This project, submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a Master's in Information Science (IS),
uses the Social Network Analysis method to analyse the exchange of information among the National
Transplantation Coordination System (Coordenação-Geral do Sistema Nacional de Transplantes; NTCS),
the National Transplant Centre (Central Nacional de Transplantes; NTC) and the Organ Notification,
Harvesting and Distribution Centres (Centrais de Notificação, Captação [MT1] e Distribuição de Órgãos;
CNCDO) to determine the structure of the National Transplant System’s (Sistema Nacional de
Transplantes; NTS) social network. Interviews and electronic questionnaires were used to determine the
information flow channels used by the NTS to establish its social network. The leaders of the NTCS and
NTS and the informal leaders of the Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Norte, São Paulo and Ceará states
were identified using the Social Network Analysis approach to ascertain the relevant metrics. The results
showed that the network structure and distribution did not provide the necessary conditions for a uniform
and continuous information flow that would promote the advancement of scientific and technical
knowledge at the NTS.
Exploración de un modelo de gobernanza y gestión colectiva ciudadana de los datos de salud
Este modelo permitiría a los ciudadanos compartir sus datos de salud para acelerar la investigación y la innovación con el fin de maximizar los beneficios sociales y colectivos.
1) The document analyzes demographic and cultural factors that may have influenced the spread of the Ebola virus in West Africa during the 2014-2016 outbreak.
2) The authors collected data on variables like religion, ethnicity, and healthcare access to cluster similar areas and visualize relationships between these factors and outbreak case counts.
3) Their visualizations and clustering analysis suggested that religion correlated more strongly with outbreak patterns and healthcare usage than ethnicity did, so religion would be a more important predictor variable for their statistical model of outbreak spread over time.
This document summarizes a study on data sharing practices and ethics in Vietnam. The study explored stakeholders' attitudes, experiences and expectations regarding sharing individual-level clinical research data through interviews and focus groups. Key findings included the importance placed on trust, respect and reciprocity in the local research culture. Existing Vietnamese laws and guidelines do not prohibit data sharing but do not specifically address it either. There is a need to develop culturally appropriate policies and best practices for data sharing in Vietnam to maximize benefits while respecting local needs and expectations.
This document summarizes a presentation on organ donation in India. It notes that India has one of the lowest organ donation rates in the world despite legalization over 20 years ago. Fewer than 5% of the 1.5-2 lakh people annually awaiting kidney transplants receive them due to lack of available donors. While some states like Tamil Nadu have higher donation rates, overall only 4-6% of hospital deaths result from brain death when organs could be donated. The document calls for more research and an improved framework involving researchers, policymakers, and professionals to address this public health issue. It also recommends the media play a role in educating the public to build support for donation.
This document summarizes a presentation on organ donation in India. It notes that India has one of the lowest organ donation rates in the world despite legalization over 20 years ago. Fewer than 5% of those awaiting kidneys receive transplants due to lack of donors. While some states like Tamil Nadu have higher donation rates, overall only 4-6% of hospital deaths result from brain death where organs could be donated. The document recommends increased medical research, data sharing between researchers and policymakers, and an expanded role for media in raising awareness to grow India's organ donation rates.
This document summarizes a presentation on organ donation in India. It notes that India has one of the lowest organ donation rates in the world despite legalization over 20 years ago. Fewer than 5% of those awaiting kidneys receive transplants due to lack of donors. While some states like Tamil Nadu have higher donation rates, overall only 4-6% of hospital deaths result from brain death where organs could be donated. The document recommends increased medical research, data sharing between researchers and policymakers, and an expanded role for media in raising awareness to grow India's organ donation rates.
Data modelling on Blood Transfusion Service Centre Data Set(2008)ShuaiGao3
This purpose of this report is to get a close look at using different models to analyse Blood
Transfusion Service Centre Data Set(2008) and evaluate the performance of each model by
comparing the result of tests. The key point has been allocated on discovering if one of the
features(whether a person would engage in blood donation in March 2007) in this data set could be
estimated with the measurement of the other four attributes(recency, frequency, monetary and
time). Classification models which are k-nearest neighbours and decision tree had been adopted to
model the data and additional k-fold cross validation was to further validate the results. Overall,
most of negative answers in the attribute “whether” were able to be inferred depending on the
other attributes, which displayed a higher accuracy compared to that of positive answers in the
same attribute. The finding can be concluded that people were likely tending not to donate blood in
March 2007 according to modelling data. It is recommended that since the proportion of uncertainty
of the result indicates some problems to some extent such as imbalanced data set, more carefulness
should be put on choosing appropriate data and more comprehensively modelling them in order to
get evidential result.
Exploración de un modelo de gobernanza y gestión colectiva ciudadana de los datos de salud
Este modelo permitiría a los ciudadanos compartir sus datos de salud para acelerar la investigación y la innovación con el fin de maximizar los beneficios sociales y colectivos.
1) The document analyzes demographic and cultural factors that may have influenced the spread of the Ebola virus in West Africa during the 2014-2016 outbreak.
2) The authors collected data on variables like religion, ethnicity, and healthcare access to cluster similar areas and visualize relationships between these factors and outbreak case counts.
3) Their visualizations and clustering analysis suggested that religion correlated more strongly with outbreak patterns and healthcare usage than ethnicity did, so religion would be a more important predictor variable for their statistical model of outbreak spread over time.
This document summarizes a study on data sharing practices and ethics in Vietnam. The study explored stakeholders' attitudes, experiences and expectations regarding sharing individual-level clinical research data through interviews and focus groups. Key findings included the importance placed on trust, respect and reciprocity in the local research culture. Existing Vietnamese laws and guidelines do not prohibit data sharing but do not specifically address it either. There is a need to develop culturally appropriate policies and best practices for data sharing in Vietnam to maximize benefits while respecting local needs and expectations.
This document summarizes a presentation on organ donation in India. It notes that India has one of the lowest organ donation rates in the world despite legalization over 20 years ago. Fewer than 5% of the 1.5-2 lakh people annually awaiting kidney transplants receive them due to lack of available donors. While some states like Tamil Nadu have higher donation rates, overall only 4-6% of hospital deaths result from brain death when organs could be donated. The document calls for more research and an improved framework involving researchers, policymakers, and professionals to address this public health issue. It also recommends the media play a role in educating the public to build support for donation.
This document summarizes a presentation on organ donation in India. It notes that India has one of the lowest organ donation rates in the world despite legalization over 20 years ago. Fewer than 5% of those awaiting kidneys receive transplants due to lack of donors. While some states like Tamil Nadu have higher donation rates, overall only 4-6% of hospital deaths result from brain death where organs could be donated. The document recommends increased medical research, data sharing between researchers and policymakers, and an expanded role for media in raising awareness to grow India's organ donation rates.
This document summarizes a presentation on organ donation in India. It notes that India has one of the lowest organ donation rates in the world despite legalization over 20 years ago. Fewer than 5% of those awaiting kidneys receive transplants due to lack of donors. While some states like Tamil Nadu have higher donation rates, overall only 4-6% of hospital deaths result from brain death where organs could be donated. The document recommends increased medical research, data sharing between researchers and policymakers, and an expanded role for media in raising awareness to grow India's organ donation rates.
Data modelling on Blood Transfusion Service Centre Data Set(2008)ShuaiGao3
This purpose of this report is to get a close look at using different models to analyse Blood
Transfusion Service Centre Data Set(2008) and evaluate the performance of each model by
comparing the result of tests. The key point has been allocated on discovering if one of the
features(whether a person would engage in blood donation in March 2007) in this data set could be
estimated with the measurement of the other four attributes(recency, frequency, monetary and
time). Classification models which are k-nearest neighbours and decision tree had been adopted to
model the data and additional k-fold cross validation was to further validate the results. Overall,
most of negative answers in the attribute “whether” were able to be inferred depending on the
other attributes, which displayed a higher accuracy compared to that of positive answers in the
same attribute. The finding can be concluded that people were likely tending not to donate blood in
March 2007 according to modelling data. It is recommended that since the proportion of uncertainty
of the result indicates some problems to some extent such as imbalanced data set, more carefulness
should be put on choosing appropriate data and more comprehensively modelling them in order to
get evidential result.
This document discusses sources of adoption data in the United States. There has never been a single, comprehensive national database to track all adoption activity. Available data comes from disparate sources like state court records, foster care records, international visa records, and population surveys. These sources provide estimates that around 125,000 domestic adoptions occur annually in the US, with about 1.6 million adopted children under 18 and up to 6 million adopted individuals of all ages living in the country. While data collection has improved, there is still room for developing more comprehensive and consistent adoption statistics nationwide.
PUBH 380 Measures of Morbidity – Indirect Age AdjustmentHomew.docxwoodruffeloisa
PUBH 380: Measures of Morbidity – Indirect Age Adjustment
Homework 3 (35 points)
NAME:
Based on the information given in the following table, and knowing that there were 4,500 deaths in Population X and 25,000 deaths in Population Y in 2009, and that crude death rate of standard population is 50 deaths per 1,000 persons, calculate and interpret the following (including any comparisons between X and Y in your interpretation):
NOTE: When you do indirect adjustment, all comparisons are done with the referent (standard) population, NOT between “adjusted” populations.
1. Complete the table below (20 pts)
Age
Standard Death Rates per 1,000
Population X
Expected Deaths in Pop X
Population
Y
Expected Deaths in Pop Y
<1
18
6000
50000
1-4
3
7000
70000
5-14
2.5
7000
25000
15-24
1.5
8000
30000
25-34
1.5
10000
70000
35-44
3.5
10000
25000
45-54
10
25000
20000
55-64
15
15000
25000
65+
80
30000
20000
Total
XXX
118,000
335,000
2. Calculate the crude death for each population (7 points – 3 for each crude, 1 for interpretation)
3. Calculate the standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for each population (interpretation should include what the SMRs mean) (3 points – 1 for each SMR, 1 for interpretation)
4. Age-adjusted death rates for populations X and Y, using the indirect adjustment method. Please explain why your results might have occurred in your interpretation. (3 points – 1 for each IAR, 1 for interpretation)
5. Rates are adjusted for age to: (Please choose one answer) (2 pt)
a) Remove the bias of dissimilar age group distribution between populations.
b) Minimize the health problems of a community as compared to standard.
c) Determine how well a community compares with acceptable national births, deaths, and disease rate standards.
d) Allow valid comparison between populations with similar age distributions but different race and sex makeup.
e) All of the above.
NM 208 – Nursing Informatics
Telehealth Assignment
PART 2 – 100 points
This will be a research paper at least 3 pages in length, in APA format, that includes:
· The information from part 1.
· An outline of your telehealth effort.
· How will you determine if the information presented was understood?
· What resources will you need? Consider technological resources, physical space, interpreters, etc.
· How will you make up for the fact that you will not be face to face with the client(s)?
.
