This document provides an analysis of how generations have influenced entrepreneurship. It discusses the characteristics of Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Millennials and how each generation shaped the business world and trends in entrepreneurship based on the contexts and events that influenced them. The document aims to understand how generational characteristics are reflected in current markets, entrepreneurial projects, and company types. It finds that each generation introduced new ideas and practices that became normalized over time as younger generations entered the workforce.
The influence of individual factors on the entrepreneurial intentionijmvsc
Today, no one is safe from forces and pressures, which are exerted on it, because of a significant number
of the requirements in particular as regards competitiveness, the need for change, or the crises and the
deregulations. In front of the economic and social turbulences which we know, the creation of new
company appears as a cause of general interest. This research papers focuses on the problematic of the
entrepreneurship, and more particularly on the stake which this domain represents in our society, by
treating the determinants of the entrepreneurial intention. To face this news gives, students must
reconsider their behaviors and their practices to renew themselves, to open out and reinforce their
position in the market. Some of these practices form what one calls the entrepreneurial orientation. For
this reason, we will devote this paper for better encircling and apprehending the concept of individual
factors, and we tried to know how the individual factors (motivations, need for accomplishment, need for
autonomy, passion to develop its own idea, individual characteristics, work experience, teaching) can
influence the intention of the entrepreneur to create his own project. We focused on review literature
through a survey of a sample of students from the Higher Institute of Business Administration of Sfax
(Tunisia).
- The document describes a study that aimed to identify personal characteristics that differentiate successful entrepreneurs from others using objective tests.
- It administered interviews and tests measuring needs for achievement, autonomy, aggression, recognition, independence and leadership to 60 male entrepreneurs.
- The study found few differences between 22 black and 34 white entrepreneurs, supporting the hypothesis of no racial differences. It did find white entrepreneurs had businesses longer and were more likely to cite a special idea.
This document provides an overview of the state of the art of the intersection between entrepreneurship and development economics. It discusses three key areas: 1) Recent theoretical insights that link entrepreneurship to structural economic transformation and the role it plays in development. 2) The empirical evidence on the relationship between entrepreneurship and multidimensional development. 3) New perspectives on entrepreneurship policy for development, including the role of female entrepreneurship. The document aims to stimulate discussion at the intersection of entrepreneurship and development studies.
Women Leading Growth: An Empirical Analysis on the Effects of Women in Leader...Avril Espinosa-Malpica
UBC Economics 490: Seminar In Applied Economics Research Essay
250 years ago the wealthiest country was at most four times richer than the poorest country. Today the richest country is almost 100 times richer than the poorest. In this seminar, I tried to answer this question: Why have some countries grown so quickly over the long run while others have stagnated? To answer this, I focused on understanding and interpreting the effects of women in leadership positions on GDP through economics.
Corporate entrepreneurship and business performance the moderating role of o...Ying wei (Joe) Chou
This document summarizes a research paper that investigated the relationships between corporate entrepreneurship, organizational culture, and business performance in selected banks in Pakistan. The study found that corporate entrepreneurship was positively related to business performance, and that organizational culture was positively related to business performance. Additionally, the study found support for the hypothesis that organizational culture moderates the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and business performance, such that the relationship is stronger when organizational culture is considered. The study used a survey to collect data from managers in major Pakistani banks and analyzed the results using structural equation modeling.
Inquiry on womens entrepreneurship in arar city saudiprjpublications
This study investigated women's entrepreneurship intentions among female students at Northern Border University in Arar City, Saudi Arabia. A survey was administered to 400 students, 73% of whom were female. The study found that female students preferred being employees rather than starting their own businesses. Male students were more motivated towards entrepreneurship by "pull factors" like independence and wealth creation. The study concluded that gender, family work experience, field of study, and desire to start a future business were significantly related. It recommended policy changes to strengthen entrepreneurship motivation among female students in Arar City to address high female unemployment.
This document is a literature review and introduction to a research paper analyzing the economic, political, and social impacts of global offshoring. It provides background on the history and evolution of offshoring, beginning in the 1980s when companies opened factories in low-cost countries like India, China, and Mexico. While offshoring increased profits, it also decreased domestic employment. Current challenges include differing impacts on developing and developed countries, with developed countries facing job losses and lower tax revenue and developing countries gaining jobs but not always economic benefits. The research aims to analyze these impacts and potential solutions through qualitative and quantitative research methods.
1) The study examined differences in personal characteristics between successful entrepreneurs and men in general using objective standardized tests and structured interviews.
2) Results found that entrepreneurs scored higher on scales measuring need for achievement, independence and leadership. They also worked longer hours and were more likely to cite a special idea as important to starting their business.
3) Few differences were found between white and black entrepreneurs, suggesting that entrepreneurial success is not strongly influenced by race. The null hypothesis of no racial differences could not be rejected.
The influence of individual factors on the entrepreneurial intentionijmvsc
Today, no one is safe from forces and pressures, which are exerted on it, because of a significant number
of the requirements in particular as regards competitiveness, the need for change, or the crises and the
deregulations. In front of the economic and social turbulences which we know, the creation of new
company appears as a cause of general interest. This research papers focuses on the problematic of the
entrepreneurship, and more particularly on the stake which this domain represents in our society, by
treating the determinants of the entrepreneurial intention. To face this news gives, students must
reconsider their behaviors and their practices to renew themselves, to open out and reinforce their
position in the market. Some of these practices form what one calls the entrepreneurial orientation. For
this reason, we will devote this paper for better encircling and apprehending the concept of individual
factors, and we tried to know how the individual factors (motivations, need for accomplishment, need for
autonomy, passion to develop its own idea, individual characteristics, work experience, teaching) can
influence the intention of the entrepreneur to create his own project. We focused on review literature
through a survey of a sample of students from the Higher Institute of Business Administration of Sfax
(Tunisia).
- The document describes a study that aimed to identify personal characteristics that differentiate successful entrepreneurs from others using objective tests.
- It administered interviews and tests measuring needs for achievement, autonomy, aggression, recognition, independence and leadership to 60 male entrepreneurs.
- The study found few differences between 22 black and 34 white entrepreneurs, supporting the hypothesis of no racial differences. It did find white entrepreneurs had businesses longer and were more likely to cite a special idea.
This document provides an overview of the state of the art of the intersection between entrepreneurship and development economics. It discusses three key areas: 1) Recent theoretical insights that link entrepreneurship to structural economic transformation and the role it plays in development. 2) The empirical evidence on the relationship between entrepreneurship and multidimensional development. 3) New perspectives on entrepreneurship policy for development, including the role of female entrepreneurship. The document aims to stimulate discussion at the intersection of entrepreneurship and development studies.
Women Leading Growth: An Empirical Analysis on the Effects of Women in Leader...Avril Espinosa-Malpica
UBC Economics 490: Seminar In Applied Economics Research Essay
250 years ago the wealthiest country was at most four times richer than the poorest country. Today the richest country is almost 100 times richer than the poorest. In this seminar, I tried to answer this question: Why have some countries grown so quickly over the long run while others have stagnated? To answer this, I focused on understanding and interpreting the effects of women in leadership positions on GDP through economics.
Corporate entrepreneurship and business performance the moderating role of o...Ying wei (Joe) Chou
This document summarizes a research paper that investigated the relationships between corporate entrepreneurship, organizational culture, and business performance in selected banks in Pakistan. The study found that corporate entrepreneurship was positively related to business performance, and that organizational culture was positively related to business performance. Additionally, the study found support for the hypothesis that organizational culture moderates the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and business performance, such that the relationship is stronger when organizational culture is considered. The study used a survey to collect data from managers in major Pakistani banks and analyzed the results using structural equation modeling.
