The Eye And Ear
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The document discusses the eye and ear from a clinical perspective. It addresses the external eye muscles, what can go wrong with the left eye involving the trochlear nerve, and how cotton buds should not be put in the ear. It also mentions the tympanic membrane, identifying the malleus bone and discussing light reflexes in the cone of the ear.
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The document summarizes key structures and functions of the eyes and ears. It outlines the layers of the eyes including the sclera, choroid, retina, cornea, lens, iris, pupil, and optic nerve. It also describes the eye chambers, eyelids, lacrimal apparatus, and refractive errors like myopia and hyperopia. For the ears, it lists the outer, middle, and inner ear structures along with terms like pinna, auditory canal, tympanic membrane, cochlea, and semicircular canals. Common eye conditions like cataracts and glaucoma are also mentioned along with treatments like iridectomy and tonometry.
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The document defines medical terminology related to the special senses of the eye and ear. It provides definitions and abbreviations for terms including:
- Pressure equalizing (PE) tubes, which are inserted into the eardrum to prevent fluid buildup behind it.
- Eye, ear, nose, and throat (EENT), which refers to all of those areas unlike ENT which excludes the eyes.
- Otitis media (OM), an ear infection of the middle ear that is more common in children and can be treated with antibiotics.
- Emmetropia (EM), a relaxed state of the eye where it can focus on distant objects without effort.
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The document discusses various eye infections and disorders including:
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- Chalazion which are granulomatous inflammations of the meibomian glands, appearing as hard, non-tender swellings on the eyelids. Treatment is usually incision and curettage.
- Blepharitis, a common chronic eyelid inflammation involving the skin, eyelashes and glands of the eyelid margin. It can be anterior or posterior
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The document defines medical terminology related to the special senses of the eye and ear. It provides definitions and abbreviations for terms including:
- Pressure equalizing (PE) tubes, which are inserted into the eardrum to prevent fluid buildup behind it.
- Eye, ear, nose, and throat (EENT), which refers to all of those areas unlike ENT which excludes the eyes.
- Otitis media (OM), an ear infection of the middle ear that is more common in children and can be treated with antibiotics.
- Emmetropia (EM), a relaxed state of the eye where it can focus on distant objects without effort.
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The document discusses various eye infections and disorders including:
- Hordeolum (styes) which are abscesses of the eyelid caused by Staphylococcus bacteria. Internal hordeolums involve the meibomian glands. Treatment includes warm compresses and occasionally incision.
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1. Strabismus (lazy eye) which results from muscle imbalance and can lead to vision loss if not treated early with corrective lenses, patching, Botox injections, or surgery.
2. Conjunctivitis (pink eye) which is usually caused by infection, allergy, or trauma and treated with antibiotics, antivirals, or antihistamines depending on the cause.
3. Otitis media (ear infection) which occurs when the eustachian tube becomes blocked, leading to fever and ear pain and treated with antibiotics, analgesics, and sometimes myringotomy tubes.
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This document summarizes a collaboration project on the anatomy, physiology, genetics, and evolution of the eye. It discusses the anatomy of the iris and pupil. It describes the physiology of vision including refraction, accommodation, and visual processing in the brain. It covers genetics of eye development including the role of the Pax6 gene. Finally, it discusses the evolution of light-sensitive proteins, development of simple eyes, and adaptations involving the lens, color vision, and eye movement.
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The document defines various medical abbreviations and terms related to the special senses of the eye and ear. It provides descriptions of terms like PE tube, EENT, BC, AU, OM, EM, XT, OS, EOM, and VA. PE tube refers to a pressure equalizing tube placed in a child's eardrum. EENT is an abbreviation for eyes, ears, nose and throat. BC refers to bone conduction of sound through the skull. AU abbreviates both ears. OM describes otitis media, or middle ear inflammation. EM, XT, OS, and VA define eye and vision related terms like emmetropia, exotropia, the left eye, and visual acuity
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- Otitis externa (inflammation of the ear canal)
- Acute and chronic otitis media (inflammation of the middle ear)
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It describes symptoms, causes, treatment options and complications for each condition. The guide is intended to help differentiate types of ear diseases.
Diseases of External Ear
This document discusses various congenital and acquired conditions of the external ear, ear canal, and eardrum. It covers topics such as congenital deformities of the pinna, infections like otitis externa, tumors, foreign bodies, cerumen impaction, and conditions affecting the tympanic membrane. Treatment options are provided for many of the discussed conditions.
