The Influence of Education, Social Environment, and Motivation on Beginner Entrepreneurial Behavior with Self Efficacy as a Moderator (Albert Bandura Theory)
ABSTRACT : This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the behavior of novice entrepreneurs with
self-efficacy as a moderating variable. The research sample was 107 novice entrepreneurs in the city of
Semarang, Central Java, who had been doing business for less than 1 year. The dependent variable is the
behavior of novice entrepreneurs. Independent variables consist of Education, social environment, and
motivation. While the moderating variable is self-efficacy. The data collection method used was a closed
questionnaire. Methods of multiple regression analysis and moderation regression analysis were used to analyze
the data in this study. The results of the study indicate a significant influence of education, social environment,
motivation, and self-efficacy on novice entrepreneurial behavior in a positive way. The self-efficacy variable is
also proven to be a moderator of the influence of education, social environment, and motivation on novice
entrepreneurial behavior. The implication of this research is the importance of education to provide knowledge
and skills for novice entrepreneurs to be able to run their business properly and successfully. The social
environment and motivation of novice entrepreneurs must be formed and improved to influence novice
entrepreneurial behavior.
KEYWORDS : entrepreneur behavior, education, social environment, motivation, self-efficacy
Research summary The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility on the Relations...Ro'ya Abd Elhafez
The batik industry plays an important role culturally and economically in Indonesia. Performance in any organizations is not only measured based on a financial perspective aspect, but also from a non-financial perspective aspect. Business organizations need make the right strategy and execute these strategies, especially when there is competitive pressure in its business environment. Based on the industrial organization theory. Establishing relationships with external parties is a strategy in the form of social capital to face competition namely, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).Companies that do CSR well get long-term benefits and are considered able to compete because they can control risk management and create good relationships with human resources and stakeholders. Stakeholder theory support companies in implementing CSR. CSR activities are a marketing strategy that can increase brand, customer loyalty, and reputation. Thus, it improves the performance of the company.
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This document discusses a study on job satisfaction and contributing variables among bank employees in Cuddalore District, India. The study found that a majority (65.7%) of employees reported high job satisfaction, while 16% reported low satisfaction and 18.3% reported medium satisfaction. Regression and correlation analyses showed that job involvement, organizational climate, and organizational commitment were significant contributing factors to job satisfaction. The study provides suggestions for improving job satisfaction, such as providing job security, improving relationships between coworkers and supervisors, and fulfilling employee needs.
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The project has been undertaken a study on job satisfaction of teachers working in private school with reference to Mannargudi Thiruvarur DT . Job satisfaction refers to the general attitude of employees towards their present job. Job satisfaction probably is the most widely studied variable.Its mainly involved in two variables positive and negative. The person not satisfied his her work it creates negative attitudes if satisfied it create positive attitudes. So job satisfaction is the most important factor the person involvement to do his or her work. In this research take a teacher were working in different private schools in Mannargudi analysing satisfaction level of his or her work. Monika G | Priyanka R "A Study on Job Satisfaction of Private School Teachers with Reference to Mannargudi" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30645.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/30645/a-study-on-job-satisfaction-of-private-school-teachers-with-reference-to-mannargudi/monika-g
Job satisfaction and contributing variables among the bank employees in cudda...iaemedu
This document summarizes a study on job satisfaction and contributing variables among bank employees in Cuddalore District, India. The study found that the majority (65.7%) of employees reported high job satisfaction, while 16% reported low satisfaction and 18.3% reported medium satisfaction. A regression analysis showed that job involvement, organizational climate, and organizational commitment significantly contributed to job satisfaction. Job involvement had the highest influence on satisfaction. The study provides suggestions for improving job satisfaction, such as ensuring job security, improving relationships, and fulfilling employee needs.
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This document summarizes a study on job satisfaction and contributing variables among bank employees in Cuddalore District, India. The study found that the majority (65.7%) of employees reported high job satisfaction, while 16% reported low satisfaction and 18.3% reported medium satisfaction. A regression analysis showed that job involvement, organizational climate, and organizational commitment significantly contributed to job satisfaction. Job involvement had the highest influence on satisfaction. The study provides suggestions for improving job satisfaction, such as ensuring job security, improving relationships among coworkers and supervisors, and fulfilling employees' needs.
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The document discusses a study on job satisfaction and contributing factors among bank employees in Cuddalore District, India. The study aims to measure job satisfaction levels, identify factors contributing to satisfaction, and examine relationships between variables. A sample of 300 bank employees was surveyed using questionnaires. Statistical analysis using stepwise regression and bivariate correlations was conducted to analyze the data. The results found that most employees reported high levels of job satisfaction, influenced by factors like welfare facilities and rewards. Addressing areas of low satisfaction could help increase job satisfaction and benefit organizational growth.
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This document summarizes a study on job satisfaction and contributing variables among bank employees in Cuddalore District, India. The study found that the majority (65.7%) of employees reported high job satisfaction, while 16% reported low satisfaction and 18.3% reported medium satisfaction. A regression analysis showed that job involvement, organizational climate, and organizational commitment significantly contributed to job satisfaction. Job involvement had the highest influence on satisfaction. The study provides suggestions for improving job satisfaction, such as ensuring job security, improving relationships, and fulfilling employee needs.
Research summary The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility on the Relations...Ro'ya Abd Elhafez
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This document discusses a study on job satisfaction and contributing variables among bank employees in Cuddalore District, India. The study found that a majority (65.7%) of employees reported high job satisfaction, while 16% reported low satisfaction and 18.3% reported medium satisfaction. Regression and correlation analyses showed that job involvement, organizational climate, and organizational commitment were significant contributing factors to job satisfaction. The study provides suggestions for improving job satisfaction, such as providing job security, improving relationships between coworkers and supervisors, and fulfilling employee needs.
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed the effect of entrepreneurship education, personality, and family environment on entrepreneurial interest among students at MH Thamrin University. The study used a quantitative methodology with survey data from 100 student participants. Multiple linear regression analysis found that individually, entrepreneurship education, personality, and family environment had a positive and significant influence on entrepreneurial interest. Collectively, the independent variables explained 81.31% of the variation in entrepreneurial interest. The study concludes that entrepreneurship education, personality traits, and family support influence students' interest in entrepreneurship.
A Study on Job Satisfaction of Private School Teachers with Reference to Mann...ijtsrd
The project has been undertaken a study on job satisfaction of teachers working in private school with reference to Mannargudi Thiruvarur DT . Job satisfaction refers to the general attitude of employees towards their present job. Job satisfaction probably is the most widely studied variable.Its mainly involved in two variables positive and negative. The person not satisfied his her work it creates negative attitudes if satisfied it create positive attitudes. So job satisfaction is the most important factor the person involvement to do his or her work. In this research take a teacher were working in different private schools in Mannargudi analysing satisfaction level of his or her work. Monika G | Priyanka R "A Study on Job Satisfaction of Private School Teachers with Reference to Mannargudi" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30645.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/30645/a-study-on-job-satisfaction-of-private-school-teachers-with-reference-to-mannargudi/monika-g
Job satisfaction and contributing variables among the bank employees in cudda...iaemedu
This document summarizes a study on job satisfaction and contributing variables among bank employees in Cuddalore District, India. The study found that the majority (65.7%) of employees reported high job satisfaction, while 16% reported low satisfaction and 18.3% reported medium satisfaction. A regression analysis showed that job involvement, organizational climate, and organizational commitment significantly contributed to job satisfaction. Job involvement had the highest influence on satisfaction. The study provides suggestions for improving job satisfaction, such as ensuring job security, improving relationships, and fulfilling employee needs.
