This document summarizes the history and evolution of happiness and well-being as a consideration in public policy over the past century. It identifies two key events: 1) In 1979, the King of Bhutan coined the term "Gross National Happiness" to emphasize non-material well-being over GDP. 2) In 2005, an American economist proposed the first integrated framework for measuring national well-being via the Gross National Well-being Index, citing Bhutan as inspiration. This framework was influential in establishing happiness measures globally and inspired indices used in Bhutan, Europe, and elsewhere. Over time, happiness became a mainstream consideration in public policy at international organizations and some countries.
Budget Behavior and Corruption: An Manifestation of Political Economy in Indo...AJHSSR Journal
The purpose of this study is to describe the behavior as one form of political economy in
Indonesia. The study further analyzes the potential for budgetary behavior associated with corruption. The
analysis basically focuses on analytical descriptive analysis. Using such methods, it can provide information
about the relationship between political economy, budgetary behavior, and relations with corruption in
Indonesia. The conclusion of the study is that the Indonesian economy is strongly influenced by political
circumstances and forces. With the curr
Local Government Reforms as Instrument for National Development in Nigeriaijtsrd
The study examined local government reforms as instrument for national development in Nigeria using qualitative data that rely on content analysis of extant literature that supports the aim of establishing and reforming the local government as the third tier of government to act as a veritable instrument for national development in Nigeria. However, available empirical literature has argued that despite the important role of local government as the third tier of government and an instrument of development, there is a glaring evidence of serious inadequacies. They posits that the current state of Local Government in Nigeria is characterized by unbridled interference of the State Government which is quite dismal largely due to poor management of resources, lack of autonomy, inadequate local leadership among others. Thus, to realize fully the intended development using Local governments as instrument, Local governments should be democratized and adequate measures provided to check the siphoning tendencies of its managements. Ezeozue, Chidozie "Local Government Reforms as Instrument for National Development in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30331.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/30331/local-government-reforms-as-instrument-for-national-development-in-nigeria/ezeozue-chidozie
A study of what population policy is, how it evolve, types of population policy; weaknesses and strengths taken from the cases of India, China and Zimbabwe
Budget Behavior and Corruption: An Manifestation of Political Economy in Indo...AJHSSR Journal
The purpose of this study is to describe the behavior as one form of political economy in
Indonesia. The study further analyzes the potential for budgetary behavior associated with corruption. The
analysis basically focuses on analytical descriptive analysis. Using such methods, it can provide information
about the relationship between political economy, budgetary behavior, and relations with corruption in
Indonesia. The conclusion of the study is that the Indonesian economy is strongly influenced by political
circumstances and forces. With the curr
Local Government Reforms as Instrument for National Development in Nigeriaijtsrd
The study examined local government reforms as instrument for national development in Nigeria using qualitative data that rely on content analysis of extant literature that supports the aim of establishing and reforming the local government as the third tier of government to act as a veritable instrument for national development in Nigeria. However, available empirical literature has argued that despite the important role of local government as the third tier of government and an instrument of development, there is a glaring evidence of serious inadequacies. They posits that the current state of Local Government in Nigeria is characterized by unbridled interference of the State Government which is quite dismal largely due to poor management of resources, lack of autonomy, inadequate local leadership among others. Thus, to realize fully the intended development using Local governments as instrument, Local governments should be democratized and adequate measures provided to check the siphoning tendencies of its managements. Ezeozue, Chidozie "Local Government Reforms as Instrument for National Development in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30331.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/30331/local-government-reforms-as-instrument-for-national-development-in-nigeria/ezeozue-chidozie
A study of what population policy is, how it evolve, types of population policy; weaknesses and strengths taken from the cases of India, China and Zimbabwe
Impact of Low Social Spending on Human Development: Regional Disparity in Utt...inventionjournals
he objective of the paper is to describe the low status of human development and increasing intrastate
disparity regarding all the development indicators across the districts and regions in the state. The low
income levels keep the expenditure on social sector at a low level which results in low status of human
development. On the other hand, the low status of human development acts as a major economic constraint on
economic development of the state. The state presents a dismal scenario with regard to both economic growth
and human development. It is characterized by low levels of per capita income, high incidence of poverty,
sluggish economic growth, high population pressure along with high rates of population growth, high birth and
fertility rates, widespread illiteracy, high infant mortality and death rates and low life expectancy. Social sector
expenditure in U.P. is lower even as compared to other backward states. This was true for the different
components of social sector as well. These figures are reflective of the low priority to social sector given by the
policy makers in the state and underscore the need of substantial improvement in levels of social sector
expenditure in U.P.
Fiscal Decentralization and Special Local Autonomy: Evidence from an Emerging...Suwandi, Dr. SE.,MSi
The quest of searching the endogeny variables of financial decentralization in emerging markets have become a serious topic due to the increasing wave of decentralized regions in many countries. The paper aimsto examine the effects of fiscal decentralization and specific local autonomy on economic growth, employment, poverty, and welfare in the special province Papua (Indonesia). The study exploited the main data of the decentralization fund by using a panel data of eight regencies and municipals, particularly the regional autonomy fund, direct and indirect government expenditure, and economic growth. The paper used the path analysis to explore the relationships of the observed variables. The results revealed that the decentralization fund influenced significantly on government’s direct expenditure and economic growth. The special local autonomy's fund has influenced considerably on government’s indirect expenditure. Its effect has increased, through economic growth as the intermediating variable, meaningfully on employment, poverty, and welfare. The results are in line with the prior studies, which explore the consequences of decentralization and specific autonomy to spur the economic growth in certain regions. It implies that the economic development strategies in Indonesia’s less-developed regions should be started with a bigger autonomy transfer program to those regions and simultaneously enhanced it by special budget allocation to trigger and support the development.
