The document provides information about the structure and purpose of the US judicial system. It discusses that the Supreme Court interprets laws and their constitutionality, and is appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. Two influential Supreme Court cases were discussed - Dred Scott v Sandford which upheld slavery and Brown v Board of Education which outlawed public school segregation. The President and Senate provide checks on the Supreme Court through judicial appointments. Lower federal courts were established by Congress and state courts by state governments.

1. Review Part I The Judicial Branch

2. 1.What is the purpose of the Judicial Branch? To interpret the laws as they apply to the constitution.

3. 2. Who appoints the members of the Supreme Court? The President

4. 3. Who approves or rejects the appointments? The Senate

5. 4. What check and balance does the supreme Court have over the executive and legislative branches? Invalidating laws it decides are unconstitutional?

6. 5. For how long is an appointment to the supreme court? For life

7. 6. What condition does the constitution impose on judges in order to hold their offices? Good behavior

8. 7. How many Supreme Court Justices have been impeached? one

9. 8. What is the difference between being a judge and a justice? None

10. 9. What are two examples of influential supreme Court decisions? Dred Scott v Sandford 1857 Brown v the board of Education of Topeka, Kansas 1954

11. 10. What did the Dred Scott v Sandford decision say? That in all states slaves were considered property of their owners

12. 11. Why was this influential? It was one of the causes of the Civil War

13. 12. What did Brown v the Board of Education of Topeka Kansas say? It outlawed public school racial discrimination

14. 13. Why was this influential? It sparked the modern civil rights movent

15. 14. How does the President check and balance the Supreme Court? By appointing the judges

16. 15. How does the Senate check and balance the Supreme Court? By accepting or rejecting court appointments

17. 16. How was the Supreme Court established? By Article 3 of the U.S. Constitution

18. 17. How were the lower courts established? Inferior state courts were established by Congress State courts were established by State governments

19. 18. What are the courts under the Supreme Court? Appeals Courts District courts State and other lower courts

20. 19. Why are these courts called “inferior?” Because they can be overruled by the Supreme Court

21. 20. What is Judicial Review? The authority of the Supreme Court to examine the actions of the legislative and executive branches to ensure that they are constitutional The ruling on decisions of lower courts when those decisions are challenged or “appealed”

22. 21. What did the Marbury v Madison in 1803 say? Any act of Congress which conflicts with the constitution is null and void The supreme court is the supreme interpreter of the constituion

23. 22. How many Supreme Court justices are there? 9

24. 23. What is the voting structure of the Supreme Court? A majority vote of the entire court is decisive A tie vote sustains a decision of a lower (“inferior”) court One vote one justice

25. 24. What is the supreme court’s jurisdiction? Original – cases the supreme court hears for the first time involving controversies between states, state and federal government, states and citizens and others involving admiralty and maritime issues. Appellate – cases that have worked their way through the inferior courts. Here the Supreme considers questions of constitutionality and can at its discretion review other court decisions.

26. 25. How is it decided which cases the Supreme Court will hear among thousands of petitions? Four justices must vote in favor of doing so

27. Part II

28. 26. What are two types of legal cases? Civil cases and criminal cases

29. 27. Who brings cases against people accused of breaking the law (criminal cases)? The government

30. 28. What are civil cases? Cases brought by one party against another over things like broken contracts and non-criminal property damage of injury

31. 29. What is Juvenile Court? The court where minors go if they break the law

32. 30. What are the two basic court systems in the U.S? Federal and State

33. 31. What cases are covered by State Courts? Those dealing with state laws and state constitutions

34. 32. Where are the vast majority of cases both civil and criminal dealt with? State Courts

35. 33. Where are cases first heard? State trial courts

36. 34. What is a trial? A hearing where each side argues its case before a judge or a jury

37. 35. What does the loser of a case do if he isn’t satisfied by the outcome of a trial? Appeal it

38. 36. What is an appeal? When a higher court is asked to review a case

39. 37. What if the loser in a case does not like the outcome from a state appeals court? It can be appealed to a State Supreme Court

40. 38. What do appeals courts and supreme courts have instead of juries? Panels of judges

41. 39. What kind of cases are heard by Federal Courts? Those having to do with laws that apply to the whole country, including civil cases involving federal law Disputes between citizens of different states Those involving federal crimes.

42. 40. What are federal crimes? Violations of the U.S. Constitution or of laws passed by Congress

43. 41. What are the 3 levels of Federal Courts? Federal District Courts (Circuit Courts) Federal Courts of Appeals The Supreme Court

44. 42. How many regions (or circuits) are there for Federal District Courts? 12

45. 43. About how many cases does the Supreme Court hear per year? 100