CAPTCHAs were created in the early 2000s to distinguish humans from bots by having users type distorted text. Over time, CAPTCHAs evolved from static text to using images from books and street signs to aid in digitization. As AI advanced, CAPTCHAs became easier for bots to solve, so Google introduced "No CAPTCHA reCAPTCHA" using online behavior analysis rather than text. The ongoing arms race between CAPTCHAs and improving AI means new techniques are constantly needed to tell humans and bots apart.

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The Evolution of CAPTCHA
In the eternal power struggle between man and machine, only one thing has proven
to bring about one’s downfall: CAPTCHA.
Like a real-life Voight-Kampff test, CAPTCHA (which stands for Completely
Automated Public Turing Test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) has been
spotting out the difference between man and machine since the early 2000s.
Since then, it’s been constant race between humans and technology to outwit and
outsmart each other; a part of our never-ending quest to beat spam.
CAPTCHA is born
Despite claims from different groups of having invented CAPTCHA, the discovery of
a 1997 patent application by the owners of Sanctum finally settled the argument.
The patent detailed how CAPTCHA is used, although it did not use the word
‘CAPTCHA’ as its official name.
Fast forward to 2003, when Luis von Ahn and his team of engineers at Carnegie
Mellon University introduced CAPTCHA to the world.
By typing distorted text into a box, it would allow humans – not bots – access to a
site.
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The hope was that it would spell the end of spammers inundating sites with fake
emails and stopping scalpers from buying out entire concerts.
The hope was short-lived. The Spambots had crawled their way back.
CAPTCHA Sweatshops
While CAPTCHA could be solved relatively easily by a large majority of web users, a
major flaw was in its accessibility.
For users who were blind, deaf, or dyslexic, CAPTCHA was a burden that could
keep them logged out of a site as though they were bots.
On top of that, limitations in using the Latin alphabet meant that intelligent
software was getting better at cracking CAPTCHAs, and distorting the text only
made it harder for those with impairments to get through.
In the meantime, CAPTCHA sweatshops began popping up in developing countries,
where cheap – and sometimes free – labour was being used to solve thousands of
CAPTCHAs.

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With the presence of sweatshops, von Ahn took advantage of the concept. If hours
of cheap labour were being wasted on cracking CAPTCHAs, couldn’t this energy be
better placed elsewhere?
Google and reCAPTCHA
In 2008, von Ahn introduced reCAPTCHA to the world. Rather than auto-generating
text, reCAPTCHA scanned numbers and letters from books and newspapers that
couldn’t be read by computers.
reCAPTCHA allowed for the entire New York Times archives to be digitised before
being acquired by Google. Since then, Google Books’ entire catalogue has also been
digitised, including rare and out-of-print works.
Google then began exploring other avenues, using reCAPTCHA to improve its Maps
service by using pictures of street signs and house numbers and getting users to
type in what they see.
Through reCAPTCHA, over 950 million people have contributed to the digitisation of
these archival texts.
Digital marketing brings about PlayCAPTCHA
In 2013, start-up company Future Ad Labs introduced PlayCAPTCHA; an engaging
alternative to regular CAPTCHA that would also cater to brands through digital
marketing.
With Heinz and Reckitt Benckiser signed up, the aim was to improve user
experience and brand awareness. With Heinz, users would have to pour their salad
cream dressing onto a sandwich, while Reckitt Benckiser had users scrubbing a
dirty penny clean in Cillit Bang.

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y p y g
It was a success, with 91 per cent of users claiming it was an improved experience
over usual CAPTCHAs and 90 per cent being able to recall the product afterwards.
No CAPTCHA reCAPTCHA
A trip-up in the race to defeat Artificial Intelligence came in 2014, when Google
research discovered that AI could solve even the hardest of CAPTCHAs with over
99% accuracy.
In response, Google introduced No Captcha reCaptcha, which did away with hard-
to-read text and replaced it with a simple box stating, “I am not a robot.”
By simply checking the box beside this, Google can determine whether the user is a
human or robot.
How? By examining your online behaviour before the box is selected.
Through monitoring IP addresses, cookies, mouse movements, typing patterns,
and how long it takes the user to scan the page, Google can decide if it thinks
you’re a robot or not.
If not, users have other options to prove their humanity, including previous
methods of selecting correct images and typing in numbers from Street View.
As AI technology continues to evolve, the chances of bots once again catching up to
the latest versions of CAPTCHAs is highly likely.
In the race to outsmart one another, the finish line is always there, but only slightly
out of reach.

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