, blacks,
gays, Indians, Jews, Latinos, and women are hardly recent
arrivals.63 Nor is popular
59 Beyers and Nelson, "Contemporary Development Forces in
the Nonmetropolitan
West," 472; David M. Wrobel, "The View from Philadelphia,"
Pacific Historical Review 67
(August 1998): 388.
60 Wilkinson, "Paradise Revised," 17.
61 Anne Hyde, "Nothing New Under the Sun: Continuities in
the West," Pacific
46. Historical Review 67 (August 1998): 395. See also William
Robbins, "In Pursuit of a Historical
Explanation: Capitalism as a Conceptual Tool for Knowing the
American West," Western
Historical Quarterly 30 (Autumn 1999): 285.
62 Marston quoted in Limerick, "The Shadows of Heaven
Itself," 177.1 thank JoAnn
Kalenak at High Country News for help with this citation. See
also, William G. Robbins,
"Creating a 'New' West: Big Money Returns to the Hinterland,"
Montana The Magazine of
Western History 46 (Summer 1996): 66-72; Rothman, Devil's
Bargains, 338-70; Ray Ring, "The
New West's Servant Economy," High Country News, 17 April
1995; William G. Robbins, Hard
Times in Paradise: Coos Bay, Oregon, 1850-1986 (Seattle,
1988), 54-67.1 thank the anonymous
reviewer for help with this point.
63 For New West diversity see Riebsame, Atlas of the New
West, 101-2. For criticism of
the Atlas' concept of diversity see Wrobel, "The View from
Philadelphia," 385; Hyde, "Nothing
New Under the Sun," 397; Scharff, "Honey, I Shrunk the
West," 415. For the West's diverse past
see Patricia Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken
Past of The American West (New
York, 1987); White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My
Own." For groups other than Indians,
for whom the bibliography is too rich and the point too obvious
to summarize, see Blake
Allmendinger, The Cowboy: Representations of Labor in an
American Work Culture (New York,
47. 1992); Peter Boag, Same-Sex Affairs: Constructing and
Controlling Homosexuality in the Pacific
Northwest (Berkeley, 2003); John Gerassi, The Boys of Boise:
Furor, Vice, and Folly in an American
City (New York, 1966); Susan Armitage and Elizabeth
Jameson, eds., The Women's West
(Norman, 1987); Elizabeth Jameson and Susan Armitage, eds.,
Writing the Range: Race, Class,
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Joseph E. Taylor III
awareness novel. By the early 1970s, TV-Westerns such as
Gunsmoke, Bonanza, Kung
Fu, and Little House on the Prairie featured most of these
groups in plots.64 If even
Hollywood saw this decades ago, what is so new about the New
West? This goes for
gentrification, too. Some seem star-struck by the arrival of Bill
Murray, Glenn Close,
and Bruce Willis. Bookstores, baseball teams, and bison
burgers are paradigmatic
shifts; brew masters and espresso stands signify cultural
advance.65 But this also only
makes sense if we ignore the history of national parks,
Raymond tours, health spas,
Harvey Girls, mountaineering clubs, the Columbia River
Highway, and Sun Valley,
all of which preceded World War II.66 Neither is the New West
48. particularly western.
Claiming Ralph Lauren or Ted Turner as western icons has
obvious flaws, and tech
nology and the market affect far more than just the rural West.
Gentrification is a
force in many cities, not just South of Market and Belltown,
and tourists and equity
refugees have reshaped the upper Midwest and New England as
much as Grass Valley
and Culture in the Women's West (Norman, 1997); Ronald T.
Takaki, Strangers from a Different
Shore: A History of Asian Americans (Boston, 1989); Quintard
Taylor, in Search of the Racial
Frontier: African Americans in the American West, 1528-1990
(New York, 1998); Oscar Martinez,
Mexican-Origin People in the United States: A Topical History
(Tucson, 2001); Frederick C.