Inquiry on womens entrepreneurship in arar city saudiprjpublications
This study investigated women's entrepreneurship intentions among female students at Northern Border University in Arar City, Saudi Arabia. A survey was administered to 400 students, 73% of whom were female. The study found that female students preferred being employees rather than starting their own businesses. Male students were more motivated towards entrepreneurship by "pull factors" like independence and wealth creation. The study concluded that gender, family work experience, field of study, and desire to start a future business were significantly related. It recommended policy changes to strengthen entrepreneurship motivation among female students in Arar City to address high female unemployment.
This document is a literature review and introduction to a research paper analyzing the economic, political, and social impacts of global offshoring. It provides background on the history and evolution of offshoring, beginning in the 1980s when companies opened factories in low-cost countries like India, China, and Mexico. While offshoring increased profits, it also decreased domestic employment. Current challenges include differing impacts on developing and developed countries, with developed countries facing job losses and lower tax revenue and developing countries gaining jobs but not always economic benefits. The research aims to analyze these impacts and potential solutions through qualitative and quantitative research methods.
1) The study examined differences in personal characteristics between successful entrepreneurs and men in general using objective standardized tests and structured interviews.
2) Results found that entrepreneurs scored higher on scales measuring need for achievement, independence and leadership. They also worked longer hours and were more likely to cite a special idea as important to starting their business.
3) Few differences were found between white and black entrepreneurs, suggesting that entrepreneurial success is not strongly influenced by race. The null hypothesis of no racial differences could not be rejected.
This document summarizes findings from a literature review on potential generational differences in the workforce. The review found little convincing evidence of significant generational differences, with most differences better explained by age rather than generation. One exception is technology usage, where Millennials are more likely to text and multitask. The document recommends communication programs to address tech preferences, co-mentoring between ages to share skills, and an inclusive culture to avoid division. Stereotyping generations is discouraged as it risks creating artificial divisions.
This document summarizes a paper on the role of entrepreneurship in economic development, with a focus on necessity entrepreneurship versus opportunity entrepreneurship. It discusses how necessity entrepreneurship, which arises due to lack of options, likely has little or no positive effect on economic growth, while opportunity entrepreneurship, which exploits new business opportunities, likely has a positive effect. It also summarizes findings from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor project that show developing countries tend to have higher levels of necessity entrepreneurship and lower levels of opportunity entrepreneurship compared to developed countries.
Is small and medium sized beautiful - the structure and evolution of family s...Ying wei (Joe) Chou
This document provides a literature review and bibliometric analysis of the scientific research on small and medium-sized family businesses (family SMEs). It identifies four main clusters of research on family SMEs: succession in family SMEs, performances of family SMEs, internationalization of family SMEs, and organizational culture of family SMEs. Through comparative bibliometric analysis of 155 research articles from 1989 to 2018, the document maps the evolution of the field and identifies the most influential studies and themes. It aims to provide a systematic analysis of the scientific knowledge on family SMEs to help advance future research.
This document provides a literature review on explanations for the gender pay gap. It discusses both mainstream economic theories like human capital theory and feminist perspectives. Human capital theory posits that women receive lower returns on their education and skills due to discrimination. Feminist views argue structural and cultural factors like occupational segregation and gender stereotypes reinforce the pay gap. The document evaluates factors like increased female participation in the workforce reducing the gap but discrimination persists as women still earn 15% less despite higher education levels.
Effects of the Entrepreneurial Environment on Tunisian Individuals’ Decision ...inventionjournals
This document analyzes the effects of the entrepreneurial environment on Tunisian individuals' decision to start a business. It reviews literature on motivational factors for entrepreneurship, including government policies, socioeconomic conditions, entrepreneurial skills, and financial/non-financial assistance. The study uses a questionnaire to survey 86 new Tunisian entrepreneurs. Factor analysis reveals that business creation is motivated by socioeconomic conditions, entrepreneurial skills, and access to assistance. The entrepreneurial environment significantly influences Tunisians' decisions to start their own ventures.
Passion driven entrepreneurship in small and medium-sized towns - empirical e...Ying wei (Joe) Chou
This document summarizes a research paper that examines passion-driven entrepreneurship in small and medium-sized towns (SMSTs) in Italy. It explores how entrepreneurial passion (EP) and domain passion (DP) help transform ideas into real entrepreneurial ventures in resource-scarce SMST contexts. The paper analyzes two case studies of passion-driven entrepreneurial ventures (PDEVs) through their development process. It finds that shared passion fosters local involvement and helps overcome hurdles. The paper contributes to literature on entrepreneurship in peripheral contexts and highlights the role of passion and local networks.
This case study examines social entrepreneurship among women making paper beads in the informal sector of Kireka and Banda, Kampala, Uganda. Most of the women are widows, refugees, or living with HIV/AIDS. In addition to self-employment, their businesses provide a survival strategy. Though operating small nonprofit businesses, they demonstrate innovative behaviors and increase mission value, qualifying as social entrepreneurs. The study analyzes psychological, sociological, and economic theories to explain the emergence of social entrepreneurship in this context, noting the importance of social networks and life circumstances. It concludes by questioning how these social entrepreneurs can gain market access and whether a sustainable model can be adapted for this community.
Entrepreneurial learning from failure a systematic reviewYing wei (Joe) Chou
This document provides a literature review on entrepreneurial learning from failure. It systematically collects and organizes relevant research according to Kolb's model of experiential learning, which includes four stages: concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. The review finds that existing research provides insights into all stages of learning from failure. Areas that have received significant attention include the nature of failure, factors influencing reflection like emotions and attributions, the content of learning, and applying learning in new ventures. However, other topics remain underexplored, such as alternative recovery modes, personal characteristics' impact on reflection, cognitive processes underlying reflection, transforming observations into concepts, and applying learning outside of entrepreneurship. This
We prepared for you a unique list of best topics for a PhD research proposal topics, you are welcomed to check them or download full list of topics if needed. https://www.phdresearchproposal.org/how-to-write-a-phd-research-proposal/
WOMEN IN THE ECONOMY: A REVIEW OF RECENT LITERATURE GREATER ACCESS TO TRADE E...Dr Lendy Spires
This document provides a literature review on women's participation in the economy. It begins by outlining women's unique position within economies, noting they often have asymmetric rights and responsibilities compared to men. They also experience "time poverty" due to greater domestic responsibilities. The document then reviews how labor markets are often gendered institutions, with women facing wage gaps and concentration in lower-paying jobs and sectors. It emphasizes that promoting gender equality and women's full participation in the economy is important for development and economic growth. The review concludes by presenting policy recommendations focused on conducting gender analyses, supporting women through targeted programs, and investing in infrastructure to reduce women's domestic burdens.
Entrepreneurial passion orientation and behavior the moderating role of linea...Ying wei (Joe) Chou
This study examines how entrepreneurial passion, orientation, and behavior are influenced by rational and nonrational thinking styles. A conceptual model is proposed and tested using survey data from 300 European entrepreneurs. The findings show that entrepreneurial passion positively influences entrepreneurial orientation, which then strongly impacts strategic entrepreneurship behavior. Additionally, linear thinking positively moderates the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and behavior, while nonlinear thinking positively moderates the relationship between passion and orientation. This suggests entrepreneurs should utilize different thinking styles to maximize the impact of passion and orientation on behavior.
Talent, Craetivity And Regional Economic Performance Arc Haifeng Qiancasaresp
This paper investigates factors associated with the geographic distribution of talent in China and how talent relates to regional economic performance. It examines two types of talent: human capital measured by education levels and the creative class measured by occupational skills. Both market factors like wages and jobs, and non-market factors like amenities, openness, and universities may influence talent distribution. The paper analyzes how talent levels correlate with innovation, entrepreneurship, and regional economic growth. It uses provincial data to explore these relationships in China.
