This document summarizes Christian Bingham's undergraduate research on the effects of paternal incarceration. It finds that paternal incarceration creates a cycle of incarceration, whereby children of incarcerated fathers are more likely to be incarcerated themselves later in life. Through surveys of Vermont inmates, it shows incarcerated individuals were more likely to have been incarcerated at a younger age and in adverse living situations if their own father had been incarcerated. The research demonstrates a need for policy reform to help break this cycle and prevent its intergenerational effects.
Joseph Serwach is a journalist who has written several articles mentioned in the texts. He wrote about Republicans controlling the Senate in Michigan in 2016. In 1994, he wrote an article about Newt Gingrich growing up to be a mover and shaker. In 2005, he wrote about the eight-year decline in smoking among American teenagers. He also wrote an article in 2000 about Walgreens' growth fueling drugstore wars.
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This document provides an overview of Russia's hybrid war against Ukraine and the West. Some key points:
- Russia sees Ukraine's experience with hybrid warfare as a lesson for other countries to learn from, as Russia aims to weaken states from within before military aggression.
- Russian political experts and officials see this as a time of opportunity, as they view the West as weak under Obama/Trump and burdened by other conflicts. Russia aims to reassert itself as a great power over a Eurasian sphere of influence.
- Ukraine has faced aggression, occupation, cyberattacks, and political/economic pressure from Russia. Other tactics include fueling internal/external conflicts, supporting radical groups, and controlling the narrative through
American churches have failed the United States by not speaking out more strongly against torture. While over 10,000 Americans have signed an anti-torture statement, that is only a small fraction of the estimated 132 million Americans who attend religious services weekly. Torture is a form of violence that goes against principles of most major religions. It is also practically useless for eliciting useful information and damages America's reputation internationally when images emerge of American's torturing prisoners. A ban on torture is needed to protect both detainees' human rights and the moral authority and "soul of the nation."
This document summarizes findings from a survey of incarcerated fathers in Vermont conducted in 2015. Some key findings include:
- 64% of surveyed inmates were fathers, with a total of 396 children
- Children of incarcerated fathers were more likely to be incarcerated at younger ages (average age of 19 vs 22)
- Paternal incarceration was associated with a lower level of education attained by inmates
- Programs implemented in some states aimed to promote healthy relationships and reduce recidivism by teaching parenting skills
The recommendations include expanding programs for incarcerated fathers that promote family stability and break the cycle of intergenerational incarceration.
Keynote Jeremy Travis Columbia speech 4.29.16seprogram
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FUNDAMENTALS OF GENOCIDE AND MASS ATROCITY PREVENTION By Scott Straus MYO AUNG Myanmar
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By Scott Straus
Fundamentals of Genocide and Mass Atrocity Prevention, a new atrocity prevention book by noted genocide scholar Scott Straus, presents key insights into US and international efforts to prevent genocide and mass atrocities worldwide.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Scott Straus is professor of political science and international studies at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. His most recent book is Making and Unmaking Nations: War, Leadership, and Genocide in Modern Africa (Cornell University Press, 2015).
Joseph Serwach is a journalist who has written several articles mentioned in the texts. He wrote about Republicans controlling the Senate in Michigan in 2016. In 1994, he wrote an article about Newt Gingrich growing up to be a mover and shaker. In 2005, he wrote about the eight-year decline in smoking among American teenagers. He also wrote an article in 2000 about Walgreens' growth fueling drugstore wars.
Ukrainian revolution from the point of view of the Russian analystЕлена Волковская
This document summarizes the political situation in Ukraine from the perspective of a Russian analyst. It describes the power dynamics between Ukrainian oligarchs, the roles of external actors like Russia and the EU, and the strategies employed by different political factions during the 2013-2014 Ukrainian revolution and subsequent elections. Key events and the various interests, failures, and technologies used by different groups are analyzed.
This document provides an overview of Russia's hybrid war against Ukraine and the West. Some key points:
- Russia sees Ukraine's experience with hybrid warfare as a lesson for other countries to learn from, as Russia aims to weaken states from within before military aggression.
- Russian political experts and officials see this as a time of opportunity, as they view the West as weak under Obama/Trump and burdened by other conflicts. Russia aims to reassert itself as a great power over a Eurasian sphere of influence.
