The Examination of Slo-pitch Hitting Movement Coordination by Tom Wu*, Pierre Gervais, Pierre Baudin and Marcel Bouffard in Research & Investigations in Sports Medicine
BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF SPRINTING: EVIDENCE BASED APPROACHDon Pump
An evidence based approach to the development of sprint performance discusses specific aspects of sprint running to include the phases of gait; the Electromyography of muscle activation patterns; the Kinematic (motion description) investigation of stride length, stride rate, velocity, ranges of motion, and acceleration; and finally the Kinetic (causes of motion) investigation of ground reaction forces, joint forces, and joint stiffness.
Muscular Adaptations to Depth jump Plyometric Training: Comparison of Sand vs...Fernando Farias
The purpose of this investigation was to compare the effects of sand
and land depth jump plyometric training on muscular performance in
men. Fourteen healthy men were randomly assigned to one of two
training groups: (a) Sand Depth Jump training (SDJ; N = 7) or (b) Land
Depth Jump training (LDJ; N = 7).
Effect of plyometric training on sand versus grass on muscle soreness and jum...Fernando Farias
The lower impact on the musculoskeletal
system induced by plyometric exercise on sand compared
to a firm surface might be useful to reduce the stress of
intensified training periods or during rehabilitation from
injury. The aim of this study was to compare the effects
of plyometric training on sand versus a grass surface on
muscle soreness, vertical jump height and sprinting ability
BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF SPRINTING: EVIDENCE BASED APPROACHDon Pump
An evidence based approach to the development of sprint performance discusses specific aspects of sprint running to include the phases of gait; the Electromyography of muscle activation patterns; the Kinematic (motion description) investigation of stride length, stride rate, velocity, ranges of motion, and acceleration; and finally the Kinetic (causes of motion) investigation of ground reaction forces, joint forces, and joint stiffness.
Muscular Adaptations to Depth jump Plyometric Training: Comparison of Sand vs...Fernando Farias
The purpose of this investigation was to compare the effects of sand
and land depth jump plyometric training on muscular performance in
men. Fourteen healthy men were randomly assigned to one of two
training groups: (a) Sand Depth Jump training (SDJ; N = 7) or (b) Land
Depth Jump training (LDJ; N = 7).
Effect of plyometric training on sand versus grass on muscle soreness and jum...Fernando Farias
The lower impact on the musculoskeletal
system induced by plyometric exercise on sand compared
to a firm surface might be useful to reduce the stress of
intensified training periods or during rehabilitation from
injury. The aim of this study was to compare the effects
of plyometric training on sand versus a grass surface on
muscle soreness, vertical jump height and sprinting ability
Epidemiological studies have consistently shown hamstring
strain injuries (HSIs) to have a high prevalence rate in many
sports, such as sprinting (11%; Lysholm & Wiklander, 1987),
Australian Rules Football (16–23%; Orchard, 2001; Orchard,
Marsden, Lord, & Garlick, 1997) and football (12–14%:
Ekstrand, Hagglund, & Walden, 2011; Hawkins, Hulse,
Wilkinson, Hodson, & Gibson, 2001). The epidemiology and
aetiology of HSI in football has received extensive attention in
the scientific literature (Ekstrand et al., 2011; Woods et al., 2004),
given the economic burden associated with professional
players missing training and competitive fixtures (Woods,
Hawkins, Hulse, & Hodson, 2002). b
EFFECTS OF STRENGTH TRAINING ON SQUAT AND SPRINT PERFORMANCE IN SOCCER PLAYERSFernando Farias
We have demonstrated that a simple in-season strength training program resulted in an improvement in maximal back squat performance, which was reflected in improve- ments in short sprint performance, as identified by a decrease in sprint time over 5, 10, and 20 m, in professional soccer players, in line with the hypotheses. Furthermore, the changes in relative 1RM squat strength demonstrate strong associations with the changes in 5 (r = 0.62), 10 (r = 0.78), and 20-m (r = 0.60) sprint performances.
Bilateral and unilateral vertical ground reaction forcesFernando Farias
The purposes of this study were to assess unilateral and bilateral vertical jump performance
characteristics, and to compare the vertical ground reaction force characteristics of the impulse and landing
phase of a vertical jump between the dominant and non-dominant leg in soccer players.
Effects of seated and standing cold water immersion on recovery from repeated...Fernando Farias
There were
no significant group differences between control and either of the cold water immersion interventions. Seated cold water
immersion was associated with lower DOMS than standing cold water immersion (effect size = 1.86; P = 0.001). These
data suggest that increasing hydrostatic pressure by standing in cold water does not provide an additional recovery benefit
over seated cold water immersion, and that both seated and standing immersions have no benefit in promoting recovery
Differences in strength and speed demands between 4v4 and 8v8 SSGFernando Farias
Small-sided games (SSGs) have been extensively used in training
footballers worldwide and have shown very good efficacy in
improving player performance (Hill-Haas, Dawson, Impellizzeri,
& Coutts, 2011). As an example, it has been shown that the
technical performance (Owen, Wong del, McKenna, & Dellal,
2011) and physical performance (Chaouachi et al., 2014; Dellal,
Varliette, Owen, Chirico, & Pialoux, 2012) of footballers can be
enhanced using SSG-based football training programmes.
In the last two decades, extensive research has been pub-
lished on physical and physiological response during SSGs in
football (for refs, see Halouani, Chtourou, Gabbett, Chaouachi,
& Chamari, 2014). It was found that the time-motion charac-
teristics of SSGs could vary greatly depending on certain
structural (e.g., pitch size, number of players, type and number
of goals) and rule (e.g., number of ball touches) constraints.
For example, it was observed that higher maximum speeds are
reached during SSGs played on bigger pitches (Casamichana &
Castellano, 2010). Furthermore, heart rate (HR) and lactate
concentrations were shown to be sensitive to structural and
rule changes in SSGs.
Muscle activation during various hamstring exercisesFernando Farias
The main findings of this investigation demonstrate that
there are significant differences in activation within muscles
when comparing all exercises. Although one might expect
similar activation for a given muscle for activities of similar
kinematics, such as the prone leg curl and glute-ham raise,
this is not the case with the data herein
Acute cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses to high intensity interval trai...Fernando Farias
Results from the present study quantify the effects of altering either the intensity of the
work or the recovery interval when performing interval sessions consisting of 60s of work and
60s of recovery for multiple repetitions. The information provided may aid those interested in
designing interval training sessions by providing ranges of values that could be expected for
individuals who possess moderate levels of cardiopulmonary fitness. Using a work intensity of
80% or 100% VGO2peak and a recovery intensity of 0% or 50% VGO2peak, subjects were able to
exercise within the ACSM recommended range for exercise intensity. Based upon the data it
would appear that a protocol such as the 80/0 may be appropriate for those individuals who
are just beginning a program or have little experience with interval-type activity. By contrast, a
100/50 protocol could not be completed by all of the subjects and therefore may be too intense
for some individuals.
Correlation between conventional clinical tests and a new movement assessment...Stavros Litsos
Correlation between conventional clinical tests and a new movement assessment battery - Bachelor thesis
Despite the complexity of movements performed in sports, physical examination is today done by conventional tests that evaluate joints and muscles individually (e.g. Smith press test, Figure1). Our study used a new movement assessment battery of 20 reach tests, which incorporates the complexity and diversity of natural human movements, taking into consideration that joints are interdependent in a movement and that the planes and sequences of a movement change during its performance. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not there is a correlation between conventional mobility tests and the new assessment battery.