Luebke, ed., European Immigrants in the American West:
Community Histories (Albuquerque,
1998); Ava Kahn, ed., Jewish Life in the American West:
Perspectives on Migration, Settlement, and
Community (Los Angeles, 2002); Ferenc Morton Szasz, Scots
in the North American West, 1790
1917 (Norman, 2000). For critiques of the West as
exceptionally diverse see Elliott West, "A
Longer, Grimmer, But More Interesting Story," Montana The
Magazine of Western History 40
(Autumn 1990): 72-6; Michael P. Malone, "The 'New Western
History': An Assessment,"
Montana The Magazine of Western History 40 (Summer 1990):
65-7; Clyde A. Milner II, ed., A
New Significance: Re-envisioning the History of the American
49. West (New York, 1996).
64 Gunsmoke, CBS, 1955-1975; Bonanza, National
Broadcasting Company (NBC),
1959-1973; Kung Fu, Warner Brothers and American
Broadcasting Company (ABC), 1972
1975; Little House on the Prairie, NBC, 1974-1983.
65 Riebsame, Atlas of the New West, 97, 112-31, 139;
Limerick, "The Shadows of
Heaven Itself," 165-6; Egan, Lasso the Wind, 30, 137, 144,
147-50.
66 Anne F. Hyde, "Cultural Filters: The Significance of
Perception," in A New
Significance, 175-201; Spence, Dispossessing the Wilderness;
Karl Jacoby, Crimes Against Nature:
Squatters, Poachers, Thieves, and the Hidden History of
American Conservation (Berkeley, 2001),
81-146; Louis S. Warren, The Hunter's Game: Poachers and
Conservationists in Twentieth-Century
America (New Haven, 1997), 71-171; Pomeroy, In Search of
the Golden West, 3-111; Rothman,
Devil's Bargains, 50-112, 168-201; Anne M. Butler, "Selling
the Popular Myth," in The Oxford
History of the American West, ed. Clyde A. Milner II, Carol A.
O'Connor, and Martha A.
Sandweiss (New York, 1994), 787-90; Mary Spence,
"Waitresses in the Trans-Mississippi West:
'Pretty Waiter Girls', Harvey Girls, and Union Maids," in The
Women's West, 219-34; Michael P.
Cohen, The History of the Sierra Club, 1892-1970 (San
Francisco, 1988); Erik Weiselberg,
"Ascendancy of the Mazamas: Environment, Identity and
Mountain Climbing in Oregon, 1870
50. to 1930" (PhD diss., University of Oregon, 1999); Jim
Kjeldsen, The Mountaineers: A History
(Seattle, 1998); Abbott, Adler, and Abbott, Planning a New
West, 28-32.
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SUMMER 2004 Western Historical Quarterly
and Missoula.67 Stripped of its sensationalism, New West
boosterism sounds like any
other ad for a "new, improved" product.
What is left is a vision of the rural West similar to Joel
Garreau's Empty Quarter.
Wilkinson's wilderness is "a peculiarly western institution";
Timothy Duane's "real
West" is where "the sounds of Nature dominate the sounds of
Culture"; Egan's is
"a little space for discovery."68 These neo-frontier fantasies
can sound modest, but
they often imply a casual social and cultural deracination, or
what Virginia Scharff
calls "a lamentable resettlement project."69 Wilkinson first
coined the term "Lords of
Yesterday" to describe ancient laws that still regulate public
resources, but Duane and
Jim Lichatowich have redefined it as a synonym for the people
who work in those
industries.70 Desiring to end these jobs, Duane and Egan move
beyond describing
rural decline to argue that hard times justify euthanizing
51. extractive industries.71 This
rationalization reduces value to income and dismisses those
activities which make less
money. The archetypal argument is that timber has declined in
importance, so Pacific
Northwesterners should stop logging public lands.72 The
creation of the Columbia
River Gorge National Scenic Area exposes the power of this
logic, but Egan offers its
most expansive venting. Although he justly worries about
environmental abuses, he
also seems to view the western past through a prism of
contempt. When not insult
ing loggers, miners, and the state of Montana, or wishing to
end New Mexico's cattle
67 For claims about the West see Wilkinson, "Paradise
Revised," 38-41; Egan, Lasso
the Wind, 166-80, 194-211; Duane, Shaping the Sierra, 74-80.
For national trends see Kotkin,
The New Geography, 26-35, 44?79, 162. For gentrification see
Lynne Heasley, "Shifting
Boundaries on a Wisconsin Landscape: Can GIS Help
Historians Tell a Complicated Story?"