- Ukraine has faced aggression, occupation, cyberattacks, and political/economic pressure from Russia. Other tactics include fueling internal/external conflicts, supporting radical groups, and controlling the narrative through
American churches have failed the United States by not speaking out more strongly against torture. While over 10,000 Americans have signed an anti-torture statement, that is only a small fraction of the estimated 132 million Americans who attend religious services weekly. Torture is a form of violence that goes against principles of most major religions. It is also practically useless for eliciting useful information and damages America's reputation internationally when images emerge of American's torturing prisoners. A ban on torture is needed to protect both detainees' human rights and the moral authority and "soul of the nation."
This document summarizes findings from a survey of incarcerated fathers in Vermont conducted in 2015. Some key findings include:
- 64% of surveyed inmates were fathers, with a total of 396 children
- Children of incarcerated fathers were more likely to be incarcerated at younger ages (average age of 19 vs 22)
- Paternal incarceration was associated with a lower level of education attained by inmates
- Programs implemented in some states aimed to promote healthy relationships and reduce recidivism by teaching parenting skills
The recommendations include expanding programs for incarcerated fathers that promote family stability and break the cycle of intergenerational incarceration.
Keynote Jeremy Travis Columbia speech 4.29.16seprogram
Solutions to Post-Incarceration Employment and Entrepreneurship: The Role of Businesses and Universities
Jeremy Travis, President
John Jay College of Criminal Justice
FUNDAMENTALS OF GENOCIDE AND MASS ATROCITY PREVENTION By Scott Straus MYO AUNG Myanmar
FUNDAMENTALS OF GENOCIDE AND MASS ATROCITY PREVENTION
By Scott Straus
Fundamentals of Genocide and Mass Atrocity Prevention, a new atrocity prevention book by noted genocide scholar Scott Straus, presents key insights into US and international efforts to prevent genocide and mass atrocities worldwide.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Scott Straus is professor of political science and international studies at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. His most recent book is Making and Unmaking Nations: War, Leadership, and Genocide in Modern Africa (Cornell University Press, 2015).
Beginner 1St Grade Writing Worksheets For Grade 1 TheClaire Webber
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting assignment requests on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a form with assignment details. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The process aims to ensure high-quality, original content through a bidding system and free revisions.
The United States has a high incarceration rate, with 2.2 million people in prisons or jails despite having less than 5% of the world's population. Incarceration rates have increased 500% over the past 30 years. There are also three times more seriously mentally ill individuals in jails and prisons than in hospitals in the U.S. Join the League of Women Voters of Wheaton on October 15th to learn more about the criminalization of mental illness from a panel including Jeff Lata from the DuPage County Health Department, Jean Solon from the DuPage County Probation Department, and Jeff York, the Chief Public Defender of DuPage County. The event will be held at the Wheaton Park
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Lucy and Mariah are the two main female characters in Jamaica Kincaid's novel Lucy. Lucy is a 19-year-old Caribbean teenager who has come to the US to work as an au pair for Mariah. Mariah is a middle-class American housewife. Although they live together, they seem to have different perspectives on life's events. The story explores their complex relationship and interactions.
Family Nurse Practitioner Role Essay. Online assignment writing service.Ashley Opokuaa
This is a complex issue with reasonable arguments on both sides. While some research has found associations between violent video game exposure and increased aggressive thoughts and behavior, the evidence is mixed and it is difficult to determine causation. Any potential negative effects also depend on numerous other factors in a person's life. Overall, for most people video games do not seem to cause real-world harm, but for some they may be a factor among many that influences behavior. More research is still needed to fully understand this issue.
This document provides a literature review and introduction to a paper examining the origins and continuance of income inequality in the United States. It discusses how income inequality has increased dramatically in recent decades according to studies. It then explores some of the sociological factors that have contributed to rising inequality, such as changes in family structure, education levels, race, and crime/incarceration rates. The document provides historical context on these issues and their impact on inequality over time. It aims to analyze the problem of inequality through sociological, economic, and political lenses over the 20th century in the US.
1. The document provides instructions for creating a request on the HelpWriting.net website to have a paper written. It outlines a 5-step process: creating an account, completing an order form, reviewing writer bids and choosing one, revising the paper if needed, and requesting revisions.
2. Students seeking writing help on the site complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. Writers then bid on the request and students choose a writer based on qualifications.
3. The site offers revisions and refunds to ensure student satisfaction with the quality and originality of the completed paper.
Printable Writing Paper Writing Paper, Writing PapLiz Harris
Postmodernism had a significant impact on the Western historiography of Germany after WWII. It induced a paradigm shift away from master narratives like the Sonderweg thesis, which argued that Germany had a unique path of historical development that led to Nazism. Three works - Wehler's social history, Blackbourn and Eley's neo-Marxist analysis, and Jarausch and Geyer's reconstruction of German histories - show how postmodern critiques revealed tensions between the Sonderweg thesis and postmodern approaches, weakening the validity of the thesis. However, the Sonderweg thesis still facilitated retrospective discussion and meaning-making.
