THE END OF POVERTY
By Jeffrey D Sachs
We can banish extreme poverty in our generation--yet 8 million people die each year because they are too poor to survive. The trag edy is that with a little help, they could even thrive. In a bold new book, Jeffrey D. Sachs shows how we can make it happen
It is still midmorning in Malawi when we arrive at a small village, Nthandire, about an hour outside of Lilongwe, the capital. We have come over dirt roads, passing women and children walking barefoot with water jugs, wood for fuel, and other bundles. The midmorning temperature is sweltering. In this subsistence maize-growing region of a poor, landlocked country in southern Africa, families cling to life on an unforgiving terrain. This year has been a lot more difficult than usual because the rains have failed. The crops are withering in the fields that we pass.
If the village were filled with able-bodied men, who could have built rainwater-collecting units on rooftops and in the fields, the situation would not be so dire. But as we arrive in the village, we see no able-bodied young men at all. In fact, older women and dozens of children greet us, but there is not a young man or woman in sight. Where, we ask, are the workers? Out in the fields? The aid worker who has led us to the village shakes his head sadly and says no. Nearly all are dead. The village has been devastated by AIDS.
The presence of death in Nthandire has been overwhelming in recent years. The grandmothers whom we meet are guardians for their orphaned grandchildren. The margin of survival is extraordinarily narrow; sometimes it closes entirely. One woman we meet in front of her mud hut has 15 orphaned grandchildren. Her small farm plot, a little more than an acre in all, would be too small to feed her family even if the rains had been plentiful. The soil nutrients have been depleted so significantly
in this part of Malawi that crop yields reach only about a half-ton per acre, about one-third of normal. This year, because of the drought, she will get almost nothing. She reaches into her apron and pulls out a handful of semi-rotten, bug-infested millet, which will be the basis for the gruel she will prepare for the meal that evening. It will be the one meal the children have that day.
I ask her about the health of the children. She points to a child of about 4 and says that the girl contracted malaria the week before. The woman had carried her grandchild on her back for the six miles to the local hospital. When they got there, there was no quinine, the antimalarial medicine, available that day. With the child in high fever, the two were sent home and told to return the next day. In a small miracle, when they returned after another six-mile trek, the quinine had come in, and the child responded to treatment and survived. It was a close call though. More than 1 million African children, and perhaps as many as 3 million, succumb to malaria each year.
As we proceed through the village, ...
Chronic hunger is the number one cause of death globally, affecting over 925 million people each year. Poverty is the leading cause of hunger worldwide, as those living in poverty cannot afford adequate food. Government instability, conflict, and corruption in many developing countries also contribute to hunger by preventing economic development and access to resources. While emergency aid helps reduce starvation, most of the hungry population suffers from chronic hunger and malnutrition. Long-term solutions focus on empowering local communities by providing education, infrastructure, and skills training to improve farming, healthcare, and self-sufficiency.
Americas ShameSinger, PeterThe Chronicle of Higher Education5.docxgalerussel59292
America's Shame
Singer, Peter
The Chronicle of Higher Education55.27 (Mar 13, 2009): B6-B10.
Abstract (summary)
The US has, for many years, been at or near the bottom of the list of industrialized countries in terms of the proportion of national income given as foreign aid. The ignorance of Americans about their nation's role in aiding the world's poorest people is widespread, and it has been shown in many surveys. Singer discusses the ethical obligations of citizens of developed countries to those living in extreme poverty.
Full Text
Reducing the number of people living in extreme poverty throughout the world is clearly one of the great moral challenges of our time. Although the issue is by no means absent from what we study and teach, as educators in the United States we appear to be falling short in the task of ensuring that our students are adequately informed about world poverty, its consequences, and the ways in which it can be reduced. Is it possible that some of the reluctance to deal with the topic stems from the fact that it may have uncomfortable conclusions for our own lives?
If we take seriously the idea that the value of a human life does not diminish when we cross national boundaries, then we ought to be giving a much higher priority to reducing world poverty. I have in mind a broad re-envisioning of what we teach.
We should not limit so important a topic to specialized courses on international development (valuable as they are). The issue should be prominent in anthropology, cultural studies, economics, ethics and sociology. In political-science courses, we should ask why we pay so little attention to people living in poverty outside our borders. Psychology courses could take up the factors that limit our willingness to give to distant strangers. Engineers might increase the amount of class time they devote to how their skills can be applied to assist the world's poorest people. Medical schools could focus more on the global burden of disease and how it might be reduced, and law students should be prompted to think about an international legal regime that allows American oil companies to buy oil from dictators who pocket most of the proceeds. Programs could also be produced to help to educate the broader public.
Nor should we shy away from reconsidering our emphasis on teaching in fields that have timeless artistic and cultural value. It is legitimate to ask: In a situation in which more people die each year from poverty-related causes than died in any one year during World War II, how much should we be spending on the refinement of our artistic sensitivities and those of our students?
I began to think about our obligations to the poor in 1971, when I was a graduate student in philosophy at the University of Oxford. A few years earlier, such a question would not have been considered one for philosophers to discuss. The prevailing view then was that the business of philosophy was to analyze the meanings of words. The ling.
Poverty affects over 1.7 billion people worldwide and impacts many aspects of life, including health, education, and housing. It can lead to increased rates of violence, substance abuse, and disease. While some argue poverty cannot be solved, others believe that with global cooperation and attention brought to the issue, significant steps could be taken to reduce poverty rates.