Thinking about developing business leadership for the post covid worldYing wei (Joe) Chou
The document discusses the need to develop business leadership skills for the post-COVID world. It describes a model developed at Sacred Heart University's Center for Nonprofits that may provide students with the skills, attitudes and values required for successful social entrepreneurship. Over 15 years, 925 MBA students have completed 260 consulting projects for 125 nonprofit clients, totaling 65,000 volunteer hours and $60,000 in consulting services to help nonprofits. The model emphasizes developing students' "knowing," "doing," and "being" to prepare them for leadership in a world that demands both business acumen and social purpose.
Mark McCrindle Professional Speaker info packMark McCrindle
Mark McCrindle is a social researcher and speaker who provides expert presentations and analysis on social trends, demographic changes, and future forecasts. He has over 20 years of experience researching social trends and emerging issues. His presentations cover topics such as understanding customers and engaging different generations, analyzing demographic snapshots of Australia, exploring emerging technologies and communication strategies, and identifying changing times and trends. He delivers data-driven insights in an engaging manner to help organizations strategize and adapt.
This document discusses the impact of gender inequality in education and employment on economic growth. It finds that gender gaps in both education and employment considerably reduce economic growth. Specifically:
- Gender gaps in education reduce human capital accumulation and have negative externalities by increasing fertility and lowering education levels of future generations.
- Gender gaps in employment also distort economies and reduce competitiveness by depriving countries of relatively cheap female labor. They can increase fertility and lower economic growth.
- The costs of gender gaps in education and employment in regions like the Middle East and North Africa and South Asia have amounted to 0.1-1.7 percentage points lower annual growth compared to East Asia. While gender gaps in education have large negative effects
Os Signos e a Verossimilhança no Livro Jogos VorazesMarina Amâncio
O documento resume o livro "Jogos Vorazes" da autora Suzanne Collins. Ele descreve a história do livro, que se passa em um futuro distópico onde crianças lutam até a morte em um reality show televisionado. Também discute a recepção e adaptação do livro para o cinema, notando seu sucesso comercial e de crítica.
Análise da Concorrência e Conexões - Widescreenprezento
A União Europeia está considerando novas regras para veículos autônomos. As regras propostas exigiriam que os fabricantes de veículos autônomos assumam mais responsabilidade por acidentes e forneçam mais dados sobre o desempenho do veículo para reguladores. Os fabricantes teriam que mostrar que sistemas autônomos são seguros antes de colocá-los à venda.
The main goal of INNOVARE is assistance in development, implementation, commercialization and marketing of innovative technologies and products through facilitation of international scientific and investment collaboration between Switzerland and Eurasian Economic Union.
El usuario creó un avatar y utiliza Gmail para mantenerse informado. Aprendió a usar Google Drive para guardar documentos y Dropbox para almacenar todos sus archivos. Mantiene un diario personal en Wikispaces que usa diariamente, y creó su propia nube de palabras y blog personal usando varias herramientas. Guarda páginas favoritas en Diigo y agrega y crea páginas en Evernote para capturar y leer noticias de interés.
This document provides an overview of art conservation as a profession. It defines conservation as the preservation of cultural property for future generations. The document outlines the six primary activities of conservation as examination, documentation, treatment, preventive care, research, and education. It provides examples of different types of treatments conservators perform such as stabilizing paintings, conserving furniture, and assembling sculptures. The document also discusses graduate programs in art conservation and provides tips for becoming a conservator.
This document summarizes findings from a literature review on potential generational differences in the workforce. The review found little convincing evidence of significant generational differences, with most differences better explained by age rather than generation. One exception is technology usage, where Millennials are more likely to text and multitask. The document recommends communication programs to address tech preferences, co-mentoring between ages to share skills, and an inclusive culture to avoid division. Stereotyping generations is discouraged as it risks creating artificial divisions.
This document summarizes a paper on the role of entrepreneurship in economic development, with a focus on necessity entrepreneurship versus opportunity entrepreneurship. It discusses how necessity entrepreneurship, which arises due to lack of options, likely has little or no positive effect on economic growth, while opportunity entrepreneurship, which exploits new business opportunities, likely has a positive effect. It also summarizes findings from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor project that show developing countries tend to have higher levels of necessity entrepreneurship and lower levels of opportunity entrepreneurship compared to developed countries.
Is small and medium sized beautiful - the structure and evolution of family s...Ying wei (Joe) Chou
This document provides a literature review and bibliometric analysis of the scientific research on small and medium-sized family businesses (family SMEs). It identifies four main clusters of research on family SMEs: succession in family SMEs, performances of family SMEs, internationalization of family SMEs, and organizational culture of family SMEs. Through comparative bibliometric analysis of 155 research articles from 1989 to 2018, the document maps the evolution of the field and identifies the most influential studies and themes. It aims to provide a systematic analysis of the scientific knowledge on family SMEs to help advance future research.
This document provides a literature review on explanations for the gender pay gap. It discusses both mainstream economic theories like human capital theory and feminist perspectives. Human capital theory posits that women receive lower returns on their education and skills due to discrimination. Feminist views argue structural and cultural factors like occupational segregation and gender stereotypes reinforce the pay gap. The document evaluates factors like increased female participation in the workforce reducing the gap but discrimination persists as women still earn 15% less despite higher education levels.
Effects of the Entrepreneurial Environment on Tunisian Individuals’ Decision ...inventionjournals
This document analyzes the effects of the entrepreneurial environment on Tunisian individuals' decision to start a business. It reviews literature on motivational factors for entrepreneurship, including government policies, socioeconomic conditions, entrepreneurial skills, and financial/non-financial assistance. The study uses a questionnaire to survey 86 new Tunisian entrepreneurs. Factor analysis reveals that business creation is motivated by socioeconomic conditions, entrepreneurial skills, and access to assistance. The entrepreneurial environment significantly influences Tunisians' decisions to start their own ventures.
Passion driven entrepreneurship in small and medium-sized towns - empirical e...Ying wei (Joe) Chou
This document summarizes a research paper that examines passion-driven entrepreneurship in small and medium-sized towns (SMSTs) in Italy. It explores how entrepreneurial passion (EP) and domain passion (DP) help transform ideas into real entrepreneurial ventures in resource-scarce SMST contexts. The paper analyzes two case studies of passion-driven entrepreneurial ventures (PDEVs) through their development process. It finds that shared passion fosters local involvement and helps overcome hurdles. The paper contributes to literature on entrepreneurship in peripheral contexts and highlights the role of passion and local networks.
This case study examines social entrepreneurship among women making paper beads in the informal sector of Kireka and Banda, Kampala, Uganda. Most of the women are widows, refugees, or living with HIV/AIDS. In addition to self-employment, their businesses provide a survival strategy. Though operating small nonprofit businesses, they demonstrate innovative behaviors and increase mission value, qualifying as social entrepreneurs. The study analyzes psychological, sociological, and economic theories to explain the emergence of social entrepreneurship in this context, noting the importance of social networks and life circumstances. It concludes by questioning how these social entrepreneurs can gain market access and whether a sustainable model can be adapted for this community.