Free Printable Christmas Writing Paper Printable FreShannon Joy
1. A person's family origin, name, and history are the main factors that define their identity.
2. Genetics from the family influence a person's appearance, health, personality, and other traits.
3. From birth until death, family is a constant presence that shapes who a person becomes. The family environment and expectations can influence how a person views the world.
I understand the patient's desire to taper off methadone completely in order to pursue his career goals. However, abruptly stopping methadone against medical advice could put his health and safety at serious risk. As his counselor, I would recommend the following course of action:
1. Schedule a meeting with the patient, his counselor Cherron, and prescribing physician to discuss his treatment plan and any potential risks of rapid tapering.
2. Explore alternative options that allow the patient to taper gradually under medical supervision while still pursuing his CDL, such as switching to buprenorphine or extended-release naltrexone if deemed appropriate by his doctor.
3. Obtain informed consent from the patient for any treatment
The document provides instructions for using an online service called HelpWriting.net to get assistance with writing assignments. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email, 2) Complete an order form with instructions and deadline, 3) Review bids from writers and choose one, 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment, 5) Request revisions if needed and get a refund for plagiarized work. The service uses a bidding system and promises original, high-quality content.
The document provides an overview of key characteristics of Millennials based on survey data and other research:
1) Millennials are more ethnically diverse than older generations and less religious but still spiritual. 2) They are digital natives who are deeply connected through technology but also wary of its dangers. 3) They have struggled in the recession but remain optimistic about their futures and more positive about government than older adults. 4) Millennials respect their elders but delay traditional milestones like marriage and children compared to previous generations.
The document analyzes the scope and cultural impact of mass incarceration in the United States. It notes that the U.S. has the largest incarcerated population in the world, with disproportionate rates of imprisonment for African Americans. Upon release, former prisoners often struggle with lack of job prospects, housing, and civil rights disenfranchisement. The document calls for comprehensive reform addressing both policy and programs to help with prisoner reentry and reduce recidivism rates.
The Painted Veil by W. Somerset Maugham tells the story of a married couple, Walter and Kitty, whose relationship is strained by Kitty's affair. As punishment, Walter forces Kitty to accompany him to a remote region of China experiencing a cholera epidemic. While there, Kitty finds purpose in helping victims of the epidemic and gains a new understanding of her husband and herself through facing hardship and danger alongside him.
The juvenile justice system was created in 1899 to treat juvenile offenders differently than adults. Rather than focusing solely on punishment, the juvenile system aims to rehabilitate young criminals based on the understanding that youth are still developing and more influenced by their environment. However, some argue the current system has become too similar to the adult criminal justice system, essentially criminalizing adolescence. The essay will discuss and compare the original intent of the juvenile system versus its modern implementation.
Beginner 1St Grade Writing Worksheets For Grade 1 TheClaire Webber
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting assignment requests on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a form with assignment details. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The process aims to ensure high-quality, original content through a bidding system and free revisions.
The United States has a high incarceration rate, with 2.2 million people in prisons or jails despite having less than 5% of the world's population. Incarceration rates have increased 500% over the past 30 years. There are also three times more seriously mentally ill individuals in jails and prisons than in hospitals in the U.S. Join the League of Women Voters of Wheaton on October 15th to learn more about the criminalization of mental illness from a panel including Jeff Lata from the DuPage County Health Department, Jean Solon from the DuPage County Probation Department, and Jeff York, the Chief Public Defender of DuPage County. The event will be held at the Wheaton Park
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Sample essay on buddhism. A-Level Buddhism essay - Comment on the significance of The Middle Way .... Informative Essay Archives. Essays on Buddhism. Buddhism Essay Final Ashoka Bioethics. Compare and Contrast Hinduism and Buddhism Essay Essay on Compare and .... The main ideas of Buddhism Essay Example Topics and Well Written .... Buddhism Essay - WriteWork. Buddhism Essay. A-Level Buddhism essay - Examine different interpretations of the life .... Standing Buddha - Free Essay Example PapersOwl.com. Buddhism essay outline - eyeofthedaygdc.web.fc2.com. Insights Into Buddhism - Selected Essays on Buddhist, Philosophy, Art .... Zen Buddhism essays of DT Suzuki DISCOUNTED Etsy. Buddhism Essay Studies of Religion II - Year 12 HSC Thinkswap. Buddhism Essay Studies of Religion II - Year 11 HSC Thinkswap. Sample essay on buddhist views on cohabitation. A-Level Buddhism essay - Evaluate the importance of desire in Buddhism .... Buddhism essay conclusion - illustrationessays.web.fc2.com. Buddhism and Buddhist Art Essay The
Lucy and Mariah are the two main female characters in Jamaica Kincaid's novel Lucy. Lucy is a 19-year-old Caribbean teenager who has come to the US to work as an au pair for Mariah. Mariah is a middle-class American housewife. Although they live together, they seem to have different perspectives on life's events. The story explores their complex relationship and interactions.
