The hitchhiker’s guide to genome hacking

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This document discusses various techniques for hacking genomes and compromising genetic privacy, including genealogical attacks, side channel attacks, and phenotypic attacks. Genealogical attacks involve inferring identities by matching genetic samples to genealogical databases. Side channel attacks exploit unintended leaks of identifying information from genetic data. Phenotypic attacks aim to predict physical traits from DNA, but current knowledge allows only limited predictions. Overall, the document outlines challenges to genetic privacy and anonymity posed by advances in correlating genomic and trait data with public records.

Science

Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18
We need to share data
Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary
Zielinski et al., 2013. Guardian provided permission to share this photo.

Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18
The hitchhiker’s guide to genome hacking
Genetic Privacy
Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18
Taxonomy of genome hacking techniques
Attribute disclosure
(whose is this phenotype, anyhow?)
Identity tracing
(whose is this genome, anyhow?)
Attacks
Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary
Genealogical
triangulation Side-channel
Phenotype
prediction

Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18
The shape of identity tracing attacks
Anonymity means being lost in the crowd.
Identity tracing: narrow down the crowd from the sample
Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18
How much information do we need?
Identify every person in the US: log2(325*106) = 28bits
Surprisingly small!
Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18
Information in common identifiers
Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18
Correlation between Y-chr and surnames
www.ysearch.org:Y
Y
Smith
Smith
Y
Smith
Erlich
Genetic privacy
Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18
Surname inference
In total:
5 successful surname recoveries
Patrilineal line from source to target
Person tested by genetic genealogy service (source)
Genetic privacy
Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18
Long range familial searches
Genetic privacy
Come to my Plenary Abstract talk on Friday at 6:40pm
Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18
Side channel attacks
Genetic privacy
Sweeney et al., 2013
Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18
Side channel @ Personal Genomes Project
Genetic privacy
Sweeney et al., 2013
Oops: default filename has the name of the individual!
Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18
PGP made it looks like everything is fine (but it is not)
Genetic privacy
Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18
Can we use DNA phenotyping for identity tracing?
We can predict phenotypes from genetic data!
Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18
Not so fast…
Genetic privacy
Height at a single cm resolution
Perfect
knowledge
Theoretical limit(h2)Current knowledge
(Lello et al., Genetics, 2018)
Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18
Face prediction?
Genetic privacy
Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18
Not very promising…
Genetic privacy
Accuracy of prediction(R2)
[bits]
Current knowledge
Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18
Challenges in face prediction
Genetic privacy
Working hypothesis: identifying individuals based on
phenotype inferences is a typically a limited approach
Fig. S11 in Venter
Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18
Do we really understand privacy?
Genetic Privacy
AshleyMadison.com JoinAllofUS.org
Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18
Melissa Gymrek
Amy McGuire
David Golan
Eran Halperin
Arvind Narayanan
Tal Shor
Shai Carmi
Itsik Pe’er
Acknowledgements
MyHeritage Science team!

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From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world. With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively. The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage. Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience. See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers See the original article on Forbes here: http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b

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The hitchhiker’s guide to genome hacking

1. Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18 The hitchhiker’s guide to genome hacking Chief Science Officer, MyHeritage Associate Professor of Computer Science, Columbia University Adjunct Core Member, New York Genome Center Dr. Yaniv Erlich @erlichya Slides are publicly available on:

2. Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18 We need to share data Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary Zielinski et al., 2013. Guardian provided permission to share this photo.

3. Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18 The hitchhiker’s guide to genome hacking Genetic Privacy Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

4. Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18 Taxonomy of genome hacking techniques Attribute disclosure (whose is this phenotype, anyhow?) Identity tracing (whose is this genome, anyhow?) Attacks Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary Genealogical triangulation Side-channel Phenotype prediction

5. Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18 The shape of identity tracing attacks Anonymity means being lost in the crowd. Identity tracing: narrow down the crowd from the sample Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

6. Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18 How much information do we need? Identify every person in the US: log2(325*106) = 28bits Surprisingly small! Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

7. Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18 Information in common identifiers Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

8. Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18 Correlation between Y-chr and surnames www.ysearch.org:Y Y Smith Smith Y Smith Erlich Genetic privacy Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

9. Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18 Surname inference In total: 5 successful surname recoveries Patrilineal line from source to target Person tested by genetic genealogy service (source) Genetic privacy Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

10. Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18 Long range familial searches Genetic privacy Come to my Plenary Abstract talk on Friday at 6:40pm Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

11. Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18 Side channel attacks Genetic privacy Sweeney et al., 2013 Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

12. Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18 Side channel @ Personal Genomes Project Genetic privacy Sweeney et al., 2013 Oops: default filename has the name of the individual! Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

13. Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18 PGP made it looks like everything is fine (but it is not) Genetic privacy Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

14. Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18 Can we use DNA phenotyping for identity tracing? We can predict phenotypes from genetic data! Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

15. Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18 Not so fast… Genetic privacy Height at a single cm resolution Perfect knowledge Theoretical limit(h2)Current knowledge (Lello et al., Genetics, 2018) Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

16. Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18 Face prediction? Genetic privacy Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

17. Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18 Not very promising… Genetic privacy Accuracy of prediction(R2) [bits] Current knowledge Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

18. Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18 Challenges in face prediction Genetic privacy Working hypothesis: identifying individuals based on phenotype inferences is a typically a limited approach Fig. S11 in Venter Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

19. Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18 Do we really understand privacy? Genetic Privacy AshleyMadison.com JoinAllofUS.org Intro. Genealogical attacks Side-channel attacks Phenotypic attacks Summary

20. Yaniv Erlich@erlichya10/17/18 Melissa Gymrek Amy McGuire David Golan Eran Halperin Arvind Narayanan Tal Shor Shai Carmi Itsik Pe’er Acknowledgements MyHeritage Science team!

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