Local Government System After the Implementation of Law No.
22 of 1999
Indonesian Scientific Meeting 2003 in Central Japan
December 20, 2003, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Japan
Tri Widodo W. Utomo
Department of International Cooperation, Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya University, 1 Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-0861, Japan
The Impacts of Health and Education Components of Human Resources Development...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) discourages theoretical articles that are limited to axiomatics or that discuss minor variations of familiar models. Similarly, IOSR-JEF has little interest in empirical papers that do not explain the model's theoretical foundations or that exhausts themselves in applying a new or established technique (such as cointegration) to another data set without providing very good reasons why this research is important.
Based on the data of Japanese Prime metropolitan area from 1955 to 2013, this paper studies the effect of industry agglomeration and population aggregation on economic growth in Tokyo metropolitan area. Through the processing of the panel data, we find that the industry agglomeration in Japanese Prime metropolitan region has apparently positive impacts on its economic growth, and also, population aggregation can positively effects its economic growth. Following this paper is try to carry out research on Tokyo —the core city of Japanese Prime metropolitan area, to study the influence of industry agglomeration on its economic growth. This paper thinks that in the process of the development of the city group, due to resource constraints, the manufacturing output unit of land demand big industry will gradually from the degree of economic development is relatively high in the whole city and the city to evacuate, inside, labor resources are gradually to the regional flow of high GDP per capita output.
Liu He (Harvard MPA´95) compares two global crises: the Great Depression of 1929 and the Great Recession of 2008. This study was published in China in the summer of 2012. The objective of the project was to understand past events in order “to navigate the ongoing financial crisis safely and respond more proactively by learning from history.” With the perspective of an insider who supported Chinese leaders in making choices that allowed China’s economy not only to weather the crisis, but to outperform all other economies since the crisis, he provides a nuanced account of the past and astute clues for the future. While he doesn’t say so, the brute fact is that since the 2008 financial crisis, nearly 40% of all the growth in the global economy has taken place in just one country: China, despite its having only 15% of the world’s population and less than 20% of its income.
Original is at https://book.douban.com/subject/21964791/
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Norwegian Nobel Committee awarded the Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet, a civil society group comprising the Tunisian General Labor Union; the Tunisian Union of Industry, Trade, and Handicrafts; the Tunisian Human Rights League; and the Tunisian Order of Lawyers the 2015 Nobel Peace Prize on Friday, October 9, 2015 "for its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia." In a new Atlantic Council Issue Brief, "Tunisia: The Last Arab Spring Country," Atlantic Council Rafik Hariri Center for the Middle East Senior Fellows Mohsin Khan and Karim Mezran survey the successes of Tunisia's consensus-based transition and the challenges that lie ahead.
"The decision to award this year's Nobel Peace Prize to Tunisia's National Dialogue Quartet is an extremely important recognition of the efforts made by Tunisian civil society and Tunisia's political elite to reach a consensus on keeping the country firmly on the path to democratization and transition to a pluralist system," says Mezran. With the overthrow of the authoritarian regime of President Zine El Abedine Ben Ali in 2011, Tunisia embarked on a process of democratization widely regarded as an example for transitions in the region. The National Dialogue Conference facilitated by the Quartet helped Tunisia avert the risk of plunging into civil war and paved the way for a consensus agreement on Tunisia's new constitution, adopted in January 2014.
In the brief, the authors warn that despite political successes, Tunisia is hampered by the absence of economic reforms. Facing the loss of tourism and investment following two terror attacks, Tunisia's economy risks collapse, endangering all of the painstaking political progress gained thus far. Unless the Tunisian government moves rapidly to turn the economy around, Tunisia risks unraveling its fragile transition.
The importance of public policy as a determinant of health is routinely acknowledged, but there remains a continuing absence of mainstream debate about the ways in which the politics, power and ideology, which underpin public policy influence people's health. This paper explores the possible reasons behind the absence of a politics of health and demonstrates how explicit acknowledgement of the political nature of health will lead to more effective health promotion strategy and policy, and to more realistic and evidence-based public health and health promotion practice
Abstract of Happiness In Public Policy: The happiness movement represents a new paradigm where social, economic, and environmental systems are structured to encourage human well-being in a sustainable environment. Bhutan has adopted Gross National Happiness (GNH) as a way of determining its society’s success in contrast to purely economic goals and the singular use of the gross domestic product indicator. Bhutanese policy promulgation includes use of a GNH screening tool. In the United Kingdom, happiness indicators are being used to collect data and the government is starting to explore their application to policy. The Bhutanese GNH policy screening tool has been adapted for the grassroots activists, providing opportunities for everyone to participate in the happiness movement.
Measuring a Societys Progress All societies seek to creatAbramMartino96
Measuring a Society's Progress
All societies seek to create wellbeing for individuals. The question is not whether societies desire
welfare or not. The fundamental questions are: What does wellbeing mean? How do we measure
it? And how do we use indicators to organize society and its institutions to maximize wellbeing?