Family Nurse Practitioner Role Essay. Online assignment writing service.Ashley Opokuaa
This is a complex issue with reasonable arguments on both sides. While some research has found associations between violent video game exposure and increased aggressive thoughts and behavior, the evidence is mixed and it is difficult to determine causation. Any potential negative effects also depend on numerous other factors in a person's life. Overall, for most people video games do not seem to cause real-world harm, but for some they may be a factor among many that influences behavior. More research is still needed to fully understand this issue.
This document provides a literature review and introduction to a paper examining the origins and continuance of income inequality in the United States. It discusses how income inequality has increased dramatically in recent decades according to studies. It then explores some of the sociological factors that have contributed to rising inequality, such as changes in family structure, education levels, race, and crime/incarceration rates. The document provides historical context on these issues and their impact on inequality over time. It aims to analyze the problem of inequality through sociological, economic, and political lenses over the 20th century in the US.
1. The document provides instructions for creating a request on the HelpWriting.net website to have a paper written. It outlines a 5-step process: creating an account, completing an order form, reviewing writer bids and choosing one, revising the paper if needed, and requesting revisions.
2. Students seeking writing help on the site complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. Writers then bid on the request and students choose a writer based on qualifications.
3. The site offers revisions and refunds to ensure student satisfaction with the quality and originality of the completed paper.
Printable Writing Paper Writing Paper, Writing PapLiz Harris
Postmodernism had a significant impact on the Western historiography of Germany after WWII. It induced a paradigm shift away from master narratives like the Sonderweg thesis, which argued that Germany had a unique path of historical development that led to Nazism. Three works - Wehler's social history, Blackbourn and Eley's neo-Marxist analysis, and Jarausch and Geyer's reconstruction of German histories - show how postmodern critiques revealed tensions between the Sonderweg thesis and postmodern approaches, weakening the validity of the thesis. However, the Sonderweg thesis still facilitated retrospective discussion and meaning-making.
Free Printable Christmas Writing Paper Printable FreShannon Joy
1. A person's family origin, name, and history are the main factors that define their identity.
2. Genetics from the family influence a person's appearance, health, personality, and other traits.
3. From birth until death, family is a constant presence that shapes who a person becomes. The family environment and expectations can influence how a person views the world.
I understand the patient's desire to taper off methadone completely in order to pursue his career goals. However, abruptly stopping methadone against medical advice could put his health and safety at serious risk. As his counselor, I would recommend the following course of action:
1. Schedule a meeting with the patient, his counselor Cherron, and prescribing physician to discuss his treatment plan and any potential risks of rapid tapering.
2. Explore alternative options that allow the patient to taper gradually under medical supervision while still pursuing his CDL, such as switching to buprenorphine or extended-release naltrexone if deemed appropriate by his doctor.
3. Obtain informed consent from the patient for any treatment
The document provides instructions for using an online service called HelpWriting.net to get assistance with writing assignments. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email, 2) Complete an order form with instructions and deadline, 3) Review bids from writers and choose one, 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment, 5) Request revisions if needed and get a refund for plagiarized work. The service uses a bidding system and promises original, high-quality content.
The document provides an overview of key characteristics of Millennials based on survey data and other research:
1) Millennials are more ethnically diverse than older generations and less religious but still spiritual. 2) They are digital natives who are deeply connected through technology but also wary of its dangers. 3) They have struggled in the recession but remain optimistic about their futures and more positive about government than older adults. 4) Millennials respect their elders but delay traditional milestones like marriage and children compared to previous generations.
The document analyzes the scope and cultural impact of mass incarceration in the United States. It notes that the U.S. has the largest incarcerated population in the world, with disproportionate rates of imprisonment for African Americans. Upon release, former prisoners often struggle with lack of job prospects, housing, and civil rights disenfranchisement. The document calls for comprehensive reform addressing both policy and programs to help with prisoner reentry and reduce recidivism rates.