Impact of the Nordic hamstring and hip extension exercises on hamstring archi...Fernando Farias
The architectural and morphological adaptations of the hamstrings in response to training
33 with different exercises have not been explored. PURPOSE: To evaluate changes in biceps
34 femoris long head (BFLH) fascicle length and hamstring muscle size following 10-weeks of
35 Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) or hip extension (HE) training. METHODS: Thirty
36 recreationally active male athletes (age, 22.0 ± 3.6 years, height, 180.4 ± 7 cm, weight, 80.8 ±
37 11.1 kg) were allocated to one of three groups: 1) HE training (n=10), NHE training (n=10),
38 or no training (CON) (n=10). BFLH fascicle length was assessed before, during (Week 5) and
39 after the intervention with 2D-ultrasound. Hamstring muscle size was determined before and
40 after training via magnetic resonance imaging.
“Relationship of Kinematic Variables with the Performance of Standing Broad J...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The purpose of investigation was to study the relationship of kinematics variables with the
performance of standing broad jump. Subjects were randomly selected from J.N.V. University, Jodhpur and
M.D.S. University, Ajmer. The criterion measure used for this study was the performance in standing broad
jump and selected kinematics variables. To analyze the raw data coefficient of correlation (r) were calculated
and results were compared with the help of Analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique where level of significance
was set at .05.
Postexercise Cold Water Immersion Benefits Are Not Greater than the Placebo E...Fernando Farias
A CWI placebo is also as effective as
CWI itself in the recovery of muscle strength over 48 h.
This can likely be attributed to improved subjective ratings
of pain and readiness for exercise, suggesting that the hy-
pothesized physiological benefits surrounding CWI may
be at least partly placebo related.
Hamstring injuries are among the most com-
mon non-contact injuries in sports. The Nordic hamstring
(NH) exercise has been shown to decrease risk by
increasing eccentric hamstring strength.
This study aimed to adopt a teaching method using task analysis for badminton forehand overhead clear coaching experiment and evaluate the coaching effects. Sixty male participants (mean age: 14.6 years old) without badminton training experience were recruited. All the participants were assigned into two groups (30 participants in either group). Task analysis teaching method was applied in one group as task analysis group and conventional teaching method was applied in the other group as control group. Before the coaching
experiment, there were no differences in physical fi tness and badminton level between the two groups. Motor skills were evaluated using. phase performance score. Badminton forehand overhead clear skills were evaluated using shuttlecock landing performance score. After the experiment, motor skills (25.8 ± 1.3 vs. 51.8 ± 3.7, p < 0.01) and badminton forehand overhead clear skills (22.2 ± 2.4 vs. 54.0 ± 6.4, p < 0.01) in task analysis group improved signifi cantly. In control group, motor skills (25.2 ± 1.4 vs. 36.2 ± 2.8, p < 0.01) and badminton. forehand overhead clear skills (23.2 ± 2.9 vs 50.8 ± 5.2, p < 0.01) also improved signifi cantly. Two-way ANOVA analysis revealed that
the coaching effects of task analysis group were signifi cantly better than control group both of motor skills (51.8 ± 3.7 vs. 36.2 ± 2.8, p < 0.01) and badminton forehand overhead clear skills (54.0 ± 6.4 vs. 50.8 ± 5.2, p < 0.05). In conclusion, task analysis teaching method could boost badminton motor skill learning and develop motor skill abilities.
Epidemiological studies have consistently shown hamstring
strain injuries (HSIs) to have a high prevalence rate in many
sports, such as sprinting (11%; Lysholm & Wiklander, 1987),
Australian Rules Football (16–23%; Orchard, 2001; Orchard,
Marsden, Lord, & Garlick, 1997) and football (12–14%:
Ekstrand, Hagglund, & Walden, 2011; Hawkins, Hulse,
Wilkinson, Hodson, & Gibson, 2001). The epidemiology and
aetiology of HSI in football has received extensive attention in
the scientific literature (Ekstrand et al., 2011; Woods et al., 2004),
given the economic burden associated with professional
players missing training and competitive fixtures (Woods,
Hawkins, Hulse, & Hodson, 2002). b
EFFECTS OF STRENGTH TRAINING ON SQUAT AND SPRINT PERFORMANCE IN SOCCER PLAYERSFernando Farias
We have demonstrated that a simple in-season strength training program resulted in an improvement in maximal back squat performance, which was reflected in improve- ments in short sprint performance, as identified by a decrease in sprint time over 5, 10, and 20 m, in professional soccer players, in line with the hypotheses. Furthermore, the changes in relative 1RM squat strength demonstrate strong associations with the changes in 5 (r = 0.62), 10 (r = 0.78), and 20-m (r = 0.60) sprint performances.
Bilateral and unilateral vertical ground reaction forcesFernando Farias
The purposes of this study were to assess unilateral and bilateral vertical jump performance
characteristics, and to compare the vertical ground reaction force characteristics of the impulse and landing
phase of a vertical jump between the dominant and non-dominant leg in soccer players.
Effects of seated and standing cold water immersion on recovery from repeated...Fernando Farias
There were
no significant group differences between control and either of the cold water immersion interventions. Seated cold water
immersion was associated with lower DOMS than standing cold water immersion (effect size = 1.86; P = 0.001). These
data suggest that increasing hydrostatic pressure by standing in cold water does not provide an additional recovery benefit
over seated cold water immersion, and that both seated and standing immersions have no benefit in promoting recovery
Differences in strength and speed demands between 4v4 and 8v8 SSGFernando Farias
Small-sided games (SSGs) have been extensively used in training
footballers worldwide and have shown very good efficacy in
improving player performance (Hill-Haas, Dawson, Impellizzeri,
& Coutts, 2011). As an example, it has been shown that the
technical performance (Owen, Wong del, McKenna, & Dellal,
2011) and physical performance (Chaouachi et al., 2014; Dellal,
Varliette, Owen, Chirico, & Pialoux, 2012) of footballers can be
enhanced using SSG-based football training programmes.
In the last two decades, extensive research has been pub-
lished on physical and physiological response during SSGs in
football (for refs, see Halouani, Chtourou, Gabbett, Chaouachi,
& Chamari, 2014). It was found that the time-motion charac-
teristics of SSGs could vary greatly depending on certain
structural (e.g., pitch size, number of players, type and number
of goals) and rule (e.g., number of ball touches) constraints.
For example, it was observed that higher maximum speeds are
reached during SSGs played on bigger pitches (Casamichana &
Castellano, 2010). Furthermore, heart rate (HR) and lactate
concentrations were shown to be sensitive to structural and
rule changes in SSGs.
Muscle activation during various hamstring exercisesFernando Farias
The main findings of this investigation demonstrate that
there are significant differences in activation within muscles
when comparing all exercises. Although one might expect
similar activation for a given muscle for activities of similar
kinematics, such as the prone leg curl and glute-ham raise,
this is not the case with the data herein
Acute cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses to high intensity interval trai...Fernando Farias
Results from the present study quantify the effects of altering either the intensity of the
work or the recovery interval when performing interval sessions consisting of 60s of work and
60s of recovery for multiple repetitions. The information provided may aid those interested in
designing interval training sessions by providing ranges of values that could be expected for
individuals who possess moderate levels of cardiopulmonary fitness. Using a work intensity of
80% or 100% VGO2peak and a recovery intensity of 0% or 50% VGO2peak, subjects were able to
exercise within the ACSM recommended range for exercise intensity. Based upon the data it
would appear that a protocol such as the 80/0 may be appropriate for those individuals who
are just beginning a program or have little experience with interval-type activity. By contrast, a
100/50 protocol could not be completed by all of the subjects and therefore may be too intense
for some individuals.