The document discusses facts about global poverty, including that over 3 billion people live on less than $2.50 per day and 1.3 billion live on less than $1.25 per day. It also examines causes of poverty like unequal global policies that benefit wealthy nations and corporations. The impacts of poverty are outlined such as lack of access to clean water and high disease rates. Solutions discussed include creating employment opportunities to improve incomes and empower the poor.
Americas Shame Author Singer, Peter Abstract Th.docxnettletondevon
America's Shame
Author: Singer, Peter
Abstract:
The US has, for many years, been at or near the bottom of the list of industrialized countries in terms of
the proportion of national income given as foreign aid. The ignorance of Americans about their nation's
role in aiding the world's poorest people is widespread, and it has been shown in many surveys. Singer
discusses the ethical obligations of citizens of developed countries to those living in extreme poverty.
Full text:
Reducing the number of people living in extreme poverty throughout the world is clearly one of the great
moral challenges of our time. Although the issue is by no means absent from what we study and teach,
as educators in the United States we appear to be falling short in the task of ensuring that our students
are adequately informed about world poverty, its consequences, and the ways in which it can be reduced.
Is it possible that some of the reluctance to deal with the topic stems from the fact that it may have
uncomfortable conclusions for our own lives?
If we take seriously the idea that the value of a human life does not diminish when we cross national
boundaries, then we ought to be giving a much higher priority to reducing world poverty. I have in mind a
broad re-envisioning of what we teach.
We should not limit so important a topic to specialized courses on international development (valuable as
they are). The issue should be prominent in anthropology, cultural studies, economics, ethics and
sociology. In political-science courses, we should ask why we pay so little attention to people living in
poverty outside our borders. Psychology courses could take up the factors that limit our willingness to
give to distant strangers. Engineers might increase the amount of class time they devote to how their
skills can be applied to assist the world's poorest people. Medical schools could focus more on the global
burden of disease and how it might be reduced, and law students should be prompted to think about an
international legal regime that allows American oil companies to buy oil from dictators who pocket most of
the proceeds. Programs could also be produced to help to educate the broader public.
Nor should we shy away from reconsidering our emphasis on teaching in fields that have timeless artistic
and cultural value. It is legitimate to ask: In a situation in which more people die each year from poverty-
related causes than died in any one year during World War II, how much should we be spending on the
refinement of our artistic sensitivities and those of our students?
I began to think about our obligations to the poor in 1971, when I was a graduate student in philosophy at
the University of Oxford. A few years earlier, such a question would not have been considered one for
philosophers to discuss. The prevailing view then was that the business of philosophy was to analyze the
meanings of words. The linguistic analysis that preocc.
Reducing the number of people living in extreme poverty throughout.docxcatheryncouper
Reducing the number of people living in extreme poverty throughout the world is clearly one of the great moral challenges of our time. Although the issue is by no means absent from what we study and teach, as educators in the United States we appear to be falling short in the task of ensuring that our students are adequately informed about world poverty, its consequences, and the ways in which it can be reduced. Is it possible that some of the reluctance to deal with the topic stems from the fact that it may have uncomfortable conclusions for our own lives?
If we take seriously the idea that the value of a human life does not diminish when we cross national boundaries, then we ought to be giving a much higher priority to reducing world poverty. I have in mind a broad re-envisioning of what we teach.
We should not limit so important a topic to specialized courses on international development (valuable as they are). The issue should be prominent in anthropology, cultural studies, economics, ethics and sociology. In political-science courses, we should ask why we pay so little attention to people living in poverty outside our borders. Psychology courses could take up the factors that limit our willingness to give to distant strangers. Engineers might increase the amount of class time they devote to how their skills can be applied to assist the world's poorest people. Medical schools could focus more on the global burden of disease and how it might be reduced, and law students should be prompted to think about an international legal regime that allows American oil companies to buy oil from dictators who pocket most of the proceeds. Programs could also be produced to help to educate the broader public.
Nor should we shy away from reconsidering our emphasis on teaching in fields that have timeless artistic and cultural value. It is legitimate to ask: In a situation in which more people die each year from poverty-related causes than died in any one year during World War II, how much should we be spending on the refinement of our artistic sensitivities and those of our students?
I began to think about our obligations to the poor in 1971, when I was a graduate student in philosophy at the University of Oxford. A few years earlier, such a question would not have been considered one for philosophers to discuss. The prevailing view then was that the business of philosophy was to analyze the meanings of words. The linguistic analysis that preoccupied philosophers was supposed to be ethically neutral. We would discuss whether the statement "You ought to return the book you borrowed" expressed an attitude or stated a fact, but not whether it was always obligatory to return a borrowed book -- let alone to give to the poor.
The student movement of the 1960s demanded that the university become "relevant." In response, with war raging in Vietnam and civil disobedience against it at draft offices across the United States, a few philosophers began to revive ...
CRITERION Explain the role of international and altruistic organi.docxwillcoxjanay
CRITERION: Explain the role of international and altruistic organizations in providing health care services during a global event.
DISTINGUISHED
PROFICIENT
BASIC
NON-PERFORMANCE
Basic
Explains the role of either international or altruistic organizations in providing health care services during a global event, or the explanation lacks key elements.