The Painted Veil by W. Somerset Maugham tells the story of a married couple, Walter and Kitty, whose relationship is strained by Kitty's affair. As punishment, Walter forces Kitty to accompany him to a remote region of China experiencing a cholera epidemic. While there, Kitty finds purpose in helping victims of the epidemic and gains a new understanding of her husband and herself through facing hardship and danger alongside him.
The juvenile justice system was created in 1899 to treat juvenile offenders differently than adults. Rather than focusing solely on punishment, the juvenile system aims to rehabilitate young criminals based on the understanding that youth are still developing and more influenced by their environment. However, some argue the current system has become too similar to the adult criminal justice system, essentially criminalizing adolescence. The essay will discuss and compare the original intent of the juvenile system versus its modern implementation.
1. THE ERA OF PATERNAL INCARCERATION
THE LATENT CYCLE OF EFFECTS
CHRISTIANH. BINGHAM
UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT
Department of Sociology
MAY 5, 2015
2. The Era of Paternal Incarceration: The Latent Cycle of Effects ChristianH.Bingham
Page | 1
Table of Contents
Abstract.............................................................................................................................................2
Introduction.......................................................................................................................................3
Literature Review ...............................................................................................................................3
Prevalence of Incarcerationin the United States...............................................................................3
The Latent Effects on Children.........................................................................................................4
Applied Research................................................................................................................................6
Purpose..........................................................................................................................................6
Methods ........................................................................................................................................6
Data Source ................................................................................................................................6
Measures....................................................................................................................................6
Analyses .....................................................................................................................................6
Results...........................................................................................................................................7
Demographics.............................................................................................................................7
Frequencies ................................................................................................................................7
Regression..................................................................................................................................9
Discussion........................................................................................................................................10
The Need for Change ....................................................................................................................10
Implemented Programs.................................................................................................................11
Research Limitations.....................................................................................................................11
Policy Recommendations ..............................................................................................................12
Bibliography.....................................................................................................................................13
3. The Era of Paternal Incarceration: The Latent Cycle of Effects ChristianH.Bingham
Page | 2
Abstract
Paternal incarcerationtodayhasbecome extremelyprevalent. In2013, there wasover1.5
millionindividualsare inthe UnitedStatesprisonsystem, of which,1.4millionare males.These statistics
make the UnitedStatesthe most incarceratednationinthe world.Thisislargelyaresult of changesin
the U.S. judicial systemthatwere enactedoverthe lastthree decadeswhichcreatedmandatory
minimumsentences.
Throughpreliminaryresearch the authorfoundacorrelationbetweenpaternal incarceration
and the likelihoodof the prisoner’schildbeing incarcerated. Thiscreatesacycle of latenteffectsmaking
each childafterthe nextina family’s bloodline more likelytobe incarcerated if acurrent or prior
generation fatherwas subjecttoincarceration.Also,paternal incarcerationhasbeenlinkedtoachild’s:
delinquency,socialdisorders,defiantbehaviors,andmore.
Throughmy ownresearchusingdata collectedfrominmatesacrossVermontIhave beenable to
not onlyprove these facts,butalsocreate quantitative scale of effectspaternal incarcerationhas
regardingan inmate’sage of incarceration.If aninmate identifiedashavingafatherwhowasarrested
or incarcerated,theirage of firstincarcerationdropsbythree yearsand theirage at the beginningof
theircurrentincarcerationdropsbyabout 9 years.
As of 2007 there were more than1.7 millionchildrenwithincarceratedparents.Following
genderrelateddatatrends,mostof saidparentsare likelytobe men.The needforpolicyreform
becomesevident. Thisauthorpostulatesthat toreduce the lastingeffectsof paternal incarcerationthe
UnitedStatesJustice Systemneeds:tobetterfacilitatecontactbetweenchildrenandtheirincarcerated
father,implementmore familyorientatedprogramsaimedat teachingfatherstobettercare for their
childrenuponrelease,tolookatalternativesforlessseriouscrimesforthose whoare fathers.
4. The Era of Paternal Incarceration: The Latent Cycle of Effects ChristianH.Bingham
Page | 3
Introduction
The followingpaperisthe undergraduate sociological researchworkof ChristianH.Binghamin
conjunctionwiththe Universityof Vermont’sdepartmentof sociology. The studyisbasedaround
paternal incarcerationandthe latenteffectsonthe prisoner’soff-spring.Throughthisresearch the
author will:1) give abackgroundto the incidence of paternal incarceration,2) demonstrate the
reoccurringeffects onchildren,and3) presentconclusionsonthe topic.