Correlation between conventional clinical tests and a new movement assessment...Stavros Litsos
Correlation between conventional clinical tests and a new movement assessment battery - Bachelor thesis
Despite the complexity of movements performed in sports, physical examination is today done by conventional tests that evaluate joints and muscles individually (e.g. Smith press test, Figure1). Our study used a new movement assessment battery of 20 reach tests, which incorporates the complexity and diversity of natural human movements, taking into consideration that joints are interdependent in a movement and that the planes and sequences of a movement change during its performance. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not there is a correlation between conventional mobility tests and the new assessment battery.
Impact of the Nordic hamstring and hip extension exercises on hamstring archi...Fernando Farias
The architectural and morphological adaptations of the hamstrings in response to training
33 with different exercises have not been explored. PURPOSE: To evaluate changes in biceps
34 femoris long head (BFLH) fascicle length and hamstring muscle size following 10-weeks of
35 Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) or hip extension (HE) training. METHODS: Thirty
36 recreationally active male athletes (age, 22.0 ± 3.6 years, height, 180.4 ± 7 cm, weight, 80.8 ±
37 11.1 kg) were allocated to one of three groups: 1) HE training (n=10), NHE training (n=10),
38 or no training (CON) (n=10). BFLH fascicle length was assessed before, during (Week 5) and
39 after the intervention with 2D-ultrasound. Hamstring muscle size was determined before and
40 after training via magnetic resonance imaging.
“Relationship of Kinematic Variables with the Performance of Standing Broad J...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The purpose of investigation was to study the relationship of kinematics variables with the
performance of standing broad jump. Subjects were randomly selected from J.N.V. University, Jodhpur and
M.D.S. University, Ajmer. The criterion measure used for this study was the performance in standing broad
jump and selected kinematics variables. To analyze the raw data coefficient of correlation (r) were calculated
and results were compared with the help of Analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique where level of significance
was set at .05.
Postexercise Cold Water Immersion Benefits Are Not Greater than the Placebo E...Fernando Farias
A CWI placebo is also as effective as
CWI itself in the recovery of muscle strength over 48 h.
This can likely be attributed to improved subjective ratings
of pain and readiness for exercise, suggesting that the hy-
pothesized physiological benefits surrounding CWI may
be at least partly placebo related.
Hamstring injuries are among the most com-
mon non-contact injuries in sports. The Nordic hamstring
(NH) exercise has been shown to decrease risk by
increasing eccentric hamstring strength.
This study aimed to adopt a teaching method using task analysis for badminton forehand overhead clear coaching experiment and evaluate the coaching effects. Sixty male participants (mean age: 14.6 years old) without badminton training experience were recruited. All the participants were assigned into two groups (30 participants in either group). Task analysis teaching method was applied in one group as task analysis group and conventional teaching method was applied in the other group as control group. Before the coaching
experiment, there were no differences in physical fi tness and badminton level between the two groups. Motor skills were evaluated using. phase performance score. Badminton forehand overhead clear skills were evaluated using shuttlecock landing performance score. After the experiment, motor skills (25.8 ± 1.3 vs. 51.8 ± 3.7, p < 0.01) and badminton forehand overhead clear skills (22.2 ± 2.4 vs. 54.0 ± 6.4, p < 0.01) in task analysis group improved signifi cantly. In control group, motor skills (25.2 ± 1.4 vs. 36.2 ± 2.8, p < 0.01) and badminton. forehand overhead clear skills (23.2 ± 2.9 vs 50.8 ± 5.2, p < 0.01) also improved signifi cantly. Two-way ANOVA analysis revealed that
the coaching effects of task analysis group were signifi cantly better than control group both of motor skills (51.8 ± 3.7 vs. 36.2 ± 2.8, p < 0.01) and badminton forehand overhead clear skills (54.0 ± 6.4 vs. 50.8 ± 5.2, p < 0.05). In conclusion, task analysis teaching method could boost badminton motor skill learning and develop motor skill abilities.
Differences in landing and balance deficits at the ankle joint on stable and ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: A flexible ankle joint is suggested to be a contributing factor for sport performance, body
control. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the differences in proprioception in static and
dynamic movements between subjects with good ankle joint mobility (FL) and poor ankle joint mobility (IN) in
male adolescent handball players. The dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the ankle ROM was measured, at knee
extension angle of 120°, with a goniometer. 26 male handball players participated (21.1 ± 4 yrs, 80.8 ± 10 kg,
182 ± 7.38 cm). Furthermore, the players fulfilling previously recommended criteria were assigned to the
flexible (n = 6) and inflexible (n = 6) groups and executed two test of static and dynamic movement (BESS Test
and Star Excursion Balance Test). Results of the T TEST on IMB SPSS 26 revealed a significant (p < 0.05)
group effect as (FL) group had less errors than (IN) group on BESS test. In addition, the results of the total sum
on stable and unstable surface in star excursion test showed significant differences in the directions:
anterolateral (7.4), posterolateral (8.6), posteromedial (7.9), medial (10.8) and anterior medial (8.1). In
conclusion, there is a correlation between poor ankle joint mobility and poor proprioception, balance control and
athletic movements.
KEYWORDS: ankle stability, ankle joint mobility, BESS test, handball athletes, injury risk, star excursion
balance test
Physical, Physiological And Anthropometric Measures As Determinants Of Perfor...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Summary
Pilates exercise is popular in the general population [1] the clinical and fitness areas (Segal, 2004). The use of the Pilates at least at the end of
training to improve dancers flexibility and trunk mobility was suggested [2]. Flexibility and joints mobility as well as core strengthening is the focal
point of the Pilates exercises [3]. Hamstrimg muscle elasticity is important in many functional and athletic activities, because dancers must show high
amplitude movements with lower extremities and trunk [3]. Aerobic Gymnastics athletes continuously perform complex movements following music
patterns, which require high levels of fitness, strength, flexibility and range of motion in joins [4]. In spite of a growth in gymnastic modalities, we didn’t
find research about Pilates effect to young age Aerobic Gymnastics athletes. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in Aerobic Gymnastics athletes
hamstrings muscles elasticity and trunk mobility after 7 and 14 weeks of Pilates exercises.
Abstract
The goal of any practice or physical education class is typically to enhance and optimize performance in the skills of interest. However, it is sometimes
difficult for students to have a sound understanding of the movement tasks and how to alter their performance based on verbal feedback alone. With
access to portable electronic devices growing rapidly, it is not uncommon for most people to have a cell phone or tablet readily available. Instead of
banishing these devices from the facility, there may be an opportunity to use these devices to better convey points of interest from the instructor to the
student. A single Physical Education class was used to trial the use of video feedback combined with the traditional verbal feedback following a forward
roll sequence for grade. After reviewing the video footage and receiving verbal feedback from their instructor, students not only improved their scores
but also gained confidence in their abilities. The use of personal electronic devices can allow students to see what the instructor sees in order to optimize
their performance. By allowing such devices in the classroom (whether it’s the instructor’s or students’) for instructional purposes only, students can
begin to identify and correct any flaws to their routine or movement skills as early as possible.
