This document discusses a study on the impact of technology like Blackberry Messenger (BBM) and WhatsApp on English language use in Kuwait. The study interviewed 211 participants between ages 11-18. It found that using abbreviations and shortcuts in text messaging is negatively impacting students' English writing skills, with errors in spelling, grammar and vocabulary. Common texting abbreviations like "ty" for "thank you" and representing numbers for Arabic letters were identified. The document concludes that while technology facilitates communication, the use of text messaging language can impair users' English language proficiency.
Code-Mixing as a Marker of Gender Identity in SMS language in Pakistaniosrjce
This research deals with the gender based code-mixing in mobile phone SMS texting in Pakistani
society. It is generally observable fact that code-mixing is used by both males and females while sending
messages through their mobile phones. This research has explored the happening of code mixing i.e. mixing of
the two varieties or two different languages, which can mark the gender differences in using text messages. In
this research paper quantitative method is used to collect and analyze the data. One thousand non-forwarded
conversational SMS were collected through random sampling of 25 males and 25 females with an equal
quantity of sample from both counter parts. The findings of the study have shown that there are gender based
differences in SMS language used in Pakistan on the basis of Code-Mixing in term of frequency, nature and
topic & purpose of conversation. The findings are generalized for all males and females citizens of Pakistan.
A New Approach: Automatically Identify Proper Noun from Bengali Sentence for ...Syeful Islam
More than hundreds of millions of people of almost all levels of education and attitudes from different country communicate with
each other for different using various languages. Machine translation is highly demanding due to increasing the usage of web
based Communication. One of the major problem of Bengali translation is identified a naming word from a sentence, which is
relatively simple in English language, because such entities start with a capital letter. In Bangla we do not have concept of small
or capital letters and there is huge no. of different naming entity available in Bangla. Thus we find difficulties in understanding
whether a word is a proper noun or not. Here we have introduce a new approach to identify proper noun from a Bengali sentence
for UNL without storing huge no. of naming entity in word dictionary. The goal is to make possible Bangla sentence conversion
to UNL and vice versa with minimal storing word in dictionary.
The present study was an attempt to see if there is a relationship between the Emotional Intelligence of the teachers and their attitudes toward Code Switching in Iranian EFL classes. Why some teachers use code switching in an EFL class and some others ignore it, is so challenging at the face of any foreign language class. The population in this study comprised of 140 individuals. To determine the sample size of EFL teachers, total numbering and simple random sampling method were used respectively resulting in the selection of 80 English teachers including 40 female and 40 male teachers. The mother tongue of the participants was Turkish/Persian ranging between the ages of 20 and 30.To collect the required data, first, two types of standard questionnaires were given to the participants; one of the questionnaires encompassing questions about code switching and the other one about the emotional intelligence. The reliability of both questionnaires was already established. According to the obtained results by means of SPSS software, it was shown that there was not any correlation between teachers’ emotional intelligence and code-switching and the educational outcome of EFL students in Iranian context. The results of the present study will pave the way for more accurate EFL classroom conduct and also other factors of the related issues in question could be considered by some other researchers.
Code-Mixing as a Marker of Gender Identity in SMS language in Pakistaniosrjce
This research deals with the gender based code-mixing in mobile phone SMS texting in Pakistani
society. It is generally observable fact that code-mixing is used by both males and females while sending
messages through their mobile phones. This research has explored the happening of code mixing i.e. mixing of
the two varieties or two different languages, which can mark the gender differences in using text messages. In
this research paper quantitative method is used to collect and analyze the data. One thousand non-forwarded
conversational SMS were collected through random sampling of 25 males and 25 females with an equal
quantity of sample from both counter parts. The findings of the study have shown that there are gender based
differences in SMS language used in Pakistan on the basis of Code-Mixing in term of frequency, nature and
topic & purpose of conversation. The findings are generalized for all males and females citizens of Pakistan.
A New Approach: Automatically Identify Proper Noun from Bengali Sentence for ...Syeful Islam
More than hundreds of millions of people of almost all levels of education and attitudes from different country communicate with
each other for different using various languages. Machine translation is highly demanding due to increasing the usage of web
based Communication. One of the major problem of Bengali translation is identified a naming word from a sentence, which is
relatively simple in English language, because such entities start with a capital letter. In Bangla we do not have concept of small
or capital letters and there is huge no. of different naming entity available in Bangla. Thus we find difficulties in understanding
whether a word is a proper noun or not. Here we have introduce a new approach to identify proper noun from a Bengali sentence
for UNL without storing huge no. of naming entity in word dictionary. The goal is to make possible Bangla sentence conversion
to UNL and vice versa with minimal storing word in dictionary.