Entrepreneurial learning from failure a systematic reviewYing wei (Joe) Chou
This document provides a literature review on entrepreneurial learning from failure. It systematically collects and organizes relevant research according to Kolb's model of experiential learning, which includes four stages: concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. The review finds that existing research provides insights into all stages of learning from failure. Areas that have received significant attention include the nature of failure, factors influencing reflection like emotions and attributions, the content of learning, and applying learning in new ventures. However, other topics remain underexplored, such as alternative recovery modes, personal characteristics' impact on reflection, cognitive processes underlying reflection, transforming observations into concepts, and applying learning outside of entrepreneurship. This
We prepared for you a unique list of best topics for a PhD research proposal topics, you are welcomed to check them or download full list of topics if needed. https://www.phdresearchproposal.org/how-to-write-a-phd-research-proposal/
WOMEN IN THE ECONOMY: A REVIEW OF RECENT LITERATURE GREATER ACCESS TO TRADE E...Dr Lendy Spires
This document provides a literature review on women's participation in the economy. It begins by outlining women's unique position within economies, noting they often have asymmetric rights and responsibilities compared to men. They also experience "time poverty" due to greater domestic responsibilities. The document then reviews how labor markets are often gendered institutions, with women facing wage gaps and concentration in lower-paying jobs and sectors. It emphasizes that promoting gender equality and women's full participation in the economy is important for development and economic growth. The review concludes by presenting policy recommendations focused on conducting gender analyses, supporting women through targeted programs, and investing in infrastructure to reduce women's domestic burdens.
Entrepreneurial passion orientation and behavior the moderating role of linea...Ying wei (Joe) Chou
This study examines how entrepreneurial passion, orientation, and behavior are influenced by rational and nonrational thinking styles. A conceptual model is proposed and tested using survey data from 300 European entrepreneurs. The findings show that entrepreneurial passion positively influences entrepreneurial orientation, which then strongly impacts strategic entrepreneurship behavior. Additionally, linear thinking positively moderates the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and behavior, while nonlinear thinking positively moderates the relationship between passion and orientation. This suggests entrepreneurs should utilize different thinking styles to maximize the impact of passion and orientation on behavior.
Talent, Craetivity And Regional Economic Performance Arc Haifeng Qiancasaresp
This paper investigates factors associated with the geographic distribution of talent in China and how talent relates to regional economic performance. It examines two types of talent: human capital measured by education levels and the creative class measured by occupational skills. Both market factors like wages and jobs, and non-market factors like amenities, openness, and universities may influence talent distribution. The paper analyzes how talent levels correlate with innovation, entrepreneurship, and regional economic growth. It uses provincial data to explore these relationships in China.
Thinking about developing business leadership for the post covid worldYing wei (Joe) Chou
The document discusses the need to develop business leadership skills for the post-COVID world. It describes a model developed at Sacred Heart University's Center for Nonprofits that may provide students with the skills, attitudes and values required for successful social entrepreneurship. Over 15 years, 925 MBA students have completed 260 consulting projects for 125 nonprofit clients, totaling 65,000 volunteer hours and $60,000 in consulting services to help nonprofits. The model emphasizes developing students' "knowing," "doing," and "being" to prepare them for leadership in a world that demands both business acumen and social purpose.
Mark McCrindle Professional Speaker info packMark McCrindle
Mark McCrindle is a social researcher and speaker who provides expert presentations and analysis on social trends, demographic changes, and future forecasts. He has over 20 years of experience researching social trends and emerging issues. His presentations cover topics such as understanding customers and engaging different generations, analyzing demographic snapshots of Australia, exploring emerging technologies and communication strategies, and identifying changing times and trends. He delivers data-driven insights in an engaging manner to help organizations strategize and adapt.
This document discusses the impact of gender inequality in education and employment on economic growth. It finds that gender gaps in both education and employment considerably reduce economic growth. Specifically:
- Gender gaps in education reduce human capital accumulation and have negative externalities by increasing fertility and lowering education levels of future generations.
- Gender gaps in employment also distort economies and reduce competitiveness by depriving countries of relatively cheap female labor. They can increase fertility and lower economic growth.
- The costs of gender gaps in education and employment in regions like the Middle East and North Africa and South Asia have amounted to 0.1-1.7 percentage points lower annual growth compared to East Asia. While gender gaps in education have large negative effects
Os Signos e a Verossimilhança no Livro Jogos VorazesMarina Amâncio
O documento resume o livro "Jogos Vorazes" da autora Suzanne Collins. Ele descreve a história do livro, que se passa em um futuro distópico onde crianças lutam até a morte em um reality show televisionado. Também discute a recepção e adaptação do livro para o cinema, notando seu sucesso comercial e de crítica.
Análise da Concorrência e Conexões - Widescreenprezento
A União Europeia está considerando novas regras para veículos autônomos. As regras propostas exigiriam que os fabricantes de veículos autônomos assumam mais responsabilidade por acidentes e forneçam mais dados sobre o desempenho do veículo para reguladores. Os fabricantes teriam que mostrar que sistemas autônomos são seguros antes de colocá-los à venda.
The main goal of INNOVARE is assistance in development, implementation, commercialization and marketing of innovative technologies and products through facilitation of international scientific and investment collaboration between Switzerland and Eurasian Economic Union.
El usuario creó un avatar y utiliza Gmail para mantenerse informado. Aprendió a usar Google Drive para guardar documentos y Dropbox para almacenar todos sus archivos. Mantiene un diario personal en Wikispaces que usa diariamente, y creó su propia nube de palabras y blog personal usando varias herramientas. Guarda páginas favoritas en Diigo y agrega y crea páginas en Evernote para capturar y leer noticias de interés.
This document provides an overview of art conservation as a profession. It defines conservation as the preservation of cultural property for future generations. The document outlines the six primary activities of conservation as examination, documentation, treatment, preventive care, research, and education. It provides examples of different types of treatments conservators perform such as stabilizing paintings, conserving furniture, and assembling sculptures. The document also discusses graduate programs in art conservation and provides tips for becoming a conservator.
La clasificación de los materiales didácticos se divide en tres categorías principales: materiales impresos, materiales audiovisuales y materiales manipulables. Los materiales impresos incluyen libros, revistas y folletos. Los materiales audiovisuales son aquellos que utilizan el sonido y la imagen como videos, diapositivas y grabaciones de audio. Finalmente, los materiales manipulables permiten la participación activa de los estudiantes y contienen objetos reales como juguetes, rompecabezas y materiales de construcción.
A long-term care facility in Bridgetown, Nova Scotia has opened an on-site dental clinic to provide routine dental care to residents. The clinic operates out of the facility's unused hair salon space on Fridays. A local dentist and hygienist volunteer their time to fix broken teeth and perform other procedures for residents. Nurses help coordinate patient transportation and assist the dentist. The clinic aims to improve oral health care access for seniors and has plans to expand services to a nearby adult care center.
This document discusses gaining lean muscle mass and provides a diet plan and exercises to help achieve that goal. It focuses on bodybuilding and fitness topics like building muscle and strength through nutrition and exercise recommendations.
Swiss International signs Management agreement with Al Zamil Real Estate Group, for the development of Swiss International Hotels & Resorts in Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia!
2015 10 16_energoforum_atos_spravit druhy krokPeter Chochol
Výstupom inteligentných meracích systémov je poskytovanie nameraných dát. Nie každý odberateľ im však musí porozumieť. Ďalším krokom by malo byť nasadenie analytických, predikčných a vizualizačných nástrojov na spracovanie nameraných dát tak, aby pomohli koncovým odberateľom znížiť náklady a zvýšiť energetickú efektívnosť.
This curriculum vitae outlines the education and experience of Cornelis Julian, a 23-year-old Belgian student currently pursuing a Master's degree in business administration and management with a finance option. He has studied at ICHEC Brussels Management School since 2013 and is expected to graduate in September 2016 with a double degree. Cornelis also holds a Baccalaureate from Institut Supérieur de Gestion Hôtelière, where he consistently achieved high marks. His work experience includes internships in hotel reception and kitchen operations. He is proficient in English, Dutch, Spanish and French and has strong organizational, computer, and managerial skills.