Answering these complex questions is a challenging endeavor, especially given the diversity of
values and worldviews around the globe. However, at the center of the essential questions of
development and progress lie the indicators we use as a society to measure wellbeing and
develop policies. As Hazel Henderson, futurist and evolutionary economist, said, "Statistical
indicators are the structural DNA codes of nations. They reflect a society's values and goals and
become the key drivers of economic and technological choices" (as cited in Salvaris, 2007).
Indicators reveal particular information about society and should embody values that people care
about, or at least should care about. Therefore, if indicators are to drive the policies that push
society in a genuine direction of progress, they should adequately measure wellbeing and
progress.
What does GDP Measure?
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was developed in the United States to manage the Great
Depression (1929 – early 1940s) and the wartime economy. It is simply a measure of how much
money is exchanging hands, a measure of a country's output in a given year. It was never
developed as a measure of social wellbeing or progress. In 2009, Jon Hall, former head of the
Global Project on Measuring the Progress of Societies at the Organisation for Economic Co-
Operation and Development (OECD), noted, "Somehow, over the last 30-40 years, GDP has
been seen as a measure of progress although it was never developed for that purpose… If GDP
was going up, then everything was fine in our society. GDP has been guiding institutions and
politics. We need to say, 'No, GDP is not a measure of progress.' It is one measure of progress
perhaps, but there are many other things to think about." Expert and professor of political science
at Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Surat Horachaikul added, "How can we summarize
something as complex as the progress and wellbeing of society in one single number like GDP?
GDP fails to capture many of the components of a true wellbeing society" (personal
communication, July 15, 2009).
Over the years, the world has developed what Joseph Stiglitz, Professor of Economics, Columbia
University, calls "GDP fetishism," a dogmatic fixation on GDP as a measure of progress. As a
result, institutions and policies have revolved around maximizing GDP with little regard for what
that means for individuals' standard of living and for social and environmental wellbeing.
Alternatives to GDP
If GDP is not an appropriate measure of wellbeing and progress, then what is? Questioning GDP
means asking the quest ...
Impact of Low Social Spending on Human Development: Regional Disparity in Utt...inventionjournals
he objective of the paper is to describe the low status of human development and increasing intrastate
disparity regarding all the development indicators across the districts and regions in the state. The low
income levels keep the expenditure on social sector at a low level which results in low status of human
development. On the other hand, the low status of human development acts as a major economic constraint on
economic development of the state. The state presents a dismal scenario with regard to both economic growth
and human development. It is characterized by low levels of per capita income, high incidence of poverty,
sluggish economic growth, high population pressure along with high rates of population growth, high birth and
fertility rates, widespread illiteracy, high infant mortality and death rates and low life expectancy. Social sector
expenditure in U.P. is lower even as compared to other backward states. This was true for the different
components of social sector as well. These figures are reflective of the low priority to social sector given by the
policy makers in the state and underscore the need of substantial improvement in levels of social sector
expenditure in U.P.
Fiscal Decentralization and Special Local Autonomy: Evidence from an Emerging...Suwandi, Dr. SE.,MSi
The quest of searching the endogeny variables of financial decentralization in emerging markets have become a serious topic due to the increasing wave of decentralized regions in many countries. The paper aimsto examine the effects of fiscal decentralization and specific local autonomy on economic growth, employment, poverty, and welfare in the special province Papua (Indonesia). The study exploited the main data of the decentralization fund by using a panel data of eight regencies and municipals, particularly the regional autonomy fund, direct and indirect government expenditure, and economic growth. The paper used the path analysis to explore the relationships of the observed variables. The results revealed that the decentralization fund influenced significantly on government’s direct expenditure and economic growth. The special local autonomy's fund has influenced considerably on government’s indirect expenditure. Its effect has increased, through economic growth as the intermediating variable, meaningfully on employment, poverty, and welfare. The results are in line with the prior studies, which explore the consequences of decentralization and specific autonomy to spur the economic growth in certain regions. It implies that the economic development strategies in Indonesia’s less-developed regions should be started with a bigger autonomy transfer program to those regions and simultaneously enhanced it by special budget allocation to trigger and support the development.
Local Government System After the Implementation of Law No.
22 of 1999
Indonesian Scientific Meeting 2003 in Central Japan
December 20, 2003, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Japan
Tri Widodo W. Utomo
Department of International Cooperation, Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya University, 1 Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-0861, Japan
The Impacts of Health and Education Components of Human Resources Development...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) discourages theoretical articles that are limited to axiomatics or that discuss minor variations of familiar models. Similarly, IOSR-JEF has little interest in empirical papers that do not explain the model's theoretical foundations or that exhausts themselves in applying a new or established technique (such as cointegration) to another data set without providing very good reasons why this research is important.
Based on the data of Japanese Prime metropolitan area from 1955 to 2013, this paper studies the effect of industry agglomeration and population aggregation on economic growth in Tokyo metropolitan area. Through the processing of the panel data, we find that the industry agglomeration in Japanese Prime metropolitan region has apparently positive impacts on its economic growth, and also, population aggregation can positively effects its economic growth. Following this paper is try to carry out research on Tokyo —the core city of Japanese Prime metropolitan area, to study the influence of industry agglomeration on its economic growth. This paper thinks that in the process of the development of the city group, due to resource constraints, the manufacturing output unit of land demand big industry will gradually from the degree of economic development is relatively high in the whole city and the city to evacuate, inside, labor resources are gradually to the regional flow of high GDP per capita output.