The present study was an attempt to see if there is a relationship between the Emotional Intelligence of the teachers and their attitudes toward Code Switching in Iranian EFL classes. Why some teachers use code switching in an EFL class and some others ignore it, is so challenging at the face of any foreign language class. The population in this study comprised of 140 individuals. To determine the sample size of EFL teachers, total numbering and simple random sampling method were used respectively resulting in the selection of 80 English teachers including 40 female and 40 male teachers. The mother tongue of the participants was Turkish/Persian ranging between the ages of 20 and 30.To collect the required data, first, two types of standard questionnaires were given to the participants; one of the questionnaires encompassing questions about code switching and the other one about the emotional intelligence. The reliability of both questionnaires was already established. According to the obtained results by means of SPSS software, it was shown that there was not any correlation between teachers’ emotional intelligence and code-switching and the educational outcome of EFL students in Iranian context. The results of the present study will pave the way for more accurate EFL classroom conduct and also other factors of the related issues in question could be considered by some other researchers.
English to Malay (Bahasa Melayu) Translation: Syntactical Issues Involving Ti...inventionjournals
For speakers of other languages who are interested in learning Bahasa Melayu, English has always been a useful tool to understand Bahasa Melayu easily as English is internationally well-know and widely used language and is also comparable with Bahasa Melayu. Unlike English, Bahasa Melayu does not have various types of tenses to indicate what happened in the past, in the present or in the future time. Bahasa Melayu however has its own unique way to show different aspects of time reference such as by adding the word ‘telah’ for past events and ‘akan’ for future events. This is actually one of the problems faced by Bahasa Melayu learners when constructing sentences to refer to various aspects of time reference. Thus, this study seeks to provide an insight to Bahasa Melayu learners and focuses on sentence construction involving time reference. This study used both qualitative and quantitative approach in achieving the objectives of the research. A short text taken form Readers’ Digest article entitled ‘Rebirth of the Feral Child’ was chosen as a tool to examine the various types of tenses available in English. We found that Simple Past Tense, Past Continuous Tense, Past Perfect Tense and Present Perfect Tense caused problems when English sentences were translated to Malay sentences. This study is hoped to provide a brief and clear explanation to the foreign learners of Malay and Malay learners of English on how the sentence construction in both English and Malay are different to each other especially those that are related to the time reference.
Development of Bi-Directional English To Yoruba Translator for Real-Time Mobi...CSCJournals
Machine translation (MT) is a subfield of computational linguistics that investigates the use of computer software to translate text or speech from one natural language to another. Translating between English language and Yoruba language comes with some computational complexities such as syntactic and grammatical differences in the language pair. This paper aims at exploring a multi-layer hybridized language translation approach, which combines the Corpus-based and Rule-based approaches of machine translation to generate its outputs. A parallel corpus was built with texts from English and Yoruba languages and stored in My Structured Query Language (MySQL) database. One hundred and forty seven computational rules were manually formulated and also stored in MySQL database for generating sentences in both languages. A di-bilingual dictionary was developed, one of which stored words in English with their corresponding Yoruba counterparts and their equivalent parts of speech while the other dictionary stored words in Yoruba with their corresponding English counterparts and their equivalent parts of speech. A real time mobile chatting interface was developed for users’ interactions with themselves and the system. The research model was implemented using PHP for server-side scripting, JSON for data interchange and Java programming language for user interfaces accessible on users’ mobile phones. The Java programming language was coded in Android Studio 3.0 Integrated Development Environment. Two hundred and eleven sentences from Contemporary English Grammar were used for system testing and the result shows 95% accuracy compare with Google Translate.
In article was discussed importance of multimedia in teaching English and mainly English vocabulary. This article devotes to teaching vocabulary with the help of multimedia, its advantages and disadvantages to teaching English in EFL and ESP classes. by Nurmurodova Shakhnoza Ibragimovna 2020. Using multimedia for vocabulary teaching . International Journal on Integrated Education. 2, 6 (Mar. 2020), 73-74. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i6.115. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/115/112 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/115
Code-Switching in Urdu Books of Punjab Text Book Board, Lahore, PakistanBahram Kazemian
The study highlights English code-switching in Punjab Urdu textbooks. The research aims at finding and categorizing Urdu-English code-switches. Another rationale behind the study is to present Urdu equivalents of the switches from an Urdu-English dictionary; for instance, adakar for actor and sayyah for tourist. Textbooks of 5th, 6th, 9th and 10th class are selected for data collection and analysis. A number of instances are observed at morpheme, word, phrase and clause levels. Data is analyzed qualitatively. The data analysis shows switches at all the mentioned levels. The researchers propose a revision of the existing textbooks in the light of the given equivalents and a careful scrutiny of the compilation of future textbooks to preserve the purity of Urdu language.
A New Approach: Automatically Identify Naming Word from Bengali Sentence for ...Syeful Islam
More than hundreds of millions of people of almost all levels of education and attitudes from
different country communicate with each other for different using various languages. Machine
translation is highly demanding due to increasing the usage of web based Communication. One of
the major problem of Bengali translation is identified a naming word from a sentence, which is
relatively simple in English language, because such entities start with a capital letter. In Bangla we
do not have concept of small or capital letters and there is huge no. of different naming entity
available in Bangla. Thus we find difficulties in understanding whether a word is a naming word
(proper noun) or not. Here we have introduced a new approach to identify naming word from a
Bengali sentence for UNL without storing huge no. of naming entity in word dictionary. The goal is
to make possible Bangla sentence conversion to UNL and vice versa with minimal storing word in
dictionary.