Running head: HOMELESS POPULATION 1
HOMELESS POPULATION 2
Application of Telehealth in Homeless Population
Name:
Course: Nursing Informatic
University:
Date of Submission: January 19, 2020
Application of Telehealth in Homeless Population
In the advent of technology, telehealth has greatly ...
Martin Torres - Argentina - Monday 28 - Management and organization models f...incucai_isodp
The document discusses management and organization models for organ donation and transplantation in Latin America and the Caribbean region. It notes there are significant differences among countries in donation rates, mortality rates on waitlists, and approaches to organization. It proposes the Latin American Transplant Coordination Model to help standardize practices and increase donation rates through national transplant organizations, hospital coordinators, quality assurance programs, training, and international cooperation and data sharing.
This document summarizes a study examining inequalities in life expectancy across subcity units in six large Latin American cities: Buenos Aires, Argentina; Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Santiago, Chile; San José, Costa Rica; Mexico City, Mexico; and Panama City, Panama. The study found large differences in life expectancy between subcity units within cities, with the largest gaps in Panama City and Mexico City and the narrowest in Buenos Aires and San José. Higher area-level socioeconomic status, as measured by education, was strongly associated with higher life expectancy. Spatial patterns in life expectancy varied between cities, related to their socioeconomic structure. The findings highlight the importance of policies addressing social inequalities to improve urban health in Latin
Syringe services programs (SSPs) have been effective in reducing HIV transmission among injecting drug users in New York. SSPs first opened in New York City in 1987 and there are now 20 programs across the state. These programs have contributed to an 83% decrease in new HIV infections among injecting drug users in New York City from 1991 to 2008. African Americans and Latinos are disproportionately affected by HIV among injecting drug users in New York. SSPs have also been shown to be cost-effective, with every $1 invested in syringe services resulting in $3-7 in savings.
High-level analysis of NIHR research impact derived from REF2014 case studiesAdam Kamenetzky
This presentation is based on an analysis of 248 impact case studies citing support from the UK's National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) submitted to REF2014. It provides a high-level view of the features of this research, and categorises a number of levels at which they provide evidence of wider societal impacts.
Transition transplant path to tissue engineer path new banff class 2017 Kim Solez ,
Kim Solez "The transition between transplant pathology and tissue engineering pathology: Beginning a new Banff classification - 2017 Update". ATI Fellows Rounds Presentation Spept 12 2017
The document discusses evidence-based practice (EBP) in healthcare organizations and how its adoption has increased since the passage of the Affordable Care Act in 2010. Two students analyze healthcare organization websites and provide examples of how the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Council for State Board of Nursing (NCSBN) use EBP in their work. The CDC relies on evidence to create guidelines to prevent disease spread, while the NCSBN grounds all its policies and initiatives in EBP.
An assessment of healthcare reforms in kazakhstanAlexander Decker
This document summarizes Kazakhstan's healthcare reforms since gaining independence in 1991. It discusses four key aspects of Kazakhstan's healthcare reforms: 1) increased funding for healthcare, 2) improvements to healthcare quality, 3) reforms to the human resources sector, and 4) increased partnerships. The reforms have helped modernize Kazakhstan's healthcare system, though continued reform is still needed as the country transitions from the Soviet system.
The document summarizes key information from the 15th annual meeting of the Washington Group on Disability Statistics held in Copenhagen, Denmark. It discusses progress made on developing and testing disability measurement modules and sets including:
1) Finalizing analyses of the extended Washington Group set on functioning using US National Health Interview Survey data.
2) Presenting preliminary findings from field testing the Child Functioning Module in Samoa and plans to finalize user guidelines.
3) Updating work to develop the Inclusive Education Module including cognitive testing and plans for additional testing and finalization.
4) Initiating development of a disability module for labor force surveys in collaboration with ILO to measure barriers to employment.
5)
ABOUT PRACTICE-BASED RESEARCH NETWORKSSupporting Better Sc.docxransayo
ABOUT PRACTICE-BASED RESEARCH NETWORKS
Supporting Better Science in Primary Care: A
Description of Practice-based Research Networks
(PBRNs) in 2011
Kevin A. Peterson, MD, MPH, Paula Darby Lipman, PhD, Carol J. Lange, MPH,
Rachel A. Cohen, MPH, and Steve Durako, BA
Background: Bound by a shared commitment to improving medical care through systematic inquiry,
practice-based research networks (PBRNs) provide a basic laboratory for primary care research and
dissemination.
Methods: Data from US primary care PBRNs were collected as part of the 2011 Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality PBRN registration process. Data addressed PBRN characteristics, research activi-
ties, and perceived strengths and weaknesses.
Results: One hundred forty-three primary care PBRNs were registered with the resource center in
2011, including 131 that were identified as either eligible for Agency for Healthcare Research and Qual-
ity recognition (n � 121) or as developing (n � 10). These PBRNs included 12,981 practices with more
than 63,000 individual members providing care to approximately 47.5 million people. PBRNs had an
average of 482 individual members (median, 170) from 101 practices (median, 32).
Conclusions: PBRNs are growing in experience and research capacity. With member practices serving
approximately 15% of the US population, PBRNs are adopting more advanced study designs, disseminat-
ing and implementing practice change, and participating in clinical trials. PBRNs provide valuable ca-
pacity for investigating questions of importance to clinical practice, disseminating results, and imple-
menting evidence-based strategies. PBRNs are well positioned to support the emerging public health
role of primary care providers and provide an essential component of a learning health care system.
( J Am Board Fam Med 2012;25:565–571.)
Keywords: Family Medicine Research, Practice-based Research, Practice-based Research Networks
Primary care practice-based research networks
(PBRNs) enhance the performance of clinical re-
search in community settings and speed the dissem-
ination of new knowledge into practice.1,2 Bound
by a shared commitment to improving medical care
through systematic inquiry, PBRNs provide a basic
laboratory for primary care research and dissemi-
nation involving every state and territory in the
United States.3,4 The ability of PBRNs to involve
“real-world” practices in clinical research provides
new opportunities to engage understudied popula-
tions, to study a range of health problems, and to
accelerate community adoption of new knowledge
and best practices.5,6
The Agency for Healthcare Research and Qual-
ity (AHRQ) has a long history of supporting pri-
mary care research networks. In 2002, the AHRQ
created the National PBRN Resource Center to
identify existing networks and promote growth in
their capacity for clinical research. Led initially by
the University of Indiana and National Opinion
Research Center at the University of Chicago, i.
Yael Cass - Australia - Wednesday 30 - Communicational strategies to encoura...incucai_isodp
The document discusses communications strategies in Australia to increase public awareness of organ donation. It outlines the establishment of the Australian Organ and Tissue Authority to oversee donation efforts. Key strategies included increased funding for hospitals, educating healthcare professionals, and national community awareness campaigns using media, events, and social platforms to encourage discussion of donation wishes and registration rates. Monitoring found high public acceptance but low family consent rates, so the goal was to close that gap and continue improving donation rates in Australia.
The National End of Life Care Intelligence Network (NEoLCIN): report of the first year
Using intelligence to improve end of life care
17 June 2011 - National End of Life Care Programme / National End of Life Care Intelligence Network (NEoLCIN)
The NEoLCIN aims to improve the collection and analysis of data about end of life care services. It provides information to government, service providers, commissioners and researchers on adults approaching the end of life and on the quality, volume and costs of care provided to them.
This document highlights what the network has achieved in its first year of operation.
Searching for phenotypes of sepsis an application of machine learning to elec...TÀI LIỆU NGÀNH MAY
Để xem full tài liệu Xin vui long liên hệ page để được hỗ trợ
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https://www.facebook.com/thuvienluanvan01
tai lieu tong hop, thu vien luan van, luan van tong hop, do an chuyen nganh
This document discusses various methods for collecting demographic data, including population censuses, sample surveys, vital statistics registration, and administrative records. It describes how each method works, their advantages and limitations, and examples of their use in Bangladesh. The key points are that censuses aim to count the entire population but are infrequent, while surveys sample subsets of the population and are more cost-effective. Combining multiple data sources provides the most complete demographic picture. Accuracy depends on minimizing errors like undercoverage.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
HTAi 2015 - A Tool to Monitor and Evaluate a HTA Network: The Case of REBRATS...REBRATSoficial
This document describes the development of a survey tool to monitor collaboration within the Brazilian Network for Health Technology Assessment (REBRATS). The survey aims to collect primary data on the types and extent of collaboration between REBRATS member institutions, which previous analysis of existing data found to be limited. The document outlines the process of designing the survey, which included reviewing literature on network data collection methods and selecting aspects like purpose, instrument, collection strategy and response rates. A draft survey was developed with sections on institution information, studies production, network participation, and activities. The annual survey will be implemented to certify REBRATS member institutions and encourage greater collaboration across the network.
Kim Solez The future and all that jazz tea talkKim Solez ,
The document discusses the changing relationship between humans and artificial intelligence (AI). It notes that AIs will not all be under human control, and instead will compete and cooperate with humans in diverse ways. Mechanisms need to be established to ensure this relationship benefits society. Over time, conventional humans will become less important compared to AIs. The author advocates accepting this change, sharing power with AIs, and including AIs in our circle of empathy. The document also outlines the author's plans to help advance tissue engineering pathology and mainstream AI education.
Sherri Rose wrote a fascinating article about statistician’s role in big data. One thing I really liked was this line: “This may require implementing commonly used methods, developing a new method, or integrating techniques from other fields to answer our problem.” I really like the idea that integrating and applying standard methods in new and creative ways can be viewed as a statistical contribution.
VIOLÊNCIA E CRIMES POLÍTICOS: estudo centrado na Teoria Fundamentada e Anális...heuew
Trata-se da pesquisa de doutorado que fez uso dos princípios da Teoria Fundamentada e da Análise de Redes Sociais fazendo emergir a tese de que o regime de exceção no Brasil durou 21 anos pois estava sustentado por uma rede coesa e robusta formada por indivíduos que partilhavam do mesmo pensamento ideológico. Para tanto, em uma abordagem de aproximação do objeto estudado, a Teoria Fundamentada se inseriu na perspectiva exploratória de dados levantando os nomes dos personagens ligados a atos violentos constantes no relatório final da Comissão Nacional da Verdade e divulgados em 2014. Assim, foram coletados os nomes de indivíduos que compuseram um quadro inicial de atores sociais para construção da rede de violadores de direitos humanos. Por meio da construção de uma matriz, foram associadas a cada autor, suas respectivas ligações a quinze determinados eventos. Para dar profundidade, foram realizadas pesquisas nos repositórios digitais de documentos (tais quais suas respectivas disponibilidades) das seguintes referências: Projeto Brasil Nunca Mais de 1985, da Arquidiocese de São Paulo, Arquivo Nacional e Hemeroteca Digital Brasileira. Com os achados, foi possível finalizar a metodologia da Teoria Fundamentada com o seguinte: É possível esquadrinhar uma relação entre um dado par de atores realizando uma escrutinação documental! De ordem de tal premissa, foi realizada uma pesquisa em profundidade nos arquivos do Sistema de Informação do Arquivo Nacional e nele, foram recuperados milhares de documentos associados àqueles indivíduos ora categorizados como atores violentos do regime supracitado. Para a análise da massa documental recuperada em meio digital, foram realizadas minerações de texto com o intuito verificar a frequência com que os atores se relacionavam. A abordagem utilizada fundamentou o grau de conexão desses indivíduos o que tornou possível perceber a rede estrutural que sustentou o regime de exceção em vigor no País e dela, através da Análise de Redes Sociais, fundamentar a tese aqui apresentada.