Liu He (Harvard MPA´95) compares two global crises: the Great Depression of 1929 and the Great Recession of 2008. This study was published in China in the summer of 2012. The objective of the project was to understand past events in order “to navigate the ongoing financial crisis safely and respond more proactively by learning from history.” With the perspective of an insider who supported Chinese leaders in making choices that allowed China’s economy not only to weather the crisis, but to outperform all other economies since the crisis, he provides a nuanced account of the past and astute clues for the future. While he doesn’t say so, the brute fact is that since the 2008 financial crisis, nearly 40% of all the growth in the global economy has taken place in just one country: China, despite its having only 15% of the world’s population and less than 20% of its income.
Original is at https://book.douban.com/subject/21964791/
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Norwegian Nobel Committee awarded the Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet, a civil society group comprising the Tunisian General Labor Union; the Tunisian Union of Industry, Trade, and Handicrafts; the Tunisian Human Rights League; and the Tunisian Order of Lawyers the 2015 Nobel Peace Prize on Friday, October 9, 2015 "for its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia." In a new Atlantic Council Issue Brief, "Tunisia: The Last Arab Spring Country," Atlantic Council Rafik Hariri Center for the Middle East Senior Fellows Mohsin Khan and Karim Mezran survey the successes of Tunisia's consensus-based transition and the challenges that lie ahead.
"The decision to award this year's Nobel Peace Prize to Tunisia's National Dialogue Quartet is an extremely important recognition of the efforts made by Tunisian civil society and Tunisia's political elite to reach a consensus on keeping the country firmly on the path to democratization and transition to a pluralist system," says Mezran. With the overthrow of the authoritarian regime of President Zine El Abedine Ben Ali in 2011, Tunisia embarked on a process of democratization widely regarded as an example for transitions in the region. The National Dialogue Conference facilitated by the Quartet helped Tunisia avert the risk of plunging into civil war and paved the way for a consensus agreement on Tunisia's new constitution, adopted in January 2014.
In the brief, the authors warn that despite political successes, Tunisia is hampered by the absence of economic reforms. Facing the loss of tourism and investment following two terror attacks, Tunisia's economy risks collapse, endangering all of the painstaking political progress gained thus far. Unless the Tunisian government moves rapidly to turn the economy around, Tunisia risks unraveling its fragile transition.
The importance of public policy as a determinant of health is routinely acknowledged, but there remains a continuing absence of mainstream debate about the ways in which the politics, power and ideology, which underpin public policy influence people's health. This paper explores the possible reasons behind the absence of a politics of health and demonstrates how explicit acknowledgement of the political nature of health will lead to more effective health promotion strategy and policy, and to more realistic and evidence-based public health and health promotion practice
Abstract of Happiness In Public Policy: The happiness movement represents a new paradigm where social, economic, and environmental systems are structured to encourage human well-being in a sustainable environment. Bhutan has adopted Gross National Happiness (GNH) as a way of determining its society’s success in contrast to purely economic goals and the singular use of the gross domestic product indicator. Bhutanese policy promulgation includes use of a GNH screening tool. In the United Kingdom, happiness indicators are being used to collect data and the government is starting to explore their application to policy. The Bhutanese GNH policy screening tool has been adapted for the grassroots activists, providing opportunities for everyone to participate in the happiness movement.
Measuring a Societys Progress All societies seek to creatAbramMartino96
Measuring a Society's Progress
All societies seek to create wellbeing for individuals. The question is not whether societies desire
welfare or not. The fundamental questions are: What does wellbeing mean? How do we measure
it? And how do we use indicators to organize society and its institutions to maximize wellbeing?
Answering these complex questions is a challenging endeavor, especially given the diversity of
values and worldviews around the globe. However, at the center of the essential questions of
development and progress lie the indicators we use as a society to measure wellbeing and
develop policies. As Hazel Henderson, futurist and evolutionary economist, said, "Statistical
indicators are the structural DNA codes of nations. They reflect a society's values and goals and
become the key drivers of economic and technological choices" (as cited in Salvaris, 2007).
Indicators reveal particular information about society and should embody values that people care
about, or at least should care about. Therefore, if indicators are to drive the policies that push
society in a genuine direction of progress, they should adequately measure wellbeing and
progress.
What does GDP Measure?
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was developed in the United States to manage the Great
Depression (1929 – early 1940s) and the wartime economy. It is simply a measure of how much
money is exchanging hands, a measure of a country's output in a given year. It was never
developed as a measure of social wellbeing or progress. In 2009, Jon Hall, former head of the
Global Project on Measuring the Progress of Societies at the Organisation for Economic Co-
Operation and Development (OECD), noted, "Somehow, over the last 30-40 years, GDP has
been seen as a measure of progress although it was never developed for that purpose… If GDP
was going up, then everything was fine in our society. GDP has been guiding institutions and
politics. We need to say, 'No, GDP is not a measure of progress.' It is one measure of progress
perhaps, but there are many other things to think about." Expert and professor of political science
at Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Surat Horachaikul added, "How can we summarize
something as complex as the progress and wellbeing of society in one single number like GDP?