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This document summarizes a study on job satisfaction and contributing variables among bank employees in Cuddalore District, India. The study found that the majority (65.7%) of employees reported high job satisfaction, while 16% reported low satisfaction and 18.3% reported medium satisfaction. A regression analysis showed that job involvement, organizational climate, and organizational commitment significantly contributed to job satisfaction. Job involvement had the highest influence on satisfaction. The study provides suggestions for improving job satisfaction, such as ensuring job security, improving relationships among coworkers and supervisors, and fulfilling employees' needs.
Job satisfaction and contributing variables among the bank employees in cudda...IAEME Publication
The document discusses a study on job satisfaction and contributing factors among bank employees in Cuddalore District, India. The study aims to measure job satisfaction levels, identify factors contributing to satisfaction, and examine relationships between variables. A sample of 300 bank employees was surveyed using questionnaires. Statistical analysis using stepwise regression and bivariate correlations was conducted to analyze the data. The results found that most employees reported high levels of job satisfaction, influenced by factors like welfare facilities and rewards. Addressing areas of low satisfaction could help increase job satisfaction and benefit organizational growth.
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This document summarizes a study on job satisfaction and contributing variables among bank employees in Cuddalore District, India. The study found that the majority (65.7%) of employees reported high job satisfaction, while 16% reported low satisfaction and 18.3% reported medium satisfaction. A regression analysis showed that job involvement, organizational climate, and organizational commitment significantly contributed to job satisfaction. Job involvement had the highest influence on satisfaction. The study provides suggestions for improving job satisfaction, such as ensuring job security, improving relationships, and fulfilling employee needs.
This study examines the relationship between team effectiveness, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction among employees in the construction industry in Batangas City. A survey was conducted of employees at IKM BatcHING Plant Corp to understand their perceptions of team effectiveness, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction. The findings showed that employees agreed their teams were effective. Employees also agreed with their level of organizational commitment but only partially agreed or disagreed with aspects of job satisfaction. A significant relationship was found between team effectiveness, organizational commitment and job satisfaction. The study recommends training and strategies to further improve these factors.
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IRJET - Effectiveness of Employee Motivation Towards Monetary and Non-Mon...IRJET Journal
This document discusses employee motivation and its impact on performance. It begins by defining motivation and explaining its importance for organizational success. Motivation can come from internal or external factors and motivated employees are more productive. The study aims to identify factors that motivate employees to achieve organizational goals using a descriptive research design. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 150 employees sampled through stratified random sampling. The results show that monetary and non-monetary benefits provided by the organization motivate employees and satisfy both personal and organizational goals. The organization is appreciated for keeping workers highly motivated.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
The document discusses a study on the significance of general well-being of IT professionals in India. Through a survey of 826 IT professionals, the study identified three key factors that influence general well-being: physical health, depressive symptoms, and work stress. Physical health was positively correlated with both depressive symptoms and work stress. Depressive symptoms were also positively correlated with work stress. The study concludes that understanding these influencing factors is important for developing training and workplace initiatives to promote employee well-being in the IT industry.
Effect of Compensation and Work Motivation on Employee Performance in the Pt....ijtsrd
Compensation is all income in the form of money, direct or indirect goods received by employees in return for services provided to the company. Sri Milawati | Zulititian Lahagu | Togu Harlen Lumban Raja | Lasman Eddy Bachtiar "Effect of Compensation and Work Motivation on Employee Performance in the Pt. Pos Indonesia (Persero) Medan" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38602.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/hrm-and-retail-business/38602/effect-of-compensation-and-work-motivation-on-employee-performance-in-the-pt-pos-indonesia-persero-medan/sri-milawati
This research studied the effect of paid employment on students' academic performance. A literature review found that most existing research and surveys agree that working while studying negatively impacts academic performance due to lack of time for studying, sleeping, and maintaining health. The study hypothesized that time management, career development, demotivation, and stress would be negatively correlated with academic performance. Data was collected through surveys and analyzed using regression analysis. The results found that time management, career development, and demotivation were negatively correlated with academic performance, supporting three of the four hypotheses, while stress was not correlated. The regression model found that 43% of variation in academic performance could be explained by variations in the independent variables.
Employer Work & Life Balance Policies and its impacty on Employee PerformanceHussain Mumtaz
This document outlines a thesis proposal on the relationship between employee trust in employer work-life balance policies and employee performance. The study will quantitatively examine how elements of trust (ability, benevolence, integrity), leave policies, well-being policies, and flexible work arrangements impact performance in the private banking sector of Pakistan. Surveys will be used to collect data, which will be analyzed using statistical methods like regression to test hypotheses about the effects of work-life balance policies on reducing conflict and improving attitudes, attendance, and productivity.
IRJET- Learning and Self-Expression Intelligence QuotientIRJET Journal
1. The document introduces the concept of self-expression intelligence quotient (SEIQ) as a new tool to study individual differences in learning environments.
2. It discusses how SEIQ, measured through questionnaires, performance, opinions and self-reflection, can predict exam performance and help identify strengths and weaknesses.
3. The research studied 90 visual communication learners and found a significant relationship between positive SEIQ and higher exam scores, and between negative SEIQ and lower exam scores.
Socialization of Employees Towards Areva T&D LimitedIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study conducted on the socialization of employees at AREVA T&D Limited in India. The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the company's socialization program and identify if it is useful for employee performance. A survey was administered to 120 employees to understand their satisfaction with the existing socialization processes and perceptions of it. The results found that most employees were satisfied with the company and found the management approachable. However, some changes could be made to further improve the socialization program and overall employee satisfaction levels. Statistical analysis of the survey data found a positive correlation between the socialization program and organizational culture.
The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the influence of organizational climate, work
stress on turnover intention by using job satisfaction as an intervening variable for employees at PT
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This document summarizes a study on employee satisfaction at UAS International. The objectives of the study were to assess employee satisfaction levels, understand employee attitudes toward the organization, identify issues with working conditions, and analyze factors affecting satisfaction. A survey was conducted to gather primary data from employees, while secondary data came from records and reports. The findings showed that most employees were satisfied with compensation and promotions, but dissatisfied with involvement in goals. The conclusion was that high satisfaction generally existed, and the organization should focus on engagement, training, and reputation to retain top talent.
This study aims to examine and analyze the Influence of job stress, organizational climate and job
environment on employee turnover intention. Research uses causal analysis with a quantitative approach.
Population in this study was 121 employees. Sample collection technique uses simple random sampling. Sample
of 93 employees is obtained based on Slovin formula. Data analysis uses multiple linear regression
This document discusses a research study on the determinants of occupational stress among employees in the banking industry. The study aims to identify the factors that cause occupational stress in the workplace. It discusses that occupational stress can negatively impact employees' health and organizational performance through increased absenteeism, labor turnover, and work-related accidents and illnesses. The study reviews literature on the dependent variable of occupational stress and five independent variables that may influence it - role ambiguity, role conflict, work overload, work-family conflicts, and organizational climate/culture. A research framework and hypotheses are developed. The study will utilize questionnaires to collect data and statistical analysis methods like factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis to determine the relationship between the variables.
This document appears to be a research paper or project report on studying the impact of rewards and recognition on employee motivation. It includes an abstract outlining the objectives of studying effective rewards, employee behavior differences, motivation's effect on performance and growth. It also describes the descriptive research design used with company employees as respondents. The introduction discusses using rewards and recognition to motivate employees. It then provides a company profile and organizational chart before reviewing relevant literature and outlining the study's scope, objectives, data analysis, findings, suggestions and conclusions.
This document discusses a study on the effect of marketing mix through social responsibility on the performance of housing industry in Indonesia. The study uses a quantitative methodology with survey respondents from small and medium enterprises. The study aims to examine how operational marketing and social responsibility impact company performance. It argues that social responsibility is important for micro-enterprises to consider as they are part of the community. The study also discusses relevant literature and outlines the research paradigm, including variables to be examined like strategic orientation, marketing strategy, and entrepreneurial experience.