Human Ecology 31 (June 2003): 194-5; Madeleine Hall-Arber,
Christopher Dyer, John Poggie,
James McNally, and Ren?e Gagne, New England's Fishing
Communities (Cambridge, MA, 2001),
42-6; Joseph A. Conforti, Imagining New England:
Explorations of Regional Identity from the
Pilgrims to the Mid-Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill, 2001),
239, 265-6, 304. See also S. Watson,
"Gilding the Smokestacks: The New Symbolic Representations
of Deindustrialised Regions,"
52. Environment and Planning D 9 (March 1991): 59-70.
68 Wilkinson, The Eagle Bird, 73; Duane, Shaping the Sierra,
156; Egan, Lasso the
Wind, 82; Joel Garreau, The Nine Nations of North America
(Boston, 1981), 302-5, 310-1.
69 Scharff, "Honey, I Shrunk the West," 410.
70 For "Lords" see Charles Wilkinson, Crossing the Next
Meridian: Land, Water, and
the Future of the West (Washington, DC, 1992), xiii, 3-27. For
uses of Lords see Duane, Shaping
the Sierra, 172; Jim Lichatowich, Salmon Without Rivers: A
History of the Pacific Salmon Crisis
(Washington, DC, 1999), 54.
71 Duane, Shaping the Sierra, 143, 122-58; Egan, Lasso the
Wind, 194-211, 229-47;
Power, Lost Landscapes and Failed Economies, 4-5.
72 Whitelaw, "Oregon's Real Economy"; Ed Whitelaw, "Rich
Oregonian, Poor
Oregonian," Oregon Quarterly 74 (Summer 1995): 28-30;
Walker, "Reconsidering 'Regional'
Political Ecologies," 14; James McCarthy, "First World
Political Ecology: Lessons from the
Wise Use Movement," Environment and Planning A (July
2002): 1285-6; Richard White, '"Are
You an Environmentalist, or Do You Work for a Living?':
Work and Nature," in Uncommon
Ground, 171-85.
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Joseph E. Taylor III
industry so he can catch trout, he spins fantasies of giving the
Rogue River Valley a
makeover so it looks like Napa or Sonoma.73
Egan may be an extreme example, but he is far from alone in
desiring a rural New
West mirroring his urban and urbane tastes.74 Concluding that
"cities are basically
anti-nature," Duane and many many others with means have
moved to exurban com
munities with hopes of building a different future.75 The
ability of digital technology
to free these people from the old geography of workplaces is a
principal engine of the
exodus, yet once again the New West seems familiar. Migrants
have helped displace
small-town enterprises with national franchises that cater to
their tastes, and they
import many of the economic and social problems they wish to
escape, including
soaring real estate values, tax and education conflicts, and
gated communities.76 The
quest for environmental amenities has also produced massive
contradictions. Cashing
in on inflated urban and suburban home prices allowed equity
refugees to buy larger
properties in rural places, thereby gaining greater access to
nature, but the resulting,
largely unregulated growth has exacerbated groundwater
54. pollution, habitat fragmen
tation, and forest fires.77 In other words, the Diverse New
West led to a self-defeating
repetition of supposedly Old West problems.78
Rural westerners have not accepted passively this New West.
Rationalized mar
ginalization goaded an equal and opposite reaction from Wise
Use and Local Control
movements.79 Ranchers in Nye County, Nevada, and Catron
County, New Mexico,
73 Abbott, Adler, and Abbott, Planning a New West, 42-69;
Egan, Lasso the Wind, 11
32, 147-53, 185; Egan, The Good Rain, 178.
74 For urban colonization of the rural West in the past, see
William G. Robbins,
Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the
American West (Lawrence, 1994), 162-83.
75 Duane, Shaping the Sierra, 73-121, 433; Kotkin, The New
Geography, 27-51.
76 Duane, Shaping the Sierra, 256-66, 360; Hyde, "Nothing
New Under the Sun," 395;
Scharff, "Honey, I Shrunk the West," 411-13; Robbins,
"Creating a 'New' West," 68-70;
Wyckoff, "Inside the New West," 401; Rothman, Devil's
Bargains, 344.