A Telemedicina no âmbito das práticas arquivísticas: aspectos legais e implic...heuew
Objetiva analisar a legislação referente à Telemedicina no Brasil, considerando aspectos
de preservação sobre a produção audiovisual a partir da prática arquivística. O progresso oriundo
das tecnologias promove mudanças significativas na sociedade. Nesse sentido, desenvolvemos esse
estudo sobre a Telemedicina, ou seja, uma atividade mediada por meio de equipamentos
tecnológicos que possibilita a prestação de serviços de saúde a distancia. Desta forma, fizemos uso
da pesquisa bibliográfica das áreas da saúde, tecnologia e ciência da informação para utilização
adequada dos termos e conceitos desses saberes. Num segundo momento, de forma sucinta,
descrevemos o histórico da Telemedicina no Brasil. Posteriormente, procedemos com a análise
documental da legislação do acervo do Conselho Federal de Medicina, que aborda a temática desse
trabalho. Ao final, percebemos dentre outras coisas, a ausência de orientações sobre a forma de
preservação da produção audiovisual, preocupação essa da ciência arquivística.
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Similar to The Information Flow of the Sistema Nacional de Transplantes (National Transplant System): A Social Network Analysis
This document discusses sources of adoption data in the United States. There has never been a single, comprehensive national database to track all adoption activity. Available data comes from disparate sources like state court records, foster care records, international visa records, and population surveys. These sources provide estimates that around 125,000 domestic adoptions occur annually in the US, with about 1.6 million adopted children under 18 and up to 6 million adopted individuals of all ages living in the country. While data collection has improved, there is still room for developing more comprehensive and consistent adoption statistics nationwide.
PUBH 380 Measures of Morbidity – Indirect Age AdjustmentHomew.docxwoodruffeloisa
PUBH 380: Measures of Morbidity – Indirect Age Adjustment
Homework 3 (35 points)
NAME:
Based on the information given in the following table, and knowing that there were 4,500 deaths in Population X and 25,000 deaths in Population Y in 2009, and that crude death rate of standard population is 50 deaths per 1,000 persons, calculate and interpret the following (including any comparisons between X and Y in your interpretation):
NOTE: When you do indirect adjustment, all comparisons are done with the referent (standard) population, NOT between “adjusted” populations.
1. Complete the table below (20 pts)
Age
Standard Death Rates per 1,000
Population X
Expected Deaths in Pop X
Population
Y
Expected Deaths in Pop Y
<1
18
6000
50000
1-4
3
7000
70000
5-14
2.5
7000
25000
15-24
1.5
8000
30000
25-34
1.5
10000
70000
35-44
3.5
10000
25000
45-54
10
25000
20000
55-64
15
15000
25000
65+
80
30000
20000
Total
XXX
118,000
335,000
2. Calculate the crude death for each population (7 points – 3 for each crude, 1 for interpretation)
3. Calculate the standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for each population (interpretation should include what the SMRs mean) (3 points – 1 for each SMR, 1 for interpretation)
4. Age-adjusted death rates for populations X and Y, using the indirect adjustment method. Please explain why your results might have occurred in your interpretation. (3 points – 1 for each IAR, 1 for interpretation)
5. Rates are adjusted for age to: (Please choose one answer) (2 pt)
a) Remove the bias of dissimilar age group distribution between populations.
b) Minimize the health problems of a community as compared to standard.
c) Determine how well a community compares with acceptable national births, deaths, and disease rate standards.
d) Allow valid comparison between populations with similar age distributions but different race and sex makeup.
e) All of the above.
NM 208 – Nursing Informatics
Telehealth Assignment
PART 2 – 100 points
This will be a research paper at least 3 pages in length, in APA format, that includes:
· The information from part 1.
· An outline of your telehealth effort.
· How will you determine if the information presented was understood?
· What resources will you need? Consider technological resources, physical space, interpreters, etc.
· How will you make up for the fact that you will not be face to face with the client(s)?
.
Running head: HOMELESS POPULATION 1
HOMELESS POPULATION 2
Application of Telehealth in Homeless Population
Name:
Course: Nursing Informatic
University:
Date of Submission: January 19, 2020
Application of Telehealth in Homeless Population
In the advent of technology, telehealth has greatly ...
Martin Torres - Argentina - Monday 28 - Management and organization models f...incucai_isodp
The document discusses management and organization models for organ donation and transplantation in Latin America and the Caribbean region. It notes there are significant differences among countries in donation rates, mortality rates on waitlists, and approaches to organization. It proposes the Latin American Transplant Coordination Model to help standardize practices and increase donation rates through national transplant organizations, hospital coordinators, quality assurance programs, training, and international cooperation and data sharing.
This document summarizes a study examining inequalities in life expectancy across subcity units in six large Latin American cities: Buenos Aires, Argentina; Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Santiago, Chile; San José, Costa Rica; Mexico City, Mexico; and Panama City, Panama. The study found large differences in life expectancy between subcity units within cities, with the largest gaps in Panama City and Mexico City and the narrowest in Buenos Aires and San José. Higher area-level socioeconomic status, as measured by education, was strongly associated with higher life expectancy. Spatial patterns in life expectancy varied between cities, related to their socioeconomic structure. The findings highlight the importance of policies addressing social inequalities to improve urban health in Latin
Syringe services programs (SSPs) have been effective in reducing HIV transmission among injecting drug users in New York. SSPs first opened in New York City in 1987 and there are now 20 programs across the state. These programs have contributed to an 83% decrease in new HIV infections among injecting drug users in New York City from 1991 to 2008. African Americans and Latinos are disproportionately affected by HIV among injecting drug users in New York. SSPs have also been shown to be cost-effective, with every $1 invested in syringe services resulting in $3-7 in savings.
High-level analysis of NIHR research impact derived from REF2014 case studiesAdam Kamenetzky
This presentation is based on an analysis of 248 impact case studies citing support from the UK's National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) submitted to REF2014. It provides a high-level view of the features of this research, and categorises a number of levels at which they provide evidence of wider societal impacts.
Transition transplant path to tissue engineer path new banff class 2017 Kim Solez ,
Kim Solez "The transition between transplant pathology and tissue engineering pathology: Beginning a new Banff classification - 2017 Update". ATI Fellows Rounds Presentation Spept 12 2017
The document discusses evidence-based practice (EBP) in healthcare organizations and how its adoption has increased since the passage of the Affordable Care Act in 2010. Two students analyze healthcare organization websites and provide examples of how the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Council for State Board of Nursing (NCSBN) use EBP in their work. The CDC relies on evidence to create guidelines to prevent disease spread, while the NCSBN grounds all its policies and initiatives in EBP.
An assessment of healthcare reforms in kazakhstanAlexander Decker
This document summarizes Kazakhstan's healthcare reforms since gaining independence in 1991. It discusses four key aspects of Kazakhstan's healthcare reforms: 1) increased funding for healthcare, 2) improvements to healthcare quality, 3) reforms to the human resources sector, and 4) increased partnerships. The reforms have helped modernize Kazakhstan's healthcare system, though continued reform is still needed as the country transitions from the Soviet system.
The document summarizes key information from the 15th annual meeting of the Washington Group on Disability Statistics held in Copenhagen, Denmark. It discusses progress made on developing and testing disability measurement modules and sets including:
1) Finalizing analyses of the extended Washington Group set on functioning using US National Health Interview Survey data.
2) Presenting preliminary findings from field testing the Child Functioning Module in Samoa and plans to finalize user guidelines.
3) Updating work to develop the Inclusive Education Module including cognitive testing and plans for additional testing and finalization.
4) Initiating development of a disability module for labor force surveys in collaboration with ILO to measure barriers to employment.
5)
ABOUT PRACTICE-BASED RESEARCH NETWORKSSupporting Better Sc.docxransayo
ABOUT PRACTICE-BASED RESEARCH NETWORKS
Supporting Better Science in Primary Care: A
Description of Practice-based Research Networks
(PBRNs) in 2011
Kevin A. Peterson, MD, MPH, Paula Darby Lipman, PhD, Carol J. Lange, MPH,
Rachel A. Cohen, MPH, and Steve Durako, BA
Background: Bound by a shared commitment to improving medical care through systematic inquiry,
practice-based research networks (PBRNs) provide a basic laboratory for primary care research and
dissemination.
Methods: Data from US primary care PBRNs were collected as part of the 2011 Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality PBRN registration process. Data addressed PBRN characteristics, research activi-
ties, and perceived strengths and weaknesses.
Results: One hundred forty-three primary care PBRNs were registered with the resource center in
2011, including 131 that were identified as either eligible for Agency for Healthcare Research and Qual-
ity recognition (n � 121) or as developing (n � 10). These PBRNs included 12,981 practices with more
than 63,000 individual members providing care to approximately 47.5 million people. PBRNs had an
average of 482 individual members (median, 170) from 101 practices (median, 32).
Conclusions: PBRNs are growing in experience and research capacity. With member practices serving
approximately 15% of the US population, PBRNs are adopting more advanced study designs, disseminat-
ing and implementing practice change, and participating in clinical trials. PBRNs provide valuable ca-
pacity for investigating questions of importance to clinical practice, disseminating results, and imple-
menting evidence-based strategies. PBRNs are well positioned to support the emerging public health
role of primary care providers and provide an essential component of a learning health care system.
( J Am Board Fam Med 2012;25:565–571.)
Keywords: Family Medicine Research, Practice-based Research, Practice-based Research Networks
Primary care practice-based research networks
(PBRNs) enhance the performance of clinical re-
search in community settings and speed the dissem-
ination of new knowledge into practice.1,2 Bound
by a shared commitment to improving medical care
through systematic inquiry, PBRNs provide a basic
laboratory for primary care research and dissemi-
nation involving every state and territory in the
United States.3,4 The ability of PBRNs to involve
“real-world” practices in clinical research provides
new opportunities to engage understudied popula-
tions, to study a range of health problems, and to
accelerate community adoption of new knowledge
and best practices.5,6
The Agency for Healthcare Research and Qual-
ity (AHRQ) has a long history of supporting pri-
mary care research networks. In 2002, the AHRQ
created the National PBRN Resource Center to
identify existing networks and promote growth in
their capacity for clinical research. Led initially by
the University of Indiana and National Opinion
Research Center at the University of Chicago, i.