A 1MENG 1020Date Oct 10, 2014Comparison between Texting.docxevonnehoggarth79783
A 1
M
ENG 1020
Date: Oct 10, 2014
Comparison between Texting and Academic Writing Language Features
Texting refers to the process of composing and sending short electronic messages through mobile phones and portable or fixed devices over a phone network. Texting has advanced over the years and attained additional features such as videos, images, and sound content known as MMS messages. Texting is used differently depending on the region that the sender and recipients are located. Regions such as North America, Australia, United Kingdom, and New Zealand simply refer the service as text, while in Asia, Middle East, and Africa, it is referred as SMS. Texting can be identified as a form of computer-mediated communication, although it is not computer based, but it is technologically mediated and based on texts; therefore, it shares many of the characteristics of other forms of computer-mediated communication such as email, instant messaging, and social network sites such as Twitter.
Automated systems can also apply text messages through participation in contests and ordering products and services. Service providers and advertisers use texting through direct text messaging, and send text messages to the users of mobile phones about dates of payment and promotions. Texting does not require the users to be online because it does not the Internet to transmit the messages. Twitter and email involve synchronous communication because the users are present online at the same time, and rapid response might be expected. Although immediate response is not obligatory the messages can be sent and responded quickly and enhance continuous flow the conversation.
Texting has gained massive popularity in the communication system over the years in many parts of the world. This form of communication, however, has technical restrictions such as limited space that has led to the development of non-standard language such as short forms (Bonelli 28). Texting allows the users to apply lexical and syntactic short forms that help to save the character space. SMS communication is an asynchronous text-based technologically mediated conversation, which follows the use of simple sentences structure for communication. The restriction in texting that limits the user to only 160 characters per message provides it with a unique feature. Texting, therefore, does not pursue the standard rules of English grammar as it is in academic writing. Additionally, texting mostly involves private conversations, which give the users the freedom to defy the standard rules of the English language.
Texting has been identified to be harmful for the formal English in the academic writings because of its influence on the use of literacy and Standard English. Many educators and linguists argue that text communication can be a permissible language especially due its grammatical breadth. It also involves semantics and syntax that enhances understanding of different language ideas in the text mess.
English to Malay (Bahasa Melayu) Translation: Syntactical Issues Involving Ti...inventionjournals
For speakers of other languages who are interested in learning Bahasa Melayu, English has always been a useful tool to understand Bahasa Melayu easily as English is internationally well-know and widely used language and is also comparable with Bahasa Melayu. Unlike English, Bahasa Melayu does not have various types of tenses to indicate what happened in the past, in the present or in the future time. Bahasa Melayu however has its own unique way to show different aspects of time reference such as by adding the word ‘telah’ for past events and ‘akan’ for future events. This is actually one of the problems faced by Bahasa Melayu learners when constructing sentences to refer to various aspects of time reference. Thus, this study seeks to provide an insight to Bahasa Melayu learners and focuses on sentence construction involving time reference. This study used both qualitative and quantitative approach in achieving the objectives of the research. A short text taken form Readers’ Digest article entitled ‘Rebirth of the Feral Child’ was chosen as a tool to examine the various types of tenses available in English. We found that Simple Past Tense, Past Continuous Tense, Past Perfect Tense and Present Perfect Tense caused problems when English sentences were translated to Malay sentences. This study is hoped to provide a brief and clear explanation to the foreign learners of Malay and Malay learners of English on how the sentence construction in both English and Malay are different to each other especially those that are related to the time reference.
Development of Bi-Directional English To Yoruba Translator for Real-Time Mobi...CSCJournals
Machine translation (MT) is a subfield of computational linguistics that investigates the use of computer software to translate text or speech from one natural language to another. Translating between English language and Yoruba language comes with some computational complexities such as syntactic and grammatical differences in the language pair. This paper aims at exploring a multi-layer hybridized language translation approach, which combines the Corpus-based and Rule-based approaches of machine translation to generate its outputs. A parallel corpus was built with texts from English and Yoruba languages and stored in My Structured Query Language (MySQL) database. One hundred and forty seven computational rules were manually formulated and also stored in MySQL database for generating sentences in both languages. A di-bilingual dictionary was developed, one of which stored words in English with their corresponding Yoruba counterparts and their equivalent parts of speech while the other dictionary stored words in Yoruba with their corresponding English counterparts and their equivalent parts of speech. A real time mobile chatting interface was developed for users’ interactions with themselves and the system. The research model was implemented using PHP for server-side scripting, JSON for data interchange and Java programming language for user interfaces accessible on users’ mobile phones. The Java programming language was coded in Android Studio 3.0 Integrated Development Environment. Two hundred and eleven sentences from Contemporary English Grammar were used for system testing and the result shows 95% accuracy compare with Google Translate.