77 Duane, Shaping the Sierra, 195-250; Walker,
"Reconsidering 'Regional' Political
Ecologies," 14, 17.
55. 78 Limerick, Legacy of Conquest, 27; Wilkinson, The Eagle
Bird, 25, 140, 155;
Wilkinson, "Paradise Revised," 29, 31; Duane, Shaping the
Sierra, 117, 263-4, 386-410, 431, 438;
Kotkin, The New Geography, 39, 170, 175, 185.
79 Riebsame, Atlas of the New West, 142-6; Wilkinson, The
Eagle Bird, 130-1. Urban
rural tensions are at least continental in scope. For the United
States see "Reconciling Alaska's
Urban-Rural Split, Wilda Marston Theater, Loussac Library,
Anchorage," http://www.common
wealthnorth.org/transcripts/4urbanruralsplit.html (accessed 3
December 2003); and Public
Opinion Strategies and Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research,
Election 2002: Rural Voters and
Rural Issues, December 2, 2002, (Report for the W K. Kellogg
Foundation, 2002), http://www.
wkkf.org/pubs/FoodRur/Pub3791.pdf (accessed 3 December
2003). For Canada see "The Rift,"
News in Review: Online Resource Guide, Canadian
Broadcasting Company (CBC), September
1998,
http://www.tv.cbc.ca/insidecbc/newsinreview/sept97/election97/
rift.html (accessed 3
December 2003; site now discontinued). For a global
perspective see Jacob Burke and Julian
Beltran, "Competing for Water," UN Habitat, United Nations
Human Settlements Program,
http://www.unhabitat.org/HD/hdv6n3/competingforwater.htm
(accessed 3 December 2003).
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160 SUMMER 2004 Western Historical Quarterly
became the poster children of this rural backlash, menacing
BLM agents and wolves
and garnering national attention. Many neighbors seemed to
share their resent
ments, if not extremism, but in the big picture this latest
version of nullification was
less a viable response than a badge of marginalization.80
Change came, and denial
was impotent. More interesting and significant were the efforts
of a broad group of
rural westerners seeking a different course. For example, Ed
Marston met Wise Use
members to discuss mutual concerns about gentrification, and
Egan visited a similarly
contentious roundtable in Jackson. Tellingly, Marston started
to host monthly meetings
of environmentalists and ranchers, but Egan bolted in disgust
"to find a true West,"
apparently thinking that cultural difference is not part of the
real West.81 Whether
Egan's perspective is urban, exurban, or weird, he clearly does
not understand the rural
West. It is as contentious as any city, and while Wilkinson's
view of Quincy seems
romantic, he is correct that what goes on in those meetings is
also important.82
Accommodation through local coalition building is the most
57. significant new
development in the rural West.83 Major shifts in environmental
management over the
last fifteen years have forced wrenching changes to the region.
Closed mills and plants
made under-employment a way of life. Income levels fell and
government revenues
plummeted. "Reskilling" programs embittered residents, but
there was little new in this.
As Scharff notes, westerners "have been complaining that
outsiders and speculators
have been ruining the place for roughly five centuries at last
count."84 More notable
was the creation of coalitions, sometimes called watershed
councils, to air concerns and
find solutions. Local efforts such as the Mattole Restoration
Council, Quincy Library
Group, Trout Creek Mountain Working Group, and Nestucca
Watershed Council have
forged considerable, if subtle, changes around the West.
Although most attention is
focused on how the groups repair habitat, their greater
achievement has been in forcing
80 Riebsame, Atlas of the New West, 142-5; Richard White,
"The Current Weirdness
in the West," Western Historical Quarterly 28 (Spring 1997): 5-
16; James McCarthy, "States of
Nature and Environmental Enclosures in the American West,"
in Violent Environments, ed.
Nancy Lee Peluso and Michael Watts (Ithaca, NY, 2001), 117-
45; McCarthy, "First World
58. Political Ecology," 1290.
81 James Sherow, "Environmentalism and Agriculture in the
American West," in The
Rural West Since World War 11, ed. R. Douglas Hurt
(Lawrence, 1998), 70-1; Egan, Lasso the
Wind, 10. Both corporations and environmental organizations
have condemned these coalitions
because they could not control events, but as Charles
Wilkinson notes, "The single greatest ally
of those who would wreck the West is the idea that the West is
homogeneous," The Eagle Bird,
155; Wilkinson, "Paradise Revised," 27.