A Utilização das Mídias Digitais nas Manifestações Ocorridas no Brasil em 201...Marina Amâncio
O documento descreve como as mídias digitais e redes sociais foram utilizadas para organizar e realizar as manifestações ocorridas no Brasil em 2013. Analisa o papel das mídias digitais durante a organização dos protestos, destacando que foi a primeira manifestação organizada inteiramente pela internet, diferentemente de outras ocorridas anteriormente no país. Explora como as características das mídias digitais permitiram a rápida disseminação de informações e convocação de participantes.
This document discusses how Air New Zealand has changed its relationship with consumers through social media. It explores concepts like globalization, disembedding, and social media logic. Air New Zealand uses multiple social media platforms like YouTube, Twitter, and Instagram to engage with consumers in an interactive, personalized way. The methodology involves nethnography and data analysis of Air New Zealand's social media presence. The timeline shows how they promoted different events. While social media provides benefits, it also carries risks if the communication becomes over-mediatized. The conclusion emphasizes how Air New Zealand has built a successful strategy around globalization, social media logic, and mediatization to develop a more consumer-oriented relationship.
Essay on Life After School | Life After School Essay for Students and .... Essay On Life After School for Students and Children | PDF Download. Essay on life after school | Topics in English.
New entrepreneurs and business incubator initiators discussed enabling and constraining conditions for newcomers pursuing entrepreneurship in the Netherlands. Key enabling conditions included social networks that provide knowledge, skills, and clients. Constraints were a lack of information about regulations, an unfamiliar business culture, and negative stereotypes about refugees. Durable solutions proposed were connecting newcomer entrepreneurs to Dutch networks to expand social capital and knowledge of business practices and obligations.
THE INFLUENCE OF INDIVIDUAL FACTORS ON THE ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONijmvsc
This document summarizes a research study on the influence of individual factors on entrepreneurial intention. It discusses motivations, need for achievement, autonomy, passion for ideas, individual characteristics, work experience, and education. A literature review identified these individual factors and their hypothesized influence on entrepreneurial intention. Researchers administered a questionnaire to 250 business students in Tunisia to test these hypotheses. The results were analyzed to understand the impact of individual factors on entrepreneurial intention in the Tunisian context.
Theorising the relationship between television programmes and promotion of en...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study that examined the relationship between television programs and the promotion of entrepreneurial culture among university students in Kenya. The study found a significant positive relationship, indicating that TV programs can help promote entrepreneurial culture in Kenya. Some key points:
- The study used a sample of 320 final year university students from 10 public and private universities in Nairobi, Kenya.
- A survey questionnaire was used to collect data on the relationship between different types of TV programs (news, reality shows, documentaries, talk shows, interviews) and entrepreneurial culture.
- A significant positive relationship was found between aggregate TV programs and the promotion of entrepreneurial culture in Kenya.
The document discusses the roles of entrepreneurs and factors that influence entrepreneurship. It defines an entrepreneur as someone who starts a business and takes on the risks of the venture. It explores characteristics commonly associated with entrepreneurs like optimism and self-confidence. The document also examines social and environmental factors that can encourage entrepreneurial spirit, such as having self-employed parents or experiences with family businesses. Finally, it looks at how communities and upbringing can shape an individual's interest in entrepreneurship.
The role of social media in keeping international students at bcu connectedChioma Chuka
This document summarizes a student's research on the role of social media in helping international students at Birmingham City University feel connected. The student conducted a literature review on key concepts like social media, social networks, and social capital. They explored how belonging to networks can provide benefits like social support but also have negatives like restrictions. The student's methodology was to conduct focus groups with international students to understand their experiences using social media and networks both before and after arriving in Birmingham. The research aimed to see if social media helped the students adapt to their new environment and form new opportunities.
Britannia to give seed funding, training, more to aspiring women entrepreneurs, homemakers for starting up.
Britannia has also teamed up with Google to offer all participants access to a digital business training programme that includes many classes to assist them gain the skills they need to run and grow their enterprises.
The third season of their start-up competition for prospective women entrepreneurs, particularly homemakers, was launched on Wednesday. Britannia would provide up to 10,000 top participants with online mentorship lectures from industry leaders on how to start and scale businesses. Candidates' ideas will be reviewed based on predetermined criteria, and a shortlisted candidate list will be published within 60 days after the contest's conclusion. One of the most significant aspects of our relationship with Google was ensuring that all participants have access to the digital skilling materials.
In addition to the initial funding, we're looking into how we can make relevant knowledge and know-how more accessible to women who want to pursue their entrepreneurial dreams, » Subramanyam stated. «There are an increasing number of women who desire to start their own business. At the contest's inauguration, Vinay Subramanyam, Vice-President, Britannia Industries, remarked, "77 percent of the women we went out to spoke about technology being a critical facilitator in terms of breaking barriers of how to be an entrepreneur." According to the survey, 62% of women want to start their own business, but a lack of time owing to household duties is a barrier for 73% of respondents. Lack of guidance was a problem for 53% of respondents, while insufficient funding was a problem for 50%.
« I had no choice but to sell all of my belongings in order to start the business. There are far more instances of women entrepreneurs today than there were previously, and as a result, there is a cultural receptivity to women in business that did not exist previously. However, there is still a long way to go, and I'm not sure if the next decade will be enough for women to be big enough, » remarked Shubhra Chadha, Co-founder of Chumbak Designs, during a Britannia webinar held before to the contest's introduction.
PROJECT ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ENTREPRENURSHIP ASSIGNMENT.docxYashleenkaur10
The document discusses personality traits and entrepreneurship. It analyzes research on personality characteristics of entrepreneurs from India and other countries. The research found that traits like internal locus of control, ambiguity tolerance, self-confidence, and innovativeness were important for entrepreneurs. Additionally, family history and education also impacted entrepreneurial tendencies. The document also discusses the importance of social entrepreneurship and how certain personality traits like agreeableness and openness can positively impact social entrepreneurship. Overall, the document analyzes different studies on the relationship between personality traits and entrepreneurial ambitions and intentions.
This document discusses community-based entrepreneurial activities. It defines community-based enterprises as entrepreneurial initiatives that enhance the quality of life and economic development of a particular region. The key characteristic is that assets belong to or are dedicated to the community, ensuring the enterprise is accountable to the community. Several studies are reviewed that examine how community-based entrepreneurship can empower marginalized groups and promote social upliftment by utilizing local cultural values and resources. However, challenges include a lack of community orientation in modern society and limited capacity. The document concludes that community entrepreneurship models may be appropriate for investing in essential infrastructure and services that require collaborative community efforts.
This document discusses community-based entrepreneurial activities. It defines community-based enterprises as entrepreneurial initiatives that enhance the quality of life and economic development of a particular region. The key characteristic is that assets belong to or are dedicated to the community, ensuring the enterprise is accountable to the community. Several studies are reviewed that examine how community-based entrepreneurship can empower marginalized groups and promote social upliftment by utilizing local cultural values and resources. However, challenges include a lack of community orientation in modern society and limited capacity. The document concludes that community entrepreneurship models may be appropriate for investing in essential infrastructure and services that require collaborative community efforts.
Targeting Generation Z - Effective Youth Marketing StrategiesKarolina Demianczuk
Bachelor’s thesis written by Karolina Demianczuk in Institute of Management at Warsaw School of Economics, under Scientific’s Supervision of Katrzyna Bachnik, Ph.D.
The last decade of the twentieth century, characterized by demographic shifts, changes in family models, the growth of technology and rapid globalization, has caused significant
transitions in people’s mindsets, lifestyles, motivations, and values. Growing up in the new Millennium, young people were the most influenced by the social, environmental, and
technological changes, representing a completely unique generational segment: Generation Z.