Introduction
There is no uniform conception in the literature about what an emotion is and consists of [1,2]. Consensually, essential aspects have been considered to understand emotion: the presence in emotions of physiological changes, the mobilisation of bodily actions or “tendencies of action” and the subjective experience that involves; and emotion has been approached as a result of a system of analysis and processing of information. But taking each of the elements indicated separately has not favoured knowledge of emotion being presented in an integrated manner [3]. Moreover, the investigators have been supported in their work by different a theoretical orientation, which makes it even more difficult to integrate all the knowledge. One perspective that tackles this question is the theories of Embodiment, which have their origin in the French philosopher Merleau-Ponty (1908-1961), according to which psychological processes are based on bodily states. From the perspective of Embodiment, perceiving, recognizing and interpreting an emotion in ourselves or in others requires information from bodily systems. In this way “experiencing emotional states affects somatovisceral and motoric systems” and vice versa. In other words, “bodily states have effects on how emotional information is processed” [4].
Abstract
The aim of this article is to know at which level a club is more efficient and how promotion and relegation affects technical efficiency. The sample consists of clubs that played at least one season in the First Division in Spanish Professional Football League between seven seasons. The method for calculating technical efficiency is Data Envelopment Analysis and this is combined with the study of trend and stability to ensure the correct choice of model and to check the robustness of the results. Our conclusion is that teams that have promoted and relegated are more efficient. These clubs improve their technical efficiency after being relegated and staying in the lower category. It is necessary to pursue its optimal positioning depending on its sporting potential and its economic financial capacity but not necessarily the promotion. We suggest that the Spanish Football League review the conditions and format to promotion.
Abstract
During the lifespan, there are multiple factors influence the longevity including genotype, metabolism, physiology, sociodemographic and environmental factors, nutritional and lifestyle habits. Nutrition during the life time has an effect on the health status. Dietary indexes, certain dietary patterns and dietary guidelines have been used for analysing dietary pattern and life expectancy relationship in many studies. Dietary pattern has an important effect on longevity. The cohort study results indicate that diet quality and Medittarenean diet have potential effects on longevity. The important effects of nutrition on longevity related with quality, quantity, frequency, variety and emotional satisfaction. Therefore, nutritional strategies that provide clear benefits for ageing linked with both physiological and psychological functions to maintain life quality. The aspiration is not only to “live longer” but to “live better,” and to maintain optimal qual¬ity of life during the later stages of life.
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this pilot study was to develop test methodology that would allow for an estimation of the relative contributions of buoyancy and hydrodynamics on swim performance.
Methods: One trained swimmer completed three familiarization trials followed by eighteen randomized swim sessions where each condition no wetsuit (NS), low buoyancy wetsuit (LBW), high buoyancy wetsuit (HBW), NS plus pull buoy (NSB), and HBW matched to buoy buoyancy (HBW+) were tested four times each. Buoyancy for all conditions was measured via hydrostatic weighing system. All data are presented as means+SD and change scores (95% CI).
Results: Coefficients of variations with each condition were about 2%. DB decreased by 2.29% for LBW, 2.80% for HBW, 1.93% for NSB, and 1.96% for HBW+, which resulted in an increase in buoyancy lift force. LBW and HBW improved 800-yd swim times over NS -70.6 (-86.2, -55.0) sec, and -69.1 (-84.0, -54.3) sec, respectively. Swim times for 100-yd were also similar between LBW, -9.4 (-10.7, -8.1) sec, and HBW, -7.9 (-11.4, -4.5) sec. Neither stroke rate nor total strokes differed between LBW and HBW, though both appeared significantly lower than NS. In HBW+ trials, the difference in 800- yd and 100-yd times between NSB and NS was -25.2 (-60.3, 10.0) and -1.7 (-19.6, -16.3), respectively, while HBW+ vs NSB 800-yd and 100-yd time differences were -26.6 (-28.3, -24.9) and -5.7 (18.9, 7.5).
Conclusion: The outlined protocol can produce reliable results. These data support earlier assertions that buoyancy may reach a point of diminishing returns, and also indicate that wetsuit hydrodynamics play larger role in swim performance as velocity increases. The protocol outlined could aid in optimal wetsuit design without the need for advanced testing equipment.
Abstract
The present investigation has been conducted to find out the relationship of selected motor fitness tests to percentage of body fat and reaction time (visual) in mid level male footballer players volunteered to participate in this study.16 students of 15 to 18 years of age and having training in BKSP, were recruited as the subjects. The data on the variables such as percentage of body-fat (BF), speed, agility and reaction-time (RT) were collected by using standard tools and techniques. Each subject’s speed, agility, and reaction time were measured, and the data analyzed using Pearson’s correlation and paired t tests (using SPSS-16). There were no meaningful correlations between reaction time and speed in the subjects .There was a negative correlation between percentage of body fat and reaction time.
Abstract
Go to
The motivation and habits of rock climbers were investigated using mixed methodology in order to better understand exercise participation. Forty-one patrons of a south eastern United States climbing gym completed a demographics form and adapted Sports Motivation Scale II (SMS-II), while thirty-six participants completed the Rock Climbing Motivation Survey (RCMS). Those with higher climbing frequency reported significantly higher levels of identified regulation than individuals who climbed less often (p=0.011). According to a thematic analysis, exercise balance and personal growth and challenges were the most commonly reported themes of motivation for rock climbing. The most frequently cited barriers were injury and time. Participants reported external motivators to climb upon initiation of the sport, but appeared to rely more on internal motivators to continue climbing. These findings, which are supported by current literature on physical activity, may be applicable to promoting exercise participation and maintenance.
Introduction: Partial or complete aplasia of the posterior arches of the atlas is a well-documented anomaly but a relatively rare condition caused by a defect in their closure. This condition is usually asymptomatic so most are diagnosed incidentally.
Case report: We report the case of a patient who presents a defect of the posterior arch of atlas.
Conclusion: There is a variety of the congenital defects of the arch of the atlas. Further studies are required on these lesions in order to take possible protection measures against trauma, and the selection between conservative or surgical treatment.
Abstract
The rehabilitation counsellor works with people with disabilities to assist them in ways to improve their quality of life and vocational outcomes. The types of disabilities among people are diverse, multifaceted, and vary in severity. One such disability group is individuals with cancer. Persons with cancer account for a minimal percentage of the total successfully closed vocational rehabilitation cases. Over the past few decades, the prognosis of many types of cancer has improved, with a resulting increase in the number of cancer survivors who have the ability to resume work after treatment and therapy. This article provides a comprehensive review of rehabilitation counsellors’ involvement in enhancing the lives of individuals with cancer including the employment means, Psychological Impact, and effective interventions to employ these goals.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine and compare the acute effects of basketball-specific fatigue on muscular stiffness and reactive strength in male adolescent basketball players of two age categories. Reactive strength, expressed by means of the reactive strength index (RSI), and leg stiffness (LS) as mechanisms associated with the risk of ACL injury were measured in eleven players of the U16 category (age 16.1±0.4 years; body height 185±6.5cm; body mass 74.3±9.9kg) and ten players of the U18 category (age 17.7±0.4 years; body height 187±5.7cm; body mass 79.7±7.4kg) pre and post simulated basketball match play (SBFP28). RSI was determined by a drop jump test, LS by a 20 sub-maximal two-legged hopping test. No significant effects of SBFP28 on the monitored parameters were observed with the exception of RSI in U16 (p=0.013, r=0.53). Similarly, there were no significant differences in the fatigue-related responses to SBFP28 for RSI and LS between the age groups. These results indicated that irrespective of age, the stabilization function of the knee muscles was not impaired and consequently the risk of ACL injury was not increased.
Abstract
Background: Physiotherapy is multi-dimensional and can treat a vast variety of conditions, ranging from musculoskeletal aches, arthritis, joints problems, paraplegia, hemiplegic, sports injuries and frozen shoulder etc. Apart from culture competency and core medical knowledge a physiotherapist must be competent enough in all physiotherapist medical conditions where physical therapy plays a vital role. This study aims to identify the frequency of common clinical conditions among client presented at Habib Physiotherapy Complex (HPC), Hayatabad during 2010.