In article was discussed importance of multimedia in teaching English and mainly English vocabulary. This article devotes to teaching vocabulary with the help of multimedia, its advantages and disadvantages to teaching English in EFL and ESP classes. by Nurmurodova Shakhnoza Ibragimovna 2020. Using multimedia for vocabulary teaching . International Journal on Integrated Education. 2, 6 (Mar. 2020), 73-74. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i6.115. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/115/112 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/115
Code-Switching in Urdu Books of Punjab Text Book Board, Lahore, PakistanBahram Kazemian
The study highlights English code-switching in Punjab Urdu textbooks. The research aims at finding and categorizing Urdu-English code-switches. Another rationale behind the study is to present Urdu equivalents of the switches from an Urdu-English dictionary; for instance, adakar for actor and sayyah for tourist. Textbooks of 5th, 6th, 9th and 10th class are selected for data collection and analysis. A number of instances are observed at morpheme, word, phrase and clause levels. Data is analyzed qualitatively. The data analysis shows switches at all the mentioned levels. The researchers propose a revision of the existing textbooks in the light of the given equivalents and a careful scrutiny of the compilation of future textbooks to preserve the purity of Urdu language.
A New Approach: Automatically Identify Naming Word from Bengali Sentence for ...Syeful Islam
More than hundreds of millions of people of almost all levels of education and attitudes from
different country communicate with each other for different using various languages. Machine
translation is highly demanding due to increasing the usage of web based Communication. One of
the major problem of Bengali translation is identified a naming word from a sentence, which is
relatively simple in English language, because such entities start with a capital letter. In Bangla we
do not have concept of small or capital letters and there is huge no. of different naming entity
available in Bangla. Thus we find difficulties in understanding whether a word is a naming word
(proper noun) or not. Here we have introduced a new approach to identify naming word from a
Bengali sentence for UNL without storing huge no. of naming entity in word dictionary. The goal is
to make possible Bangla sentence conversion to UNL and vice versa with minimal storing word in
dictionary.
A 1MENG 1020Date Oct 10, 2014Comparison between Texting.docxevonnehoggarth79783
A 1
M
ENG 1020
Date: Oct 10, 2014
Comparison between Texting and Academic Writing Language Features
Texting refers to the process of composing and sending short electronic messages through mobile phones and portable or fixed devices over a phone network. Texting has advanced over the years and attained additional features such as videos, images, and sound content known as MMS messages. Texting is used differently depending on the region that the sender and recipients are located. Regions such as North America, Australia, United Kingdom, and New Zealand simply refer the service as text, while in Asia, Middle East, and Africa, it is referred as SMS. Texting can be identified as a form of computer-mediated communication, although it is not computer based, but it is technologically mediated and based on texts; therefore, it shares many of the characteristics of other forms of computer-mediated communication such as email, instant messaging, and social network sites such as Twitter.
Automated systems can also apply text messages through participation in contests and ordering products and services. Service providers and advertisers use texting through direct text messaging, and send text messages to the users of mobile phones about dates of payment and promotions. Texting does not require the users to be online because it does not the Internet to transmit the messages. Twitter and email involve synchronous communication because the users are present online at the same time, and rapid response might be expected. Although immediate response is not obligatory the messages can be sent and responded quickly and enhance continuous flow the conversation.
Texting has gained massive popularity in the communication system over the years in many parts of the world. This form of communication, however, has technical restrictions such as limited space that has led to the development of non-standard language such as short forms (Bonelli 28). Texting allows the users to apply lexical and syntactic short forms that help to save the character space. SMS communication is an asynchronous text-based technologically mediated conversation, which follows the use of simple sentences structure for communication. The restriction in texting that limits the user to only 160 characters per message provides it with a unique feature. Texting, therefore, does not pursue the standard rules of English grammar as it is in academic writing. Additionally, texting mostly involves private conversations, which give the users the freedom to defy the standard rules of the English language.
Texting has been identified to be harmful for the formal English in the academic writings because of its influence on the use of literacy and Standard English. Many educators and linguists argue that text communication can be a permissible language especially due its grammatical breadth. It also involves semantics and syntax that enhances understanding of different language ideas in the text mess.
All & sundry use English for text messaging. They use ‘techniques’ & appear ‘message-savvy’ & adopt ‘cults’. Their primary motive is relationship building, sustenance, enrichment and social interaction. Many researchers have studied the language of the text messages. They have opined that textese English can have a positive or negative or no effect whatsoever on the English of the students. This presentation is an attempt to show how textese English has had a negative impact/adverse effect on students in India.