82 Walker, "Reconsidering 'Regional' Political Ecologies," 20;
McCarthy, "First World
Political Ecology," 1281-2; Wilkinson, "Paradise Revised," 41-
4
83 Duane, Shaping the Sierra, 24, 463; Riebsame, Atlas of the
New West, 145; Seth
Zuckerman, "Toward a New Salmon Economy," 63-73;
Wilkinson, The Eagle Bird, 61.
84 For "complaining" see Scharff, "Honey, I Shrunk the West,"
410. For economic im
pacts, see Helvoigt, Adams, and Ayre, "Employment
Transitions in Oregon's Wood Products
Sector During the 1990s."
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59. Joseph E. Taylor III
residents to confront the West's resilient heterogeneity. Early
meetings are often studies
in pathos due to mutual distrust and despair, but familiarity
breeds sympathy as well
as contempt. Caricatures slowly, painfully, grudgingly become
neighbors. This is not
Ren and Stimpy singing "Happy Happy Joy Joy," but more like
crew cuts and longhairs,
speculators and back-to-the-landers, and resource workers and
environmentalists sit
ting down and talking and talking and, occasionally, finding
common ground. Land
users sometimes agree to alter practices, and exurbanites
sometimes admit that the
Old West has not and will not fade away in any simple
manner.85
Newcomers also discovered that they have changed in
unexpected ways. One
result of these coalitions has been the modification of
opposition to public subsidies
for natural resource industries. A few critics now dispute the
classist dismissal of rural
economics. Charles Wilkinson, for example, wants to
recalibrate subsidies to favor
small-scale operations and local communities rather than
corporations. Duane is
more selective, wanting to aid farmers but end logging except
for "craft" carpentry, a
relic economy that is a hallmark of gentrification.86 Wilkinson
and Duane are em
60. blematic of the frustrations that accompany local
accommodation. In struggling with
the complexities of the rural West, solutions are often halting
and incomplete, but the
effort itself is significant. In turning away from zero-sum
games, in rejecting the no
tion that compromise is weakness, rural westerners may have
found a way to redefine
debates that too often rage in ignorance and defiance of local
wishes.87 To the extent
that they question the wisdom of gentrification, they might also
create something at
considerable odds with this latest New West.
While the American West is changing, change is a truism for us
historians. Thus,
the New West is better understood as boosterism than analysis,
as a rhetorical flour
ish sharing more with "Rain Follows the Plow" or "Come West
and Live" than "The
Significance of the Frontier" or The Legacy of Conquest. New
West works best at
justifying gentrification and selling books. Journalists and
writers use it because pub
lishers care about sales, circulation, and viewer shares, and
historians are implicated,
too. There have been three New West papers given at Western
History Association
85 Duane, Shaping the Sierra, 488-9, n.25; Freeman House,
Totem Salmon: Life Lessons
from Another Species (Boston, 1999); Mike Connelly, "Home
Is Where They'll Lay Me Down,"
Orion: People and Nature 23 (Summer 2001): 19, 21; Mark
Sternen, personal and various commu
61. nications; Scott Staats, "Hatfields Recognized for Sustainable
Ranch Management," Capital
Press Agriculture Weekly, 7 December 2001; Joseph E. Taylor
III, "History, Memory, and Salmon:
Reconciling the Past in Natural Resource Management," (paper
presented, Seventh
International Symposium on Society and Resource
Management, University of Missouri,
Columbia, MO, May 1998.)
86 Wilkinson, The Eagle Bird, 122-3; Duane, Shaping the
Sierra, 307-9; Christensen,
Red Lodge and the Mythic West, 212-38.
87 Joseph E. Taylor III, '"Well-Thinking Men and Women': The
Battle for the
White Act and the Meaning of Conservation in the 1920s,"
Pacific Historical Review 71
(August 2002): 356-87.
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SUMMER 2004 Western Historical Quarterly
meetings, but one historian added the phrase for Imagining the
Big Open and three
others adopted it for the volume's subtitle.88 If the only reason
to use New West is
sales, however, why perpetuate an idea that is neither new nor
western, let alone one
which masks so many of the West's least admirable traits?