Methodology: This was a descriptive study; the data were retrieved from record register of HPC (Indoor and Outdoor patients) recording their presenting complaints and known diagnoses. Data was collected on a structure grid. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 15 and presented in term of frequency and percentages.
Result: The majority of clients (1280 (29%)) were suffering from low back pain. The second common condition 891(20%) was osteoarthritis of the knee joint and cerebrovascular accidents 824(18.4%), while cervical pain accounted for 734(16.4%). The rest of clinical conditions included; frozen shoulder, pelvic inflammation, cerebral palsy, polio effected and paraplegia.
Conclusion: The Study reveals the occurrence of Osteoarthritis (Low Back, Cervical Pain, and Knee Joints Pain) were the most common condition which deteriorated the performance of common individuals in our society.
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a dimeric protein found throughout the brain, promotes the survival of nerve cells by playing a role in the growth, maturation, and maintenance of cells [1]. Along with supporting the survival of existing neurons, BDNF encourages differentiation and growth of new neurons and synapses [2,3]. In the brain the hippocampus, cortex, and basal forebrain, which are vital to learning, memory, and higher thinking, are all locations where BDNF is active [4]. A number of stimuli have been found to increase BDNF gene regulation including light in the visual cortex, osmotic in the hypothalamus, electrical in the hippocampus, and exercise in the hippocampus [5].
Introduction
Achilles Tendon, the largest and strongest tendon in the human body is formed by fusion of the tendinous portion of calf muscles; the gastrocnemius and soleus [1,2]. Achilles tendon can largely with stand tensional forces of locomotion. The incidence of Achilles tendon injuries has increased considerably during the pastdecade [1-5]. Such injuries account for 45% of all sports related injuries among athletes and general public. Achilles tendon complaints generally represent most tendon problems in any population and can be divided into “Spontaneous ruptures” (excessive loadinginduced injury/degeneration of tendon without any predisposing systemic diseases); and “Overuse injuries” (traced to sports and exercise-related overuse). Sometimes, a systemic disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis may manifest with Achilles tendon symptoms, but this represents only a minority (~2%) of all cases [1,6].
Abstract
Physical inactivity challenge has been addressed from different approaches in recent years due to the negative effects of its consequences at public health level. However, the number of people who do not perform sufficient physical activity on a daily basis is not decreasing. Surprisingly, it is not common to involve the fitness & wellness industry in interventions to address inactivity in leisure time despite the industry aim to promote a healthy lifestyle through physical exercise and its resources. Whilst the industry seems not to be interested in collaborating with public bodies and research centres. In this manuscript, we discuss the reasons why this industry should get involved in the effort for addressing physical inactivity using community-based intervention
Abstract
Frequent Knee Locking is an incapacitating condition that requires a thorough clinical, radiological and arthroscopic evaluation. The common causes are meniscal injury followed by torn anterior cruciate ligament and osteochondral loose bodies in the joint space. Our case describes an unusual case of frequent left knee locking. After clinical and radiological examinations the provisional diagnoses of medial meniscus tear was done. A diagnostic arthroscopy of the left knee revealed normal meniscus, cruciates and a medial patello femoral plica slipping into the patellofemoral joint causing the locking sensation. The plica was resected. At 6 month follow up there is no recurrence of symptoms.
Abstract
Healthy lifestyle can be defined as controlling all behaviours affecting the health of the individual, managing daily activities to improve health and reducing disease risks. Lifestyle behaviours affect disease risk and life quality. The development of healthy lifestyle behaviours, especially nutrition and Physical Activity is associated with type 2 diabetes, cardio-metabolic diseases and cancer risks. World Health Organization defines life quality as “individual’s perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns”. Therefore, healthy lifestyle behaviours, especially nutrition and physical activity are related to life quality. Measuring the risk of chronic disease associated with diet quality, healthy lifestyle and life quality is very important in terms of improving public health [1-3].
Abstract
Reductions in O2 delivery (blood flow x O2 content) to contracting skeletal muscle can have adverse effects on physical performance. In this regard, factors that reduce blood flow can promote fatigue by reducing muscle force and/or attenuating the removal of metabolic by products of contraction [1]. Conversely, interventions that enhance O2 delivery at a given work intensity could potentially reduce muscle fatigue or delay its onset, leading to improved Physical Performance. Thus, identification and investigation of such interventions represents an important focus of research in sports science. One possible approach involves the study of dietary factors that may act as ergogenic aids via their actions on cardiovascular function. For example, acute supplementation with beet root juice, which is high in nitrates, has been shown to enhance cardiac output and oxygen utilization and reduce vascular resistance and blood pressure at a given sub-maximal work intensity [2,3]. These effects are indicative of increased O2 delivery to skeletal muscle.
Abstract
Sport behaviour in any situation is culturally defined. The anthropological study of sports can provide a viewpoint of human culture in real sense of the word. Sports as a recreational aspect of culture hold a variety of different meanings across culture. It has been observed that, sports have emerged as a primary area of controversy about men’s and women’s roles. It has also widely argued that women’s sport has changed a little in the present century. Anthropologists considered this issue that sports are the areas where gender inequalities are strongly evident. The present study is the preliminary observations on the relationship between sports and gender along with how the participation in sports can be invigorating and personally empowering experience for women. It finally throws light on how sports are one of the most important issues in gender inequality
Narrated Business Proposal for the Philadelphia Eaglescamrynascott12
Slide 1:
Welcome, and thank you for joining me today. We will explore a strategic proposal to enhance parking and traffic management at Lincoln Financial Field, aiming to improve the overall fan experience and operational efficiency. This comprehensive plan addresses existing challenges and leverages innovative solutions to create a smoother and more enjoyable experience for our fans.
Slide 2:
Picture this: It’s a crisp fall afternoon, driving towards Lincoln Financial Field. The atmosphere is electric—tailgaters grilling, fans in Eagles jerseys creating a sea of green and white. The air buzzes with camaraderie and anticipation. You park, join the throng, and make your way to your seat. The stadium roars as the Eagles take the field, sending chills down your spine. Each play is a thrilling dance of strategy and skill. This is what being an Eagles fan is all about—the joy, the pride, and the shared experience.
Slide 3:
But now, the day is marred by frustration. The excitement wanes as you struggle to find a parking spot. The congestion is overwhelming, and tempers flare. The delays mean you miss the pre-game excitement, the tailgate camaraderie, and even the opening kick-off. After the game, the joy of victory or the shared solace of defeat is overshadowed by the stress of navigating out of the parking lot. The gridlock, honking horns, and endless waiting drain the energy and joy from what should have been an unforgettable experience.
Our proposal aims to eliminate these frustrations, ensuring that from arrival to departure, your experience is extraordinary. Efficient parking and smooth traffic flow are key to maintaining the high spirits and excitement that make game days special.
Slide 4:
The Philadelphia Eagles are not just a premier NFL team; they are an integral part of the community, hosting games, concerts, and various events at Lincoln Financial Field. Our state-of-the-art stadium is designed to provide a world-class experience for every attendee. Whether it's the thrill of game day, the excitement of a live concert, or the camaraderie of community events, we pride ourselves on delivering a fan-first experience and maintaining operational excellence across all our activities. Our commitment to our fans and community is unwavering, and we continuously strive to enhance every aspect of their experience, ensuring they leave with unforgettable memories.