GDP fails to capture many of the components of a true wellbeing society" (personal
communication, July 15, 2009).
Over the years, the world has developed what Joseph Stiglitz, Professor of Economics, Columbia
University, calls "GDP fetishism," a dogmatic fixation on GDP as a measure of progress. As a
result, institutions and policies have revolved around maximizing GDP with little regard for what
that means for individuals' standard of living and for social and environmental wellbeing.
Alternatives to GDP
If GDP is not an appropriate measure of wellbeing and progress, then what is? Questioning GDP
means asking the quest ...
The end of gdp (gross domestic product) as a paradigm in measuring economic p...Fernando Alcoforado
The objective of this article is to demonstrate the need to abandon the calculation of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which computes all financial transactions whether they are beneficial to the population or not with its replacement by the GPI (Genuine Progress Indicator) to measure the economic progress and social well-being of a nation. This substitution is justified by the conclusion that the rise in GDP in several countries shows no correlation with the increase in the welfare of the nation, quite the contrary. GPI, in turn, considers the welfare and environment parameters using the same methodology for calculating GDP, but, unlike this, it subtracts costs due to factors such as crime, pollution, environmental degradation and compromise of natural resources and systems, besides adding to the calculation items such as domestic and voluntary work that do not occur in the calculation of GDP. The justification for replacing GDP by GPI is presented in this article.
This article presents the emergence and consolidation, over the last two decades, of Human Wellbeing as an alternative to the dominant paradigm of Development as economic growth. A Wellbeing approach calls for a multidimensional and more comprehensive assessment of development practices and social action, at the convergence of two important and wellrecognized aims of development: the construction of more just societies, on the one hand, and ensuring that that people have real opportunities to be and do what they have reason to value, on the other.
Published in: De Castro, G. (2015); El bienestar, una conversación actual de la humanidad. Ed. Fundación Educo, Universitat de Barcelona, Icária Editorial. Barcelona.
When the cold war was over at the end of 1980th, we expected that the 21st century would be peaceful, progressive, and politically stable. On the contrary, the strong consciousness of ETHNICITY was dramatically emerged in eastern European ethnic groups that were controlled by the old Soviet Union. The worse situation was the case of old Yugoslavia where were divided into three parts with arms. As we know, that war was the terrible genocide as we know.
What is “ Medical Anthropology?
Health and Sickness could be defined as the dynamic studies. Because, the concept of the sickness and health is depended on the indigenous values. It means “dynamics”.
2. Biomedicine and cultural( behavial sciences can be understood reciprocally.
Cultural Diagnosis.
The fact that the past scientific research and analysis gather so many different specialists needs to be stress. No profession can get alone the right perspective to comprehend the destructiveness of violence, we need different points of view to fight against it and hopefully to transfer this knowledge to the policy making body. It is my hope that our policy makers and society will begin to realize the importance of the anthropological aspects which I am going to discuss in this short paper.
Now, I would like to take this opportunity to share the role of Anthropology in this issue with policy makers and anthropologists but, let me first show about the role of anthropology in the process of development and its connection with violence. I believe that the anthropological theory should apply to the practical field. Another word, I would say that anthropologists must put on two hats (theoretical and practical).
The work was presented during the II Workshop on Medical Anthropology in Rome, October 14th - 15th 2011.
Fifty years ago, when the Pakistani military carried out a massacre against the people of East
Bangle, the freedom-loving people stood up and fought back
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
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Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
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how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
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The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...
The History of Gross National Happiness
1. The History of Gross National Happiness
Modern Origins of Happiness and Well-being Economics in Public Policy
Mónica Correa
monica.correa@posgrado.economicas.uba.ar
Professor
Universidad Dr. Rafael Belloso Chacín (URBE)
(2015)
Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.), History | University of Zulia (LUZ)
(2004 – 2013)
Bachelor of Arts (B.A.), Journalist | Dr. Rafael Belloso Chacin University (URBE)
(2005 – 2010)
2. Abstract:
This paper summarizes the historical evolution of happiness and wellbeing as a public policy in the past
century. It examines key events and publications that led to an important scientific and policy change
resulting in the integration of happiness and wellbeing as main elements of the global economic
development agenda. The author traces the main sources and ideas behind this change by reviewing
and comparing available literature on public policy innovations related to the subject matter.
Historical Review
From modern political history, one can see happiness emphasized as part of a political philosophy, when
the phrase “pursuit of happiness”1
was used as an important human right in 1776 Declaration of
Independence of the United States. However, happiness policy remained an abstract idea, with no
specific or real legislative, scientific and economic implementation framework.
Economists have been calling for an alternative proposal to the GDP economic growth model since
1930s. Simon Kuznet, one of GDP’s main authors was aware of its limitations when he stated that “The
welfare of a nation can scarcely be inferred from a measurement of national income as defined by the
GDP.”2
In 1979 the Fourth King of Bhutan King Jigme Wangchuck, coined the term “Gross National Happiness”
by chance in 1979 during an interview in Bombay Airport when His Majesty said “We do not believe in
Gross National Product. Gross National Happiness is more important.”3
The Gross National Happiness or (GNH) phrase was initially used as an off-hand remark to indicate the
King’s lack of interest in western materialistic style of economic development and the preservation of
Bhutan’s Buddhist culture. His government officials, later, enunciated the king’s GNH four pillars as:
1.Economic self-reliance 2. Cultural preservation 3. Environmental conservation and 4. Good
governance.4
Although, the GNH phrase started as a clever play on words, it appeared to have led to a political
movement.