Impact of job attitude towards srf limited, trichyprjpublications
This document summarizes a study on the impact of job attitudes at SRF Limited in Trichy, India. The study had three objectives: 1) to identify factors that affect job attitude, 2) to analyze relationships between supervisors and subordinates, and 3) to examine existing working conditions, health, and safety measures. Eight hypotheses were tested regarding the relationship between experience level and various job attitudes. Statistical analysis found significant differences between experience level and job satisfaction, employee participation, relationships, welfare, safety, career growth, motivation, and compensation. The study concluded that job experience significantly impacts several important job attitudes at SRF Limited.
Impact of job attitude towards srf limited, trichyprj_publication
This document summarizes a study on the impact of job attitudes at SRF Limited in Trichy, India. The study examined the relationship between job experience level and various factors of job attitude, including job satisfaction, employee participation, and health and safety measures. Statistical analysis found significant differences and associations between experience level and these attitude factors. Suggestions are provided to improve job attitudes, such as better promotion opportunities, training, safety practices, and participative decision-making. The conclusion is that understanding and positively impacting employee job attitudes is important for organizational success.
A study on industrial relation at rehabilitation plantations ltdSubodh G Krishna
This document provides an overview of a study on industrial relations at Rehabilitation Plantations Ltd. It discusses the objectives and scope of the study, which aims to understand relationships between different organizational levels and assess the relationship between employees, unions, and employers. The research methodology section outlines that the study will use questionnaires to collect primary data from a sample of 100 workers and 100 staff. It will analyze the data using percentage analysis to understand issues in industrial relations and provide suggestions for improvement.
This research aimed to find out whether or not there is an effect of Learning Infrastructure (LI) and Learning Motivation (LM) on Economics Learning Achievement (ELA), and which one has more dominant effect on Learning Achievement, Learning Infrastructure or Learning Motivation. This study was a descriptive quantitative research with survey method. The data of LI, LM and ELA were collected using questionnaire. The population of research consisted of 1192 economics students in Public Senior High Schools of Serdang Bedagai Regency applying the 2013 curriculum. The sample consisted of 300 respondents, taken using cluster areas sampling technique. From the result of research, it can be found that there was a positive significant effect of LI on ELA (tstatistic=9.597, P = 0.000), there was a positive significant effect of LM on ELA (tstatistic=6.990, P=0.000), there was a positive and significant effect of LI and LM on ELA (Fstatistic=114.281, P=0.000), and LI affected ELA more dominantly than LM did.
Study of Road Patterns and Space Formation in Settlement Areas on the Edge of...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to find developments in road patterns from 2008 to 2024 and explain the
influence of road patterns on the formation of settlements on the edge of Lake Laut Tawar. This research uses a
quantitative descriptive approach and diachronic reading analysis techniques. This research uses overlapping
maps (superimpose), surveys, and interviews. The results of this research are to find factors that influence the
formation of settlements on the edge of Lake Laut Tawar, including the flat topographic conditions. Demographics
continue to increase in the population of the study location. The social culture at the study location is that the
residents who live on the edges of Lake Laut Tawar are residents who have family relationships. Distribution of
space designations that change function from agricultural land to residential land. Land values vary on the edges
of Lake Laut Tawar according to their zones.
KEYWORDS : Road Pattern, Lake Edge, Laut Tawar Lake
HAPIS AT KATANUNGAN, PANGUNGULILA NG MGA NAIWAN: SIPAT-SURI SA MAIKLING KUWEN...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang pagpapatiwakal o sariling pagtapos ng buhay ay isang malubhang dilema na madalas na
kinahaharap ng isang taong nakararanas ng malalim na hirap at kalungkutan. Ang isa sa mga dahilan ng
pagpapatiwakal ay ang pagtingin dito bilang isang paraan ng pagtakas mula sa mga suliranin at hamon ng buhay.
Ang pagsusuri sa maikling kuwentong "Bahay sa Dilim" ni Alfredo Enriquez ay isang uri ng kwalitatibong
pananaliksik na gumamit ng pagsusuring pangnilalaman upang maabot ang layunin nito na tukuyin at
maipaliwanag ang mga isyu ng dilema at desisyon sa pagpapatiwakal, pagmamahal sa pamilya, at pangungulila
at pagsisisi. Sa paggamit ng mga teoryang pampanitikan tulad ng eksistensyalismo at romantisismo bilang mga
gabay, ninais ng mga mananaliksik na magbigay-liwanag at solusyon sa mga isyu ng pagpapatiwakal. Ito ay
magiging patnubay sa pagpapalawak ng kaalaman tungkol sa mga suliranin at karanasan ng mga pamilyang
Pilipino, pati na rin sa mga laban na hinaharap ng isang tao na nakararanas ng isang dilema. Sa dulo, hinahamon
ng pag-aaral na ito na gamitin pa ang iba't ibang uri ng panitikan na mas naglalarawan ng tunay na karanasan at
realidad ng buhay.
KEYWORDS : pagpapatiwakal, dilema, kalungkutan, buhay, pangungulila
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Impact of job attitude towards srf limited, trichyprjpublications
This document summarizes a study on the impact of job attitudes at SRF Limited in Trichy, India. The study had three objectives: 1) to identify factors that affect job attitude, 2) to analyze relationships between supervisors and subordinates, and 3) to examine existing working conditions, health, and safety measures. Eight hypotheses were tested regarding the relationship between experience level and various job attitudes. Statistical analysis found significant differences between experience level and job satisfaction, employee participation, relationships, welfare, safety, career growth, motivation, and compensation. The study concluded that job experience significantly impacts several important job attitudes at SRF Limited.
Impact of job attitude towards srf limited, trichyprj_publication
This document summarizes a study on the impact of job attitudes at SRF Limited in Trichy, India. The study examined the relationship between job experience level and various factors of job attitude, including job satisfaction, employee participation, and health and safety measures. Statistical analysis found significant differences and associations between experience level and these attitude factors. Suggestions are provided to improve job attitudes, such as better promotion opportunities, training, safety practices, and participative decision-making. The conclusion is that understanding and positively impacting employee job attitudes is important for organizational success.
A study on industrial relation at rehabilitation plantations ltdSubodh G Krishna
This document provides an overview of a study on industrial relations at Rehabilitation Plantations Ltd. It discusses the objectives and scope of the study, which aims to understand relationships between different organizational levels and assess the relationship between employees, unions, and employers. The research methodology section outlines that the study will use questionnaires to collect primary data from a sample of 100 workers and 100 staff. It will analyze the data using percentage analysis to understand issues in industrial relations and provide suggestions for improvement.
This research aimed to find out whether or not there is an effect of Learning Infrastructure (LI) and Learning Motivation (LM) on Economics Learning Achievement (ELA), and which one has more dominant effect on Learning Achievement, Learning Infrastructure or Learning Motivation. This study was a descriptive quantitative research with survey method. The data of LI, LM and ELA were collected using questionnaire. The population of research consisted of 1192 economics students in Public Senior High Schools of Serdang Bedagai Regency applying the 2013 curriculum. The sample consisted of 300 respondents, taken using cluster areas sampling technique. From the result of research, it can be found that there was a positive significant effect of LI on ELA (tstatistic=9.597, P = 0.000), there was a positive significant effect of LM on ELA (tstatistic=6.990, P=0.000), there was a positive and significant effect of LI and LM on ELA (Fstatistic=114.281, P=0.000), and LI affected ELA more dominantly than LM did.