Since Generation Z is unlike any other generation, they also act differently as customers, affecting all the Ps of marketing mix: product, price, promotion and place. From this reason,
targeting today’s youth requires a complete change in the marketing thought proces. Companies need to adjust and adequately modify their marketing strategies if they want to appeal to younger generations and stay successful on the marketplace in the long-term.
The first chapter provides a brief description of the background and characteristics of all of the current generations, in order to present generational differences and the shifts in society, as well as a more in-depth description of Generation Z, as the main
focus of this paper. The author focuses mostly on the characteristics that have an impact on customer behavior and are important from the point of view of marketers.
In the second chapter, the author describes marketing in the new Millennium, the factors that have led to the changes in marketing practices and the importance of targeting the today’s
youth segment. In addition, the author provides a description of effective marketing strategies that should be used in order to reach Generation Z.
The third chapter presents how The Coca-Cola Company targets today’s youth. The description of the company’s profile, its branding strategy, previous marketing campaigns and marketing research is also provided in order to present why The Coca-Cola Company, referred to as “The King of Marketing” was chosen as an exemplary brand in practicing youth marketing.
CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS ON COMMUNITY-BASED ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIESRAVICHANDIRANG
Entrepreneurial activities are the backbone to the industrial and socio-economic development of the country which concentrates to promote employment, productivity and flow of capital from one hand to another. Community-based entrepreneurial activities are the indigenous business model in the country which resulted that each community or caste has a unique entrepreneurial talent which shows their convention and commitment in a particular employment activity. With this aspects, community based entrepreneurial activities are the best model to explore their conventional entrepreneurial competence in to a sustainable livelihood.
Entrepreneurial activities are the backbone to the industrial and socio-economic
development of the country which concentrates to promote employment, productivity and
flow of capital from one hand to another. Community-based entrepreneurial activities are
the indigenous business model in the country which resulted that each community or caste
has a unique entrepreneurial talent which shows their convention and commitment in a
particular employment activity. With this aspects, community based entrepreneurial
activities are the best model to explore their conventional entrepreneurial competence in to
a sustainable livelihood.
This document discusses community-based entrepreneurial activities. It defines community-based enterprises as entrepreneurial initiatives that enhance the quality of life and economic development of a particular region. The key characteristic of community-based enterprises is that assets belong or are dedicated to the community, ensuring the enterprise is accountable to the community and profits are reinvested for community benefit. Several studies discussed find that community-based entrepreneurship can empower marginalized groups and lift communities out of poverty by promoting collective action. However, challenges include a lack of community orientation in modern societies and difficulties providing support to local small and medium-sized enterprises.
This document discusses community-based entrepreneurial activities. It defines community-based enterprises as entrepreneurial initiatives that enhance the quality of life and economic development of a particular region. The key characteristic of community-based enterprises is that assets belong or are dedicated to the community, ensuring the enterprise is accountable to the community and profits are reinvested for community benefit. Several studies discussed find that community-based entrepreneurship can empower marginalized groups and lift communities out of poverty by promoting collective action. However, challenges include a lack of community orientation in modern societies and difficulties providing support to local small and medium-sized enterprises.
This document discusses challenges with the millennial generation workforce and strategies for engaging them. Millennials have different expectations of work and loyalty compared to previous generations. They value independence, flexibility, and social enterprise over long careers at single organizations. Employers struggle with high turnover as millennials change jobs frequently. The document proposes bringing mentorship into classrooms to better prepare millennials and create shared understanding between millennials, academics, and employers to shift from blame to possibilities. The upcoming career fair aims to explore how organizations can tap millennials' energy and discuss engagement, motivation, and bridging education and work.
Crafting an essay about jobs is challenging as it requires considering various perspectives on the vast landscape of employment. Jobs influence both individuals and society in complex ways, beyond merely tasks performed for compensation. Addressing this topic demands understanding both macro trends in the global job market and micro impacts on personal lives. It also requires presenting a nuanced discussion of both benefits and pitfalls of employment, such as financial stability versus unemployment. Researching from diverse sources is important but time-consuming. The essay structure must achieve a coherent narrative that engages readers while delivering an in-depth analysis. Overall, writing about jobs demands blending research, critical thinking, and writing skills.
Marketing to Segmented Consumers as per their Behaviours Based on their Socia...AI Publications
Social class is not a novel concept, however, the connotation of social class has varied over the periods and countries. Various authors and scholars have stratified social class based upon occupation, income, and education. India is ethnically rich because of the diverse cultures practiced within it. Hence, this empirical research paper hypothesizes that the population of India would perceive social class with a different connotation compared to other countries. There was a survey conducted to look upon this hypothesis, and it validated that there is a difference in the inference of social class perceived by people, and it includes culture/caste/traditional practices or beliefs as a determining factor of social class. Hence, it is argued in this paper that marketing strategy developers, while considering social class as a factor of analyzing consumer behavior must look into the connotation of 'social class' and then stratify the consumers based upon it.
Benefits of Entrepreneurship, an Analysis for Its Determination
The Influence of Generation in Entrepreneurship - Marina Amâncio Take Home Exam (Academic Paper)
1. UPPSALA UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS STUDIES
THE INFLUENCE OF GENERATIONS
IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Marina Amâncio
920730 - 8447
Entrepreneurship
Spring Semester 2016
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CONTENT LIST
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................... 3
PURPOSE AND QUESTION................................................................................................................... 3
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK................................................................................................................ 5
ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................................. 7
Baby Boomers ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Generation X ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Millennials......................................................................................................................................... 10
The future entrepreneur: what about generation Z? ....................................................................... 11
CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................... 12
BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................................................... 13
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INTRODUCTION
Baby Boomers, Generation X, Millennials and the Zeds. Different generations coexisting at
home, on the streets and in the market, mixing their characteristics and perceptions of the
world, having a big impact on how society behaves now. All of them with different desires,
values, aspirations and expectations that not only shaped society, but also the business world,
where some of these characteristics can be seeing in the trends of entrepreneurship.
These generations might be different in many aspects, since they were born in different
contexts and years, but they share a mutual factor. All of them were the youth that affected
their society at the time. Presenting new ideas, new practices, new jobs and new life styles,
the youth have a great power of change, thinking outside the box and always planning a new
revolution. Moreover, the power of youth in society is not a new topic; from a long time ago,
it is possible to realize that the “young kids”, shaped by the economy and cultural context
they were born, also shape the world around them, especially the market, since they affect
consumer and worker behavior (McCrindle, 2009).
With that in mind, in order to understand the entrepreneur market, the new economy and the
new trends, it is necessary to understand generations, even the older ones that coexist and
still have an impact on the younger generations, giving youth this important role in society.
Never before, the topic of youth entrepreneurship has been discussed with so much emphasis.
Understanding how aspirations, attitudes and activities influences the starting of new
businesses by young people, makes it easier to understand the needs and how to inside the
market (Kew, 2013).
PURPOSE AND QUESTION
In order to make the connection between entrepreneurship and generations, for this paper,
the aim is to understand how much of the generation’s characteristics are present in the
market, in the sense of how the way these generations behave can affect the entrepreneurial
projects and the types of companies that exist today. As said before, youth has a crucial part
in shaping work and consumer behavior, this means that the market of entrepreneurship is
directly impacted by all generations. The youngsters, now or 50 years ago are the ones that
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set the companies idea, vision, portrait and relationship with consumer, bringing new trends
that must be followed.
The main idea of this paper is to name the different characteristics of four generations and
apply to the market, observing how Baby Boomers, X-ers and Millennials shaped the market
with their thoughts and desires. With the new generation, known as the Zeds, coming to the
market and starting their entrepreneur years in a decade, a future scenario of how their market
and projects will look like will also be presented, based on their characteristics and the events
that affected their personality.