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This document discusses ear anatomy and various ear diseases. It describes the structures of the outer, middle and inner ear. It then discusses common symptoms of ear diseases like otalgia, otorrhoea, hearing impairment, tinnitus and vertigo. Various ear conditions are described such as otitis externa, malignant otitis externa, fungal infections, furunculosis, Ramsey Hunt syndrome and perichondritis. Diagnostic tests like pure tone audiometry are mentioned. Treatment options for different conditions include antibiotics, antifungals, analgesics and antivirals. Benign and malignant skin pathologies of the pinna are also outlined.
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The document provides an overview of the special senses - vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste and smell - covering their anatomy and physiology. It discusses the structures of the eye such as the retina, lens and accessory structures; the structures of the ear including the outer, middle and inner ear; and the sensory receptors for taste and smell. The summary focuses on the key sensory organs and their functions:
The eye contains photoreceptors in the retina that detect light and allow for vision. The lens focuses light onto the retina. The ear contains structures for hearing and balance, including the cochlea that contains hair cells for hearing and semicircular canals that contain receptors for balance and equilibrium. Taste buds on the
The special senses ~ powerpoint by victoria
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This document provides information on various eye, ear, and throat disorders including:
1. Strabismus (lazy eye) which results from muscle imbalance and can lead to vision loss if not treated early with corrective lenses, patching, Botox injections, or surgery.
2. Conjunctivitis (pink eye) which is usually caused by infection, allergy, or trauma and treated with antibiotics, antivirals, or antihistamines depending on the cause.
3. Otitis media (ear infection) which occurs when the eustachian tube becomes blocked, leading to fever and ear pain and treated with antibiotics, analgesics, and sometimes myringotomy tubes.
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The document discusses common ear diseases including conductive, sensory, neural, and sensorineural hearing loss. Diseases of the external ear include boils, swimmer's ear, and fungi. Diseases of the middle ear include serous otitis media, acute otitis media, and chronic otitis media. Diseases of the inner ear can be congenital or acquired and include conditions like meniere's disease, tumors, and viral illnesses. Proper treatment and consultation with a doctor is recommended for ear diseases.
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Diseases of external ear
This document discusses diseases of the external ear. It begins by describing the anatomy of the external ear canal. It then categorizes conditions affecting the external ear into congenital, inflammatory, reactive, traumatic, and tumors. Under congenital conditions it discusses preauricular sinus, congenital ear swellings, fistulas and anomalies. It provides details on preauricular sinus including embryology, clinical features, management and associated syndromes. It also discusses other congenital conditions such as ear swellings, fistulas and atresia. The document further describes inflammatory conditions including erysipelas, perichondritis and malignant otitis externa. It also covers reactive, traumatic, and neoplastic conditions of the external
ear disorders
This document discusses various ear disorders including infections of the external ear like otitis externa. It describes the anatomy of the ear and the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic otitis externa. It also covers otitis media, explaining the types like acute suppurative, non-suppurative and chronic suppurative otitis media. The causes, symptoms, investigations and management of different types of otitis media are outlined. Complications of chronic suppurative otitis media and differences between tubotympanic and atticoantral diseases are summarized as well. The pathology of otosclerosis is also briefly explained.
Anatomy and physiology of ENT organs
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the ear and nose. It describes the three parts of the ear - external, middle, and inner - and details the structures within each part such as the pinna, external auditory meatus, eardrum, ossicles, and cochlea. It also describes the anatomy of the nose, including the nasal cavity, septum, turbinates, and paranasal sinuses. Key functions such as olfaction, filtration, humidification are also summarized.
Gross anatomy of the ‘ear’
The document summarizes the gross anatomy of the ear, which has three main parts - the external, middle, and inner ear. The external ear collects and transmits sound waves through the external acoustic meatus to the middle ear. The middle ear contains the auditory ossicles and transmits vibrations through the oval window to the inner ear for hearing and balance. It is separated from the external ear by the tympanic membrane and surrounded by six bony walls. The inner ear is concerned with hearing and balance.
Anatomy of eye
The anatomy and physiology of the outer and inner eye can be summarized as follows:
1. The eyelids protect the eyeball and distribute tears across the cornea via contraction of the orbicularis muscle and opening/closing of the levator muscle.
2. The cornea refracts and transmits light, with an epithelium, stroma, and endothelial layer. The iris controls pupil size via sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.
3. The retina converts light images to nerve impulses via photoreceptors, ganglion cells, and optic nerve fibers exiting at the optic disc. Blood vessels from the choroid and central artery supply the retina.
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This document defines premenstrual syndrome as the occurrence of cyclical somatic, psychological, and emotional symptoms that occur in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and resolve when menstruation begins. It estimates that almost all women experience some symptoms, while 5% have severe symptoms. The causes are unknown but may involve hormonal fluctuations or low serotonin levels. Common symptoms include mood changes, cognitive issues, pain, and disruptions to daily life. Diagnosis involves tracking symptoms over multiple cycles. Management options range from lifestyle changes to various supplements, medications, and in rare cases, surgery. Assessing treatment effectiveness is difficult due to high placebo response rates.