Similar to The Influence of Education, Social Environment, and Motivation on Beginner Entrepreneurial Behavior with Self Efficacy as a Moderator (Albert Bandura Theory) (20)
Study of Road Patterns and Space Formation in Settlement Areas on the Edge of...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to find developments in road patterns from 2008 to 2024 and explain the
influence of road patterns on the formation of settlements on the edge of Lake Laut Tawar. This research uses a
quantitative descriptive approach and diachronic reading analysis techniques. This research uses overlapping
maps (superimpose), surveys, and interviews. The results of this research are to find factors that influence the
formation of settlements on the edge of Lake Laut Tawar, including the flat topographic conditions. Demographics
continue to increase in the population of the study location. The social culture at the study location is that the
residents who live on the edges of Lake Laut Tawar are residents who have family relationships. Distribution of
space designations that change function from agricultural land to residential land. Land values vary on the edges
of Lake Laut Tawar according to their zones.
KEYWORDS : Road Pattern, Lake Edge, Laut Tawar Lake
HAPIS AT KATANUNGAN, PANGUNGULILA NG MGA NAIWAN: SIPAT-SURI SA MAIKLING KUWEN...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang pagpapatiwakal o sariling pagtapos ng buhay ay isang malubhang dilema na madalas na
kinahaharap ng isang taong nakararanas ng malalim na hirap at kalungkutan. Ang isa sa mga dahilan ng
pagpapatiwakal ay ang pagtingin dito bilang isang paraan ng pagtakas mula sa mga suliranin at hamon ng buhay.
Ang pagsusuri sa maikling kuwentong "Bahay sa Dilim" ni Alfredo Enriquez ay isang uri ng kwalitatibong
pananaliksik na gumamit ng pagsusuring pangnilalaman upang maabot ang layunin nito na tukuyin at
maipaliwanag ang mga isyu ng dilema at desisyon sa pagpapatiwakal, pagmamahal sa pamilya, at pangungulila
at pagsisisi. Sa paggamit ng mga teoryang pampanitikan tulad ng eksistensyalismo at romantisismo bilang mga
gabay, ninais ng mga mananaliksik na magbigay-liwanag at solusyon sa mga isyu ng pagpapatiwakal. Ito ay
magiging patnubay sa pagpapalawak ng kaalaman tungkol sa mga suliranin at karanasan ng mga pamilyang
Pilipino, pati na rin sa mga laban na hinaharap ng isang tao na nakararanas ng isang dilema. Sa dulo, hinahamon
ng pag-aaral na ito na gamitin pa ang iba't ibang uri ng panitikan na mas naglalarawan ng tunay na karanasan at
realidad ng buhay.
KEYWORDS : pagpapatiwakal, dilema, kalungkutan, buhay, pangungulila
Risk Tolerance as A Moderation of Financial Literacy and Lifestyle on Old Age...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:Old age financial planning must consider various factors, such as retirement age, estimated
monthly expenses in retirement, life expectancy, current and projected income until retirement which determines
the ability to save, assets and investments already owned, and the impact of inflation on future purchasing
power. Future, as well as the level of investment return. This research is causal associative research, this
research uses a quantitative approach. The population used in this research were employees within the Rectorate
of the University of Mataram, 67 Civil Servants. The saturated sampling method or total sampling is a sampling
technique in which all members of the population are used as samples. In this questionnaire, respondents'
answers were measured using a 6-point Likert scale: with ratings of 1 (strongly disagree), 2 (disagree), 3
(somewhat disagree), 4 (somewhat agree), 5 (agree), 6 (strongly agree). The Partial Least Square-Structural
Equation Model (PLS-SEM) with smart PLS 3.0 software was used to analyze the research data. The study's
findings indicate that financial literacy is found to have a positive and significant impact on old-age financial
planning among Rectorate employees at the University of Mataram. This indicates that as financial literacy
levels increase, so do activities relate to planning for retirement. Conversely, lifestyle does not exhibit a
significant influence on old-age financial planning for these employees. Furthermore, the interaction between
financial literacy and risk tolerance weakens the effect of financial literacy on retirement financial planning,
implying that higher risk tolerance diminishes the impact of financial literacy on planning for retirement.
However, risk tolerance does not moderate the influence of lifestyle on old-age financial planning, indicating
that the interaction between lifestyle and risk tolerance does not significantly affect retirement financial
planning for Rectorate employees at Mataram University.
KEYWORDS :Risk Tolerance, Financial Literacy, Lifestyle, Old Age Financial Planning
THE INFLUENCE OF APPLICATION FEATURES AND SECURITY THROUGH TRUST ON BRImo CUS...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This research objective is to determine the influence of application features and security
through trust on BRImo customer loyalty in Banyuwangi. This research used the Explanatory Research type.
The population used in this research is all customers who use the BRImo application as of the end of December
2022 at the BRI Banyuwangi office, totaling 89,333 customers. The sampling technique in this research used a
multistage random sampling technique (multi stage sampling). In this study, the criteria used were customers
who happened to use the BRImo application and were financially registered, totaling 100 respondents. The data
analysis method used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the SmaprtPLS application. The research
results showed that Application Features influence BRIMo Trust in Banyuwangi Regency. Security influenced
BRIMo's trust in Banyuwangi Regency. Application features influenced BRIMo customer loyalty in
Banyuwangi Regency. Security influenced BRIMo Customer Loyalty in Banyuwangi Regency. Trust influenced
BRIMo Customer Loyalty in Banyuwangi Regency. Trust mediated the influence of Application Features on
BRIMo Customer Loyalty in Banyuwangi Regency. Trust mediated the influence of Security on BRIMo
Customer Loyalty in Banyuwangi Regency.
KEYWORDS : Application feature, security, trust, loyalty
On Storytelling & Magic Realism in Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children, Shame, and ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Salman Rushdie’s novels are humorous books about serious times. His cosmopolitanism and
hybrid identity allowed him access to multiple cultures, religions, languages, dialects, and various modes of
writing. His style is often classified as magic realism, blending the imaginary with the real. He draws
inspiration from both English literature and Indian classical sources. Throughout his works, there is a lineage of
‘bastards of history’, a carnival of shameful characters scrolling all along his works. Rushdie intertwines fiction
with reality, incorporating intertextual references to Western literature in his texts, and frequently employing
mythology to explore history. This paper focuses on Rushdie’s three novels: Midnight’s Children, Shame, and
Haroun and the Sea of Stories, analyzing his postmodern storytelling techniques that aim to explore human
vices and follies while offering socio-political criticism.
KEYWORDS : Magic Realism, Rushdie, Satire, Storytelling, Transfictional Identities
CYBER SECURITY ENHANCEMENT IN NIGERIA. A CASE STUDY OF SIX STATES IN THE NORT...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Security plays an important role in human life and endeavors. Securing information and
disseminating are critical challenges in the present day. This study aimed at identifying innovative technologies
that aid cybercrimes and can constitute threats to cybersecurity in North Central (Middle Belt) Nigeria covering
its six States and the FCT Abuja. A survey research design was adopted. The researchers employed the use of
Google form in administering the structured questionnaire. The instruments were faced validated by one expert
each from ICT and security. Cronbach Alpha reliability Coefficient was employed and achieved 0.83 level of
coefficient. The population of the study was 200, comprising 100 undergraduate students from computer science
and Computer/Robotics Education, 80 ICT instructors, technologists and lecturers in the University and
Technical Colleges in the Middle Belt Nigeria using innovative technologies for their daily jobs and 20 officers
of the crime agency such as: Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC) andEconomic and Financial
Crimes Commission (EFCC). Three research purposes and questions as well as the hypothesis guided the study
on Five (5) point Likert scale. Data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation for the three
research questions while three hypotheses were tested using t-test at 0.05 level of significance. Major findings
revealed that serious steps are needed to better secure the cybers against cybercrimes. Motivation, types, threats
and strategies for the prevention of cybercrimes were identified. The study recommends that government,
organizations and individuals should place emphasis on moral development, regular training of its employees,
regular update of software, use strong password, back up data and information, produce strong cybersecurity
policy, install antivirus soft and security surveillance (CCTV) in offices in order to safeguard its employees and
properties from being hacked and vandalized.
KEYWORDS: Cybersecurity, cybercrime, cyberattack, cybercriminal, computer virus, Virtual Private Networks
(VPN).