The final and main question of this paper is to answer how much of the generation’s
characteristics affected their markets, entrepreneurial projects and companies. To find the
answer, a deep research about these generations’ characteristics was made; together with the
current market they were settled. The need for doing the connection between generations and
entrepreneurship is based on the fact that there is considerable wide published material about
generations, their characteristics and how important they are for different spheres of society.
However, the connection between generations and the entrepreneur market is not common,
even with such a deeper understanding that youth has a major part on setting the market
trends.
Analyzing theories of entrepreneurship and generational theories provided the necessary
connection between the two concepts, giving enough information concerning the impact of
generations on how the market will behave. For the subject of generations, academic work is
commonly find, linked with the fields of psychology and anthropology, with the purpose to
understand on the personal side the representatives for each generation. For entrepreneurship,
grey literature, such as reports from companies and institutions are easier to find, but still
important since these organizations are settled on the market.
In the end, the purpose and question of these paper aims basically to understand with more
depth how the market is influenced by the people that work and by their characteristics. In
order to understand that inside different contexts, generations are the perfect point of view;
since there is, already, a context of time settled for each of them. With the research, it is
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hoped that the reader can start looking at the market with knowledge about the characteristics
and effects of different generations in entrepreneurship.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
For generational theories, Mark McCrindle’s book titled “The ABC of XYZ – Understanding
the Global Generations” and published in 2009 was used. With deep concepts about
generations and explanations about the characteristics of Boomers, Gen X, Gen Y and Gen
Z, the author presents the social contexts that shaped the generation’s values, vision and
desires. He also expose the important concepts necessary to understand the topic, especially
the concept of generation itself, where he explains that before, generations were strictly
defined by spaces and intervals of time, not considering any other aspects that could influence
the people organized in that period. Now, the modern view of generations analyses deeply
the analog and qualitative aspects that shape the generations, like developments, technology
and global events for example.
“So today generations are defined sociologically rather than biologically. A generation refers
to a cohort of people born within a similar span of time (15 years at the upper end) who share
a comparable age and life stage and who were shaped by a particular span of time (events,
trends and developments).” (McCrindle, 2009: 1-2)
The author dedicate the introduction of the book to explain that, generally, generations are
left aside as a concept that is not trustable due to predictions and stereotypes. However, his
answer to the negative point of view is that with deep research and analysis of a group of
people experiencing the same political, cultural and media aspects, it is possible to grasp a
pattern for the group’s view of the world.
“While people of various ages are living through the same events, the age at which one is
exposed to a political shift, technological change or social marker determines how embedded it
becomes in one’s psyche and worldview.” (McCrindle, 2009: 3)
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That is why the understanding of youth is so important for society. The exposure to certain
events in a certain age have a powerful impact on shaping someone’s personality, or at least
values and vision. With that in mind, youth is also a period where groups and collectiveness
are more important than ever, where relationships and their influences are in the basis of
someone’s personality. Soon, this will all also affect the market. When the youth enters the
market and starts working, all of their visions of how they should work will reflect their
exposure to these aspects. That is when the entrepreneur market starts to be shaped by these
youth.
For the concepts related to youth entrepreneurship, Kew’s ideas in the report from the “Youth
Business International and Global Entrepreneurship Monitor” were used, where “YBI is the
only dedicated global youth entrepreneurship network” (2013: 13). The report, published in
2013, presents important concepts that focus on how youth is related to entrepreneurship.
The report does not focus on any of the generations, which is a positive aspect for the total
understanding of how much young people influence the market, no matter when they were
born.
The purpose of the report is to present the concept of entrepreneurship towards young people
and their impact on the concept. However, it is necessary to present the concept of
entrepreneurship first, presenting its spheres and outcomes.
“Entrepreneurship is widely acknowledged as a driver of sustainable economic growth as
entrepreneurs create new businesses, drive and shape innovation, speed up structural changes
in the economy, and introduce new competition – thereby contributing to productivity.”
(Kew, 2013: 9)
All of the concepts related to entrepreneurship cited above are also related to youth. New
businesses, for example, starts with new ideas, generally presented by young people that not
only follow trends faster but also set them. Innovation is related to the creation and
production of new ideas, presenting something completely new or even looking at something
old in a new way. Productivity is also related to youth, in the sense that they are settled in the
energy age, where everything is new and they feel ready and bold enough to try new things.
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In addition, all of these concepts can change perspective when applied to different
generations, as it will be explained further in this paper.
The new practices and ideas presented on the market, obviously, become the new action, the
new “normal”, meaning that something will be traditional, and not a perfect fitting for the
modern days. This happens to hierarchical careers and companies, that loose their strength
with the new generations for example. The market of entrepreneurship, a concept that even
only started to be more discussed by generations like the millennials (We All Want to Be
Young, 2012) also had its first steps with the baby boomers, still influencing today’s
generations.
“The traditional job for life career path has become rarer and youth entrepreneurship will
need to be seen as an additional way of allowing the youth into the labour market and
promoting job creation.” (Kew, 2013: 12)
As said before, even though the theories of entrepreneurship and the different generations are
not easily connected in academic work, the concepts affect each other. Entrepreneurship is
all about innovation that can only happen with a group of people with new characteristics
and desires especially the desire to make changes, something that is common practice for
youth.
ANALYSIS
After presenting the theoretical basis of generations and stablishing the importance of youth
when it comes to the entrepreneur market, new trends and innovation, the upcoming section
is to understand with more detail the generations that coexist in the market now. By
presenting their characteristics, the events that shaped them and how their personalities are
reflected in the entrepreneur market, the connection between the two theories is expected as
well as a deeper knowledge of the generations and the market.
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Baby Boomers
The first analyzed generation is called the Baby Boomers, born between 1946 and 1964
(McCrindle, 2009) right after the World War II, a context that already impacts their main
characteristics. The years after the war were marked by the opposite of what the war
presented before, this means economic growth and technological advance. Listening stories
about the war from their parents, baby boomers felt the need to work hard to make change
and focus on development, leaving the war years behind. Defined as hard working, baby
boomers, affected by the militarism in the war, accept to follow a chain of command, where
you have different positions that you work hard to go through each one, until you reach the
top. (Yu, 2005). This generation is also defined as a group that likes and expects to follow
directions and leaders in order for them to grow inside the company; however, it is not a
generation that feels very comfortable with new technologies (Raths, 1999).
Keeping the characteristics above in mind, when Baby Boomers were representing the
younger generation and entering the labor force, the types of companies back then presented
some characteristics that can relate to the ones in the generation. For example, hierarchical
systems were the main force inside companies in the 1980s, were probably ideas introduced
by the young baby boomers willing to follow the rules. The fact that technology did not play
an important part inside companies at the time also sets why this generation can be reluctant
with the major applicability of high tech devices inside companies and people’s lives
nowadays.
Another important characteristic of the baby boomers is the work driven life. For them, it
was all about working as hard and as much as possible in order to provide security and
material possessions for the family (McCrindle, 2009). This generation would carefully
chose their professions (We All Want to be Young, 2012), planning to be inside the same
company for a long time, since “safety” was the key word for a good career (Yu, 2005). That
value is reflected on the large amount of working hours inside companies in the 1980s, giving
this generation the pioneers in the idea of “workaholic” (McCrindle, 2009).
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Generation X
Known as the Gen-Xers, this generation were born between 1965 and 1979, grew up in a
context where peace and economy prosperity were happening (McCrindle, 2009). A few
characteristics of this generation are more independency, a more environmental point of view
and a more questioning personality comparing with the Boomers (Losyk, 1997). When
applying these characteristics to the market at the time, when the young Gen-Xers started to
work, it is possible to see a relation between them. In the early 1990s, the hierarchy inside
companies was losing strength, all work of the Gen-Xers that wanted to prove that they had
capacity to do a greater job than the older employee was doing, for example.