Faculty Comments:“
Your paper does not explain the role of either international or altruistic organizations in providing health care services during a global event. Your paper currently discusses governmental contributions. Please define what an altruistic organization is and name specific organizations and discuss the role of nursing within the organizations. To earn a distinguished grade, you need to explain the role of international and altruistic organizations in providing health care services during a global event and consider how professional nursing can play a greater part within the organizations.
Running Head: NATURAL DISASTER RESPONSE 1
NATURAL DISASTER RESPONSE 2
NATURAL DISASTER RESPONSE
Alexander V Chacon
Capella University
January, 2019
Introduction
World disasters are happening more intensely and frequently, demonstrating a critical need for the enhancement of risk management and response. High-profile disasters are increasing worldwide consciousness to strengthen national and regional capacity to mitigate, respond to and manage these disasters. Developing countries such as in the Caribbean islands, the middle east, and Africa are particularly vulnerable to natural disasters for reasons of lack of infrastructure, resources and exacerbated by geology, tectonic setting, topography and location, poor environmental management practices and land use among other reasons related to the country and respective natural or man-made disasters that frequent it (Veeneema, 2018).
Earthquakes, hurricanes, and wildfires are some of the most common natural disasters that have even affected developed nations such as the United States crippling small and large communities, killing thousands and destroying any infrastructure around where they occur. The disasters being experienced today worldwide are some of most devastating and strongest in the last 100 years of the human history and have been argued to be a just mere precedents for the worst that are yet to come in the near future in the face of climate change and global warming as well as other destructive human activities.
Local, state and national response
The use of technology has been employed in response to these disasters enabling rescue operations and recovery allowing cities to rebuild after each event in the wake of these disastrous happenings and empowering the rescuers to help save more lives and others to intervene. Under normal circumstances worldwide, disaster repose in high-income cou.
Chronic hunger is the number one cause of death globally, affecting over 925 million people each year. Poverty is the leading cause of hunger worldwide, as those living in poverty cannot afford adequate food. Government instability, conflict, and corruption in many developing countries also contribute to hunger by preventing economic development and access to resources. While emergency aid helps reduce starvation, most of the hungry population suffers from chronic hunger and malnutrition. Long-term solutions focus on empowering local communities by providing education, infrastructure, and skills training to improve farming, healthcare, and self-sufficiency.
Americas ShameSinger, PeterThe Chronicle of Higher Education5.docxgalerussel59292
America's Shame
Singer, Peter
The Chronicle of Higher Education55.27 (Mar 13, 2009): B6-B10.
Abstract (summary)
The US has, for many years, been at or near the bottom of the list of industrialized countries in terms of the proportion of national income given as foreign aid. The ignorance of Americans about their nation's role in aiding the world's poorest people is widespread, and it has been shown in many surveys. Singer discusses the ethical obligations of citizens of developed countries to those living in extreme poverty.
Full Text
Reducing the number of people living in extreme poverty throughout the world is clearly one of the great moral challenges of our time. Although the issue is by no means absent from what we study and teach, as educators in the United States we appear to be falling short in the task of ensuring that our students are adequately informed about world poverty, its consequences, and the ways in which it can be reduced. Is it possible that some of the reluctance to deal with the topic stems from the fact that it may have uncomfortable conclusions for our own lives?
If we take seriously the idea that the value of a human life does not diminish when we cross national boundaries, then we ought to be giving a much higher priority to reducing world poverty. I have in mind a broad re-envisioning of what we teach.
We should not limit so important a topic to specialized courses on international development (valuable as they are). The issue should be prominent in anthropology, cultural studies, economics, ethics and sociology. In political-science courses, we should ask why we pay so little attention to people living in poverty outside our borders. Psychology courses could take up the factors that limit our willingness to give to distant strangers. Engineers might increase the amount of class time they devote to how their skills can be applied to assist the world's poorest people. Medical schools could focus more on the global burden of disease and how it might be reduced, and law students should be prompted to think about an international legal regime that allows American oil companies to buy oil from dictators who pocket most of the proceeds. Programs could also be produced to help to educate the broader public.
Nor should we shy away from reconsidering our emphasis on teaching in fields that have timeless artistic and cultural value. It is legitimate to ask: In a situation in which more people die each year from poverty-related causes than died in any one year during World War II, how much should we be spending on the refinement of our artistic sensitivities and those of our students?
I began to think about our obligations to the poor in 1971, when I was a graduate student in philosophy at the University of Oxford. A few years earlier, such a question would not have been considered one for philosophers to discuss. The prevailing view then was that the business of philosophy was to analyze the meanings of words. The ling.
Poverty affects over 1.7 billion people worldwide and impacts many aspects of life, including health, education, and housing. It can lead to increased rates of violence, substance abuse, and disease. While some argue poverty cannot be solved, others believe that with global cooperation and attention brought to the issue, significant steps could be taken to reduce poverty rates.
The document discusses facts about global poverty, including that over 3 billion people live on less than $2.50 per day and 1.3 billion live on less than $1.25 per day. It also examines causes of poverty like unequal global policies that benefit wealthy nations and corporations. The impacts of poverty are outlined such as lack of access to clean water and high disease rates. Solutions discussed include creating employment opportunities to improve incomes and empower the poor.
Americas Shame Author Singer, Peter Abstract Th.docxnettletondevon
America's Shame
Author: Singer, Peter
Abstract:
The US has, for many years, been at or near the bottom of the list of industrialized countries in terms of
the proportion of national income given as foreign aid. The ignorance of Americans about their nation's
role in aiding the world's poorest people is widespread, and it has been shown in many surveys. Singer
discusses the ethical obligations of citizens of developed countries to those living in extreme poverty.