The critics of the King say that GNH was an isolationist and racist political philosophy that was marketed
by well-meaning western economic scholars who did not know the political history and inadvertently
changed the original meaning of GNH to something positive. The evidence they present is the actual
policies of the government under the same King. The strongest arguments supporting the view against
the original meaning of GNH is the translation of the GNH pillars of cultural preservation and good
governance into ethnic cleansing and isolationist policies. The implementation of the GNH philosophy
1
Declaration of independence of the United States http://www.ushistory.org/DECLARATION/document/
2
Saint Luis Federal Reserve newsletter https://files.stlouisfed.org/files/htdocs/pageone-
economics/uploads/newsletter/2013/PageOne0513.pdf
3
Fourth King of Bhutan King Jigme Wangchuck http://earthjournalism.net/stories/6468
4
Gross National Happiness Commission. Royal Government of Bhutan (2009). Tenth five year plan 2008-2013: p.31
http://www.gnhc.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2011/10thplan/TenthPlan_Vol1_Web.pdf
3. was an anti-consumerism ideology that meant to limit exposure to western civilization that resulted in
banning TVs and Jeans. 5 6
Over 100 thousand people or one sixth of the population of Bhutan of Nepalese origin and Hindu faith
were expelled from the country because they “would not integrate with Bhutan’s Buddhist culture”7 8 9
Even after the evolution of GNH, Bhutanese still suffer from GNH cultural preservation policies. Women
are pressured into wearing traditional dresses. 10
Good governance meant dictatorial monarch government at the time; it took the country about thirty
years until 2008 to conduct its first democratic elections.
The author of this paper agrees with the preceding criticism and analysis, however from a historical
perspective, the GNH phrase has been referenced in key public policy innovation papers and its
influence cannot be ignored. In fact, the most important paper to the development of happiness
economics, IIM GNW / GNH 2005, cited the GNH phrase as the inspiration by its author.
It is clear that Bhutan GNH philosophy has evolved over the last decade through the contribution of
western and local scholars to a version that is more democratic and open. Therefore, probably, the
more accurate historical reference is to mention the coining of the GNH phrase as a key event, but not
the Bhutan GNH philosophy, because the philosophy as understood by western scholars is different
from the philosophy used by the King at the time.
The Beginnings of Scientific and Western Acceptance of GNH
For about three decades, no real progress was made inside Bhutan, GNH became a formal policy in 2008
when it was included part of the constitution.
In 2004 a GNH conference talked about implementing GNH, but none of the papers produced specific
economic policies and econometric tool to help implement and measure happiness and wellbeing. The
adage, “you cannot manage what you cannot measure” holds true when it comes to implementing a
new happiness and wellbeing economic policy.
The North American Breakthrough
Most western economists considered the Bhutan GNH concept as touchy-feely until the introduction of
the first scientific and secular GNH Index in 2005 (also known as GNW Index) by Med Jones, an American
Economist at the International Institute of Management. This proposed econometric framework along
5
Bhutan: a land frozen in time http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/country_profile/54627.stm
6
Bill Frelick. Bhutan's ethnic cleansing. https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/02/01/bhutans-ethnic-cleansing
7
https://www.amnestyusa.org/countries/bhutan/
8
https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/02/01/bhutans-ethnic-cleansing
9
GNH and Unhappy People http://www.bhutannewsservice.org/gnh-and-unhappy-people/
10
Only ‘Ada Rachu’ defames GNH, degrades Women http://www.bhutannewsservice.org/only-ada-rachu-defames-gnh-
degrades-women/
4. with a secular global survey provided the first integrated public policy decision framework for measuring
wellbeing and happiness. 11
The model allowed, for the first time, the translation of happiness vision into a measurement system
that economists can use. Jones cited the inspiration for the paper the King’s GNH phrase. The working
paper was followed by a policy white paper in 2006, by the same author calling for the implementation
of GNW / GNH in the US. 12
The GNW / GNH paper was widely reference by high-level government
officials and researchers in Europe, Africa and Asia.13
In the policy white paper, the international institute of management came up with a list of strategic
recommendations: “The recommendations address six main public policy areas: Government,
Economics, Work, Media, Education and Environment.”
The main recommendation was that “The role of government should shift from managing economic
growth to socioeconomic development. American public policy should shift its focus from: The standard
of living to the quality of life; Material possessions to well-being (physical, mental, and material);
Unsustainable economic development to sustainable environmental development; Consumerism to
investment; Economic-driven education to socioeconomic-driven education”.
The paper stated: “A new integrated qualitative and quantitative approach is needed to assist in the
creation of a new socioeconomic development model to measure and monitor he development of the
nation's most important asset - its people.”
The paper presented a new first of a kind design the econometric framework as follows: “The metric
measures the socioeconomic development by tracking seven development areas, including the nation's
mental and emotional health. The metric value is proposed to be an index function of the total average
per capita of the following subjective and objective measures: Mental, Physical, Workplace, Economic,
Environmental, Political and Social.”