TACKLING ILLEGAL LOGGING: PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGESAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Illegal logging poses significant environmental, economic, and social challenges worldwide. This
research explores the problems associated with illegal logging in the present and future, shedding light on the
multifaceted nature of this issue and the accompanying challenges faced by governments, organizations, and
communities. The study employs a comprehensive literature review to analyze the current state of illegal
logging, its causes, and its consequences. It examines the environmental impact of deforestation, including
biodiversity loss, habitat degradation, and climate change. The researchers identify the challenges faced in
combating illegal logging in the present and anticipate future obstacles. It considers illegal logging networks'
complex and elusive nature, the limited enforcement capacity, and the need for international cooperation and
coordination. The study also examines the adoption and effectiveness of policies, regulations, and technological
advancements in curbing illegal logging practices in Davao City.
Keywords -Problems and Challenges, Cultural Disruptions, Anticipate future problems.
Towards Developing Students’ Soft Skills: The Case of ENSAM StudentsAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Building students’ soft skills has started to gain ground within the realm of higher education in
Morocco. However, the development of these skills requires a real-life context which simplifies their learning.
In this regard, the present study is mainly conducted to investigate the effect of the out-group collaborative
learning method on the development of students’ soft skills. Data for the study comes from 20 semester two
students at “Ecole Nationale Superieure d'Arts et Metiers” (ENSAM), Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, by
implementing a one-group pretest-posttest research design. The qualitative and quantitative findings confirm
that there is a statistically significant difference between the pretest and posttest results. Therefore, the adopted
treatment, the out-group collaborative learning method, has improved students’ communication, adaptability and
presentation delivery skills. The findings of this study can be useful for future studies and give language
teachers insights into the importance of using the out-group collaborative learning method in their teaching of
the soft skills.
KEYWORDS : collaborative learning, soft-skills, out-group collaborative learning method
STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF HUZHOU TOURISMAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Huzhou has rich tourism resources, as early as a considerable development since the reform and
opening up, especially in recent years, Huzhou tourism has ushered in a new period of development
opportunities. At present, Huzhou tourism has become one of the most characteristic tourist cities on the East
China tourism line. With the development of Huzhou City, the tourism industry has been further improved, and
the tourism degree of the whole city has further increased the transformation and upgrading of the tourism
industry. However, the development of tourism in Huzhou City still lags far behind the tourism development of
major cities in East China. This round of research mainly analyzes the current development of tourism in
Huzhou City, on the basis of analyzing the specific situation, pointed out that the current development of
Huzhou tourism problems, and then analyzes these problems one by one, and put forward some specific
solutions, so as to promote the further rapid development of tourism in Huzhou City.
KEYWORDS:Huzhou; Travel; Development
Enhancing Losari Beach Exploration: Augmented Reality for Immersive Visualiza...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: South Sulawesi, commonly known as Makassar, boasts rich cultural heritage and customs,
making it a prominent destination for tourism. Among its attractions, Losari beach stands out as a focal point for
visitors seeking to explore the city's natural beauty and cultural offerings. In this context, leveraging modern
technology such as augmented reality presents an innovative approach to showcasing Losari beach to potential
tourists. This research endeavors to introduce tourism assets in a more visually captivating manner through the
use of augmented reality. Utilizing software tools like Unity and Adobe Illustrator, the study focuses on creating
an immersive experience where tourists can interact with virtual representations of Losari beach. By simply
pointing their mobile phone cameras at designated markers or using barcode scanners, tourists can access
augmented reality features embedded within the application. The findings of this research aim to provide
valuable information, particularly for foreign tourists, about Losari beach, positioning it as a compelling
destination within South Sulawesi's diverse array of tourist attractions. Through this technological innovation,
the study seeks to enhance the visibility and appeal of Makassar city's tourism offerings on a global scale.
KEYWORDS: Visualizing, Losari Beach, Augmented Reality
DEVELOPMENT STATUS AND COUNTERMEASURES OF TMALL DURING THE COVID-19 EPIDEMICAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:China's e-commerce enterprises have developed rapidly, among which Tmall has become one of
the largest retail shopping websites in China.But in the past year, the Covid-19 epidemic has brought a huge
impact to Chinese e-commerce enterprises, and Tmall is no exception.Therefore, the development status of
Tmall in the new crown epidemic situation was analyzed, and the viewpoint was put forward :Tmall1 stabilized
the situation in the face of the epidemic situation and made a very correct countermeasures.The influence of this
epidemic on Tmall was deeply analyzed, and the conclusion was made: the new crown epidemic is both a
challenge and an opportunity forTmall.
KEYWORDS:Tmall; COVID - 19 outbreak ; The electronic commerce
Factors affecting undergraduate students’ motivation at a university in Tra VinhAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Motivation plays an important role in foreign language learning process. This study aimed to
investigate student’s motivation patterns towards English language learning at a University in Tra Vinh, and factors
affecting their motivation change toward English language learning of non-English-major students in the semester.
The researcher used semi-structured interview at the first phase of choosing the participants and writing reflection
through the instrument called “My English Learning Motivation History” adapted from Sawyer (2007) to collect
qualitative data within 15 weeks. The participants consisted of nine first year non-English-major students who learning
General English at pre-intermediate level. They were chosen and divided into three groups of three members each
(high motivation group; average motivation group; and low motivation group). The results of the present study
identified six visual motivation patterns of three groups of students with different motivation fluctuation, through the
use of cluster analysis. The study also indicated a diversity of factors affecting students’ motivation involving internal
factors as influencing factors (cognitive, psychology, and emotion) and external factors as social factors (instructor,
peers, family, and learning environment) during English language learning in a period of 15 weeks. The findings of
the study helped teacher understand relationship of motivation change and its influential factors. Furthermore, the
findings also inspired next research about motivation development in learning English process.
KEY WORDS: language learning motivation, motivation change, motivation patterns, influential factors, students’
motivation.
The Impact of Work Stress and Digital Literacy on Employee Performance at PT ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This research aims to analyze the correlation between employee work stress and digital literacy
with employee performance at PT Telkom Akses Area Cirebon, both concurrently and partially. Employing a
quantitative approach, the study's objectives are descriptive and causal, adopting a positivist paradigm with a
deductive approach to theory development and a survey research strategy. Findings reveal that work stress
negatively and significantly impacts employee performance, while digital literacy positively and significantly
affects it. Simultaneously, work stress and digital literacy have a positive and significant influence on employee
performance. It is anticipated that company management will devise workload management strategies to
alleviate work stress and assess the implementation of more efficient digital technology to enhance employee
performance.
KEYWORDS -digital literacy, employee performance,job stress, multiple regression analysis, workload
management
The Settlement of Construction Disputes Through Dispute Councils From the Per...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This research differs from the practice of business activity in the construction services industry,
which may lead to construction disputes. The settlement of construction disputes is a consensus based on the
basic principle of debate. If the discussions between the parties do not reach an agreement, the parties may take
measures to resolve the dispute through the dispute council. Because the standard governing the disputes
committee was not fully regulated, they did not comply with the principle of legal certainty. Therefore, further
research was needed to establish a theoretical basis for regulating the disputes committee in settling construction
disputes. This research is a standard legal research using a legal regulatory, conceptual, and comparative
approach. The research results show that the ideal concept of resolving construction disputes through a dispute
council based on the value of legal certainty is to establish that the position of the dispute council is a special
court that has the authority to resolve construction disputes under construction services agreements. To realize
the position of the Court of Disputation as a special court, it must be based on the creation of philosophical
values, the creationof legislative regulations, and the creation of the institutional structure of the Court of
Disputation.