English Language Skill Needs of the Secretarial StudentPremier Publishers
This study explored the perception of Secretaryship and Management students about English Language generally; identified their skill needs in the subject and suggests strategies for improving those skills. A descriptive survey research design was adopted and involved 60 participants. Using the systematic random sampling technique, 20 students were selected from each level of study (Level 100 –300) in the Higher National Diploma in Secretaryship and Management Studies Programme at the Wa Technical University. A total number of 60 questionnaires was administered and the same number was retrieved and used in this study. The data were analysed using Microsoft Excel with the results presented in frequency tables and graphs. The study found that participants perceive English Language as a difficult subject; nonetheless, it is indispensable in their academic and professional lives. They affirmed writing, speaking, reading and listening skills as the most important skill needs and identified speaking as the most challenging skill to acquire. The study also found that surprisingly, majority (57%) of the participants was not conversant with email and related applications in English relevant to the modern secretary. The study recommends the regular practice of speaking, writing, reading, and listening as some of the measures to help improve upon the English language skills of the students. They should also be equipped with some basic knowledge in the use of modern information technological tools like email and PowerPoint to enhance their professionalism.
FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH COMMUNICATION COMPETENCY AMONG MALAYSIAN TECHNOLOG...IAEME Publication
This paper aimed to determine factors influencing English communication
competency among Malaysian university undergraduates from technology
departments at Universiti Tun Hussain Onn Malaysia (UTHM). A survey was
administered to a random sample of 102 undergraduates. Factor analysis was applied
to determine the underlying dimensions that influence English competency among the
students. The findings revealed four critical factors: mother tongue interference, lack
of confidence, lack of practice, and home environment. Thus, students need to be
encouraged to communicate in English at the university and home to provide wider
language practice opportunities to master communication skills in English and
perform well in the technology courses.
This paper examined gender influence in the use of Mobile Phone Short Message Service (SMS) on note-taking and comprehension of materials presented through an audio system. Two research questions and hypotheses guided the study. The design of the study was quasi-experimental non-equivalent pretest and posttest. A sample of 400 subjects was drawn from the research population of 800 using stratified simple random sampling procedure. Two instruments were used for data collection. One of the instruments was the Audio- Taped Lecture (ATL) and the second was the Test for Assessing Comprehension (TAC). These instruments designed by the researcher were subjected to validate. Reliability coefficients of 0.88 and 0.81 were obtained for ATL and TAC respectively. Data for the study were analyzed using mean, standard deviation and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The results of the study included that SMS style of writing improved students’ note-taking competence as well as comprehension of the notes for both the male and female students and that there was no significant difference in performance based on gender. Recommendations included that students be encouraged to use SMS writing styles for note-taking during lectures and that the use of SMS for note-taking could be tailored towards correcting gender differences in achievement.
This paper examined gender influence in the use of Mobile Phone Short Message Service (SMS) on note-taking and comprehension of materials presented through an audio system. Two research questions and hypotheses guided the study. The design of the study was quasi-experimental non-equivalent pretest and posttest. A sample of 400 subjects was drawn from the research population of 800 using stratified simple random sampling procedure. Two instruments were used for data collection. One of the instruments was the Audio- Taped Lecture (ATL) and the second was the Test for Assessing Comprehension (TAC). These instruments designed by the researcher were subjected to validate. Reliability coefficients of 0.88 and 0.81 were obtained for ATL and TAC respectively. Data for the study were analyzed using mean, standard deviation and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The results of the study included that SMS style of writing improved students’ note-taking competence as well as comprehension of the notes for both the male and female students and that there was no significant difference in performance based on gender. Recommendations included that students be encouraged to use SMS writing styles for note-taking during lectures and that the use of SMS for note-taking could be tailored towards correcting gender differences in achievement.
Tech assisted language learning tasks in an efl setting- use of hand phone re...James Cook University
Shakarami, a., Khajehei, H., & Hajhashemi, K. (2014). Tech-Assisted Language Learning Tasks in an EFL Setting: Use of Hand phone Recording Feature. International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature, 3(5), 100-104. doi: 10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.3n.5p. 100
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
2. IJALEL 2 (4):64-69, 2013 65
1.4.1 Technology and English Linguistics:
Nowadays, handwriting is substituted by email exchange. Instead, typewriting machine and keyboards are spreading
widely everywhere in order to write documents. Once we deal with the effect of new technologies, we should pay a due
attention to its affordances and affectivities. With regard to the affordances of new technologies, computers afford
larger display screens and comprehensive keyboards which allow its users to type longer messages in addition to
communication. On the contrary, new technology has its constraints or negative effects.
In reality using instant and text messaging includes using certain non-standard abbreviations, reduced endings and verb
omission which are ungrammatical. SMS users always type texts according to the way they pronounce them. For
example, a person writes “shud “instead of “should”. This is because they write the same way they pronounce words.
Table (1) shows the full words and its abbreviations in text messaging language.
Table 1. Full words and its abbreviations in text messaging language.