Full text:
Reducing the number of people living in extreme poverty throughout the world is clearly one of the great
moral challenges of our time. Although the issue is by no means absent from what we study and teach,
as educators in the United States we appear to be falling short in the task of ensuring that our students
are adequately informed about world poverty, its consequences, and the ways in which it can be reduced.
Is it possible that some of the reluctance to deal with the topic stems from the fact that it may have
uncomfortable conclusions for our own lives?
If we take seriously the idea that the value of a human life does not diminish when we cross national
boundaries, then we ought to be giving a much higher priority to reducing world poverty. I have in mind a
broad re-envisioning of what we teach.
We should not limit so important a topic to specialized courses on international development (valuable as
they are). The issue should be prominent in anthropology, cultural studies, economics, ethics and
sociology. In political-science courses, we should ask why we pay so little attention to people living in
poverty outside our borders. Psychology courses could take up the factors that limit our willingness to
give to distant strangers. Engineers might increase the amount of class time they devote to how their
skills can be applied to assist the world's poorest people. Medical schools could focus more on the global
burden of disease and how it might be reduced, and law students should be prompted to think about an
international legal regime that allows American oil companies to buy oil from dictators who pocket most of
the proceeds. Programs could also be produced to help to educate the broader public.
Nor should we shy away from reconsidering our emphasis on teaching in fields that have timeless artistic
and cultural value. It is legitimate to ask: In a situation in which more people die each year from poverty-
related causes than died in any one year during World War II, how much should we be spending on the
refinement of our artistic sensitivities and those of our students?
I began to think about our obligations to the poor in 1971, when I was a graduate student in philosophy at
the University of Oxford. A few years earlier, such a question would not have been considered one for
philosophers to discuss. The prevailing view then was that the business of philosophy was to analyze the
meanings of words. The linguistic analysis that preocc.
Reducing the number of people living in extreme poverty throughout.docxcatheryncouper
Reducing the number of people living in extreme poverty throughout the world is clearly one of the great moral challenges of our time. Although the issue is by no means absent from what we study and teach, as educators in the United States we appear to be falling short in the task of ensuring that our students are adequately informed about world poverty, its consequences, and the ways in which it can be reduced. Is it possible that some of the reluctance to deal with the topic stems from the fact that it may have uncomfortable conclusions for our own lives?
If we take seriously the idea that the value of a human life does not diminish when we cross national boundaries, then we ought to be giving a much higher priority to reducing world poverty. I have in mind a broad re-envisioning of what we teach.
We should not limit so important a topic to specialized courses on international development (valuable as they are). The issue should be prominent in anthropology, cultural studies, economics, ethics and sociology. In political-science courses, we should ask why we pay so little attention to people living in poverty outside our borders. Psychology courses could take up the factors that limit our willingness to give to distant strangers. Engineers might increase the amount of class time they devote to how their skills can be applied to assist the world's poorest people. Medical schools could focus more on the global burden of disease and how it might be reduced, and law students should be prompted to think about an international legal regime that allows American oil companies to buy oil from dictators who pocket most of the proceeds. Programs could also be produced to help to educate the broader public.
Nor should we shy away from reconsidering our emphasis on teaching in fields that have timeless artistic and cultural value. It is legitimate to ask: In a situation in which more people die each year from poverty-related causes than died in any one year during World War II, how much should we be spending on the refinement of our artistic sensitivities and those of our students?
I began to think about our obligations to the poor in 1971, when I was a graduate student in philosophy at the University of Oxford. A few years earlier, such a question would not have been considered one for philosophers to discuss. The prevailing view then was that the business of philosophy was to analyze the meanings of words. The linguistic analysis that preoccupied philosophers was supposed to be ethically neutral. We would discuss whether the statement "You ought to return the book you borrowed" expressed an attitude or stated a fact, but not whether it was always obligatory to return a borrowed book -- let alone to give to the poor.
The student movement of the 1960s demanded that the university become "relevant." In response, with war raging in Vietnam and civil disobedience against it at draft offices across the United States, a few philosophers began to revive ...
CRITERION Explain the role of international and altruistic organi.docxwillcoxjanay
CRITERION: Explain the role of international and altruistic organizations in providing health care services during a global event.
DISTINGUISHED
PROFICIENT
BASIC
NON-PERFORMANCE
Basic
Explains the role of either international or altruistic organizations in providing health care services during a global event, or the explanation lacks key elements.
Faculty Comments:“
Your paper does not explain the role of either international or altruistic organizations in providing health care services during a global event. Your paper currently discusses governmental contributions. Please define what an altruistic organization is and name specific organizations and discuss the role of nursing within the organizations. To earn a distinguished grade, you need to explain the role of international and altruistic organizations in providing health care services during a global event and consider how professional nursing can play a greater part within the organizations.
Running Head: NATURAL DISASTER RESPONSE 1
NATURAL DISASTER RESPONSE 2
NATURAL DISASTER RESPONSE
Alexander V Chacon
Capella University
January, 2019
Introduction
World disasters are happening more intensely and frequently, demonstrating a critical need for the enhancement of risk management and response. High-profile disasters are increasing worldwide consciousness to strengthen national and regional capacity to mitigate, respond to and manage these disasters. Developing countries such as in the Caribbean islands, the middle east, and Africa are particularly vulnerable to natural disasters for reasons of lack of infrastructure, resources and exacerbated by geology, tectonic setting, topography and location, poor environmental management practices and land use among other reasons related to the country and respective natural or man-made disasters that frequent it (Veeneema, 2018).