KEYWORDS-Construction Disputes, Dispute Council, Special Court
VALUES OF ORAL LITERATURE IN THE SOCIETY: A STUDY OF FOLKTALES OFOGBA IN RIVE...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Oral literature is a creative work of art that portends high merit and has the creative use of
imagination in preliterate societies. It adopts the genres of literature: drama, prose and poetry in the oral milieu,
using performance as its hallmark. It thrives on the use of oral data because of its orality. This paper focuses on
the moral values or oral literature in the society using Ogba as a spring board. The study was carried out in
communities ofOgba. The population of the study consists of ten towns and village, in Ogba. The theoretical
framework used is Dell Hyme’s ethno-poetics because the works of oral literature relate to the society. This
paper concludes that oral literature serves to against all odds; communicate ideas, emotions, beliefs and
appreciation of life. The folktales in Ogba for instance, serve similar purpose through their
rendition/performance. Through the stories, the younger generation in Ogba society is familiarised with the
customs, traditions, and rituals prevalent in the society. This paper therefore recommends the use of oral
literature in all its genres to inculcate moral values and lessons to the teenagers and youths. Against this
background, Ogba (African) themselves must cease to regard oral literature as primitive and fetish.
KEYWORDS: Values, Oral Literature, Society, Ogba, Folktales
Pormalistikong Pagdalumat sa mga Tula ni Ron CanimoAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Nilayon ng pag-aaral na ito na masuri ang dalawampung (20) tula ni Ron Canimo gamit ang
pormalistikong dulog batay sa mga sumusunod na elemento: (a) Sukat at Tugma, (b) Talinghaga at
Simbolismo, (c) Imahen, (d) Tema, at (e) Diksiyon. Layunin din nitong mataya ang antas ng pagtanggap ng
ginawang pagsusuri gamit ang nabuong instrumento sa pagtataya nito. Sinunod dito ang Input-Process-Output
na balangkas ng pag-aaral at ginamitan ng kwantitatib-deskriptib-ebalwatib na pamamaraan. Sa pamamagitan
ng talatanungang ibinatay sa ginamit ni Morales (2014) na naimodipika ayon sa kahingian ng kasalukuyang
pag-aaral, tatlong (3) gurong eksperto ang nagsilbing tagataya dito na siyang tumiyak sa kahusayan ng nabuong
pagsusuri ng mananaliksik. Gamit ang Content Analysis, natuklasan na makabagong pamamaraan ang istilo na
ginamit ni Ron Canimo sa pagsulat ng mga tula. Lahat ng kanyang mga tula ay walang sinusunod na sukat at
tugma, may iba‟t ibang tayutay at simbolismong ginamit, magkaibang pandama ang pinagana dahil sa mga
imahe at paglalarawang ginawa, iba‟t ibang uri ng pag-ibig ang tinalakay at gumamit ng pormal, impormal o
kumbersasyonal na wika at makabagong istilo sa pagsulat ng tula. Gamit ang mean at standard deviation,
lumabas na “Mataas” ang antas ng pagtanggap sa kabuuan ng mga gurong eksperto na tumaya sa nabuong
pagsusuri. Lumabas din na “Mataas” ang antas ng kanilang pagtanggap sa nabuong pagsusuri batay sa mga
sumusunod na elemento: (a) Sukat at Tugma, (b) Talinghaga at Simbolismo, (c) Imahen, (d) Tema, at (e)
Diksiyon. Mula sa natayang pagsusuri at kinalabasan ng antas ng pagtanggap dito, naitala ang mga paksa sa
Junior High School Filipino na maaaring lapatan at gamitan ng nabuong pagsusuri.
KEYWORDS: Kumbensyunal, Pagdalumat, Pormalistiko, Ron Canimo, Tula
SCHOOL CULTURE ADAPTATION AMONG INDIGENOUS PEOPLES COLLEGE STUDENTS AT A PRIV...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This qualitative study investigates the adaption experiences of indigenous college students at the
University of Mindanao, Matina-main campus. Eight major themes emerged, including difficulties with language
proficiency, online learning, classroom interaction, examination systems, grading procedures, school regulations,
resource accessibility, coping mechanisms, and future goals. Implications include the requirement for targeted
language proficiency and technology use support, an understanding of adaption processes, interventions to
improve resource accessibility, and equitable public administration policies. The study underlines the importance
of adaptation in various educational contexts, as well as the role of educators and legislators in creating inclusive
learning environments.
KEYWORDS: indigenous college students, adaptation, educational challenges, coping strategies
The effect of Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth and Profitability on Tax ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to test, analyze and obtain empirical evidence about the influence of
institutional ownership, sales growth and profitability on tax avoidance. The object of this research is
manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI)
in 2018-2022. This research used quantitative research methods and causal research design. The sampling
technique in this research used non-probability sampling with purposive sampling as the basis for determining
the sample so that a sample of 55 samples was obtained. The data used is secondary data obtained from the
official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. The data analysis method
used was multiple linear regression analysis with several tests such as descriptive statistical tests, classical
assumption tests, and hypothesis testing using SPSS version 26 statistical software. The results showed that the
institutional ownership variable has no effect on tax avoidance, while the sales growth and profitability has a
negative and significant effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS: Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth, Profitability, Tax Avoidance
MGA ESTRATEHIYA SA PAGTUTURO KAUGNAY SA PASALITANG PARTISIPASYON NG MGA MAG-A...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ay mahalagang kasangkapan sa paghahatid ng mabisang
pagtuturo sa loob ng silid. Tinukoy sa pag-aaral na ito ang antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa pagsasadula,
pangkatang talakayan at paggawa ng mga koneksyon sa tunay na karanasan sa buhay bilang mga estratehiya sa
pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino at pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral sa Baitang 7 ng Misamis
University Junior High School, Ozamiz City. Ang ginamit na disenyo sa pananaliksik na ito ay deskriptivcorrelational. Ang mga datos sa pag-aaral ay nagmula sa kabuuang populasyon na 120 na mag-aaral at tatlong
mga guro na tagamasid sa pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral. Ang Talatanungan sa Kagamitan sa
Pagtuturo ng Panitikan at Checklist batay sa Obserbasyon sa Pasalita na Partisipasyon ay ang instrumentong
ginamit sa pagkalap ng datos. Mean, standard deviation, Analysis of Variance at Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient ang mga ginamit na estatistiko na sangkap. Inihayag sa naging resulta na ang tatlong piling
estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino ay may pinakamataas na antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral.
Ang antas ng pakilahok ng mga mag-aaral sa paggamit ng tatlong estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan ay
pinakamataas na nagpapahiwatig na aktibong nakilahok ang mga mag-aaral sa mga gawain. Inihayag din na
walang makabuluhang kaibahan sa antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng
panitikan sa Filipino. Ito ay nangahulugan na gustong-gusto ng mga mag-aaral ang pagkakaroon ng mga
estratehiya sa pagtuturo. Walang makabuluhang kaugnayan ang kagustuhan sa mga estratehiya at antas ng
pakikilahok ng mga mag-aaral. Hindi nakaapekto sa kanilang pakikilahok ang anumang estratehiyang ginamit ng
guro.