The goal of the followingresearchistomake policychange recommendationstothe Vermont
Departmentof Corrections.Workwasdone incollaborationwithJillEvans,Directorof Womenand
FamilyServices,aspartof Vermont’sAgencyof HumanServices.All research wasdone underthe
supervisionof ProfessorJennifer Anne Strickler(Ph.D.PrincetonUniversity,1993).
Literature Review
Prevalence of Incarceration in the United States
Accordingto the Bureauof Justice Statistics,asof December31,2013, there were anestimated
1,574,700 prisonersinstate andfederal correctional facilities. Of those incarcerated,1,463,454 were
male while only111,287 were female. Thisnumberhasbeensteadilyincreasingsince 1980, at which
pointthere were amere 250,000 prisoners1
(inbothstate andfederal facilities). “Whilethe United
Stateshad only5 percentof the world’spopulation,ithasnearly25 percentof itsprisoners”(Collier
2014). Our prisonrate is followedbyChina,whose dictatorial leadershipisarguablymore draconian,
accordingto the InternationalCentre forPrisonStudies.
By middle of the year2000, the imprisonmentrate wasaroundfive timesgreaterthanwhatit
was in1970 (GreenbergandWest2001). The comparisonof worldwide incarcerationratesisstaggering,
1 Estimated number based off of the Bureau of Justice Statistics “Total State and Federal Prison Populations,1978-
2013” graph
5. The Era of Paternal Incarceration: The Latent Cycle of Effects ChristianH.Bingham
Page | 4
as Lorna Collierof the AmericanPsychological Associationwrites,the UnitedStateshas a“percapita
rate five to10 timeshigherthanthatin WesternEurope or otherdemocracies”(2014: 56).
The cause of our increasingimprisonmentrate isdue to the change of judicial punishment
policiesduringthe early1970’s(Collier2014). Yet, mostwouldforesee thatimprisonmentbe tobe
relatedtoviolentcrimes,whose sentence wouldfitthe charge andthusbe beneficialtosociety,buta
majorityof our prisonpopulationisincarcerateddue tonon-violentpropertycrimes(Greenbergand
West2001). Suchtough-on-crime changeswere aresultof the crack and cocaine epidemicthatwas
occurringduringthe time period.
The Latent Effects on Children
In 2007, there were an estimated1,706,600 minorchildrenwithincarceratedparentsinthe
UnitedStates(Glaze andMaruschak 2008). This numberaccountsforover2 percentof the U.S
populationunderthe age of 18. The effectsanincarceratedparenthasdoesnotsimplyendwiththe
incarceratedindividual.Sucheffectsmaynotbe seenforyearsor evendecadesandmanifestintheir
children. A longitudinal studyof 1395 Pittsburghareaboys(Farringtonetal.2001) showedthatarrests
of anyrelative toa childpredictedtheirdelinquentbehavior.Although,the “the mostimportantrelative
was the father;arrestsof the fatherpredictedthe boy’sdelinquencyindependentlyof all otherarrested
relatives”(Farringtonetal.2001).
One majordeterminate inthe waya childisraisediswhetherornottheirparentis incarcerated
duringtheirupbringing. “dysfunctionsinparentingorparent-childbondingcanhave devastatingeffects
on childgrowthanddevelopment.Thismaybeginininfancywithmanifestationsof classicnon-organic
failure tothrive andcan continue throughchildhood”.Suchmanifestationscanbe “developmental
delaysanddisorders,oppositional anddefiantbehaviors, conductdisorders,juvenile delinquencyand
adultcriminality”(Palusci etal.2007:80)
6. The Era of Paternal Incarceration: The Latent Cycle of Effects ChristianH.Bingham
Page | 5
“Studiesfromseveral countriesshow thatpaternal criminalitypredictschildren’sowncriminal
behaviorinlaterlife”(Murray,Janson,andFarrington2007:133). To prove this,Murray,Janson,and
Farrington(2007) ran a studybasedout of London;the resultswere that,“of boys whoexperienced
paternal incarcerationintheirfirst10 yearsof life,48% were convictedasadults”.
7. The Era of Paternal Incarceration: The Latent Cycle of Effects ChristianH.Bingham
Page | 6
Applied Research
Purpose
Research, usingsurveydatacollectedthroughoutthe State of Vermont,will be usedtoexamine
the quantitative effects of paternal incarcerationon the life-courseof the prisoner’s child. The work is
basedon prisoners’responsestoquestionsabouttheirownlivesandincarcerationandthe livesof their
parentsand grandparents. Basedonresults,the authorwill describe aself-perpetuatingcycle inthe
prisonsystem. Withoutinterjection,the problemwillgetworse.