WORDS IN FULL ABBREVIATIONS OF SMS LANGUAGE
As Far as I remember AFAIR
Love LUV
Thanks THNX
Today 2day
Before B4
Have a nice day HAND
See you CU
So what’s your problem? SWYP
At @
Tear in my eyes TIME
Sealed with a Kiss SWAK
Keep it simple ,Stupid KISS
Such a Laugh SAL
At the moment ATM
Parents are watching PAW
Random act of Kindness RAK
Please reply PR
Second SEC
You are on your own YOYO
As soon as possible ASAP
Hugs and Kisses HAK
(Mphalele and Mshamaite, 2005)
Therefore, using text messaging language makes teachers perplexed because people will look at the word “HAND” as a
part of the body whereas text massagers mean “have a nice day”.
Mphahlele and Mashamite (2005, p166) envisaged that SMS language affect language proficiency of learners.
Cellphone language affects two aspects of language proficiency which are represented in two types of skills; the skills
of expressing oneself eloquently through writing as well as the skills of using words in context in an appropriate way.
Faulkner & Cluwin (2004 as cited in Geertsema, Hyman and Van Deventer, 2011) view that text messaging is a by-
product of the cellphone industry. According to Goldstuck (2004 cited in Geertsema, Hyman and van Deventer , 2001)
argues that text messaging – as well as instant messaging (IM) – represent a direct function of online rooms which have
been expanded to cellphones in order to make them able to use applications that can be downloaded to the handset. He
added that using text messaging helps developing a new, dynamic English slang. Goldstuck (2004) concurs that SMS
has altered language with the passage of time. He provided various examples such as “thank you” which was condensed
to “tnx “and then later shortened to “tx”.
Thurlow (2003 as cited Geertsema, Hyman and Van Deventer, 2011) envisages that text messages may be perceived as
non–standard typographic or orthographic forms; these forms can be divided in to various types:
- G_ Clippings (excluding the end –g letter), for example: “Goin” (going).
- Shortenings (delectation of end letters, excluding the final letter) for example: “After” (Aft)
3. IJALEL 2 (4):64-69, 2013 66
- Contractions (deletion of middle letters) for example: Nxt (Next).
- Acronyms and initialisms (formed from initial letters of various words), for example: “LOL” (laugh out loud)
- Number homophones, for example: “b4” (Before)
- Letter homophones, for example: “U” (you)
- Non-conventional spellings, for example: “Nite” (night)
According to Sutherland (2002, p.5) young people , especially teenagers, have been labeled “generation text” ,
“generation grunt “ and the “Net generation”, while descriptions such as “bleak , bald , sad shorthand” have been
attributed to text messaging or SMS. Blair (2004) suggested that an over-dependency on technology has culminated in
young generation with deficient communication skills which leads Thurlow (2006, p.11) to say that it causes a
“dumping down” of language and a “lowering of standards”.
Taglimonte and Denis (2008) envisage that people use standard language in text messaging for much time. Sometimes,
they use non-standard language in a creative way to serve communication purposes and in order to reflect skilled
command of language. Examples of textism and netspeak of instant and text messaging is the non-conventional spelling
(fone-phone) and shortenings (goin/going). This may be justified because texts are limited to 160 characters and writing
a text requires using complex multiple keystrokes on the different phones. Therefore , it leads to using abbreviations
such “mon” instead of “Monday” clippings “goin” instead of “going” and accent stylizations “gonna” instead of “going
to” as well as using abbreviated forms like “cos”, “luv”, “wot”, and “ya”.
Plester, Wood & Bell (2008) and Thurlow & Brown (2003) listed the most common abbreviated forms in texting;
“cuL8r” instead of using “what you up to “ and “BCNU” instead of “be seeing you “. It is worth nothing that days and
months are commonly abbreviated. Crystal (2008) argues that contractions are words with omitted middle letters
usually vowels because consonants provide greater information than vowels. Examples of omitting vowels are “text-txt
“, “will - wil “, “have – hav” and “homework – hmwrk”. It is so crucial to cite Biesawanger (23008) definition of
acronyms which means pronouncing letter by letter in writing. According to Thelwall (2009), accent stylization such as
“wanna” instead of “want to “and “gonna” instead of ‘going to” is often employed as humorous alternatives.
1.5 Experimental Design
The researcher used the qualitative design. This design is the most suitable as it concentrates on descriptions and
explanations of various phenomena in the study. In qualitative research, the researcher is the instrument or the tool for
designing, collecting and analyzing data. Qualitative research, in contrast to quantitive research, generally doesn’t
translate aspects of phenomena into numbers to be analyzed mathematically. Instead, it analyzes the phenomena
through the lenses the researcher brings to bear on the data.
In addition, the researcher used the descriptive research design in order to review the related studies that relate with the
current study to know the similarities and differences. The descriptive research design was used also to write down the
theoretical background of the study.