KEYWORDS : estratehiya, karanasan, pagsasadula, pagtuturo, pangkatang talakayan
The Role of the Instruction of Reading Comprehension Strategies in Enhancing ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :Throughout my studies and teaching English in different language centers and higher studies
institutions, I have come to conclude that students consider Reading comprehension as a nightmare that
frightens them and hinders their language acquisition in the Moroccan EFL Context. This may cause them to
develop an internal psychological obstacle that grows as their lack of the necessary instruments or tools to
overcome are not equipped with. They become lost and unaware about or unfamiliar with the necessary reading
comprehension strategies that could help them to face the problem of misunderstanding or non-understanding
of English texts. Respectively, this article which is only one part of my whole study aims at showing the effect
of teaching reading strategies in enhancing the S1 students‟ familiarity with reading strategies and raising their
frequency use. A sample of 283 University students in EFL context have been chosen randomly and have
attended the usual academic reading classes, yet only 76 are subject to this survey. 38 of them constitute the
experimental group who have attended the treatment regularly in one of the language centers and the other 38
participants are chosen randomly from the whole population to constitute the Control group. They all have
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The Influence of Education, Social Environment, and Motivation on Beginner Entrepreneurial Behavior with Self Efficacy as a Moderator (Albert Bandura Theory)
1. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2023
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 181
American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR)
e-ISSN :2378-703X
Volume-07, Issue-08, pp-181-186
www.ajhssr.com
Research Paper Open Access
The Influence of Education, Social Environment, and Motivation
on Beginner Entrepreneurial Behavior with Self Efficacy as a
Moderator (Albert Bandura Theory)
Widiyanto1
, Arief Yulianto2
1
(Department of Economics Education, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia)
2
(Department of Management, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia)
ABSTRACT : This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the behavior of novice entrepreneurs with
self-efficacy as a moderating variable. The research sample was 107 novice entrepreneurs in the city of
Semarang, Central Java, who had been doing business for less than 1 year. The dependent variable is the
behavior of novice entrepreneurs. Independent variables consist of Education, social environment, and
motivation. While the moderating variable is self-efficacy. The data collection method used was a closed
questionnaire. Methods of multiple regression analysis and moderation regression analysis were used to analyze
the data in this study. The results of the study indicate a significant influence of education, social environment,
motivation, and self-efficacy on novice entrepreneurial behavior in a positive way. The self-efficacy variable is
also proven to be a moderator of the influence of education, social environment, and motivation on novice
entrepreneurial behavior. The implication of this research is the importance of education to provide knowledge
and skills for novice entrepreneurs to be able to run their business properly and successfully. The social
environment and motivation of novice entrepreneurs must be formed and improved to influence novice
entrepreneurial behavior.
KEYWORDS : entrepreneur behavior, education, social environment, motivation, self-efficacy
I. INTRODUCTION
Entrepreneurship is one of the important efforts to support economic growth and reduce the
unemployment rate in Indonesia. However, novice entrepreneurs often face various challenges and risks in
starting their businesses. The behavior of novice entrepreneurs plays a critical role in determining the success or
failure of their ventures. Therefore, an in-depth analysis of the factors that influence their behavior is very
important to help them achieve success in the business world. Various studies on the emergence of new
entrepreneurs stop more at interest (Darmawan, 2021); (Rustya & Akhmad Zaini, 2020); (Rahayu & Laela,
2018). While research that examines the behavior of novice entrepreneurs has never been encountered by
researchers.
Entrepreneurship is a form of business to create business opportunities by facing risks to gain profits.
For novice entrepreneurs, this early stage is often a period filled with challenges and uncertainties. (Shelton &
Archambault, 2018); (Lasekan et al., 2020);(Rowan & Townend, 2016); and(Rashid, T., & Asghar, 2016).
Several previous studies have shown that there are certain factors that influence the behavior of novice
entrepreneurs. These factors include educational level, social environment, motivation, and access to adequate
resources (Shen & Yang, 2022); (Köse & Şencan, 2016); (Wafa, 2022); (Datar & Ahmad, 2019). Whereas in
Social theory (Bandura, 2012) Self -efficacy is one of the determinants of entrepreneurial behavior (Akosah-
Twumasi et al., 2018) and (Ghulati, 2021) .Self-efficacy is an individual's belief in his own ability to perform
certain actions or achieve certain goals. This belief includes individual belief in the ability to overcome
obstacles, face challenges, and achieve the desired results. (Bandura, 1977b), further explained that Self-efficacy
can affect a person's behavior because in self- efficacy there is motivation and persistence, choice of action and
also the perception of the results of the action. (Pajares, 2002); (Lent, RW, Brown, SD, & Hackett, n.d.). On the
other hand, the environment provides support and role models, which will provide feedback for individual
behavior with consideration of the norms and values that exist in the environment (Lent & Brown, 2020);
(Tierney, P., Farmer, SM, & Graen, 1999); (Bandura, 2012). Thus, self-efficacy and the social environment
interact in shaping individual behavior, especially in the context of entrepreneurial behavior. Self-efficacy
affects how motivated and confident individuals are in facing challenges and taking risks in entrepreneurship.
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Referring to Bandura's theory and previous research studies, the study of novice entrepreneurial
behavior is an interesting matter and is research that has high novelty because it has never been or if there is still
very little. This study aims to test whether self-efficacy moderating the variables of Education, Social
Environment, and Motivation of a person in behaving as a novice entrepreneur.
II. METHOD
This study uses quantitative methods with multiple regression data analysis tools and moderation
regression. The research population was 1067 new entrepreneurs with the criteria of doing business under 1 year
in Semarang City, Central Java and 125 respondents as the sample. Data collection used closed instruments with
40 choice statements using a Likert scale of 5 choices. After testing the validity and reliability, only 4 statements
were declared invalid and 7 were not reliable. This statement has been discarded and ignored because several
indicators for each variable of 4 have been represented. The data analysis technique used to test several
hypotheses put forward in this study is multiple regression analysis and moderation regression analysis.
Collecting data through a survey using a carefully designed questionnaire.
The variables used in this study are as follows.
a. Beginner Entrepreneurial Behavior (BEB) Variable as a dependent variable with indicators: entrepreneurial
behavior such as courage in facing risks, initiative, and persistence in running a business.
b. Education Variable (Edu) with indicators determined based on formal education categories such as
elementary, secondary, senior, Diploma, Bachelor, Magister, and Doctor.
c. The Social Environment Variable (SocEnv) with indicators is the level of social support received from
family, friends, and the community in supporting novice entrepreneurs; observations and lessons from
successful entrepreneurs or previous experiences; and self-regulation and the ability to overcome pressures
and obstacles in entrepreneurship.
d. Motivation Variable (Mot) with indicators of the level of intrinsic motivation, namely inner desire, and
personal satisfaction in achieving entrepreneurial goals; extrinsic motivation, such as financial
encouragement or social recognition, that influences the decision to start a business.
e. Self-efficacy variable (SelfE/Moderation) with an indicator of the beginner entrepreneur's level of
confidence in their own ability to start and manage a business; confidence in facing risks and overcoming
challenges in business; and the level of confidence in the success of the planned business.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Results of Multiple Regression Analysis
The results of multiple regression analysis with novice entrepreneurial behavior as the dependent
variable are presented in table 1 below. From the calculation of the coefficients, it can be shown that the
regression equation is as follows:
BEB = 31,895+1,074Edu+0,593ScoEnv+0, 390Mot+ ,024SelfE
Meanwhile, to test the hypothesis, it is determined as follows:
• If t count < t table, then accept H0 (not significant).
• If t count > t table, then reject H0 (significant).
Table 1. Multiple Regression Analysis Results
Model
Unstandardized Coefficients
standardized
Coefficients t Sig.
B std. Error Betas
1 (Constant) 39,229 4,166 9,418 ,000
Edu ,896 ,076 ,963 11,819 ,000
SosEnv ,007 ,080 ,006 2,083 ,034
Mot ,159 ,163 ,074 3,980 ,029
SelfE ,024 ,020 -,061 3,201 ,032
a. dependent Variable: BEB
Hypothesis Test Results 1:
Education (Edu) has a significant effect on the behavior of novice entrepreneurs (BEB), where the
results obtained t count is 11.819 with a significance level of 0.000, it can be concluded that the hypothesis is
accepted with the results between t count and t table of 11.819 < 1.65978 or t count > t table.
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Hypothesis Test Results 2:
Social Environment (SocEnv) has a significant effect on Beginner Entrepreneurial Behavior (BEB),
where the results obtained t count is 2.083 with a significance level of 0.034 below 0.05, it can be concluded
that the hypothesis is accepted with a result between t count and t table of 2.083 <1 ,65978 or t count > t table.