Yael Cass - Australia - Wednesday 30 - Communicational strategies to encoura...incucai_isodp
The document discusses communications strategies in Australia to increase public awareness of organ donation. It outlines the establishment of the Australian Organ and Tissue Authority to oversee donation efforts. Key strategies included increased funding for hospitals, educating healthcare professionals, and national community awareness campaigns using media, events, and social platforms to encourage discussion of donation wishes and registration rates. Monitoring found high public acceptance but low family consent rates, so the goal was to close that gap and continue improving donation rates in Australia.
The National End of Life Care Intelligence Network (NEoLCIN): report of the first year
Using intelligence to improve end of life care
17 June 2011 - National End of Life Care Programme / National End of Life Care Intelligence Network (NEoLCIN)
The NEoLCIN aims to improve the collection and analysis of data about end of life care services. It provides information to government, service providers, commissioners and researchers on adults approaching the end of life and on the quality, volume and costs of care provided to them.
This document highlights what the network has achieved in its first year of operation.
Searching for phenotypes of sepsis an application of machine learning to elec...TÀI LIỆU NGÀNH MAY
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tai lieu tong hop, thu vien luan van, luan van tong hop, do an chuyen nganh
This document discusses various methods for collecting demographic data, including population censuses, sample surveys, vital statistics registration, and administrative records. It describes how each method works, their advantages and limitations, and examples of their use in Bangladesh. The key points are that censuses aim to count the entire population but are infrequent, while surveys sample subsets of the population and are more cost-effective. Combining multiple data sources provides the most complete demographic picture. Accuracy depends on minimizing errors like undercoverage.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
HTAi 2015 - A Tool to Monitor and Evaluate a HTA Network: The Case of REBRATS...REBRATSoficial
This document describes the development of a survey tool to monitor collaboration within the Brazilian Network for Health Technology Assessment (REBRATS). The survey aims to collect primary data on the types and extent of collaboration between REBRATS member institutions, which previous analysis of existing data found to be limited. The document outlines the process of designing the survey, which included reviewing literature on network data collection methods and selecting aspects like purpose, instrument, collection strategy and response rates. A draft survey was developed with sections on institution information, studies production, network participation, and activities. The annual survey will be implemented to certify REBRATS member institutions and encourage greater collaboration across the network.
Kim Solez The future and all that jazz tea talkKim Solez ,
The document discusses the changing relationship between humans and artificial intelligence (AI). It notes that AIs will not all be under human control, and instead will compete and cooperate with humans in diverse ways. Mechanisms need to be established to ensure this relationship benefits society. Over time, conventional humans will become less important compared to AIs. The author advocates accepting this change, sharing power with AIs, and including AIs in our circle of empathy. The document also outlines the author's plans to help advance tissue engineering pathology and mainstream AI education.
Sherri Rose wrote a fascinating article about statistician’s role in big data. One thing I really liked was this line: “This may require implementing commonly used methods, developing a new method, or integrating techniques from other fields to answer our problem.” I really like the idea that integrating and applying standard methods in new and creative ways can be viewed as a statistical contribution.
Similar to The Information Flow of the Sistema Nacional de Transplantes (National Transplant System): A Social Network Analysis (20)
VIOLÊNCIA E CRIMES POLÍTICOS: estudo centrado na Teoria Fundamentada e Anális...heuew
Trata-se da pesquisa de doutorado que fez uso dos princípios da Teoria Fundamentada e da Análise de Redes Sociais fazendo emergir a tese de que o regime de exceção no Brasil durou 21 anos pois estava sustentado por uma rede coesa e robusta formada por indivíduos que partilhavam do mesmo pensamento ideológico. Para tanto, em uma abordagem de aproximação do objeto estudado, a Teoria Fundamentada se inseriu na perspectiva exploratória de dados levantando os nomes dos personagens ligados a atos violentos constantes no relatório final da Comissão Nacional da Verdade e divulgados em 2014. Assim, foram coletados os nomes de indivíduos que compuseram um quadro inicial de atores sociais para construção da rede de violadores de direitos humanos. Por meio da construção de uma matriz, foram associadas a cada autor, suas respectivas ligações a quinze determinados eventos. Para dar profundidade, foram realizadas pesquisas nos repositórios digitais de documentos (tais quais suas respectivas disponibilidades) das seguintes referências: Projeto Brasil Nunca Mais de 1985, da Arquidiocese de São Paulo, Arquivo Nacional e Hemeroteca Digital Brasileira. Com os achados, foi possível finalizar a metodologia da Teoria Fundamentada com o seguinte: É possível esquadrinhar uma relação entre um dado par de atores realizando uma escrutinação documental! De ordem de tal premissa, foi realizada uma pesquisa em profundidade nos arquivos do Sistema de Informação do Arquivo Nacional e nele, foram recuperados milhares de documentos associados àqueles indivíduos ora categorizados como atores violentos do regime supracitado. Para a análise da massa documental recuperada em meio digital, foram realizadas minerações de texto com o intuito verificar a frequência com que os atores se relacionavam. A abordagem utilizada fundamentou o grau de conexão desses indivíduos o que tornou possível perceber a rede estrutural que sustentou o regime de exceção em vigor no País e dela, através da Análise de Redes Sociais, fundamentar a tese aqui apresentada.
A Telemedicina no âmbito das práticas arquivísticas: aspectos legais e implic...heuew
Objetiva analisar a legislação referente à Telemedicina no Brasil, considerando aspectos
de preservação sobre a produção audiovisual a partir da prática arquivística. O progresso oriundo
das tecnologias promove mudanças significativas na sociedade. Nesse sentido, desenvolvemos esse
estudo sobre a Telemedicina, ou seja, uma atividade mediada por meio de equipamentos
tecnológicos que possibilita a prestação de serviços de saúde a distancia. Desta forma, fizemos uso
da pesquisa bibliográfica das áreas da saúde, tecnologia e ciência da informação para utilização
adequada dos termos e conceitos desses saberes. Num segundo momento, de forma sucinta,
descrevemos o histórico da Telemedicina no Brasil. Posteriormente, procedemos com a análise
documental da legislação do acervo do Conselho Federal de Medicina, que aborda a temática desse
trabalho. Ao final, percebemos dentre outras coisas, a ausência de orientações sobre a forma de
preservação da produção audiovisual, preocupação essa da ciência arquivística.
As múltiplas faces de uma profissão: Identidade e Representações da Profissã...heuew
Este trabalho discute as rupturas no processo de construção identitária dos profissionais de relações públicas, a
partir das percepções dos egressos do curso de relações públicas da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, formados entre
os anos 2000 e 2009. A pesquisa observacional, em sua primeira etapa, compreendeu a coleta de dados de 132 egressos por meio de questionários eletrônicos e, na segunda, a realização de um grupo focal, cujos eixos de discussão foram
identidades e representações sociais da profissão. Deste modo, desenvolvemos uma pesquisa de natureza quantitativa
e qualitativa, de caráter descritivo-explicativa, utilizando o método hipotético-dedutivo, cujos resultados apontam
conflitos entre as expectativas dos diplomados e a demanda social pela atividade de relações públicas. A análise dos
dados aponta dissonâncias e rupturas entre o campo acadêmico e o aplicado, embora a profissão resista fluidamente sob múltiplas faces e novas fronteiras de atuação.
A CIÊNCIA DA INFORMAÇÃO E O PENSAMENTO DE BRUNO LATOUR: implicações para a ...heuew
Analisa as contribuições que os pensamentos defendidos e
encabeçados por Bruno Latour e apoiados por Michael Callon,
John Law e Knorr-Cetina, podem trazer, através de um diálogo
com a Ciência da Informação, em particular, a abordagem
metodológica de Análise de Redes Sociais.
Arquitetura da informação aplicada a leitores de e-book: avaliando o sistema...heuew
Apesquisa teve por objetivo analisara Arquitetura da Informação (AI) da interface de leitura
de e-booksproporcionada pelo software do Kindle III WiFi, sob a ótica dos princípios
fundamentais da AI para Web, definidos por Peter Morville e Louis Rosenfeld, identificados
como: Sistema de Organização, Sistema de Navegação, Sistema de Rotulação e Sistema de
Busca, além do componente denominado de estruturas de representação da informação. A
realização da pesquisa se deu mediante a aplicação de questionário on-linecomposto por
variáveis abertas e fechadas, com usuários reais e potenciais do Kindle III WiFi. O público
avaliado foi composto por docentes vinculados ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da
Informação da Universidade Federal da Paraíba (PPGCI/UFPB), e discentes dos cursos de
Graduação deBacharelado em Arquivologia e Bacharelado em Biblioteconomia da mesma
instituição. A análise das questões objetivas se deu mediante utilização de um software
empregado em pesquisas para coletar informações, denominado Encuestafacil.com. A análise
das questões subjetivas por sua vez, aconteceumediante o usoda “Categorização”, que é uma
das etapas da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados
referentes às informações obtidas durante a análise do Sistema de Organização. De modo
geral, pode-se afirmar que os referidos resultados são fortes indicativos de que muito se
precisa avançar na concepção de melhores interfaces, evidenciando assim a necessidade de
maiores estudos que abordem a AI em software leitor de e-books.
A Informação Estratégica para o Sistema Nacional de Transplantesheuew
Trata-se da análise de parte de material coletado para a dissertação de mestrado intitulada “A
Estrutura do Fluxo Informacional do Sistema Nacional de Transplantes: uma investigação sob a
óptica da análise de redes sociais”. Por compreender que um adequado fluxo só será viável se a
informação for tida como estratégica, esta pesquisa buscou saber dos gestores em nível nacional e
estadual/distrital, com que abordagem a informação é trabalhada. Objetivou observar qual o valor
da informação nos setores que compõem o Sistema Nacional de Transplantes no Brasil e por
quais motivos o País não obtém maior expressividade no aproveitamento de doações já que se
apresenta como a nação que mais realiza o procedimento no mundo. Essas perspectivas foram
obtidas através de visitas técnicas e de campo, de entrevistas e aplicação de questionários
eletrônicos. Para este trabalho, foram analisadas duas questões abertas, que permitiram destacar
nuances de como a informação é tratada no Sistema Nacional de Transplantes e quais suas
possíveis consequências, por meio de considerações ao final deste trabalho, nas quais não se
podem garantir, até o momento, condições necessárias para que haja um fluxo uniforme e
contínuo que represente um satisfatório tráfego de informações aos atores da rede.