Slide 5:
Recent trends show an increasing demand for efficient event logistics. Our customer feedback has consistently highlighted frustrations with parking and traffic. Surveys indicate that a significant number of fans are dissatisfied with the current parking situation. Comparisons with other venues like Citizens Bank Park and Wells Fargo Center reveal that we lag in terms of parking efficiency and convenience. These insights underscore the urgent need for innovation to meet and exceed fan expectations.
Slide 6:
As we delve into the intricacies of our operations, one glaring issue emer
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2. How to cite this article: Tom W, Pierre G, Pierre B, Marcel B. The Examination of Slo-pitch Hitting Movement Coordination. Res Inves Sports Med. 1(3).
RISM.000513: 2017. DOI: 10.31031/RISM.2017.01.000513
Research & Investigations in Sports Medicine
2/7
Res Inves Sports Med
positive contribution (SPC) technique to assess coordination by
examining the timing and sequencing of a movement. The shared
positive contribution shows the degree to which two segments
operate either simultaneously or sequentially. A SPC of 0% indicates
a sequential type of movement coordination pattern, and a SPC of
100% indicates a simultaneous type of movement coordination
pattern. A sequential type of movement occurs when a proximal
segment reaches its peak velocity before a distal segment initiates
its movement. This type of movement occurs when the focus of the
task is on velocity, a light object is used, or when it is an open kinetic
chainmovement.Theopenkineticchainmovementisdefinedbythe
end segment of a sport skill movement that can move freely in space.
A simultaneous type of movement occurs when all segments initiate
the movements at the same time. This type of movement occurs
when the focus of the task is on accuracy, a heavy object is used, or
when it is a closed kinetic chain movement. The closed kinetic chain
movement in a sport skill is defined by an end segment movement
that experiences a resistive force. Hence, the free motion of the end
segment in space is restricted or constrained [7-9]. A sport skill
movement sometimes cannot be classified as entirely sequential
(SEQ) or entirely simultaneous (SIM). The skill movement may
be a combination of both types, so it falls in a continuum ranging
from the sequential to simultaneous [6,7]. Hudson [6] and Malone
et al. [10] adapted shared positive contribution (SPC) technique
in an attempt to classify the body segmental movement pattern
objectively, so comparison can be made between different sports
skills, which enable coaches and teachers to provide better coaching
and teaching instructions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was
to examine the slo-pitch hitting movement coordination using
the shared positive contribution technique to evaluate players’
movement coordination under different task (stride technique)
and environmental constraints (location of pitch). Further, each
participant’s results were compared to the mean to evaluate the
degree of dissimilarity between the individuals and the group
using a Euclidean distance analysis [11]. These results enabled
assessment of whether the group means performance results could
be used to generalize to all participants.
Methods
Participants and experimental design
Ten right-handed skilled male slo-pitch players (mean
age=33.7±5.0 years; height=1.8±0.1m; weight=93.5±21.0kg; and
playing experience=12.7±5.5 years) who played in competitive A/B
division volunteered to participate in the study. This research study
was approved by the research ethics institutional review board,
and written informed consent was obtained from each participant
prior to their participation in the study. All participants were
healthy and excluded from the study if they were currently injured
or had a history of chronic injuries related to their training. Twelve
joint reflective markers were placed on various body joints which
include right and left acromio-clavicular joints, right and left medial
epicondyles of the humerus, right and left lateral epicondyles of the
humerus, right and left anterior superior iliac spines, right and left
medial epicondyles of the tibia, right and left lateral epicondyles
of the tibia, and right and left malleoli. Additionally, two reflective
markers were placed on an Easton Cyclone SK37 0.78kg and 0.86m
(28 oz and 34”) bat at the top and bottom of the bat, respectively.
Apparatus and experiments
This study took place in an indoor field house to control the
influence of air forces. Wu & Gervais [12,13] reported that a slo-
pitch pitcher’s stride length was approximately equal to 0.8m, so
a Jugs Lite-Flite pitching machine (Jugs Softball, Jug Inc., Tualatin,
OR) was placed 14.4m away from the participant to account for the
difference of the pitching distance to the batter. Twenty-four Jugs
Lite-Flite indoor softballs, 0.30m (12”), were used and small strips
of reflective tape were placed on the surface of the balls (weight
of the ball with the tape=0.07kg) to enable identifying the instant
of ball contact. Each ball was thrown by the pitching machine at
a speed of approximately 13.5±0.7m/s with an arc trajectory of
2.7±0.2m to two different strike zone locations (inside or outside).
A blue mat was placed in front of the pitching machine so that
the batter could not anticipate ball’s pitch location. Participants
performed their regular warm-up routine and took batting practice
until they were ready for testing. Each participant stood at their
own comfortable location in the batter’s box with their own natural
stance. Participants were instructed to use either a closed, open or
parallel stride technique to hit the ball. The closed stride is defined
as when the batter strides toward the home plate at an angle
greater than 30° in a clockwise direction. The open stride is defined
as when the batter strides away from the home plate at an angle
greater than 30° in a counter-clockwise direction. The parallel
stride is defined as when the batter strides toward the pitching
machine at an angle of less than 30° in either a clockwise direction
or a counter-clockwise direction, Figure 1.
Figure 1: Three different stride techniques: A) open, B)
parallel and C) closed.
The stride angles from the Qualisys data were used to examine
whether the participants had performed the requested stride
technique. During the testing, each participant hit six balls in each of
sixconditionstoensurereliabilityofeachparticipant’sperformance
[14]. The participant had 30 seconds to rest between each ball, and
one minute to rest between each condition. The influence of fatigue
and the risk of injury were minimal in this study. Since there were
a total of two different strike zone locations (inside or outside) and
three different stride techniques (open, parallel or closed), a total
of 36 balls were hit by each participant. Hence, a total of 360 trials
were collected from 10 participants in this study. The order of the
strike zone locations and stride technique were randomized to
reduce any order effect.
3. How to cite this article: Tom W, Pierre G, Pierre B, Marcel B. The Examination of Slo-pitch Hitting Movement Coordination. Res Inves Sports Med. 1(3).
RISM.000513: 2017. DOI: 10.31031/RISM.2017.01.000513
3/7
Res Inves Sports MedResearch & Investigations in Sports Medicine
A three-dimensional (3D) analysis was conducted with an
8-camera Qualisys motion capture system (Pro Reflex MCU 240,
Qualisys AB, Sweden) that was operated at 240Hz. Six cameras
were placed approximately 60° apart around the participant
and two cameras were placed on top of a concourse to provide
an overhead view of the batting motion. The size of calibration
volume was approximately 2.5m (X-direction) x 2.5m (Y-direction)
x 2.5m (Z-direction), and a wand calibration technique was used
to calibrate the volume. The calculations of the 3D coordinates for
each body segment rotational angles were presented by Wu et al.
[11]. The data were smoothed with 4th
order Butterworth filter, and
the optimal cut-off frequency was determined for each coordinate
using residual analysis [15]. The cut-off frequency for the
x-coordinate ranged from 6.3 to 12.2Hz; the y-coordinate ranged
from 6.1 to 11.6Hz, and the z-coordinate ranged from 6.3 to 10.8Hz.
For determining type of movement pattern, a shared positive
contribution (SPC) or a reversed shared positive contribution
(RSPC) was calculated for each trial for each pair of joint rotational
angles (lower body and trunk, and trunk and upper body). The
shared positive contribution is based on the rationale that the
proximal segment or joint initiates its movement before the distal
segment or joint. However, this principle does not apply to all
striking and throwing sport skills [16-19]. Hence, this study has
included the reversed shared positive contribution (RSPC), in
which the distal segment or joint initiates its movement before the
proximal segment or joint. Both shared positive contribution and
reversed shared positive contribution show the degree to which
two segments or joints move either simultaneously or sequentially.