The European Adaptation
In 2008, President Nicolas Sarkozy started a similar initiative in France calling for the inclusion of
happiness and well-being in the criteria for national governance policies. He commissioned two Nobel
Laureates and a French Economist, Joseph Stiglitz Amartya Sen, and Jean Paul Fitoussi to develop a new
framework for measuring happiness and well-being to overcome the limitation of GDP. The Commission
is known as the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress
(CMEPSP). It included 29 respected professors and researchers.14
CMEPSP came up with the following
recommendations:
“From production to well-being: Another key message, and unifying theme of the report, is that the
time is ripe for our measurement system to shift emphasis from measuring economic production to
measuring people’s well-being. And measures of well-being should be put in a context of sustainability.
11
Gross National Happiness / Wellbeing GNW Survey https://www.iim-edu.org/polls/GrossNationalHappinessSurvey.htm
12
Gross National Happiness and Wellbeing Policy White Paper https://www.iim-edu.org/grossnationalhappiness/
13
IIM Happiness Economics page https://www.medjones.com/happinesseconomics
14
'Journal Editorial Report,' September 26, 2009 http://www.foxnews.com/story/2009/09/28/journal-editorial-report-
september-26-200.html
5. Despite deficiencies in our measures of production, we know much more about them than about well-
being. Changing emphasis does not mean dismissing GDP and production measures. They emerged from
concerns about market production and employment; they continue to provide answers to many
important questions such as monitoring economic activity. But emphasizing well-being is important
because there appears to be an increasing gap between the information contained in aggregate GDP
data and what counts for common people’s well-being. This mean working towards the development of
a statistical system that complements measures of market activity by measures centered on people’s
well-being and by measures that capture sustainability… Well-being is multi-dimensional …the
Commission has identified the following key dimensions that should be taken into account. At least in
principle, these dimensions should be considered simultaneously: i. Material living standards; Health;
Education; iv. Personal activities v. Political; vi. Social vii. Environment viii. Insecurity, of an economic as
well as a physical nature. All these dimensions shape people’s well-being, and yet many of them are
missed by conventional income measures. Objective and subjective dimensions of well-being are both
important” 15
When comparing the message, language, and recommendations of IIM GNW of 2005 with CMEPSPS
report of 2009, one can find they are almost identical. This validated the importance of the National
Wellbeing and Happiness in public policy, even more.
Happiness Becomes Mainstream Public Policy
In 2011, UN published Happiness: towards a holistic approach to development where emphasized “the
pursuit of happiness was a fundamental human goal, recognized that the gross domestic product (GDP)
indicator was not designed to—and did not reflect adequately—the happiness and well-being of
people.” 16
The Implementation of GNH in Bhutan
In Bhutan, a non-profit organization, the Center for Bhutan Studies, with the help of Oxford scholar,
Sabine Alkire’s Methodology of 2010, they published their first local GNH Index in 2012 that is very
similar to the IIM GNW / GNH Index of 2005.17
According to the Alistair Campbell, the Strategy Director
of the former Prime Minister Tony Blair, “The concept and issues at the heart of the Bhutanese
approach are not dissimilar to the metric used by Med Jones”18
15
Report by the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress
http://library.bsl.org.au/jspui/bitstream/1/1267/1/Measurement_of_economic_performance_and_social_progress.pdf
16
UN. Happiness: towards a holistic approach to development (2011)
http://repository.un.org/bitstream/handle/11176/291712/A_RES_65_309-EN.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y
17
GNH and GNH Index http://www.ophi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Ura-et-al-Bhutan-Happiness-Chapter.pdf
18
Alastair Campbell. In Pursuit of Personal and Political Happiness. P. 30 -31 https://books.google.com/books?id=OSy7Ubd-
PX8C&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30&dq=Med+Jones+Alastair+Campbell&source=bl&ots=mHEZvUp2AZ&sig=vyArmvTOIM3e6EMO70WA
_huZVUk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzy-Wd5tnTAhVPImMKHd-
oBcsQ6AEIOzAE#v=onepage&q=Med%20Jones%20Alastair%20Campbell&f=false
6. Campbell also advised The French President Sarkozy and the British Prime Minister Cameron, to use the
same principles of the framework in the GNW and GNH economic policies.19
Upon review, researchers can see, the Bhutan GNH Index is almost identical to the IIM GNW / GNH
Secular Framework with customization for the Buddhist Spiritual values that added Karma and Prayers
indicators.
It is clear that the major economic milestone that bridged subjective and objective measures and led to
the acceptance of happiness in the west were influenced directly or indirectly by the IIM GNW / GNH
framework of 2005 and the policy white paper of 2006.
In 2012, researchers at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University prepared a detailed
synopsis and exploration of well-being and happiness factors. This report was presented to the United
States Congress by Congressman Hansen Clark. The authors of the report cited the GNW and GNH as
one of the frameworks to consider. 20
Latin America Incursion
Study of happiness has a recent incursion in Latin America, in 2013, Venezuelan president; Nicolas
Maduro created the Vice Ministry for The Supreme Social Happiness of The Venezuelan People. “Its
main objective is to provide care and assistance, at all times to citizens in general, without any
distinction individually, either in a personalized or written form in order to manage before public and
private organizations requests for help and / or support to the President of the Republic.”21
However,
there’s no public data or national survey related to its situation.