Scholars are different, or
62. at least we should be. For better and worse we can keep cheap
tricks at arm's length,
and now seems high time.
My problem with New West is not simply political discomfort
but the phrase's
scholarly isolation. Have we already forgotten the
breakthroughs of the 1980s, that
the West is American history and America is world history?
Similar forces affect
many places, yet nobody else talks of a New New England,
New Amazon, or New
Nepal. So why marginalize oneself with ghettoized
terminology?89 New West inhibits
comparisons; "consumption," "colonialism," and "post-
colonialism" make these stories
relevant to broad groups of scholars and activists. As
geographer James McCarthy
notes, the rural American West is not the Third World, but the
environmental and
social tensions arising from its gentrification reveal '"more
ambiguity, porosity, and
commonality' within and between the categories of 'first' and
'third' worlds" than
historians usually acknowledge.90 Western environmental
issues and violence is one
example. Peter Walker argues that these conflicts often "reflect
underlying tensions
between competing capitalisms that commodify nature in
incompatible ways."91 The
resulting battles have been waged on at least two very different
fronts: one occurs in
state structures (courtrooms, legislatures, administrations)
63. among those with capital;
the other unfolds through extralegal violence by marginalized
groups. From this per
spective, Wise Use and Earth First! activists have more in
common with each other
and other rural resistors around the world than New West can
ever convey.92
Only by eschewing the insularity of New West do we perceive
the global relevance
of what seems like regional gentrification. Take for example
that archetypal New
West pastime, fly fishing. William Kittredge overstated things
when he described the
Rockies as a "bumper-to-bumper raceway," and he cast too
much blame on "fly-fishing
nuts who saw A River Runs Through It," sold their homes, and
moved to Montana.93
88 For New West papers see WHA conference books for 2003
(p.34), 2001 (p.43), and
1995 (p.32). For changed titles see 2001 (p. 41), 1999 (p. 38)
and Nicholas, Bapis, and Harvey,
Imagining the Big Open, v-vi.
89 Patricia Limerick made the same argument about "frontier"
in "The Adventures of
the Frontier in the Twentieth Century," in The Frontier in
American Culture, ed. James
Grossman (Berkeley, 1994), 72-80; a review of paper and
session titles for the American Society
for Environmental History conferences from 1995 to 2003
revealed no use of the term "New
West" by environmental historians.
64. 90 McCarthy is quoted in Walker, "Reconsidering 'Regional*
Political Ecologies," 10.
See also McCarthy, "First World Political Ecology," 1296 and
Robbins, Colony and Empire.
91 Walker, "Reconsidering 'Regional' Political Ecologies," 17.
92 McCarthy, "States of Nature and Environmental Enclosures
in the American West."
Kittredge, quoted in Johnson, New westers, 343.
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Joseph E. Taylor III
Still, those "nuts" reveal trends that run like the Lake Missoula
floods through history
and across continents. Fly fishing has been a core form of
gentrified play for centuries,
and for just as long anglers have constrained local access to
streams while planting
all sorts of exotic fish. Owning a fly rod was a sign of wealth
and taste, but things are
different since Norman Maclean's book and Robert Redford's
movie. Changes can be
mapped by the growth of stores that serve fly fishers, but like
so much about the New
West, the story is contradictory and complex.94 The spread of
Orvis shops marks fly
fishing's passage from rare avocation to popular sport, and like
65. climbing and kayaking,
marketing successes fueled overcrowded experiences and
degraded environments.95 As
the West fills with Izaak Walton wannabees, fly-fishing's
frontier is migrating again,
this time to Kamchatka, where the Portland-based Wild Salmon
Center is battling "red
caviar poachers [who] are permanently destroying these
spawning grounds." The UN
pledged its support to this war effort, but as usual nuances are
blurring. It is hard to
know exactly what is going on, but my guess is this is as much
about gentrified capital
ism as irresponsible locals. The Itelmans and Koryaks, after
all, have been eating vast
amounts of salmon eggs since at least 1740, when Georg Stellar
noted that "Ikra, or
dried fish eggs ... is one of the most popular and nutritious
foods on Kamchatka."96
94 Riebsame, Atlas of the New West, 116; Michael McGovern,
"The Reel Story," http://
www.outdoor-
retailer.com/or_publications/archives/07_99_archive/07_99g.ht
m (accessed 3
December 2003, site now discontinued); Norman Maclean, A
River Runs Through It (Chicago,
1976); Robert Redford, A River Runs Through It
(Columbia/Tristar, 1992). For western angling
Rudyard Kipling, American Notes (Boston, 1899), 57-79;
Captain Cleveland Rockwell, "The
First Columbia River Salmon Ever Caught with a Fly," Pacific
Monthly 10 (1903): 202-3; Zane
Grey, Zane Grey's Adventures in Fishing, ed. Ed Zern (New
York, 1952); Lisa Mighetto, "Sport
66. Fishing on the Columbia River," Pacific Northwest Quarterly
87 (Winter 1995-1996): 5-15. For
angling politics see Joseph E. Taylor III, Making Salmon: An
Environmental History of the
Northwest Fisheries Crisis (Seattle, 1999), 166-202.