Hypothesis Test Results 3:
Motivation (Mot) has a significant effect on Beginner Entrepreneurial Behavior (BEB), where the
results obtained t count is 3.980 with a significance level of 0.029 below 0.05 so it can be concluded that the
hypothesis is accepted with the result between t count and t table of 3.980 < 1.65978 or t count > t table.
Hypothesis Test Results 4:
Self-Efficacy (SelfE) has a significant effect on Beginner Entrepreneurial Behavior (BEB), where the
results obtained t count is 3.201 with a significance level of 0.032 below 0.05, it can be concluded that the
hypothesis is accepted with a result between t count and t table of 3.201 <1 ,65978 or t count > t table.
Moderated Regression Analysis Results
The results of the moderated regression analysis obtained the following equation:
BEB = 135.264 + 14.571Edu + 1.128SocEnv + 8.242Mot + 0.213Edu*SelfE + 0.137Mot*SelfE +
0SocEnv*SelfE
From the equation above, if the Social Environment variable has a value of 0, this means that the social
environment variable is considered an excluded variable, perhaps because it has the equivalent of the Self-
Efficacy variable that moderates it. Meanwhile, to see whether the Self-efficacy variable moderates the three
variables of Education, Social Environment and Motivation in influencing novice Entrepreneurial Behavior can
be seen in the comparison of the first R Square Regression and the second R square regression, where the first R
square is 0.792 and the second R Square Regression is 0.901. It is thus proven that there is an increase if Self-
Efficacy moderates the three independent variables.
Tabel 2. Model Summary First Regression Equation
Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate
1 ,890a ,792 ,786 1,749
a. Dependent Variable: BEB
b. Predictors: (Constant), Mot*SelfE, SocEnv, Mot, Edu, Edu*SelfE, SocEnv*SelfE, SelfE
Tabel 3. Model Summary Second Regression Equation
Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate
1 ,952a
,906 ,901 1,187
a. Dependent Variable: BEB
b. Predictors: (Constant), Mot*SelfE, SocEnv, Mot, Edu, Edu*SelfE, SocEnv*SelfE, SelfE
Discussion
After collecting data from respondents, an analysis was carried out to identify the factors that influence
the behavior of novice entrepreneurs.
1. Education
The results of the study show that the level of education affects the behavior of novice entrepreneurs.
Respondents with higher education tend to have a higher level of courage in starting their business. In addition,
startup entrepreneurs who have a better education are also better able to overcome challenges and take risks in
their ventures. (Wafa, 2022); This can be argued if with higher education they are more confident and able to
take advantage of their previous association community (alumni) (Abotsi et al., 2020), besides that higher
education is better able to predict risk because of their numerical and literacy skills (Aqmarina et al., 2017);
(Aqmarina et al., 2017); (Rahayu & Laela, 2018); (Aban & Tanusi, 2020); and (Raduan & Na, 2020).
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2. Social Environment
The results of the study show that the social environment is significant to the behavior of novice
entrepreneurs. Social environment actually plays an important role in shaping the behavior of novice
entrepreneurs, as stated (Berry, 2010) that the environment is very supportive of the formation of entrepreneurs
which will also have an impact on their students. Respondents who receive positive support from their family,
friends and community tend to be more confident and motivated to try and face risks in entrepreneurship
(Suyudi et al., 2020); (Aban & Tanusi, 2020). This social support also helps novice entrepreneurs overcome
difficulties and maintain enthusiasm in developing their business, especially support from their friends
(Rahmadi, 2016). According to (Bandura, 1977a) community support is also the existence of novice
entrepreneurial models who were successful first and used as examples to start entrepreneurship, this role model
is often imitated (imitation) and used as role models (Bandura, 2001).
3. Motivation
Empirically, motivation can influence the behavior of novice entrepreneurs. Motivation plays a key
role in influencing the behavior of novice entrepreneurs (Yuritanto & Armansyah, 2021). Respondents who
have intrinsic motivation, namely motivation that comes from within themselves, tend to be more dedicated and
persistent in facing challenges in entrepreneurship, in line with the opinion (Ratten, 2020) which says self -
motivation is usually stronger in people who have self-confidence. Meanwhile, extrinsic motivation, such as
financial gain or social recognition, can also have a positive effect on encouraging novice entrepreneurs to try
and face risks in their businesses (Rosyidi et al., 2022); (Wafa, 2022); (Kusumaningtyas, 2022); and (Ariyanti,
2018).
4.Self-efficacy
Self-Efficacy as self-confidence to know its ability so that it can exercise a form of control over the
benefits of the person himself and events in the surrounding environment (Feist., 2011). As a belief, it will have
a positive effect on business beginners, this is from research results ranging from interest to doing business will
not be separated from self-confidence (Ariyanti, 2018); (Darmawan, 2021); (Shawkat, 2022); (Hajare et al.,
2010). According to (Widayako, 2016) Self-efficacy is a person's confidence to face problems. This is very
suitable for novice entrepreneurs who will have many problems. Therefore, strong self-efficacy is necessary.
(Bandura, 1977a) explains that self-efficacy has four sources, namely: master experience; vicarious experience;
social persuasion; and physical and emotional conditions (arousal). In this study self-efficacy is more about
social persuasion, where being a novice entrepreneur is a new experience that is fun and free to innovate and be
creative, this is in accordance with the opinion (Schumpeter, 1934).
Efficacy as a moderator that strengthens the influence of education, social environment, and motivation
on beginner entrepreneurial behavior can be explained as Bandura divides into four sources of efficacy, so
education is a source of self the efficacy of mastering something (master experience). This is explained if a
person obtains education, then he will gain several competencies as a result of his learning experience, therefore
the higher the education achieved, the belief in one's competence will increase competence.
The second source of self-efficacy is a vicarious experience, where this experience is obtained from the
experience of seeing other people, if observing other people in successful entrepreneurship then it will be used
as a role model that will be followed in accordance with Bandura's theory explanation if in behaving people
more imitate (imitation) of other people who used as a model.
The third source of social persuasion is social support which is identified by the presence of three
elements, namely: a) support and role models: a supportive environment provides emotional and practical
support that enhances individual self-efficacy. Besides that, the existence of successful or inspiring role models
in the social environment also influences individual beliefs about their own abilities to achieve goals; b)
feedback: positive and constructive feedback from the environment can increase individual self-efficacy.
Feedback that supports and acknowledges individual effort and achievement helps strengthen their belief in their
own abilities; and c) social norms and values: the social environment also influences the norms and values that
exist in society. social norms that encourage and reward entrepreneurial endeavors as well as values that support
the spirit of entrepreneurship can shape individual entrepreneurial behavior in that environment.
The fourth source is physical and emotional conditions (arousal). The level of arousal affects self-efficacy,
depending on the arousal that is interpreted when students face certain tasks, the level of arousal is emotional
which gives motivation to everyone in obtaining something or achieving a goal.
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IV. CONCLUSION
This study identified four factors that influence the behavior of novice entrepreneurs in Semarang City,
Central Java, namely education, social environment, motivation, and self-efficacy. The results of the study show
that education has a significant and positive effect on the behavior of novice entrepreneurs. The social
environment also influences the behavior of novice entrepreneurs significantly. Likewise, motivation is a factor
that can determine the behavior of novice entrepreneurs. The results of other studies show that self-efficacy is
also able to significantly influence the behavior of novice entrepreneurs. Self-efficacy has also been shown to be
able to moderate the influence of education, social environment, and motivation on beginner entrepreneurial
behavior. The implication of this research is the importance of education to provide knowledge and skills for
novice entrepreneurs to be able to run their business properly and successfully. The social environment and
motivation of novice entrepreneurs must be formed and improved to influence novice entrepreneurial behavior.
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thanks to Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Negeri Semarang for supporting the research
funding.
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