A SPC or a RSPC of 0% indicates a sequential type of movement
coordination pattern, and a SPC or a RSPC of 100% indicates a
simultaneous type of movement coordination pattern. The two
body segments that are used for the assessment of the movement
coordination pattern must first be identified as either the proximal
segment or joint or the distal segment or joint. Welch, et al. [20]
examined baseball hitting mechanics and indicated that baseball
hitting was a closed kinetic chain movement starting when the
stride foot was planted on the ground. The sequence of segmental
or joint movements to execute a hitting skill starts with the stride
foot contact followed by the hip rotation then the shoulder rotation
(trunk rotation) concluding with the arm rotation [20-24]. Since
the hitting skill is a closed kinetic chain movement, the sequence
of body movement is from the lower body segments/joints to the
upper body segment/joints. Hence, in this study the proximal
joint was defined as the joint that was closer to the fixed point (i.e.
ground) of the kinetic link system and the distal joint was defined
as the joint that was furthest away from the fixed point of the
kinetic link system. The shared positive contribution was defined
as a proximal to distal pattern where movement was initiated by
the proximal joint followed by the distal, and the reversed shared
positive contribution was defined as a distal to proximal pattern
where movement was initiated by the distal joint followed by the
proximal. Both shared positive contribution and reversed shared
positive contribution were determined as the time when both
proximal and distal joints were in a propulsion phase divided by the
time when either joints was in the propulsion phase. The propulsion
phase was the time interval defined from the zero velocity or zero
acceleration, if the zero velocity was not present and sped up to
maximum absolute joint velocity prior to ball contact [6,10]. The
selections of the time scale points were determined in a reversed
direction from the ball contact to zero velocity or zero acceleration
if zero was not present. The instant of ball contact was located first
and then the instant of maximum absolute joint velocity with its
corresponding zero velocity or zero acceleration, if zero velocity
was not present, were determined accordingly, Figure 2.
Figure 2: Normalized for time on the abscissa (0% is the
start of front foot striding toward the ball and 100% is at
ball contact). The propulsion phase was defined from ti
that
corresponds to zero velocity or zero acceleration, if the zero
velocity was not present, with increasing speed to tf
that
corresponds to the maximum absolute angular velocity
prior to ball contact. The selections of the time points (ti
and tf
) were determined in a reversed direction from the
ball contact to zero velocity or zero acceleration if zero was
not present. The instant of ball contact was located first
and then the instant of maximum absolute joint velocity
with its corresponding zero velocity or zero acceleration, if
zero velocity was not present were determined accordingly.
The propulsion phase (tp
) was equal tf
–ti
with both ti
and tf
correspond to the original non-normalized time scale points
(i.e. seconds).
Figure 3: Normalized for time on the abscissa (0% is the
start of front foot striding toward the ball and 100% is at
ball contact). Percentage of shared positive contribution
(%SPC) was defined as the proximal to distal pattern where
movement was initiated by the proximal joint followed
by the distal. ta
and tc
correspond to the zero velocity or
zero acceleration, if the zero velocity was not present, for
the proximal and distal joints, respectively, and sped up
to tb
and td
which correspond to
the maximum absolute
angular velocity for the proximal and distal joints prior to
ball contact, respectively. In the %SPC calculation, ta
, tb
, tc
and td
correspond to the original non-normalized time scale
points (i.e. seconds).
4. How to cite this article: Tom W, Pierre G, Pierre B, Marcel B. The Examination of Slo-pitch Hitting Movement Coordination. Res Inves Sports Med. 1(3).
RISM.000513: 2017. DOI: 10.31031/RISM.2017.01.000513
Research & Investigations in Sports Medicine
4/7
Res Inves Sports Med
The shared positive contribution (SPC) and the reversed shared
positive contribution (RSPC) were calculated as the following
(see Figure 3 & Figure 4 for an illustration of the SPC and RSPC,
respectively).
Figure 4: Normalized for time on the abscissa (0% is the
start of front foot striding toward the ball and 100% is at ball
contact). Percentage of reversed share positive contribution
(%RSPC) was defined as the distal to proximal pattern
where movement was initiated by the distal joint followed
by the proximal. ta
and tc
correspond to the zero velocity
or zero acceleration, if the zero velocity was not present,
for the proximal and distal joints, respectively, and sped
up to tb
and td
which correspond to the maximum absolute
angular velocity for the proximal and distal joints prior to
ball contact, respectively. In the %RSPC calculation, ta
, tb
, tc
and td
correspond to the original non-normalized time scale
points (i.e. seconds).
% SPC= [(tb
-tc
)/(td
-ta
)] x 100 (1)
% RSPC= [(td
-ta
)/(tb
-tc
)] x 100 (2)
Where in both % SPC and % RSPC calculations, ta
, tb
, tc
and td
correspond to the original non-normalized time scale points (i.e.
seconds). The ta
and tc
correspond to the zero velocity or zero
acceleration, if zero velocity was not present, for the proximal
and distal joints, respectively. The tb
and td
correspond to the
maximum absolute joint angular velocity for the proximal and
distal joints, respectively. Based on a sampling rate of 240Hz and
using the normalized time on the abscissa, it is estimated that the
consequences of a one frame error in locating t would correspond
to 0.0042 seconds in the non-normalized time scale or an error
equal to 0.42% (Figure 3 & 4).
Statistical Analysis
A two-way repeated measure ANOVA (2 locations of pitch x3
strides) was conducted at α=0.05 on combined percentage value
for both SPC and RSPC for movement pattern coordination at ball
contact for lower body and trunk segments and trunk and upper
body segments. If a significant difference was found in the ANOVA
test, pair wise comparisons were conducted using a t-test with
the Bonferroni adjustment at α=0.05/c, where c was the number
of contrasts [25]. In each of six conditions, a rescaled Euclidean
distance analysis was conducted on combined percentage value
for both SPC and RSPC for movement pattern coordination at
ball contact for lower body and trunk segments and trunk and
upper body segments between each participant and group mean
performance. The degree of dissimilarity enabled us to assess if the
group mean performance could be generalized to all participants.
The rescaled Euclidean distance analysis was the measure of
distance between dependent variables for individual performance
versus group mean performance, and it ranged between values of 0
for no dissimilarity to a value of 1 for maximum dissimilarity [11].
Results
Table 1: Combined % SPC and % RSPC of movement pattern
coordination for different locations of pitch.
Movement Pattern
Coordination
Inside
Pitch
Outside Pitch p
Lower body and trunk (%) 26.4±41.0 28.8±33.9 0.85
Trunk and upper body (%) 32.2±29.4 33.4±29.4 0.85
*Statistical significant at p<0.05
The results of two-way repeated measured ANOVA (2 locations
of pitch x 3 strides) statistical analysis revealed that there was no
statistically significant difference in combined percentages of SPC
and RSPC between the lower body and trunk segments for the
location of pitch. Similarly no statistically significant differences
were observed between the trunk and upper body segments, Table
1. Further, the results showed that there was also no significant
difference for each pair of body segment between the three stride
techniques. The combined percentages of SPC and RSPC of the lower
body and trunk segments for the open, parallel and close strides
were 22.6±39.9 %, 21.1±27.1 %, and 39.1±42.3 %, respectively.
Also, the combined percentages of SPC and RSPC of the trunk
and upper body segments for the open, parallel and close strides
were 23.3±25.7%, 44.9±31.1%, and 30.0±27.3%, respectively.
Additionally, no statistically significant differences were found in
the two-way interaction effect between the location of the pitch and
stride for both pairs of body segments.