2. Method
2.1 Area Description
Kuwait is a Middle East country found at the northwest point of the Persian Gulf, between Iraq and Saudi Arabia, with a
total area of 17, 820 sq. km. Kuwait got its independence in 1961 from Great Britain. Kuwait has a total population of 2,
646, 314 as per July estimates, of which close to 50% (1,291,354) of the population are non-Kuwaitis. Kuwaiti’s 98%
of the population live in urban centers. The progress attained in the country’s education system has been attributed to oil
(Mohammad, 2008). The geography and the demography of Kuwait, and globalization and internationalization make
English an important language in Kuwait. Although the official language of Kuwait is Arabic, however English is
widely spoken in Kuwait. Signs of modernization are evident in the country’s urban centers. Particularly, shopping
centers, cafes, restaurants, and foreign community signal the extent of civilization in Kuwait. These features are, in part,
evidence for the increasing importance and relevance of English in Kuwait as a second language. This importance has
had its own implications on the education system, especially the English curriculum.
2.2 Participants Characteristics
The researcher has randomly selected (211) participants. The sample of the study consists of (211) participants. The
sample is divided into two age levels groups; the first group is the intermediate school students (118 participants their
ages range from 11 to 15 years old) and the second is the secondary school students (93 participants their ages range
from 16 to 18 years old). Participants are accustomed to use instant and text messaging for a long time.
2.3 Sampling Procedures
The sample of the study was randomly selected from the same socio-economical background. The researcher selected a
homogeneous group (age, academic achievement and socio-economic level). The distribution of the sample is shown in
table (2).
4. IJALEL 2 (4):64-69, 2013 67
Table 2. The Sample Distribution
Age level Total Percentage
Intermediate School Students 118 55.9%
Sixth Grade 48 22.7%
Seventh Grade 24 11.3%
Eighth Grade 23 10.9%
Ninth Grade 23 10.9%
Secondary School Students 93 44%
Tenth Grade 32 15.1%
Eleventh Grade 31 14.6%
Twelfth Grade 30 14.2%
Figure 1. Distribution of Sample
2.3.1 Sample Size, and Power
Total sample of the study was (211) participants, all of them are Kuwaiti citizens. Those participants enjoy a high socio-
economic level due to the welfare the government provides. This makes each citizen able to buy the latest versions of
communication technology both software and hardware. From their early childhood they are exposed to the up-to-date
technology. This makes them proficient in using the most advanced technology in their daily life. Compared with their
partners in other countries, they are proficient in using, sometimes developing, up-to-date innovations in the field of
communication.
2.3.2 Research Design
The interviews were conducted orally yet they were written in order to have both a hardcopy (the written transcript) and
a soft copy (the audio form). Each interview consists of 50 items with the first fifteen items are designed for clarifying
the personal data. The whole interview describes a complete profile of the participants.
3. Results & Discussion
Interviews conducted with participants were analyzed carefully in order to answer the study question: “To what extent
is the instant and text messaging adversely affect the use of English language in Kuwait?”. Analyzing data obtained
from responses of the participants’ shows that instant and text messaging have an adverse, rather damaging, effect of
English language in terms of vocabulary, spelling and grammar.
In Kuwait, using smart phones with various applications it provide that includes “BBM” or Blackberry text messages
and iPhone text message applications like “WhatsApp” have detrimental effects on English language use. Kuwaiti
teenagers especially and young people in general use certain codes of abbreviations or shortcuts to express their ideas to
the extent that spoils English grammar as well as spelling. Table (3) reveals the most common abbreviations used in
BBM and WhatsApp exchanges and its full form equivalents.
5. IJALEL 2 (4):64-69, 2013 68
Table 3. Full words and its equivalent abbreviations in BBM language.
WORDS IN FULL ABBREVIATIONS OR BBM LANGUAGE
Thank you Ty
I love you I L u
Welcome W l c
No need Nn
No problem Np
Now Nw
Back Bk
Also, there is a list of numbers as they represent certain Arabic letters which don’t have counterparts in English. Table
(4) shows numbers and its equivalent full forms.
Table 4. Numbers and its equivalent meanings
Number Meaning
1 There is nothing
2 Hamza “ La2” means “no”
3 “ Ein” in Arabic “Ali =3li”
‘3 “Ghein” Arabic letter “ 3 allia”
4 “ Thaa “ as “ thameen ” = “ precious”
5 “ Ghee ” as Ghair ” = ” Good
6 “ Taa ” as in “ 6arab ” = music
‘6 “ Zaa ” as in “ zaher ”= apparent
7 “ Haa ” as in “ba7ebak = I love you
8 “ 9af ” as in “ 8al ” = said
9 “ saad ” “ sadek ” = tell truth
‘9 “ Dad ” as in “ dai9 ” narrow
Communication through instant and text messages emails and other forms of new technologies have adverse effects on
using English language (in terms of vocabulary use, grammar and spelling). This communication is referred to as
Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) which is divided into two main types, namely, the synchronous CMC
where the communication takes place through “in real time” such as Real Time Chat (RTC) and Internet Relay Chat
(IRC). The second type is asynchronous CMC in which communication occurs “in postponed time” such as SMS and
emails (Crystal, 2001 as cited in Alkhatib and Subbah, 2008). Using these technologies affect greatly English language
through the overuse of abbreviation, clippings, acronyms and other abbreviated forms which is ungrammatical and
incorrect. This leads to the oversimplicity and establishing incorrect habits when using English whether as a first or a
foreign Language.