95 Daryl Gadbow, "Missoula-Area Fisheries in Good Shape,"
Billings (Montana)
Gazette, 20 February 2003; "Mixed Reviews for Plan to Cut
River Crowding," Great Falls
(Montana) Tribune, 17 June 2002; Tom Dickson, "Cross
Currents," Montana Outdoors 34 (July
August 2003): 6-10. Little of this is new. Philadelphia's
Schuylkill Fishing Club had to move
twice before 1900 to escape overcrowding and habitat decline,
and Portland anglers were pro
moting new areas to disperse crowds from the Clackamas River
in the 1910s. Colleen J. Sheehy,
"American Angling: The Rise of Urbanism and the Romance of
the Rod and Reel," in Hard at
Play: Leisure in America, 1840-1940, ed. Kathryn Grover
(Amherst, MA, 1992), 79; "Nearby
Streams Lure To Anglers," Portland Morning Oregonian, 10
May 1914, sec. 2, p. 4; "1200 Fishers
On River," Portland Morning Oregonian, 19 April 1915, 11.
96 For "?kra," see Georg Steller, Steller's History of
Kamchatka: Collected Information
Concerning the History of Kamchatka, Its Peoples, Their
Manners, Names, Lifestyle, and Various
Customary Practices, ed. Marvin W Falk, trans. Margritt Engel
and Karen Willmore, Rasmuson
Library Historical Translation Series, vol. 12 (Fairbanks, AK,
67. 2003), 119. For "poachers" see Paul
Webster, "U.N. Joins Russia's Fight to Save Western Pacifie
Salmon," Science 301 (29 August
2003): 1167. The title unintentionally signals the impetus of
this battle, since Russians would
hardly refer to Pacific salmon as "western." See also Elizabeth
Arnold, "Scientific Program in
Russia Combines Tourism, Fishing and Science in an Effort to
Preserve Russia's Pristine Waters
and Variety of Fish," Morning Edition (NPR), 20 January 2003;
Elizabeth Arnold, "American and
Russian Scientific Study of Salmon in a Remote Region of
Russia," Morning Edition (NPR), 21
January 2003.
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SUMMER 2004 Western Historical Quarterly
Western gentrification also encompasses South America, where
clothing mag
nate Doug Tompkins has become the Latin American version of
Ted Turner. Like
his buddy Yvon Chouinard, Tompkins made his millions in the
outdoor recreation
industry and the West's sporty fashion trends of the 1980s.
Proceeds from the sale of
his two companies, North Face and Esprit, have enabled him to
buy huge swaths of
"wilderness" in Chile's Region X and western Argentina.
Tompkins's goal is to stem the
68. ecological impact of globalization by converting the lush
forests of alerce trees into a
permanent preservationist park. In the process, though, he has
evicted poor residents
and created ill will with neighbors and the government.