Earthquakes, hurricanes, and wildfires are some of the most common natural disasters that have even affected developed nations such as the United States crippling small and large communities, killing thousands and destroying any infrastructure around where they occur. The disasters being experienced today worldwide are some of most devastating and strongest in the last 100 years of the human history and have been argued to be a just mere precedents for the worst that are yet to come in the near future in the face of climate change and global warming as well as other destructive human activities.
Local, state and national response
The use of technology has been employed in response to these disasters enabling rescue operations and recovery allowing cities to rebuild after each event in the wake of these disastrous happenings and empowering the rescuers to help save more lives and others to intervene. Under normal circumstances worldwide, disaster repose in high-income cou.
The document summarizes several of the top global issues according to world geography:
1) Climate change and global warming are causing rising global temperatures due to increases in greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide from both natural events and human activities.
2) Communicable diseases like HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis infect over one billion people due lack of access to healthcare and effective treatments.
3) Conflicts in places like Sudan, Iraq and Ethiopia have resulted in millions of deaths over thousands of years and continue to displace populations.
The document discusses many of the challenges facing the world today, including widening economic inequality, population growth straining resources, lack of access to education, and health and environmental issues. Governance problems also exacerbate many of these challenges. Conflicts continue to displace millions and military spending far outweighs spending on social needs. Billions lack adequate food and clean water as consumption increases.
Poverty is the major cause of problems in Africa such as poaching, piracy, and child labor. Most Africans live on less than $1.25 per day and suffer from hunger, homelessness, and unemployment. Desperate to afford food and basic needs, many Africans engage in dangerous activities like poaching wildlife or hijacking ships. Africa's biggest challenge is reducing poverty to improve living conditions and security across the continent.
The document discusses the lack of access to clean drinking water in Africa and its consequences. It notes that 19 of the 25 nations with the highest percentage of people without access to safe drinking water are in Africa. It describes how many Africans have to use polluted water sources for drinking, bathing, and sanitation, which spreads diseases and causes 700,000 deaths in Africa each year from water-borne illnesses. It calls on people, particularly in America, to help address this crisis through donations to organizations working to provide clean water in Africa.
This document provides an overview of poverty and the work of Oxfam America to help alleviate poverty. It discusses the various types and causes of poverty, as well as the impacts of climate change on poverty. It describes Oxfam's efforts to help poverty-stricken communities through emergency aid, advocacy, job creation, disaster prevention, and addressing the systemic barriers that trap people in poverty. The document contains facts about global poverty and links to videos about poverty in Haiti and the environmental impacts of climate change.
Poverty has many negative consequences including increased crime, illness, child labor, and conflict. It is a serious global problem. Studies show that securing land rights helps break the cycle of poverty for individuals, families, villages and entire countries. Unemployment is also a major contributor to poverty. The causes of rural poverty are complex, involving factors such as culture, climate, gender, markets and public policy. Rural poverty accounts for over 60% of global poverty. Economic growth alone is not enough to reduce poverty - it must be accompanied by reduced inequality. Large families, dependency, natural disasters, and international economic conditions can also exacerbate poverty.
1) Over 1 billion people live on less than $1 per day, with the highest concentrations of extreme poverty found in Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central and South America.
2) Poverty has major negative impacts such as high mortality rates, increased health risks from diseases like HIV/AIDS and malaria, and hampering children's development and education.
3) Various organizations are working to reduce global extreme poverty through initiatives like the Millennium Project, Millennium Villages, and UNICEF programs focused on child survival, education, health, and advocacy.
Poverty is a complex issue with no single agreed upon definition. While definitions aim to set boundaries, they are also limited and subject to criticism. Traditionally, poverty was defined by a single dimension like income or consumption, but modern definitions take a multidimensional approach considering factors like health, education and standard of living. Amartya Sen's capability approach is influential, defining poverty not just as lack of income but lack of ability to live a minimally good life. Overall, accurately defining and measuring poverty remains an ongoing debate with important implications for policymaking.
This executive summary from Save the Children's 2014 State of the World's Mothers report finds that over half of maternal and child deaths occur in fragile settings affected by conflict and natural disasters. It examines the impact of humanitarian crises on mothers and children in Democratic Republic of Congo, Syria, the Philippines, and the United States. Key findings include that conflicts have displaced more people than ever before, and fragile states face chronic health challenges in addition to crises. Case studies show humanitarian emergencies undermine health systems and endanger mothers and young children through issues like lack of access to medical care. The report recommends greater investment in disaster-resilient health infrastructure and emergency response to support mothers and families in crisis-affected areas.
Poverty is defined as not having enough resources to meet basic needs like food, shelter, and clothing. The World Bank describes poverty as hunger, lack of shelter, inability to access healthcare or education. Poverty has many causes including lack of jobs or livelihoods, inequality, lack of education, climate change, and lack of infrastructure. Effects of poverty include poor health from diseases like malaria and tuberculosis, increased crime rates, lack of education, and unemployment. Addressing poverty requires individual and societal action.