Methods
Data Source
Surveydatausedfor thisresearch waspreviously gatheredthrough face-to-faceinterviewswith
inmatesfromeachVermontState Correctional Facility.The samplingmethodusedwasevery4th
inmate
and the responsestotaled379. Inmateswere notincentivized toparticipate. Surveyadministratorsalso
made it clearto participantsthat theirparticipationwouldnotimpacttheirsentence. The sample is
generalizable amongall Vermontstate prison inmates.
Measures
Surveyparticipantswere askedavarietyof questions abouttheirlivesandtheirfamily.
Response datawascodedand enteredintoSPSSbya third-party. More than350 variableswere studied.
The researchprocess was deductive and initiallyfocusedonprisonerswhosefathershadalsobeen
incarcerated.
Analyses
To conduct appropriate analyses,variableshadtobe recodedandcombined.Forexample,to
understandhowmanychildren afatherhadwas a three-stepprocess.First, the authorusedanIF
functiontoidentify participantswhohadchildren.Simultaneously,anSPSScompute function solvedfor
howmany childrenhadandat what age.Lastly,a frequencyanalysis wasusedtocalculate modal
results.
8. The Era of Paternal Incarceration: The Latent Cycle of Effects ChristianH.Bingham
Page | 7
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
Male Female
88.4%
11.6%
77%
11%
4%
4% 3% 1%
Caucasian/White
African-American or
Black
Native American
Other
Latino/a or Hispanic
No Response
Significantresultswere foundbyusingvariousregressions.Toshow the cycle of effects, the
author studied variablesfromeachpartof the inmate’slife.These variablesconsistedof attained
education,age of firstincarceration,age atthe beginningof theircurrentincarceration,andadverse
livingsituationsasa youth.The resultswere comparedtothose whose fathershadneverbeen arrested
or incarcerated.
Results
Demographics
Of those surveyed,more than88 percentwere male (Graph1) and 77 percentidentified
themselves as“Caucasian/white”(Graph2).The genderbreakdownof the inmatescloselyrelatesto
national averages.Yet,incomparisontonational averages,the Vermontprisonpopulation ismuchmore
raciallyhomogeneous.
Graph 1 Graph 2
Frequencies
64.1 percentof those surveyed (243) identifiedashavingchildren (Graphs3and 4). Of the
males,63 percent(211 respondents)identified themselves asfathers (Graphs3 and 4).Of the
incarceratedfemales,about73% (32 respondents)identified themselves asmothers (Graphs3 and4).
9. The Era of Paternal Incarceration: The Latent Cycle of Effects ChristianH.Bingham
Page | 8
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
Parent Father Mother
64.1% 63.0%
72.7%
20.00
70.00
120.00
170.00
220.00
270.00
320.00
370.00
Parent Father Mother
243.00
211.00
32.00
Graph 3 Graph 4
Of those thatidentifiedasfathers,about32 percentrespondedashavingone child and25
percentrespondedashavingtwochildren. Graph5 exhibitsthese andadditional results.
Graph 5
Graph 6 presentsthe agesof prisoners’children.The modal response was the 6-12 age cohort,
followedclosely the 2-5age cohort.
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
None or No
Response
1 2 3 4 5 6 13
16.1%
31.8%
25.1%
14.2%
7.1%
2.8% 2.4%
0.5%
RESPONSEPERCENT
NUMBER OF CHILDREN
10. The Era of Paternal Incarceration: The Latent Cycle of Effects ChristianH.Bingham
Page | 9
0
50
100
150
Under two Between two
and five
Between six
and twelve
Between
thirteen to
seventeen
8% - 33
34% - 134
38% - 149
20% - 80
CHILDCOUNT
AGE (YEARS)
17
18
19
20
21
22
Average Father was Incarcerated
Age, 21.88
Age, 19.051
INMATE'SAGEOFFIRST
INCARCERATION
(YEARS)
Sig. = ≤ .001
Graph 6
Regression
Usinga regressionanalysis,acorrelationbetween paternal incarcerations andthe age of the
inmate’sfirstincarcerated (Graph7) and the age at the beginningof theircurrentincarceration(Graph
8) was established.