Although Tompkins is trying
to build bridges with Chileans, he also promotes elite fun
hogging at his ecotourism
resort called Caleta. There, enlightened tourists from places
like Aspen, Jackson, and
Ventura enjoy his imagined Pumalin Park, dine on gourmet
organic meals, and sleep
in plush lodges.97 Tompkins and transnational fly fishers
underscore Peter Walker's
observation that "aesthetic environmental ideologies are not
'obstacles' to capitalist
accumulation, rather, they are at the core of a new kind of
capitalism."98
This should make even the most credulous New West booster
nervous. When
hip becomes pass?, when the "barbarians" invade the
sanctuaries of Veblen's "leisure
class," then cool will morph.99 It is already happening in
vaunted New West enclaves.
Gentrified play is moving on, and as it does, local boosters are
seeking new ways to
attract capital. New West rationales for saving nature can
implode under these circum
stances, and, as Bill Cronon warns, the habits of thought that
inspired recreational
environmentalism have been poor safeguards at home.100
Donald Worster, Patricia
Limerick, and Paul Sabin have already illustrated the tendency
of the American
69. West to slip its geographic moorings under the sails of
"frontier" and "West." In a
similar manner, the New West has had so many lives because
its mythic qualities are
so serviceable. Its emblematic power, substantive pliancy, and
spatial coyness make
it eminently adaptable, and because Egan is correct about
western amnesia, it seems
more than silly speculation to wonder whether the next New
West will be the Far
East or the Antipodes.101
97 John Ryle, "Lord of All He Surveys," Outside 23 (June
1998): 57-68, 167-9;
William Langewiesche, "Eden: A Gated Community" Atlantic
Monthly 283 (June 1999): 84
105; "Now He Is Buying In Argentina," Santiago Times
(Chile), 27 August 2001, http://test.chi
rongroup.com/splash/stimes/index.php
?nav=story&story_id=451 (accessed 3 December 2003;
site now discontinued).
98 Walker, "Reconsidering 'Regional' Political Ecologies," 17.
99 Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class (New
York, 1994).
100 Beyers and Nelson, "Contemporary Development Forces in
the Nonmetropolitan
West," 472; Hal Clifford, "The Gear Biz," High Country News,
27 October 2003; Peter Walker
and Louis Fortmann, "Whose Landscape? A Political Ecology
of the 'Exurban' Sierra," Cultural
Geographies 10 (October 2003): 469-91; Cronon, "The Trouble
70. with Wilderness."
101 Donald Worster, "New West, True West," Western
Historical Quarterly 18 (April
1987): 141-3; Limerick, "The Adventures of the Frontier in the
Twentieth Century"; Paul Sabin,
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Joseph E. Taylor III
For all these reasons New West tells us less about the West
than the writers who
use the term. Depending on how one counts these things, this is
now the fourth
or fifth New West, and each has been a window into the era's
hopes and anxieties.
Technology, markets, and the state converge repeatedly in
these tales, and while no
two periods have been alike, a few themes emerge over and
over. Entrepreneurial and
gentrified spins are ubiquitous in New West literature, as is the
paradox of diversity.
The link between urban development and pastoral yearnings
suggests that as the city
grew more heterogeneous, the educated and wealthy viewed
western nature increas
ingly as a white refuge from darker realities.102 Rural Indians,
women, and workers
rarely speak in this literature because most of it has been
71. written by an urban literati,
primarily eastern before 1960 and mainly western since 1970.
The shifting residency of
New West authors does matter, but so does their gentrified
perspective and colonizing
discourse because they are the strongest continuities in New
West historiography. The
New West is a simplistic and loaded trope. Its reasoning is
flawed, its history troubling,
and we, of all people, should be trucking in more sophisticated
terms.
"Home and Abroad: The Two 'Wests' of Twentieth-Century
United States History," Pacific
Historical Review 66 (August 1997): 305-35; Roland Barthes,
"Myth Today," in Mythologies,
trans. Annette Lavers (New York, 1972), 109-59.
102 Louis Warren, "Wilderness and Civilization: Race and
Nature in American
History," (paper presented, American Society for
Environmental History, Durham, NC,
March 2001.)
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Contents[141]14214314414514614714814915015115215315415
5156157158159160161162163164165Issue Table of
ContentsThe Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 2
(Summer, 2004), pp. 141-266Front MatterThe Many Lives of
the New West [pp. 141-165]Texas Rangers, Canadian Mounties,
and the Policing of the Transnational Industrial Frontier, 1885-