O presente estudo se propõe a analisar o e-mail na sua condição de documento eletrônico
arquivístico criado em ambiente virtual, na forma on-line, por se tratar de uma ferramenta da
tecnologia digital da informação e comunicação (TDIC) largamente utilizada em diversos
ambientes sociais, tais como o profissional, o universitário, o familiar, etc. Para tanto, foi
fundamental a utilização de referências do meio arquivístico bem como de fontes da área da
informática, por se relacionarem com o tema desse trabalho. A partir da pesquisa bibliográfica,
conseguimos identificar os diferentes tipos de documentos eletrônicos e de que maneira são
gerados, a exemplo do e-mail, que pode designar tanto as mensagens eletrônica quanto o
endereço eletrônico de um usuário da internet. Neste caso, estudamos o e-mail enquanto
mensagem eletrônica, resgatando seu surgimento e suas características. Também elencamos as
suas prováveis vantagens e desvantagens para quem dele faz uso, levando em conta seu valor
administrativo como documento de arquivo corrente. Assim, após analisarmos o e-mail, na sua
condição de documento eletrônico, compreendemos que o mesmo se constituirá documento de
arquivo, desde que respeitada às características que são pertinentes a todos os documentos
arquivísticos, que são a autenticidade, naturalidade, inter-relacionamento e imparcialidade. Essas
características permitirão que o e-mail seja detentor de validade legal em tribunais da mesma
forma que os documentos físicos.
O acesso e o sigilo dos documentos segundo a legislação Arquivística brasileiraheuew
O acesso aos documentos de arquivos e o sigilo das informações decorrentes desses, resultou
na presente pesquisa, dada a relevância que tal assunto tem para a sociedade. Nesse contexto,
com o objetivo de entendermos como devemos proceder para ter o acesso aos documentos e
informações, sejam eles ostensivos ou de cunho sigilosos, resolvemos por meio do presente
trabalho, realizar pesquisa documental nos textos das leis nº 8.159 e nº 12.527 e do Decreto nº
4.553, por serem as principais legislações que tratam do acesso e do sigiloso das informações
de documentos de interesse público e privado do nosso país. Tal estudo nos proporcionou
entendimentos sobre as formas de acessibilidade garantidas nos instrumentos legais já citados,
principalmente nos artigos 4º e 5º da lei nº 8.159, que garantem o acesso aos documentos por
todos os que deles necessitem fazer uso. Quanto à sigilosidade dos registros, procuramos
descrever a classificação pertinente a cada documento, bem como os períodos que
estabelecem a prescrição dos mesmos. Logo, os documentos arquivísticos estão disponíveis
para o acesso desde que seguindo as determinações impostas pelo decreto nº 4.553. Dessa
forma, esperamos ter auxiliado a sociedade através do estudo de leis pertinentes que garantem
seu acesso aos documentos de interesse coletivo ou individual, bem como a devida
compreensão do que vem a ser documentos sigilosos ultra-secretos, secretos, confidenciais e
reservados.
O fluxo informacional do Sistema Nacional de Transplantes: uma Análise de Re...heuew
Trata-se de parte da Pesquisa de Mestrado em Ciência da Informação (CI) fazendo uso da metodologia
da Análise de Redes Sociais em que se objetivou a análise da troca de informações entre a Coordenação-Geral do Sistema Nacional de Transplantes (CGSNT), a Central Nacional de Transplantes (CNT) e as
Centrais de Notificação, Captação e Distribuição de Órgãos, de modo a observar como se estrutura a rede
social associada ao Sistema Nacional de Transplantes (SNT). Por meio de entrevistas e aplicação de
questionários eletrônicos foi possível relacionar os canais que o fluxo informacional do SNT utiliza para
compor a malha social da rede. A partir da extração de métricas relevantes se observou as lideranças da
CGSNT e da CNT bem como as lideranças informais do estado de Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Norte,
São Paulo e Ceará sob a abordagem da Análise de Redes Sociais. Por fim, percebeu-se que a razoável
estruturação e distribuição da rede não garantiram condições necessárias para que ocorresse um fluxo
uniforme e contínuo que representasse um satisfatório tráfego de informações de modo favorecer o
avanço do conhecimento técnico e científico do SNT.
Colaboração entre programas de pós-graduação brasileiros em Ciência da Infor...heuew
Este documento apresenta os resultados preliminares de uma pesquisa sobre as relações de colaboração entre programas de pós-graduação brasileiros em Ciência da Informação. Utilizando teoria dos grafos e análise de redes sociais, o estudo mapeou as relações entre programas com base em coautoria entre 2007-2009, concluindo que não havia colaboração efetiva entre todos os programas durante esse período.
Arquivologia no Brasil: contribuição do Estado da Paraíbaheuew
Este documento analisa a situação atual da arquivologia no Brasil, com foco na oferta de cursos superiores e vagas por estado. O Nordeste se destaca como a região com maior número de vagas, especialmente a Paraíba, que oferece os dois únicos cursos de arquivologia no estado e a maior oferta de vagas entre todas as universidades brasileiras.
A pesquisa assume um caráter bibliográfico e
exploratório e constitui-se de um amplo
referencial teórico acerca das temáticas de
Arquitetura da Informação e Arquitetura da
Informação para Web, elencando as definições,
metodologias e presunções aferidas por diversos
pesquisadores da área. Tem por finalidade
clarificar conceitos e termos acerca do que vem a
ser a Arquitetura da Informação para Web,
objetivando disseminar informações no âmbito da
referida temática, uma vez que esta vem se
inserindo de forma significativa em diversas áreas
do conhecimento, seja na Ciência da Informação,
Comunicação, Biblioteconomia, Design, e
Interação humano-computador dentre outras.
A Estrutura do Fluxo Informacional do Sistema Nacional de Transplantes: uma i...heuew
Este documento apresenta uma dissertação de mestrado sobre a estrutura do fluxo informacional do Sistema Nacional de Transplantes no Brasil. O estudo utiliza a análise de redes sociais para mapear as conexões entre os atores do sistema e identificar os principais pontos de troca de informações. Os resultados indicam que os atores mais conectados ocupam posições centrais na rede e que a maioria das ligações entre os membros é fraca, sugerindo baixo nível de interação no fluxo de dados.
End-to-end pipeline agility - Berlin Buzzwords 2024Lars Albertsson
We describe how we achieve high change agility in data engineering by eliminating the fear of breaking downstream data pipelines through end-to-end pipeline testing, and by using schema metaprogramming to safely eliminate boilerplate involved in changes that affect whole pipelines.
A quick poll on agility in changing pipelines from end to end indicated a huge span in capabilities. For the question "How long time does it take for all downstream pipelines to be adapted to an upstream change," the median response was 6 months, but some respondents could do it in less than a day. When quantitative data engineering differences between the best and worst are measured, the span is often 100x-1000x, sometimes even more.
A long time ago, we suffered at Spotify from fear of changing pipelines due to not knowing what the impact might be downstream. We made plans for a technical solution to test pipelines end-to-end to mitigate that fear, but the effort failed for cultural reasons. We eventually solved this challenge, but in a different context. In this presentation we will describe how we test full pipelines effectively by manipulating workflow orchestration, which enables us to make changes in pipelines without fear of breaking downstream.
Making schema changes that affect many jobs also involves a lot of toil and boilerplate. Using schema-on-read mitigates some of it, but has drawbacks since it makes it more difficult to detect errors early. We will describe how we have rejected this tradeoff by applying schema metaprogramming, eliminating boilerplate but keeping the protection of static typing, thereby further improving agility to quickly modify data pipelines without fear.
4th Modern Marketing Reckoner by MMA Global India & Group M: 60+ experts on W...Social Samosa
The Modern Marketing Reckoner (MMR) is a comprehensive resource packed with POVs from 60+ industry leaders on how AI is transforming the 4 key pillars of marketing – product, place, price and promotions.
State of Artificial intelligence Report 2023kuntobimo2016
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a multidisciplinary field of science and engineering whose goal is to create intelligent machines.
We believe that AI will be a force multiplier on technological progress in our increasingly digital, data-driven world. This is because everything around us today, ranging from culture to consumer products, is a product of intelligence.
The State of AI Report is now in its sixth year. Consider this report as a compilation of the most interesting things we’ve seen with a goal of triggering an informed conversation about the state of AI and its implication for the future.
We consider the following key dimensions in our report:
Research: Technology breakthroughs and their capabilities.
Industry: Areas of commercial application for AI and its business impact.
Politics: Regulation of AI, its economic implications and the evolving geopolitics of AI.
Safety: Identifying and mitigating catastrophic risks that highly-capable future AI systems could pose to us.
Predictions: What we believe will happen in the next 12 months and a 2022 performance review to keep us honest.
Learn SQL from basic queries to Advance queriesmanishkhaire30
Dive into the world of data analysis with our comprehensive guide on mastering SQL! This presentation offers a practical approach to learning SQL, focusing on real-world applications and hands-on practice. Whether you're a beginner or looking to sharpen your skills, this guide provides the tools you need to extract, analyze, and interpret data effectively.
Key Highlights:
Foundations of SQL: Understand the basics of SQL, including data retrieval, filtering, and aggregation.
Advanced Queries: Learn to craft complex queries to uncover deep insights from your data.
Data Trends and Patterns: Discover how to identify and interpret trends and patterns in your datasets.
Practical Examples: Follow step-by-step examples to apply SQL techniques in real-world scenarios.
Actionable Insights: Gain the skills to derive actionable insights that drive informed decision-making.
Join us on this journey to enhance your data analysis capabilities and unlock the full potential of SQL. Perfect for data enthusiasts, analysts, and anyone eager to harness the power of data!
#DataAnalysis #SQL #LearningSQL #DataInsights #DataScience #Analytics
Codeless Generative AI Pipelines
(GenAI with Milvus)
https://ml.dssconf.pl/user.html#!/lecture/DSSML24-041a/rate
Discover the potential of real-time streaming in the context of GenAI as we delve into the intricacies of Apache NiFi and its capabilities. Learn how this tool can significantly simplify the data engineering workflow for GenAI applications, allowing you to focus on the creative aspects rather than the technical complexities. I will guide you through practical examples and use cases, showing the impact of automation on prompt building. From data ingestion to transformation and delivery, witness how Apache NiFi streamlines the entire pipeline, ensuring a smooth and hassle-free experience.
Timothy Spann
https://www.youtube.com/@FLaNK-Stack
https://medium.com/@tspann
https://www.datainmotion.dev/
milvus, unstructured data, vector database, zilliz, cloud, vectors, python, deep learning, generative ai, genai, nifi, kafka, flink, streaming, iot, edge
ViewShift: Hassle-free Dynamic Policy Enforcement for Every Data LakeWalaa Eldin Moustafa
Dynamic policy enforcement is becoming an increasingly important topic in today’s world where data privacy and compliance is a top priority for companies, individuals, and regulators alike. In these slides, we discuss how LinkedIn implements a powerful dynamic policy enforcement engine, called ViewShift, and integrates it within its data lake. We show the query engine architecture and how catalog implementations can automatically route table resolutions to compliance-enforcing SQL views. Such views have a set of very interesting properties: (1) They are auto-generated from declarative data annotations. (2) They respect user-level consent and preferences (3) They are context-aware, encoding a different set of transformations for different use cases (4) They are portable; while the SQL logic is only implemented in one SQL dialect, it is accessible in all engines.