Graph 7
11. The Era of Paternal Incarceration: The Latent Cycle of Effects ChristianH.Bingham
Page | 10
17
22
27
32
Average Father was Incarcerated
Age, 33.732
Age, 25.061
INMATE'SAGEATTHE
BEGINNINGOFTHEIR
CURRENTINCARCERATION
(YEARS)
Sig. = ≤ .001
Graph 8
Usingtwo separate regressiontestsasignificant relationship (alphaislessthan.05) between
paternal incarceration,education,andadverse youthlivingsituations wasestablished.If aninmate’s
fatherwasarrestedor incarcerated, the inmate themselves werelikelytobe lesseducated thanother
inmates. Moreover,theywere more likelytohave:livedinafosterhome,be homelessasachild,or be
inemergencycare. Theywere alsomore likelytohave experienced anycombinationof adverse living
situations.
Discussion
The Need for Change
In 2007 there were more than1.7 millionchildrenof incarceratedparents. Asaresultof latent
effects,manyof thischildrencanbe expectedtoalsobe incarcerated.The case of a boy namedSamwill
be usedto illustrate thispoint. InSam’searlylife,hisfatherwasincarcerated.Fromthe author’s
research, more than30 percentof those incarceratedinVermontidentifiedashavingafatherwhowas
arrestedor incarcerated.Asa resultof Sam’sfatherbeingincarcerated,he grows upinadverse
conditions.His family’sresourcesbecome are strained- hismotherorcaretakermaystruggle to
maintainlivingfunds.Because of this,the child isnotable tospendasmuch time withthismotheror
caretaker.Sam isthenmore likelytobe placedinan alternate livingsituationorbecome homeless.
12. The Era of Paternal Incarceration: The Latent Cycle of Effects ChristianH.Bingham
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Strugglingthroughthese experiences,Samismore likelytoact out,be delinquent,orresistauthority.
Sam isalsolesslikelytoget asgood an educationasthose whose fatherwasnotarrestedor
incarcerated. Samhimself is more likelytobe incarcerated. Evenworse, he ismore likelytobe
incarceratedat a youngerage - before hismindcanfullydevelop.The author’s regressiontestsfound
that those whose fatherwasarrestedorincarceratedwere more likelytogoto jail three yearsyounger
than theircounterparts. If Samhas children,he ismore likelytoputhischildat riskof growingupin
adverse conditions. Atthispointthe cycle continues.Sam’schildismore likelytobe incarcerated,his
grandchildrenare more likelytobe incarcerated,andsoon.
Implemented Programs
On December8th
2010, PresidentObamasignedthe ClaimsResolutionAct(CRA).Thisact
authorized$150 millioningrantstopromote healthymarriage ($75million) andResponsible
Fatherhood($75 million). The grants wenttoward:12 state prisonsinWestVirginia,5male correctional
facilitiesinSouthDakota,8 departmentof correctionsfacilitiesinNew Jersey,1state prisoninNew
Mexico,and3 state prisonsinOhio.The programsmade possible bythe CRA will helppreventfathers
frombecomingincarceratedandstrengthenfamilybonds, creatingbetteropportunitystructuresfor
individualsandfamilies atriskof the latenteffectsof incarceration..
Research Limitations
It isclear that more research isrequired due tothe vast effects of paternal incarceration. The
researchwaslimited toVermontprisoners –a populationthatis raciallyhomogeneous. Inaddition,
surveyquestionswere notincludedtoallow foranalysisof the impactof anycurrent programsaimedat
reducingthe riskof prisoner’schildrenfrombeingincarcerated. Tofindoutmore informationonthe
situation,interviewsurveysshouldbe collectdatafromchildren abouttheirfeelingsovertheirfather
beingincarcerated.Thisdatacouldbe used to informinterventionprogramdesign.Additionaldata
13. The Era of Paternal Incarceration: The Latent Cycle of Effects ChristianH.Bingham
Page | 12
regardinglife experiences,druguse,delinquency,andinmate childcontactwould allowforabetter
understandingof thisissue.
Policy Recommendations
More grants like the CRA needtobe implemented.Onalocal level,Vermontcouldreduce the
effectsof paternal incarceration byimplementingprogramsforincarceratedfathersthat: promote
healthyandsustainable marriagesandrelationships,reducesthe possible incidence of childabuse,
teachesfathershowtocare for theirchild,andpromotes economicstabilitywithinafamilyunit.The
purpose of these programswouldbe to:reduce adverse childhoodmental andsocial experiences,and
breakthe cycle of incarcerationamongfathersandtheirchildren.
14. The Era of Paternal Incarceration: The Latent Cycle of Effects ChristianH.Bingham
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