Poverty is defined as not having enough resources to meet basic needs like food, shelter, and clothing. The World Bank describes poverty as hunger, lack of shelter, inability to access healthcare or education. Poverty has many causes including lack of jobs or livelihoods, inequality, lack of education, climate change, and lack of infrastructure. Effects of poverty include poor health from diseases like malaria and tuberculosis, increased crime, lack of education, and unemployment. Addressing poverty requires individual and societal action.
This document discusses poverty and the work of Oxfam America to help alleviate it. It defines poverty and outlines some of its effects. It then describes how Oxfam works with local organizations to help people in poverty rebuild their lives after disasters, earn a living, and prepare for future emergencies. The document also lists some current issues Oxfam addresses, such as climate change, hunger, unequal trade, and ensuring women's rights. It encourages readers to support Oxfam's efforts through donations, fundraising, volunteering, or employment.
The document discusses the devastating floods in Pakistan and urges readers to donate to relief efforts. It summarizes the immense scale of the disaster, with one fifth of Pakistan underwater, and highlights the urgent humanitarian needs, with millions of people homeless and vulnerable to disease. It argues that international support has been inadequate despite the efforts of Pakistani people and aid organizations to help each other. Donations are needed to help provide clean water, food, medicine and other emergency assistance to save lives.
The document discusses the devastating floods in Pakistan and urges readers to donate to relief efforts. It summarizes the scale of the disaster, with one fifth of Pakistan underwater and millions of people displaced. It describes the urgent humanitarian needs, with many lacking adequate food, water and medical care. It provides assurances that donating to experienced humanitarian organizations will ensure funds are spent effectively to help those most in need. In closing, it reiterates the call to action, emphasizing that the lives of many affected children are at high risk if more aid is not provided soon.
Chapter 6 failing states and other early signs of declineStart Loving
Early signs of decline are emerging in many parts of the world. In sub-Saharan Africa, life expectancy has fallen by 10 years due to HIV/AIDS. Other problems include rising inequality, environmental degradation, and failing governments overwhelmed by complex problems. Pollution is also damaging health worldwide, with air pollution alone causing 3 million deaths each year.
The document discusses the growing hunger crisis facing children in Syria due to the ongoing conflict. It notes that 4 million Syrians, half of them children, need emergency food assistance according to the UN. Restrictions on movement and inflation have limited many families' ability to access food. Children are suffering from malnutrition and lack of medical care. The conflict has also damaged agriculture and infrastructure, further reducing access to food and clean water. The situation risks becoming a major malnutrition crisis if not addressed. The document shares testimonies from Syrians describing the daily struggles to find food and other necessities to survive amid the violence.
Poverty is defined as not having enough resources to meet basic needs like food, shelter, and clothing. The document outlines several key causes of poverty including lack of jobs or livelihoods, inequality, lack of education, climate change, and lack of infrastructure. Effects of poverty include poor health from diseases like malaria and tuberculosis, increased crime rates, lack of education, and unemployment. Reducing poverty requires addressing its underlying causes at both societal and individual levels.
Eradicating poverty and hunger remains a significant global challenge, with over 800 million people living in extreme poverty and 795 million undernourished. Progress has been uneven, with poverty decreasing significantly in countries like China and India but increasing in regions like sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, which now account for 80% of extreme poverty. Ensuring access to education, healthcare, clean water and sanitation, as well as empowering women and addressing climate change, will be keys to accelerating progress on reducing poverty and hunger worldwide.
Singer, P. (2009). Americas shame. The Chronicle of Higher Educ.docxmaoanderton
Singer, P. (2009). America's shame. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 55(27), B6-B10. Retrieved from https://login.libproxy.edmc.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.libproxy.edmc.edu/docview/214643086?accountid=34899
Reducing the number of people living in extreme poverty throughout the world is clearly one of the great moral challenges of our time. Although the issue is by no means absent from what we study and teach, as educators in the United States we appear to be falling short in the task of ensuring that our students are adequately informed about world poverty, its consequences, and the ways in which it can be reduced. Is it possible that some of the reluctance to deal with the topic stems from the fact that it may have uncomfortable conclusions for our own lives?
If we take seriously the idea that the value of a human life does not diminish when we cross national boundaries, then we ought to be giving a much higher priority to reducing world poverty. I have in mind a broad re-envisioning of what we teach.
We should not limit so important a topic to specialized courses on international development (valuable as they are). The issue should be prominent in anthropology, cultural studies, economics, ethics and sociology. In political-science courses, we should ask why we pay so little attention to people living in poverty outside our borders. Psychology courses could take up the factors that limit our willingness to give to distant strangers. Engineers might increase the amount of class time they devote to how their skills can be applied to assist the world's poorest people. Medical schools could focus more on the global burden of disease and how it might be reduced, and law students should be prompted to think about an international legal regime that allows American oil companies to buy oil from dictators who pocket most of the proceeds. Programs could also be produced to help to educate the broader public.
Nor should we shy away from reconsidering our emphasis on teaching in fields that have timeless artistic and cultural value. It is legitimate to ask: In a situation in which more people die each year from poverty-related causes than died in any one year during World War II, how much should we be spending on the refinement of our artistic sensitivities and those of our students?
I began to think about our obligations to the poor in 1971, when I was a graduate student in philosophy at the University of Oxford. A few years earlier, such a question would not have been considered one for philosophers to discuss. The prevailing view then was that the business of philosophy was to analyze the meanings of words. The linguistic analysis that preoccupied philosophers was supposed to be ethically neutral. We would discuss whether the statement "You ought to return the book you borrowed" expressed an attitude or stated a fact, but not whether it was always obligatory to return a borrowed book -- let alone to give to the poor.