#SQL #Views #Privacy #Compliance #DataLake
Global Situational Awareness of A.I. and where its headedvikram sood
You can see the future first in San Francisco.
Over the past year, the talk of the town has shifted from $10 billion compute clusters to $100 billion clusters to trillion-dollar clusters. Every six months another zero is added to the boardroom plans. Behind the scenes, there’s a fierce scramble to secure every power contract still available for the rest of the decade, every voltage transformer that can possibly be procured. American big business is gearing up to pour trillions of dollars into a long-unseen mobilization of American industrial might. By the end of the decade, American electricity production will have grown tens of percent; from the shale fields of Pennsylvania to the solar farms of Nevada, hundreds of millions of GPUs will hum.
The AGI race has begun. We are building machines that can think and reason. By 2025/26, these machines will outpace college graduates. By the end of the decade, they will be smarter than you or I; we will have superintelligence, in the true sense of the word. Along the way, national security forces not seen in half a century will be un-leashed, and before long, The Project will be on. If we’re lucky, we’ll be in an all-out race with the CCP; if we’re unlucky, an all-out war.
Everyone is now talking about AI, but few have the faintest glimmer of what is about to hit them. Nvidia analysts still think 2024 might be close to the peak. Mainstream pundits are stuck on the wilful blindness of “it’s just predicting the next word”. They see only hype and business-as-usual; at most they entertain another internet-scale technological change.
Before long, the world will wake up. But right now, there are perhaps a few hundred people, most of them in San Francisco and the AI labs, that have situational awareness. Through whatever peculiar forces of fate, I have found myself amongst them. A few years ago, these people were derided as crazy—but they trusted the trendlines, which allowed them to correctly predict the AI advances of the past few years. Whether these people are also right about the next few years remains to be seen. But these are very smart people—the smartest people I have ever met—and they are the ones building this technology. Perhaps they will be an odd footnote in history, or perhaps they will go down in history like Szilard and Oppenheimer and Teller. If they are seeing the future even close to correctly, we are in for a wild ride.
Let me tell you what we see.
Population Growth in Bataan: The effects of population growth around rural pl...
The Information Flow of the Sistema Nacional de Transplantes (National Transplant System): A Social Network Analysis
1. RECIIS – R. Eletr. de Com. Inf. Inov. Saúde. Rio de Janeiro, v.6, n.2, Jun., 2012
[www.reciis.icict.fiocruz.br] e-ISSN 1981-6278
* Research in Progress
The Information Flow of the Sistema Nacional de Transplantes
(National Transplant System): A Social Network Analysis[i]
André Luiz Dias de França
Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Paraíba, PB, Brazil
andreluizjpb@gmail.com
Isaac Newton Cesarino da Nóbrega Alves
Universidade Estadual da Paraíba - UEPB, Paraíba, PB, Brazil
maxsteelbr@hotmail.com
Guilherme Ataíde Dias
Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Paraíba, PB, Brazil
guilherme@dci.ccsa.ufpb.br
DOI:10.3395/reciis.v6i2.572en
Abstract:
This project, submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a Master's in Information Science (IS),
uses the Social Network Analysis method to analyse the exchange of information among the National
Transplantation Coordination System (Coordenação-Geral do Sistema Nacional de Transplantes; NTCS),
the National Transplant Centre (Central Nacional de Transplantes; NTC) and the Organ Notification,
Harvesting and Distribution Centres (Centrais de Notificação, Captação [MT1] e Distribuição de Órgãos;
CNCDO) to determine the structure of the National Transplant System’s (Sistema Nacional de
Transplantes; NTS) social network. Interviews and electronic questionnaires were used to determine the
information flow channels used by the NTS to establish its social network. The leaders of the NTCS and
NTS and the informal leaders of the Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Norte, São Paulo and Ceará states
were identified using the Social Network Analysis approach to ascertain the relevant metrics. The results
showed that the network structure and distribution did not provide the necessary conditions for a uniform
and continuous information flow that would promote the advancement of scientific and technical
knowledge at the NTS.
Keywords: Social Network Analysis, information flow, National Transplant System
1. Introduction
This research focuses on finding solutions for effective knowledge dissemination and for improving the
information flow between the human and nonhuman entities associated with the Brazilian organ
transplant system. To this end, it examines the exchange of information within the social network formed
by the National Transplant System (Sistema Nacional de Transplantes; NTS); the Department of Health,
which includes the National Transplantation Coordination System (Coordenação-Geral do Sistema
Nacional de Transplantes; NTCS); the National Transplant Centre (Central Nacional de Transplantes;
NTC); and the Centres for Organ Notification, Harvesting and Distribution (Centrais de Notificação,
Captação [MT2] e Distribuição de Órgãos; CNCDO) located throughout Brazil.
This study aimed to investigate the information flow facilitating the exchange of data, information and
knowledge within the NTS and the contribution of this flow to the performance of the professionals
involved. The efficient management of information is a strategic issue (SARACEVIC, 1995) in any
organisation and is vital for the NTS. The present research considered the fundamental social actions that
promote the development of people, their network of relationships and the community to which they
belong. Therefore, the ultimate goal of this study was, as Barreto (2007) puts it, "to illuminate every
2. human being through information as a mediator of knowledge" using Information Science (IS) and social
network methods.
The present research consisted of representing the NTS information flow as a social network “formed by
points (or nodes/vertices) representing actors and lines (or edges) representing ties or relationships”
(HANNEMAN and RIDDLE, 2005; author’s translation). This representation allowed for the development
of relationships within NTS to be understood and resulted in data describing all of the factors that
contributed to the decrease in waiting time for patients on the unified transplant list in Brazil.
1.1 Problem
In recent years, Brazil has performed outstandingly in providing organ transplants. Marinho (2006) states
that Brazil has the most robust public program for transplants in the world. Alexandre Padilha, the
current Secretary of State for Health, also highlights this growth, asserting that "Brazil is the country that
performs the most transplants in the public sector in the world [...]" (BRAZIL, 2011b). Records show that
there are 548 healthcare facilities and 1,376 transplant teams in Brazil, a key factor in the country’s
success (BRAZIL, 2011b). However, is the country’s high number of procedures also accompanied by a
high rate of effective organ donation? If not, what influences the low rate of effective donation?
The Department of Health indicates that since 2003, the number of effective donors[ii] has grown from
5.00 to 9.90 per million people (pmp) (BRAZIL, 2011b). However, this value still falls short of Spain’s 32
pmp; Spain has been the transplant world record holder for 19 years (ESPAÑA, 2011; author’s
translation). Furthermore, in São Paulo, the country’s reference state until 2010 (21.2 pmp), 66.73% of
the organ donations were not converted into surgeries in 2010 (ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE
TRANSPLANTES DE ÓRGÃOS [BRAZILIAN ASSOCIATION OF ORGAN TRANSPLANTS], 2010). In 2011,
specifically between January and September, São Paulo had the second highest organ donation rate in
Brazil of 19.3 pmp. This resulted from the conversion of 1,855 potential donors into 598 effective donors,
a yield of 32.23%. Santa Catarina had the highest rate in Brazil (25.4 pmp) and was more efficient than
CONHD-SP, converting 287 potential donors into 119 effective donors, a yield rate of 41.46%. This is a
disturbing statistic, considering that of the 5,331 potential donors in Brazil, only 1,520 actually donated,
which represents a 71.70% loss of supply between January and September 2011 (ASSOCIAÇÃO
BRASILEIRA DE TRANSPLANTES DE ÓRGÃOS [BRAZILIAN ASSOCIATION OF ORGAN TRANSPLANTS],
2011). Moreover, 47,373[iii] people were on the waiting list to receive organs in 2010 (BRAZIL, 2011c).
In contrast, in Spain, despite its smaller geographic dimensions, that number was approximately 5,500
(ESPAÑA, 2011; author’s translation).
According to Bonatelli (2009), a critical barrier to organ donation is family refusal; relatives are required
to decide whether to donate their deceased love one’s organs while undergoing the strong emotional
shock of their loss. However, research studies (TRANSPLANTE, 2009) show that the core issue is not
rejection, but rather the lack of notification that a potential donor exists and the unpreparedness of the
teams involved in the process of acquiring the organs. The data published between January and
September 2011 showed that out of 5,331 potential donors, there were only 1,401 family refusals
(ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE TRANSPLANTES DE ÓRGÃOS [BRAZILIAN ASSOCIATION OF ORGAN
TRANSPLANTS], 2011). In other words, organ donations were authorised by the families of 3,930 people
(74%), a high rate, considering the emotional state of these families. These data confirm that the
primary problem is not caused by family refusal.
Lima et al. (2010) show that absolute numbers of donations have considerably increased in recent years
due to technological advancements and increasingly effective social mobilisation. However, Campos
(2011) seems more hesitant, emphasising that "the increase in donations, while significant, is due to
sporadic measures in some states and the commitment of transplant teams because there are no
systemic or planned actions originating at the federal level.”
The first organ transplants were performed in the early twentieth century. Surgeons Aléxis Carrel and
Charles Guthrie made important contributions to the development of transplant procedures, especially
the technique of suturing blood vessels (SILVA NETO, [s.d.], p.4). Rocha (ROCHA, [s.d.]) believes that,
for modern transplants, "the surgical technique is largely mastered [and] patient selection already follows
safe international criteria.” However, after almost 90 years of medical research and practice in such
procedures, individual steps still hinder the transplant process. Of the patients on the waiting list in 2009,
63% died, an extremely high rate compared to countries more aware of the significance of this issue (6%
to 8%) (TRANSPLANTE, 2009).[iv]
3. The uneasiness created by these statistics led to the proposal of this study, wherein Social Network
Analysis (SNA) was applied to the NTS network to answer the following question: How is the
Information Flow of the Sistema Nacional de Transplantes [National Transplant System]
Structured?
2. Theoretical Foundations
2.1 Organ Transplants
Lamb (2000) identifies the origins of tissue and organ transplants in the distant past, naming Adam as
the first donor and Eve as a pioneer receiver when God used Adam’s rib to create the first woman.
However, most scientific records show that the first experiments dealt with blood transfusions. Lamb
(2000) points out that these were unsuccessful, and incompatible blood caused several deaths, until the
different blood types were discovered. Modern transplantation originated in the 1920s with Aléxis Carrel,
whose study, “The transplantation of veins and organs,” made him a pioneer in this field (TRANSPLANTE,
2009). However, the first practices and procedures for non-regenerative organs (kidneys, heart, lungs,
pancreas and liver) did not appear until 1950 (LAMB, 2000).