A Euclidean distance analysis was conducted on combined
percentages of SPC and RSPC for both lower body and trunk, and
trunk and upper body joints in each of six conditions. The results
indicated that across six different hitting conditions 30.0% of
participants showed a degree of dissimilarity between 0 and
0.20, and 53.0% of participants showed a degree of dissimilarity
between 0.21 and 0.40. Further, 12.0% of participants showed
a degree of dissimilarity between 0.41 and 0.60, and 5.0% of
participants showed a degree of dissimilarity between 0.61 and
0.80. Cumulatively, approximately 83.0% of participants illustrated
a degree of dissimilarity below 0.40, and 95.0% of participants
illustrated a degree of dissimilarity below 0.60. Therefore,
participants generally showed that their individual combined
percentages of SPC and RSPC results were similar to the group
mean combined percentages of SPC and RSPC results.
Discussion and Implications
The purpose of this study was to examine the slo-pitch hitting
movement coordination using the shared positive contribution
technique to evaluate players’ movement coordination under
5. How to cite this article: Tom W, Pierre G, Pierre B, Marcel B. The Examination of Slo-pitch Hitting Movement Coordination. Res Inves Sports Med. 1(3).
RISM.000513: 2017. DOI: 10.31031/RISM.2017.01.000513
5/7
Res Inves Sports MedResearch & Investigations in Sports Medicine
different task (stride technique) and environmental constraints
(location of pitch). The results have indicated that there were no
statistically significant differences between different locations
of pitch and stride techniques for two pairs of body segment:
lower body and trunk, and trunk and upper body. Typical sport
biomechanics research studies use a traditional task analysis
approach which suggests that there is only one best possible
movement coordination to perform a sport skill [3]. Conversely, this
study was guided by the concept of ecological task analysis from the
motor learning area. Ecological task analysis uses a dynamic system
approach to examine the stability and change of the performer’s
movement form as a result of dynamic interactions between the
three major constraints of task, performer and environment [2,3].
In this study the task constraint was the stride technique, and the
environmental constraint was the pitched ball location. These
constraints were evaluated to examine their influence on the
movement coordination of slo-pitch soft ball hitting. Participants
showed that they were able to accomplish their task goals using
either sequential or simultaneous coordination, Figure 5, and it was
further observed that participants used both types of movement
patterns, either proximal to distal pattern (SPC) or distal to
proximal (RSPC), Figure 6.
Figure 5: Normalized for time on the abscissa (0% is the start of front foot striding toward the ball and 100% is at ball contact).
The graph is an example of movement coordination pattern for a participant hitting an outside pitch using parallel stride. The
lower body and trunk joints show a RSPC of -21% in a sequential movement coordination pattern while the trunk and upper body
joints show a RSPC of 222% in a simultaneous movement coordination pattern. The vertical lines indicate the beginning and end
of the propulsion phase prior to ball contact.
Figure 6: Normalized for time on the abscissa (0% is the start of front foot striding toward the ball and 100% is at ball contact.).
The graph is an example of movement coordination pattern for a participanthitting an inside pitch using open stride. The lower
body and trunk joints show a SPC of 8% in a sequential movement coordination pattern while the trunk and upper body joints
show a RSPC of 30% in a sequential movement coordination pattern. The vertical lines indicate the beginning and end of the
propulsion phase prior to ball contact.
Coordination is one of the key concepts in the study of motor
learning and development. Bernstein [26], a Russian physiologist,
defined coordination as “the organization of control of the motor
apparatus” (p. 127) and proposed the development of coordination
as “the process of mastering redundant degrees of freedom of the
moving organ, in other words, its conversion to a controllable
6. How to cite this article: Tom W, Pierre G, Pierre B, Marcel B. The Examination of Slo-pitch Hitting Movement Coordination. Res Inves Sports Med. 1(3).
RISM.000513: 2017. DOI: 10.31031/RISM.2017.01.000513
Research & Investigations in Sports Medicine
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Res Inves Sports Med
system” (p. 127). Bernstein (1967) viewed the development of
coordination as a result of a learner being able to utilize various
methods “in order to reduce the number of degrees of freedom
at the periphery to a minimum” (pp. 107-108), and the degrees
of freedom was defined as the number of mechanical movements
that the learner can use to achieve the task objective [27]. Then
the learner gradually releases all restrictions on the degrees of
freedom of the movement control. This process is known as shifting
from “freezing” to “freeing” in the number of degrees of freedom
in movement control. Finally the learner utilizes and exploits this
movement control to execute the task successfully [27]. However,
Broderick & Newell [28] found that the concepts on coordination
as proposed by Bernstein [26] were not entirely true. Broderick
& Newell [28] conducted a study to examine the learning effect
of beginner’s coordination in the skill of basketball bouncing.
Participants showed an increase in the number of degrees of
freedom which resulted in a change in their coordination pattern,
and this change of coordination pattern was mainly due to influence
of the task constraint factor.
This present study was guided by Hudson [6] shared positive
contribution (SPC) technique to assess coordination patterns by
examining the temporal sequencing of the movement. From the
results of this study the participants demonstrated two types
of body joint movement. Some participants showed a proximal
to distal type of joint movement either with a sequential or a
simultaneous coordination pattern while other participants
showed a distal to proximal type of joint movement also either with
a sequential or a simultaneous coordination pattern. Therefore,
participants showed both types of joint movements and both types
of movement coordination pattern across six different conditions.
The results showed that participants may use multiple movement
coordination patterns to achieve the task goal successfully. Since
all participants were skilled players and did not have any practice
in each condition before the testing, the individual participant’s
change in coordination pattern across six different conditions was
the result of their skill adaptation due to the influence of both task
and environmental constraints. Therefore, this study supports
Broderick & Newell [28] rationale that the participant’s change in
coordination pattern is influenced by various constraints in action
and participants can use multiple movement solutions to achieve
the same task goal, which coincides with the principles of ecological
task analysis. Specifically, participants can use either a sequential
or a simultaneous type of coordination pattern, and these types
of coordination pattern can be performed with a proximal to
distal type of joint sequencing or a distal to proximal type of joint
sequencing. Further, participants can use open, parallel or close
stride technique to hit the ball with different body movement
coordination, so this study encourages participants to explore their
own movement solutions to achieve their task goal.
Conclusion
This study used 10 elite slo-pitch batters to examine the
influence of task (stride technique) and environmental (pitched
ball location) constraints on movement kinematics. The results
showed that the pitched ball location and stride techniques did
not have an influence on the movement kinematics. Therefore, the
results of this study recommend players explore different stride
techniques, and the selected stride technique may simply be based
on what they are most familiar with to hit the ball. Regardless the
type of selected stride technique, this study suggested that players
should explore their own movement coordination pattern that
enables them to hit the ball.
In terms of generalizability of the study, the majority of
participants showed a degree of dissimilarity that is less than or
equal to 0.40 when comparing their individual result to the group
mean result. This study indicated that the participants from this
study were quite similar to each other and homogeneous as a
group. Therefore, participants generally showed a strong similar
response to the treatment and as such, base on the knowledge
about the degree of generalizability coaches and researchers may
utilize the findings from this study to other players. Since players
can use different types of stride technique to hit the ball, future
research should examine players’ movement coordination in other
sport skills and understand how players can perform those skills
successfully.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank Edmonton and Big League
Apparel & Sports slo-pitch players for participating in the study.
In addition, the authors acknowledge equipment support from the
Softball-tips.com & Baseballtips.com and the research development
support from the Human Performance Scholarship Fund, University
of Alberta.
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