The student mo.
Please provide answer, write program in Prolog for the following.docxcherry686017
Please provide answer, write program in Prolog for the following rules and facts.
RULES:
Use the rules on "When to Seek Medical Attention" from
carona virus
Watch for symptoms
People with COVID-19 have had a wide range of symptoms reported - ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness.
These symptoms may appear
2-14 days after exposure to the virus:
Fever
Cough
Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
Chills
Repeated shaking with chills
Muscle pain
Headache
Sore throat
New loss of taste or smell
When to Seek Medical Attention
If you develop any of these
emergency warning signs*
for COVID-19 get
medical attention immediately:
Trouble breathing
Persistent pain or pressure in the chest
New confusion or inability to arouse
Bluish lips or face
*This list is not all inclusive. Please consult your medical provider for any other symptoms that are severe or concerning to you.
FACTS
John has Fever, Cough and Trouble breathing
Amanda has Fever, Cough and Sore throat
.
Please provide references for your original postings in APA form.docxcherry686017
Please provide references for your original postings in APA format. 300 Words with proper references.
What do you think is the best combination of the types of authentication? Is that type of authentication appropriate for all types of access?
Some have made the argument that using WEP presents more security issues than if all traffic were in the clear. What do you think?
.
More Related Content
Similar to THE END OF POVERTY By Jeffrey D SachsWe can banish extreme pov.docx
The document summarizes several of the top global issues according to world geography:
1) Climate change and global warming are causing rising global temperatures due to increases in greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide from both natural events and human activities.
2) Communicable diseases like HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis infect over one billion people due lack of access to healthcare and effective treatments.
3) Conflicts in places like Sudan, Iraq and Ethiopia have resulted in millions of deaths over thousands of years and continue to displace populations.
The document discusses many of the challenges facing the world today, including widening economic inequality, population growth straining resources, lack of access to education, and health and environmental issues. Governance problems also exacerbate many of these challenges. Conflicts continue to displace millions and military spending far outweighs spending on social needs. Billions lack adequate food and clean water as consumption increases.
Poverty is the major cause of problems in Africa such as poaching, piracy, and child labor. Most Africans live on less than $1.25 per day and suffer from hunger, homelessness, and unemployment. Desperate to afford food and basic needs, many Africans engage in dangerous activities like poaching wildlife or hijacking ships. Africa's biggest challenge is reducing poverty to improve living conditions and security across the continent.
The document discusses the lack of access to clean drinking water in Africa and its consequences. It notes that 19 of the 25 nations with the highest percentage of people without access to safe drinking water are in Africa. It describes how many Africans have to use polluted water sources for drinking, bathing, and sanitation, which spreads diseases and causes 700,000 deaths in Africa each year from water-borne illnesses. It calls on people, particularly in America, to help address this crisis through donations to organizations working to provide clean water in Africa.
This document provides an overview of poverty and the work of Oxfam America to help alleviate poverty. It discusses the various types and causes of poverty, as well as the impacts of climate change on poverty. It describes Oxfam's efforts to help poverty-stricken communities through emergency aid, advocacy, job creation, disaster prevention, and addressing the systemic barriers that trap people in poverty. The document contains facts about global poverty and links to videos about poverty in Haiti and the environmental impacts of climate change.
Poverty has many negative consequences including increased crime, illness, child labor, and conflict. It is a serious global problem. Studies show that securing land rights helps break the cycle of poverty for individuals, families, villages and entire countries. Unemployment is also a major contributor to poverty. The causes of rural poverty are complex, involving factors such as culture, climate, gender, markets and public policy. Rural poverty accounts for over 60% of global poverty. Economic growth alone is not enough to reduce poverty - it must be accompanied by reduced inequality. Large families, dependency, natural disasters, and international economic conditions can also exacerbate poverty.
1) Over 1 billion people live on less than $1 per day, with the highest concentrations of extreme poverty found in Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central and South America.
2) Poverty has major negative impacts such as high mortality rates, increased health risks from diseases like HIV/AIDS and malaria, and hampering children's development and education.
3) Various organizations are working to reduce global extreme poverty through initiatives like the Millennium Project, Millennium Villages, and UNICEF programs focused on child survival, education, health, and advocacy.
Poverty is a complex issue with no single agreed upon definition. While definitions aim to set boundaries, they are also limited and subject to criticism. Traditionally, poverty was defined by a single dimension like income or consumption, but modern definitions take a multidimensional approach considering factors like health, education and standard of living. Amartya Sen's capability approach is influential, defining poverty not just as lack of income but lack of ability to live a minimally good life. Overall, accurately defining and measuring poverty remains an ongoing debate with important implications for policymaking.
This executive summary from Save the Children's 2014 State of the World's Mothers report finds that over half of maternal and child deaths occur in fragile settings affected by conflict and natural disasters. It examines the impact of humanitarian crises on mothers and children in Democratic Republic of Congo, Syria, the Philippines, and the United States. Key findings include that conflicts have displaced more people than ever before, and fragile states face chronic health challenges in addition to crises. Case studies show humanitarian emergencies undermine health systems and endanger mothers and young children through issues like lack of access to medical care. The report recommends greater investment in disaster-resilient health infrastructure and emergency response to support mothers and families in crisis-affected areas.