Middle East Incursion
In 2016, the UAE National newspaper announced that the government of Dubai established the Ministry
of Happiness in an article that referenced the International Institute of Management’s Gross National
Wellbeing Index of 2005 as the background for the initiative. 22
Other Findings
In the past decade, many economists, environmentalists, and sociologists have begun studying and
researching if happiness can play a significant role in economic growth in secular countries such as the
United States and the Europe. Some of the noteworthy initiatives include the Sustainable Society Index
(SSI) in Netherlands in 2008, the Sustainable Economic Development Assessment (SEDA) in 2013, and
20
21st Century GDP: National Indicators for a New Era
https://www.hks.harvard.edu/content/download/67149/1241406/version/1/file/PAE+Beachy_Zorn_2012.pdf
21
Vice Ministry for the Supreme Social Happiness of the Venezuelan People
http://www.presidencia.gob.ve/Site/Web/Principal/paginas/classVice_Suprema_Felicidad_Social_Pueblo.php
22
The happiness portfolio is no laughing matter http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/the-happiness-
portfolio-is-no-laughing-matter
7. the Social Progress Index (SPI) of 2014. SPI while more famous, appears to be the combination of SSI and
SEDA and both are in line with to CMEPSP 2009 and IIM GNW / GNH 2005 recommendations. They also
share the same basic econometric frameworks.
Conclusion:
The origin of the modern Happiness and Wellbeing Economics and Public Policy, has a surprising history
that can be traced to two individuals and events;
The first event is the accidental coining of the political phrase of GNH by the fourth King of Bhutan - A
young Monarch of one of the tiniest and poorest countries of the world.
The second event is the scientific contribution of an American think tank, the International Institute of
Management that created the missing link between happiness, wellbeing, and socioeconomic and
environmental development.
For centuries, scientists and economists were not able to present an integrated tool for happiness and
wellbeing development, this was partly due the challenges of quantifying subjective feelings and
diversity of cultural values, let alone integrate them into an econometric framework. This has changed in
the past decade, thanks to IIM GNW / GNH framework and GNW Index of 2005.
The political acceleration and promotion came from three political actors, the Bhutanese government,
the former French President Sarkozy, and the United Nations declaration of International day of
happiness.
References and Sources
GDP does it measure up? St Luis Federal Reserve Newsletter
https://files.stlouisfed.org/files/htdocs/pageone-
economics/uploads/newsletter/2013/PageOne0513.pdf
Declaration of independence of the United States http://www.ushistory.org/DECLARATION/document/
The story of a king, a poor country and a rich idea http://earthjournalism.net/stories/6468
Gross National Happiness Commission. Royal Government of Bhutan (2009). Tenth five year plan 2008-
2013: p.31 http://www.gnhc.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2011/10thplan/TenthPlan_Vol1_Web.pdf
Bhutan: a land frozen in time http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/country_profile/54627.stm
Bhutan's ethnic cleansing https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/02/01/bhutans-ethnic-cleansing
GNH and Unhappy People http://www.bhutannewsservice.org/gnh-and-unhappy-people/
Only ‘Ada Rachu’ defames GNH, degrades Women http://www.bhutannewsservice.org/only-ada-rachu-
defames-gnh-degrades-women/
Med Jones. The American Pursuit of Unhappiness https://www.iim-edu.org/grossnationalhappiness/
8. The International Institute of Management, happiness economics page
https://www.medjones.com/happinesseconomics
'Journal Editorial Report,' September 26, 2009 http://www.foxnews.com/story/2009/09/28/journal-
editorial-report-september-26-200.html
Report by the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress
http://library.bsl.org.au/jspui/bitstream/1/1267/1/Measurement_of_economic_performance_and_soci
al_progress.pdf
Measuring National Well-being: Personal Well-being in the UK, 2014 to 2015
https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/bulletins/measuringnationalwellb
eing/2015-09-23
Bhutan GNH and GNH Index http://www.ophi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Ura-et-al-Bhutan-Happiness-
Chapter.pdf
Alastair Campbell. In Pursuit of Personal and Political Happiness. Page: 30
https://books.google.com/books?id=OSy7Ubd-
PX8C&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30&dq=Med+Jones+Alastair+Campbell&source=bl&ots=mHEZvUp2AZ&sig=vyAr
mvTOIM3e6EMO70WA_huZVUk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzy-Wd5tnTAhVPImMKHd-
oBcsQ6AEIOzAE#v=onepage&q=Med%20Jones%20Alastair%20Campbell&f=false
Ben Beachy, Justin Zorn. John F. Kennedy School of Government. Harvard University. 21st Century GDP:
National Indicators for a New Era
https://www.hks.harvard.edu/content/download/67149/1241406/version/1/file/PAE+Beachy_Zorn_20
12.pdf
Vice Ministry for the Supreme Social Happiness of the Venezuelan People
http://www.presidencia.gob.ve/Site/Web/Principal/paginas/classVice_Suprema_Felicidad_Social_Puebl
o.php
Geurt van de Kerk and Arthur Manuel, Sustainable Society Index (SSI), Netherlands, 2008
http://www.ssfindex.com/ssi2016/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/GrossNationalHappinessIndexand-
theSSI.pdf
Sustainable Economic Development Assessment, 2012, BCG
https://www.bcg.com/expertise/industries/public-sector/sustainable-economic-development-
assessment.aspx
The Social Progress Index, Michael Porter and Michael Green, 2014
http://www.socialprogressimperative.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Social-Progress-Index-2014-
Executive-Summary.pdf