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Can Traditional Chinese Medicine Treat Blocked Fallopian Tubes.pptx
There are many traditional Chinese medicine therapies to treat blocked fallopian tubes. And herbal medicine Fuyan Pill is one of the more effective choices.
Pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes
This presentation gives information on the pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes i.e. Eicosanoids. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They are involved in complex control over inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system. Eicosanoids are synthesized through the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. They have short half-lives and act locally through autocrine and paracrine signaling.
Storyboard on Acne-Innovative Learning-M. pharm. (2nd sem.) Cosmetics
Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. It typically manifests as pimples, blackheads, or whiteheads, often on the face, chest, shoulders, or back. Acne can range from mild to severe and may cause emotional distress and scarring in some cases.
**Causes:**
1. **Excess Oil Production:** Hormonal changes during adolescence or certain times in adulthood can increase sebum (oil) production, leading to clogged pores.
2. **Clogged Pores:** When dead skin cells and oil block hair follicles, bacteria (usually Propionibacterium acnes) can thrive, causing inflammation and acne lesions.
3. **Hormonal Factors:** Fluctuations in hormone levels, such as during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, or certain medical conditions, can contribute to acne.
4. **Genetics:** A family history of acne can increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
**Types of Acne:**
- **Whiteheads:** Closed plugged pores.
- **Blackheads:** Open plugged pores with a dark surface.
- **Papules:** Small red, tender bumps.
- **Pustules:** Pimples with pus at their tips.
- **Nodules:** Large, solid, painful lumps beneath the surface.
- **Cysts:** Painful, pus-filled lumps beneath the surface that can cause scarring.
**Treatment:**
Treatment depends on the severity and type of acne but may include:
- **Topical Treatments:** Such as benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or retinoids to reduce bacteria and unclog pores.
- **Oral Medications:** Antibiotics or oral contraceptives for hormonal acne.
- **Procedures:** Such as chemical peels, extraction of comedones, or light therapy for more severe cases.
**Prevention and Management:**
- **Cleanse:** Regularly wash skin with a gentle cleanser.
- **Moisturize:** Use non-comedogenic moisturizers to keep skin hydrated without clogging pores.
- **Avoid Irritants:** Such as harsh cosmetics or excessive scrubbing.
- **Sun Protection:** Use sunscreen to prevent exacerbation of acne scars and inflammation.
Acne treatment can take time, and consistency in skincare routines and treatments is crucial. Consulting a dermatologist can help tailor a treatment plan that suits individual needs and reduces the risk of scarring or long-term skin damage.
Ageing, the Elderly, Gerontology and Public Health
Challenges associated with ageing from a public health perspective
Selective α1-Blocker.pptx
Selective alpha1 blockers are Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, Tamsulosin and Silodosin majorly used to treat BPH, also hypertension, PTSD, Raynaud's phenomenon, CHF
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Pharmacology of Drugs for Congestive Heart Failure
Congestive Heart failure is caused by low cardiac output and high sympathetic discharge. Diuretics reduce preload, ACE inhibitors lower afterload, beta blockers reduce sympathetic activity, and digitalis has inotropic effects. Newer medications target vasodilation and myosin activation to improve heart efficiency while lowering energy requirements. Combination therapy, following an assessment of cardiac function and volume status, is the most effective strategy to heart failure care.
Helminthiasis or Worm infestation in Children for Nursing students
Brief description worm infestation/Helminthiasis for Basic B.Sc Nursing students
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Mechanical injuries(ICS) due to sharp force.ppt
Injuries, definition , classification and mechanical injuries due to sharp force injury including defense, self inflicted and fabricated injuries.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
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The Eye And Ear
- 1. The Eye and Ear Clinical Perspective Nick Harvey MemorableMedicine.com
- 2. The ‘obvious’ eye things
- 3. The external eye muscles
- 4. What is she doing wrong?!
- 5. The Ear
- 6. The tympanic membrane (TM)
- 9. What is damaged in the left eye? A: trochlear B: oculomotor C: superior rectus D: lateral rectus A: trochlear
- 10. What’s the smallest thing you should put in your ear? A: little finger B: elbow C: cotton bud D: tongue B: elbow
- 11. What is damaged here? A: medial rectus B: trochlear nerve C: oculomotor nerve D: lateral rectus C: oculomotor nerve
- 12. What is the main bone can you see in contact with the TM? A: malleus B: stapes C: mastoid D: incus And which one?! A: malleus
- 13. Light reflex cone Tympanic membrane (right) Handle of malleus Incus Stapes Umbo Flaccid part Tense part