In Brazil, organ harvesting has been performed since 1964 (Sistema Nacional de Transplantes [National
Transplant System], 2001). In 1968, a heart transplant was performed for the first time in Latin America
(LAMB, 2000), and in recent years, Brazil has been gaining notoriety among other nations for its
successful transplants. According to the NTS (BRASIL, 2011b), in 2009, the number of solid organ, tissue
and cell transplants was 20,253. In 2010, there were 21,040 such transplants, a growth of 3.8%. The
data on solid organs alone show progress: 6,422 solid organs were transplanted in 2010 compared to
5,999 in 2009 (a 7% increase[v]). Brazil currently has the largest public program for transplants in the
world and is an example for many countries, including many Latin American nations.
The Brazilian Government created the National Transplant System in 1997 under Law nº 9.434 of
February 04 to establish a national policy for tissue and organ transplants and to regulate the growing
number of surgeries. Under the NTS, all transplants in the country began to be performed in public or
private healthcare facilities previously authorised by the National Healthcare System (Sistema Único de
Saúde; NHS). The Department of Health provides 92.6% coverage through its nation-wide presence in 25
CONHD units [Organ Notification, Harvesting and Distribution Centres] (PORTAL SAÚDE, 2010).
2.2 Social Networks
Marteleto (2001, p.72) argues that social networks have existed as long as information has been
available to humans. Only in recent decades have information managers begun to regard these networks
as a strategic tool.
For Currás (2009, p.61; author’s translation), a social network is a group of points connected by a
series of relationships that perform certain functions and enjoy a structure and morphology of their own.
For Recuero (2009), this is a metaphor for analysing the behaviour of a social group through the dynamic
relations of the actors that comprise it. Therefore, social actors and their connections form social
networks. According to Currás,
Nodes, also called objects, elements that, in general, refer to people that form
the network, are needed to establish a network. Nodes unite with each other
through connections or edges, that is, through interconnection lines whose
purpose is to relate a node to the remainder of the network. (CURRÁS, 2009, p.63;
author’s translation)
For Costa (2009, p.43), “the networks enabled the promotion of knowledge generation and propagation
of its application through new technologies and contemporary social practices.” Through connections, a
social network’s emerging information flow can be stabilised because social members often feel rewarded
for sharing their knowledge or demonstrating their expertise. As a result, “everybody wins, because each
actor will build foundations and take new actions based on information shared” (TOMAÉL; MARTELETO,
2006, p.76).
Social network analysis interests researchers from various scientific fields because of its interdisciplinary
4. aspect and because its “analytic focus lays on relationships and interactions between individuals, as a
way of understanding the relational structure of society” (MARTELETO and TOMAÉL, p. 82, 2005). In
summary, social networks promote the necessary conditions for relationships between people, groups of
professionals, institutions and governments (WITTER, 2009, p.172), establishing knowledge exchange
through information flow and promoting the intellectual development of its members.
2.3 Social Network Analysis (SNA)
Understanding a given group of individuals or organisations and their relationships as a social network
enables all of the members of the group to be analysed as actors whose social actions are motivated by
information obtained through their connections with the remaining network actors. Therefore, the main
purpose of the SNA methodology is to detect and interpret the patterns of social relationships existing
among the actors (Nooy, Mrvar and Batagelj, 2005).
Hanneman and Riddle (2005) present two ways to represent the relationships between network actors:
matrices and graphs. Originating from mathematics, matrices represent a rectangular array of a set of
elements in rows and columns (i, j). When matrices are applied in sociology, specifically to social
networks, the actors are arranged in horizontal and vertical dimensions. Hanneman and Riddle (2005)
orient “shipments” (sender) in lines (i) and “incoming items” (recipient) in columns (j). If the main
diagonal is zero (0), then there are no loops, or self-ties—no connections circling back to the actor from
which they stem. The adjacency (or binary) matrix is used to examine the presence or absence of
relationship between two actors. It is either nil (0) when there are no connections between two nodes or
one (1) when there are one or more connections. In other words, the value one (1) indicates that a
connection was sent from one actor in a line (i) to one in a column (j), or that an actor from one column
received a connection from an actor in a line. Graphs are also used to represent the structure of a social
network. According to Nooy, Mrvar and Batagelj (2005) and Hanneman and Riddle (2005), such graphs
are also known as sociograms. They graphically represent the structure of a group based on an old
mathematical theory proposed by Leonhard Euler.
Leonhard Euler (1707-1782) became the father of graph theory by proposing a topographic solution for
the Seven Bridges of Königsberg problem, which was based on an area of Königsberg where the River
Pregel formed two islands (Figure 01, left) accessed by seven bridges.
Figure 1 – A park in Königsberg (left) and the graph of the problem of the bridges
over the river (right)
Source:(HARARY, 1972)
Euler developed a graphical representation (Figure 1, right) and proved with his theory that it was
impossible for anyone to cross the seven bridges without repeating at least one of them. He determined
that such a feat would only be possible if each node (point) were linked to an even number of
connections, which was not the case in Königsberg, where the points had an odd number of nodes
(HARARY, 1972; BOAVENTURA NETTO, 1996; RECUERO, 2009).
3. Methodological Procedures
According to the goals presented in Richardson (2008), this is an exploratory research study that aimed
to understand the emerging information flow in the NTS social network. The methodological approach
used by this study was Social Network Analysis (SNA). Following Silva and Menezes (2001), the present
study has a qualitative/quantitative nature. This is appropriate when applying SNA, according to
5. Marteleto and Tomaél (2005). While the quantitative approach provided an overview of the situation, the
qualitative research targeted particular issues of actor behaviour and technical visits that were not
possible to interpret using numbers and statistics.
First, the NTS team performed interviews and transcribed the responses to the electronic
questionnaires[vi] sent to the General Coordination System of the NTS, the National Transplant Centre
and the NTS’s state and district units throughout the country. Using the collection tools, we sought to
determine which of the following communication channels each actor was using to relate with the others:
a) Technical Visit; b) Scientific Event/Meeting; c) Training/Orientation; d) Video or Web Conference; e)
Fraternisation; f) Development of Academic Research; g) Telephone Call; h) E-mail; i) Fac-Simile (fax); j)
Conventional Correspondence (mail, etc.); k) Social Network Provider (Orkut, Twitter, Facebook, etc.); l)
Instant Messenger (MSN, ICQ, Yahoo! Messenger, etc.); m) Chat Rooms; or n) No Contact. The
respondent could also indicate other types of relations not mentioned by the collection tool.
Of the 27 federation units of Brazil, there was no CONHD in the state of Roraima. In addition, the state of
Tocantins had recently inaugurated its Centre at the time the questionnaire was circulated. Thus, for this
network analysis, the Roraima centre was excluded from and the Tocantins centre was included in the
electronic questionnaires sent. Importantly, a deliberation was necessary because Tocantins was still
being integrated in the system. The 27 federal units, the NTCS and the NTC totalled 29 network actors,
although seven of the Centres did not respond to the questionnaires sent (Amapá, Ceará, Espírito Santo,
Goiás, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco and Rio de Janeiro). The researchers and the NTCS team contacted
each of these units five times via e-mail and telephone, seeking to emphasise the collaborative aspect of
the research and the necessity of each Centre’s participation. Although they all verbally expressed
commitment to providing adequate feedback, there was no effective response.
For these reasons, the entire network was considered in the study, including all 29 actors (participant
Centres, nonparticipant Centres and absent Centres). The seven non-respondent states were considered
nonparticipant Centres, and the states of Roraima and Tocantins were considered absent Centres. After
the data were collected, the values were input into a meta-matrix using the UCINET computer program.
[vii]
UCINET is a proprietary software for Windows that is used to perform social network analysis. It has a
free trial period of 90 (ninety) days, beyond which time one must purchase the proprietary license.
Version 6, the most current version, was downloaded on December 26, 2011, and we sought to use it
during the free trial period given the budget constraints of this research. This program was used for all
network modelling and to find all of the relevant metrics for each approach proposed. Once modelled, the
networks were exported to a program called Pajek[viii] so that the images (graphs) could be designed.
Pajek a non-commercial, open-access program for Windows developed in 1996 for analysing small
networks and large networks of millions of nodes. It allows the user to develop graphical images that
visually present the information flow behaviour found in the social network. The Pajek64 2.05 version
was used to transform the edges (guided connections) into lines (single line) and to design both the
graphs used in the analyses and the final layout of the graphs presented herein. This process of
converting edges into lines is called symmetrisation.
Although the two programs are independent and comprehensive, we used both to perform all of the
network analysis steps because, while UCINET employed a more intuitive operation to transcribe the data
and obtain the questionnaire metrics for the composition of the matrices related to each network, Pajek
provided greater freedom for designing the graphs before they were exported as images for subsequent
analyses.
4. Network Analyses
Having collected the data, we obtained a non-symmetrised, binary and complete network. This network
included the 29 actors comprising the NTS, with directed connections, that is, (A;B) ≠ (B;A), and non-
valued connections, which only describe whether a connection exists between the two nodes. The
network modelled in UCINET was then modified in Pajek using the Kamada-Kawai layout on the Separate
Components mode.[ix] Both procedures revealed an expansive network. Because 14 different
communication channels were identified through the electronic questionnaires, we envisioned that the
communication media used could be regarded as strength indicators of the relationship between a given
pair of actors. Thus, two social networks, here called A and B, were prepared in the following
modulations:
6. Consider two nodes v1 and v2,
Network A – If the value of the number of interactions found between v1 and v2 is equal to or higher
than three (3), there will be an edge (directed connection) linking the two nodes. For values lower than
three, there will be no connection;
Network B – If the value of the number of interactions found between v1 and v2 is equal to or higher
than seven (7), there will be an edge (directed connection) linking the two nodes. For values lower than
seven, there will be no connection.
This approach enabled us to scrutinise the network under two conditions in which the relationship
intensity was directly proportional to the number of ways that the actors were connecting. This allowed
us to assess not only the network structure but also to identify which actors developed cohesive and
intense connections with each other, how they behaved and what the ramifications were for the
information flow structure of the network as a whole.
4.1 Network A
This section presents a directed (non-symmetrised) and non-valued (binary) square matrix (29x29)
where the actors are listed alphabetically (in words rather than initials). The following network matrix
(Figure 2) was obtained using the previously discussed modulations for the number of connections found:
Figure 2 – Combined Matrix A
Source: Developed by the authors
The values equal to zero (0) indicate an absence of connections, while those showing one (1) indicate the
presence of relationships between actors. Because there are no loops (self-ties), the main diagonal is nil.
After producing the matrix, the graph regarding representing the matrix was designed (Figure 3). The
advantage to the graphic representation is that the central actors, the intermediate actors and those
closest to the network periphery can be immediately identified visually.