This study coincides with the study of Ranklin (2010) that revealed the adverse impact of text messaging language
shortcuts on developmental students’ spelling and grammar skills. The current study reveal the adverse impact of both
instant and text messaging on English language use in term of vocabulary, spelling and grammar.
4. Conclusions & Implications
In spite of facilitating communication processes among people, instant and text messaging have a negative impact on
the formal writing skills in the mainstream schools. Students use instant and text messaging shortcuts in the formal
writing task although using these shortcuts distort the Standard English that is the official form of teaching and learning.
Using these shortcuts in the classroom affects badly the way students use language; its vocabulary, spelling and
grammar. It is also concluded that using these shortcuts make students forget the complete forms of English language.
To sum up, using these wrong shortcuts is fossilized and cannot be repaired through remedial practice.
According to the results of the study, using instant and text messaging has an adverse impact on English language
learning inside the classroom. Yet, if linguists find a way to standardize the use of these shortcuts, it will be of great
help for Non-native speakers of English. This is because certain languages like Arabic have not got the same sound
system of English. The use of these shortcuts may compensate the lack of certain sounds. In addition, it will be a great
asset to English language teaching and learning in the classroom as students are highly motivated to use these shortcuts
(almost all of them ask me to allow using these shortcuts in writing tasks inside the classroom and they get cross when
they are obliged not to do so).
6. IJALEL 2 (4):64-69, 2013 69
References
Al-Khatib, M., A. and Sabbah, E.H. (2008) Language Choice in Mobile Text Message among Jordanian university
students. SKY Journal of Linguistics, 21 (2), pp 37-65.
Bieswanger , M. (2008). 2 abbrevi 8 or not 2 abbrevi 8: A contrastive Analysis of Different Shortening Strategies in
English and German Text Messages. Retrieved on Dec.5th
2012. Available Online
at:http:/studentorgs.utexas.edu/salsa/proceedings/206/bieswangers.pdf
Crystal, D. (2008). Texting: The Gr8 Db8. Oxford: Oxford University press.
Crystal, David (2001) Language and the Internet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Faulkner, X. & Culwin, F. (2004). When Fingers Do the Talking: A Study of Text Message. Retrieved on Dec.5th
2012.
Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com.innopac.ac.za/science.
Geertsema, S.; Hyman, Ch. And van Deventer (2011). Short Message Service (SMS) Language and Written Language
Skills: Educator’s Perspectives. South African Journal of Education. Vol. 31, pp. 475-487.
Goldstuck, A. (2006). The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Going Mobile: The South African Handbook of Cellular and Wireless
Communication. Cape Town: Double Storey Books.
Ling, R, Baron, N.S. (2007). Text Messaging and IM: Linguistic Comparison of American College Data. Journal of
Language and social Physiology, 26, pp 291-298.
Mohammad, E. (2008). The place of writing in first grade Kuwaiti English Education: A sociological case study.
Unpublished PhD Thesis. Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD.
Mphahlel, M.L: and Mashamaite, M. (2005). The Impact of Short Message Service (SMS) Language on Language
Proficiency of Learners and the SMS Dictionaries. A challenge for Educators and lexicographers. IADIS International
Conference Mobile Learning, 2005.
Oxford Advanced Learner Dictionary. (2006) Seventh Edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
Plaster, B., Wood, C., & Bell, V. (2008).Txt msg n School Literacy: Does Texting and Knowledge of Text
Abbreviations Adversely Affect Children’s Literacy Attainment? Literacy, 43, 137-144.
Plaster, B., Wood, C., & Joshi, P. (2009).Exploring the Relationship between Children’s Knowledge of Text Message
Abbreviations and School Literacy Outcomes. British journal of Developmental psychology, 27, 145-161.
Rankin, Sherry L. (2010). The Impact of Text Messaging Language Shortcuts on Developmental Students’ Formal
Writing Skills. ProQuest LLC. Ed.D. Dissertation, Walden University. Available Online at:
http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.html
Sutherland, J. (2002). Cn u text? The Guardian Nov 11th
2002.Retrieved on 18th
August, 2012.Available
at:http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2002/nov/11/mobile phones 2.
Sweeny, S. M. (2010). Writing for the Instant Messaging and Text Messaging Generation: Using New Literacies to
Support Writing Instruction. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 54:121-130.doi:1598/JAAL.54.2.4.
Tagliamonte, S.A., & Denis, D. (2008). Linguistic Ruin? LOL! Instant Messaging and Teen Language. American
speech, 83, pp. 3-34.
Thewall, M. (2009). MySpace Comments. Online Information Review, 33, pp. 58-76.
Thurlow, C., & Brown A. (2003). Generation txt: The Sociolinguistics of Young Peoples Text-Messaging. Discourse
Analysis Online, 1, pp. 1-27.