The individualistic personality, shaped by growing up with two working parents or even
divorced parents (common contexts for the Baby Boomers), gave this generation the title of
introducers of the concept of entrepreneurship. Not quite as the modern concept known today,
but the Gen-Xers, a little bit impatient with the hierarchical pattern inside companies, started
to raise their voice and became consultants inside those companies, representing the
entrepreneurial innovation, for example (Losyk, 1997).
Another important aspect of this generation is that, unlike the workaholic Boomers, work is
not the first priority (McCrindle, 2009). More focused on the union of family and the
understanding of the importance of this segment reflected the labor force, where the hours
dedicated to work started to drop, for example.
“Though they are willing to work hard, the X-ers see it as only one part of life and secondary
to their personal lives. In contrast to their parents and grandparents, they believe in work–life
balance as opposed to work ethic. Having entered the workforce at a low point and witnessing
their parents getting laid off after years of loyal service, the X-ers are not confident that hard
work and loyalty are fairly compensated” (MCrindle, 2009: 61)
In addition, this generation was introduced to the computer (Losyk, 1997), the technology
that would change the way people work forever and impact the next generation with an
unmeasurable force that would set their values and personalities.
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Millennials
Generally known as Generation Y, the millennials were born between 1980 and 1994
(McCrindle, 2009). They are the young generation working today and because of the impact
of the internet in their lives as a whole, defining the characteristics of this generation is
complex and conflicting most of the time. As the most plural generation, in the moment,
millennials have a liquid personality, due to the impact of the internet and the fast access to
different content, this generation can and wants to be different things at the same time (“We
All Want to Be Young”, 2012). Still, when it comes to the internet impact in this generation,
the “full” access to information from all over the globe, the proximity and the trust that the
internet involves compared with other media, made Gen-Yers ask for more transparency from
companies. Today, entrepreneurship is shaped by this characteristic, where start-ups for
example are much more transparent when compared to the big corporations, that even show
a slight more transparency level then before, in order to fit in the new economy.
This generation is also known for multi-tasking, doing and wanting different things at the
same time. The urgency that can be defined as one more impact of the internet.
“Being a techno-centric generation, Gen Y-ers are outcome oriented rather than process
oriented. They are clever multi-taskers who can work at several major projects at one time
without feeling stressed.” (McCrindle, 2009: 65).
Multi-tasking is one of the main aspects that made entrepreneurship a normal practice for
this generation. Innovation comes from different background and being involved in different
projects. In addition, for Gen-Yers, it is possible now to still be a student, practice a sport and
run a small business without having to leave any of the positions. This action would be
impossible when Baby Boomers were the youth, since the work hours were so tiring and long
that having a small business at the same time would put one of the positions at risk.
One important aspects of Millennials and the way they work is the relationship between their
profession and life (Ng, 2010). For this generation, more than ever before, having time
besides working is extremely important not only for their mental and physical healthy, but
especially to their motivation and creativity exercise when working. Looking to the
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entrepreneur market, a very strong trend right now are home offices and freelance
companies/workers, which is the reflect of this generation’s necessity to keep everything in
balance, maintaining both work and pleasure safe without having to give up on one of them.
For millennials, having a job should be much more than a position, it should come with an
experience and a cause (Ng, 2010; Gaudelli, 2009). In the entrepreneur market this is
reflected in the new businesses where it is expected that a company shows more than just an
interest in making money. The young millennials are more worried about making a difference
than having a big material payment in the end. That is the reason why companies and projects
are showing their support for social and environmental causes in a massive and public
dimension, in a way that was never did before.
If the impacts of internet are the core of Millennials values and personalities, even when this
generation did not experienced the fastest and instantly online world through all their lives.
The internet has a much more important role in the newest generation and the next youth to
enter the workforce.
The future entrepreneur: what about generation Z?
The newest generation today known as the Zeds, born between 1995 and 2012, can also be
called the “Digital Natives” (Singh, 2014). They were born in a time ruled by the internet,
experiencing environmental problems and terrorism, at the same time that had more
privileges from their hard working parents. The Zeds were born and grew up side by side
with the internet, never experiencing a time where the online world was not there with instant
information and global proximity. If Millennials were more independent due to the internet,
the Zeds are much more. Knowing exactly where and how to search this generation feels like
can do everything by themselves with the internet (Zimmer, 2015).
Since this generation is not yet present on the market, only perspectives about their future
can be presented, through the context they are growing up and its affect in their values. Since
this generation is commonly defined as a youth that values freedom and unconventional
experiences (Singh, 2014), the expectation is that entrepreneurship gets more strength from
them. Innovation and new ideas will come from this desire to detach from any traditional
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working aspects that Millennials still hold on when working. The value of higher education
will also make this a more prepared and educated working group, that will probably start
their entrepreneur career sooner than Millennials. The power of the internet will get younger
Zeds to find information and contact with the entrepreneur world, giving the generation more
confidence when opening new businesses.
“Many of these teens are getting a jump start in entering the working world as entrepreneurs;
more than one-third of Gen Z students either currently have their own business or plan on
having one in the future. Young teens are especially entrepreneurial; teens ages 13-15 are
twice as likely to currently have their own online business compared to older teens.”
(Zimmer, 2015: 5)
The constant presence of the internet in Zeds life and their open mind due to many social and
cultural achievements, such as woman empowerment and homosexuality, will reshape the
workplace. This generation also cares more about financial aspects, something that will
influence the economy, where startups and small companies will have more bold financial
perspectives, differently than the Millennials that want more impact than financial return.
“Generation Z represents the greatest generational shift the workplace has ever seen.
Generation Z will present profound challenges to leaders, managers, supervisors, HR leaders,
and educators in every sector of the workforce. It will be increasingly important to understand
where they are coming from and key strategies for bringing out the best in this new emerging
young workforce.” (Singh, 2014: 63)
Bringing the detachment of definitions and a more global aspect to anything they do, Zeds
will change the entrepreneur market in a much more impacting scale than other generations.
Observing and analyzing the next events that can bring new values to this generation is
crucial to see the new market trends that this generation will work in the future.
CONCLUSION
With this extensive work about generations and the entrepreneurial sphere, it was possible to
see how much of generations is reflected in the market. Understanding how global events
and technology change a group of people, will give more depth to the analysis of new
businesses, the concept of innovation and working behavior. It is interesting to see how all
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of these cited aspects are related and shape economy and consumer behavior, where
generations are becoming more aware of what people want and expect from the market,
wanting to enter faster and more effectively with new businesses.
The inspiration for this paper came observing the presented cases in class, where old and new
companies were analyzed, showing different characteristics. The video “We All Want to be
Young” from the trends agency Box1824 in Brazil made the connection that the current
working generation in their time context shaped the way companies would present
themselves and even behave in certain situations. With this paper, it was possible to
understand that youth has a major part on the entrepreneur market. They not only wait and
ask companies to reflect their values, they open new businesses and startups with their own
values and ideas, enhancing the production and innovation aspects of the market.
Deeper research in such a subject is expected in order to understand work and consumer
behavior based on the young kids in the population. In addition, understanding the old
generations is important, but new ones will always appear and reshape society, along with
the entrepreneur market; that is the reason why academic and market researches should
follow and observe the young community for a complete understanding of how society and
the marker works. Concluding, the power of youth, their aspirations and values, should be
taken seriously as an important affect in different aspects of society, since cultural to
consumer aspects, and especially when understanding entrepreneurship.
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