7. Figure 3 – Combined Graph A
Source: Developed by the authors
In Figure 3, the NTCS, the NTC and CONHDs are highlighted in grey, and the CONHDs from whom no
feedback was received are highlighted in black. The CONHDs of Roraima and Tocantins are highlighted in
white for the reasons previously discussed. Six (6) actors are found in the centre of the graph: NTCS,
NTC, MA, PB, RN and SC. Those nodes, which represent the centre of the network, are the ones with the
highest degree of centrality because they receive the most information traffic.
Next, it was necessary to determine the relevant metrics that would quantitatively represent what was
occurring in the social network and enable the analyst to draw conclusions and determine the next steps
in the analysis. In this situation, there are metrics for the network as a whole, for actors and for
connections. However, they were not addressed separately but were input precisely as required to
address the considerations presented herein.
The Degree of an actor describes the related node’s surroundings, or “the number of connections that
fall on him” (NOOY, MRVAR AND BATAGELJ, 2005, p.63; author’s translation). However, in a network
where the connections follow directions (directed), the degree is divided into an Indegree and an
Outdegree. In this context, the outdegree of a node represents the number of edges outgoing from it,
and the indegree indicates the number of incoming connections. The degree measures how connected a
given actor is to the network as whole and how many connections it has. While the outdegree, according
to Hanneman and Riddle (2005), indicates the node’s effect on the network, the indegree, according to
Nooy, Mrvar and Batagelj (2005), suggests how prestigious an actor is compared to other group
members.
In the network shown, the NTCS and the states of Maranhão, Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte have an
outdegree of 27, followed by the NTC with an outdegree of 24 and Santa Catarina with an outdegree of
23. At 19, the NTCS leads with the highest number of indegrees, followed by the NTC with 17 and São
Paulo with 11. The outdegree values indicate the number of actors each actor has connections to, and the
indegree values indicate the most central nodes of the network, as previously seen in Figures 2 and 3.
8. Connectivity describes how a graph is connected. According to Boaventura Netto (2006), this concept
indicates how likely it is that information will move from one node to another through existing
connections. This measure allows comparisons between networks of similar aspects. For example, it can
be used to determine if a given graph 1 is more connected than a graph 7. To further analyse this
measure, Boaventura Netto (2006) applies Connectivity, which is the measure that assesses how the
network and actors behave when the intermediate nodes are removed. This measure reveals the number
of nodes that must be removed for a given actor A to be prevented from reaching another actor B.
Understanding this metric is useful for determining how much the network or an actor affect the further
dissemination of information.
The NTCS, NTC and São Paulo showed the highest values of connectivity, with 19, 17 and 11,
respectively (the highest values in their columns j). This means that many intermediate actors must be
removed to hinder the information flow from any actor to the NTCS, NTC or CONHD-SP. At 19, Maranhão,
Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte have the highest outgoing connectivity (highest values in lines i). The
NTC follows with 18; the NTCS and Santa Catarina both have maximal connectivity values of 17. These
values indicate how strongly connected the above-mentioned actors are to the remaining actors and,
consequently, to the network as a whole.
The concept of Reciprocity can be applied to the directed data of dyadic relations (pairs of actors).
Reciprocity assesses how involved actors from one asymmetric (non-symmetrised) network are and to
what degree network edges represent incoming relationships. Hanneman and Riddle (2005; author’s
translation) advocate that the higher the reciprocity values are, the more stable and balanced the
network tends to be. They claim that reciprocity values answer the following questions: “What percentage
of actor pairs has reciprocal ties?” and “What proportion of edges are part of a reciprocal relationship?”
For Network A, dyad-based reciprocity was found to be 0.3036 and edge-based reciprocity was found to
be 0.4658. Thus, out of all of the actor pairs that have some connection, only 30.36% are involved in
reciprocal relationships. However, out of all of the existing edges, nearly half (46.58%) are reciprocated
connections. Despite the low value of dyadic reciprocity, a result due in part to the CONHDs not
effectively involved in the research, it is somewhat surprising that nearly half of the network connections
represent a two-way communication.
Betweenness, according to Marteleto (2001), indicates how much an actor intermediates, or acts as a
"bridge," for the information. According to the Marteleto (2001), "a subject may not have many contacts
or establish weak ties, but may have a key significance in the mediation of exchanges" (p.79). Thus, an
intermediate actor assumes the power to interfere in network circulation, granting him power over
effective communication. We found the following metric values: NTCS = 180.27; NTC = 100.47; SC =
14.19; PB, RN, and MA = 6.10; and SE = 6.04. Compared to the NTCS and NTC, the values of
intermediate actors are low, indicating a well-connected network whose individual actors have low
effective communication interdependence.
When one wishes to know the distance from one point to another in a network, one must identify the
lowest value possible. Geodesic Distance is a concept that shows the distance between any two actors
(HANNEMAN and RIDDLE, 2005). However, the shortest distance between any two points is not always
the most appropriate measurement for several reasons. Hanneman and Riddle (2005) state, “If there is
another way, the two actors may use it, even if that way is longer and ‘less efficient’” (author’s
translation). This practice may expand the value of Betweenness.
In such cases, the Betweenness Flow measures the degree to which actors are intermediaries of
information flow (in all possible paths). Analysing Network A, we found that NTCS (201.42), NTC
(182.22), MA (30.40), SC (17.67), PB (17.62), RN (17.48) and SP (16.87) are the actors that mediate
communication through non-geodetic paths. In general, we realised that NTCS, NTC, SC, RN, PB and MA
are the most central actors. Information comes from, goes to or simply passes through these actors the
most, giving outstanding power within the social structure. However, as previously discussed, we also
sought to determine how those and other actors would behave in a network that required nodes to have
at least seven connections to be considered relevant or strongly connected. This is the approach taken in
the analysis of Network B.
4.2 Network B
By restricting the number of connections between actors that would be considered relevant in the
analysis to seven, we found the following combined matrix:
9. Figure 4 – Combined Matrix B
Source: Developed by the authors
The binary values 1 not only indicate that there is a relation between the actor from line (i) and the actor
from column (j), but also suggest a reasonably strong interaction between them, based on the network
as a whole. The infrequency of these ties simultaneously suggests the network’s high level of centrality.
For further analysis, a graph was developed to complement the initial findings (Figure 5).
Figure 5 – Combined Graph B
Source: Developed by the authors
10. Network B only has two actors competing for ascendency in the social structure’s centre: the NTCS and
CONHD-SC. While the NTCS has the most prestige, with the highest incoming information flow, the state
of Santa Catarina sends content to more members, including the NTCS itself, and only receives from a
“former” leader, the NTC.
The NTCS and the Santa Catarina centre compete for the most outdegrees and indegrees, and, despite
not being at the network centre, the NTC is also strategically well placed because it manages to send to
or receive information from the network leaders (the NTCS and Santa Catarina), as seen in the following
diagram (Figure 6):
Figure 6 – Graph centre in detail
Source: Developed by the authors
The information flow therefore relies on a circuit favouring not only the NTC but also Bahia. The directions
indicated show that all of the favoured nodes reach all of the other favoured nodes, an advantage that
Acre and Rio Grande do Norte do not have. This strategic position is emphasised by the intermediation
values. In its relationship with the centre nodes, the NTC shows an index of 35. This indicates that there
are 35 possible paths through the NTC between pairs of actors in the whole network. The NTCS places
second, with 32 paths, followed by Bahia, with 31, and Santa Catarina, with 26. These results indicate
that, despite not being in the network centre, the NTC holds the greatest power to decide when and
whether the information will go to its destination.
5. Analysis and discussion
Despite the risks of analysing a complete and directed social network in which several of the actors did
not respond to the collection tools, we were able to reach satisfactory conclusions by making the
necessary adjustments when needed. Dividing the strength of the relationships into two restriction levels
was in this case effective because the pairs who maintained ties through three (3) communication
channels were not treated the same as the pairs that exchanged information in seven (7) different ways.
Having treated the pairs thus, we determined that identifying redundancy would be another efficient way
of analysing participation in the social system because it would reveal the intensity of the connection
between two nodes. Furthermore, we believe in the potential contribution of the current research to the
development of a forward-thinking outlook, made possible by the forecasting element of the network,
which would show when the connections between actors were weakening.
Even with the absence of seven of the states and the RR and TO centres, we decided to include all of the
network actors to create a global and preliminary map while also inclusively levelling the NTCS and the
NTC, which are nation-wide bodies, with the local CONHDs to allow observation of the network behaviour
and thus "calibrate" the research viewpoint to a productive and accurate path that would outline the best
and most appropriate future steps indicated by this study.
11. Although it was theoretically expected that the information dynamics would be supported on the NTCS
and NTC axes, on several occasions, the National Transplant Centre did not effectively participate in the
information flow of the network as a whole, allowing states, including São Paulo, Santa Catarina and Rio
Grande do Norte, to be better ranked than the NTC.
Generally speaking, the complete network is extensive, with a relatively high density considering the
aforementioned absences. Individually, the NTCS, the NTC and the CONHDs of RN, SC and SP
predominated in terms of centrality, prestige, proximity or intermediation, representing common
destinations for information and vitally contributing to the structural support of this complete network.
However, the initially reasonable network structure and distribution did not provide the necessary
conditions for a uniform and continuous information flow that would promote the advancement of
scientific and technical knowledge at the NTS.
6. Final remarks
The NTS organ harvesting process is clearly too complex to be considered only from one perspective, and
future research on the topic should take more factors into consideration. This study has shown, in
general, how much the actors are (or seek to be) involved in the network’s information flow. This
information could be used to increase the performance of states that did not have satisfactory pmp
indexes but do have a significant level of participation in the network dynamics.
This study also aimed to provide the groundwork for a doctoral project assessing the management of
information and communication in social network services or the growth of the technical and scientific
knowledge of CONHDs by observing the information flow within a social network provider exclusively
administered for such a purpose.
Notes
[i] This study is part of a Master’s thesis in the Information Science Program at PFU (Paraíba Federal
University).
[ii] An individual from whom at least one organ is used on a receiver is considered an effective donor.
[iii] No further recent data were available.
[iv] No access was gained to documents with further updated statistics.
[v] No further recently published statistics for 2011were found.
[vi] Developed on Google Spread Sheets, which enabled the preparation, delivery and quantification of
the answers received from the questionnaires.
[vii] Software developed by Lin Freeman, Martin Everett and Steve Borgatti.
[viii] Software developed by Vladimir Batagelj and Andrej Mrvar.
[ix] This is the best visual arrangement of the actors and their ties.
[MT1]Please ensure that the name is “Centrais de Notificação, Capacitação e Distribuição de Órgãos”. It
seems that the correct name is “Centrais de Notificação, Captação e Distribuição de Órgãos”.
[MT2]Please ensure that the name is “Centrais de Notificação, Capacitação e Distribuição de Órgãos”. It
seems that the correct name is “Centrais de Notificação, Captação e Distribuição de Órgãos”.