Poverty is defined as not having enough resources to meet basic needs like food, shelter, and clothing. The World Bank describes poverty as hunger, lack of shelter, inability to access healthcare or education. Poverty has many causes including lack of jobs or livelihoods, inequality, lack of education, climate change, and lack of infrastructure. Effects of poverty include poor health from diseases like malaria and tuberculosis, increased crime rates, lack of education, and unemployment. Addressing poverty requires individual and societal action.
Poverty is defined as not having enough resources to meet basic needs like food, shelter, and clothing. The World Bank describes poverty as hunger, lack of shelter, inability to access healthcare or education. Poverty has many causes including lack of jobs or livelihoods, inequality, lack of education, climate change, and lack of infrastructure. Effects of poverty include poor health from diseases like malaria and tuberculosis, increased crime, lack of education, and unemployment. Addressing poverty requires individual and societal action.
This document discusses poverty and the work of Oxfam America to help alleviate it. It defines poverty and outlines some of its effects. It then describes how Oxfam works with local organizations to help people in poverty rebuild their lives after disasters, earn a living, and prepare for future emergencies. The document also lists some current issues Oxfam addresses, such as climate change, hunger, unequal trade, and ensuring women's rights. It encourages readers to support Oxfam's efforts through donations, fundraising, volunteering, or employment.
The document discusses the devastating floods in Pakistan and urges readers to donate to relief efforts. It summarizes the immense scale of the disaster, with one fifth of Pakistan underwater, and highlights the urgent humanitarian needs, with millions of people homeless and vulnerable to disease. It argues that international support has been inadequate despite the efforts of Pakistani people and aid organizations to help each other. Donations are needed to help provide clean water, food, medicine and other emergency assistance to save lives.
The document discusses the devastating floods in Pakistan and urges readers to donate to relief efforts. It summarizes the scale of the disaster, with one fifth of Pakistan underwater and millions of people displaced. It describes the urgent humanitarian needs, with many lacking adequate food, water and medical care. It provides assurances that donating to experienced humanitarian organizations will ensure funds are spent effectively to help those most in need. In closing, it reiterates the call to action, emphasizing that the lives of many affected children are at high risk if more aid is not provided soon.
Chapter 6 failing states and other early signs of declineStart Loving
Early signs of decline are emerging in many parts of the world. In sub-Saharan Africa, life expectancy has fallen by 10 years due to HIV/AIDS. Other problems include rising inequality, environmental degradation, and failing governments overwhelmed by complex problems. Pollution is also damaging health worldwide, with air pollution alone causing 3 million deaths each year.
The document discusses the growing hunger crisis facing children in Syria due to the ongoing conflict. It notes that 4 million Syrians, half of them children, need emergency food assistance according to the UN. Restrictions on movement and inflation have limited many families' ability to access food. Children are suffering from malnutrition and lack of medical care. The conflict has also damaged agriculture and infrastructure, further reducing access to food and clean water. The situation risks becoming a major malnutrition crisis if not addressed. The document shares testimonies from Syrians describing the daily struggles to find food and other necessities to survive amid the violence.
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Eradicating poverty and hunger remains a significant global challenge, with over 800 million people living in extreme poverty and 795 million undernourished. Progress has been uneven, with poverty decreasing significantly in countries like China and India but increasing in regions like sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, which now account for 80% of extreme poverty. Ensuring access to education, healthcare, clean water and sanitation, as well as empowering women and addressing climate change, will be keys to accelerating progress on reducing poverty and hunger worldwide.
Singer, P. (2009). Americas shame. The Chronicle of Higher Educ.docxmaoanderton
Singer, P. (2009). America's shame. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 55(27), B6-B10. Retrieved from https://login.libproxy.edmc.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.libproxy.edmc.edu/docview/214643086?accountid=34899
Reducing the number of people living in extreme poverty throughout the world is clearly one of the great moral challenges of our time. Although the issue is by no means absent from what we study and teach, as educators in the United States we appear to be falling short in the task of ensuring that our students are adequately informed about world poverty, its consequences, and the ways in which it can be reduced. Is it possible that some of the reluctance to deal with the topic stems from the fact that it may have uncomfortable conclusions for our own lives?
If we take seriously the idea that the value of a human life does not diminish when we cross national boundaries, then we ought to be giving a much higher priority to reducing world poverty. I have in mind a broad re-envisioning of what we teach.
We should not limit so important a topic to specialized courses on international development (valuable as they are). The issue should be prominent in anthropology, cultural studies, economics, ethics and sociology. In political-science courses, we should ask why we pay so little attention to people living in poverty outside our borders. Psychology courses could take up the factors that limit our willingness to give to distant strangers. Engineers might increase the amount of class time they devote to how their skills can be applied to assist the world's poorest people. Medical schools could focus more on the global burden of disease and how it might be reduced, and law students should be prompted to think about an international legal regime that allows American oil companies to buy oil from dictators who pocket most of the proceeds. Programs could also be produced to help to educate the broader public.
Nor should we shy away from reconsidering our emphasis on teaching in fields that have timeless artistic and cultural value. It is legitimate to ask: In a situation in which more people die each year from poverty-related causes than died in any one year during World War II, how much should we be spending on the refinement of our artistic sensitivities and those of our students?
I began to think about our obligations to the poor in 1971, when I was a graduate student in philosophy at the University of Oxford. A few years earlier, such a question would not have been considered one for philosophers to discuss. The prevailing view then was that the business of philosophy was to analyze the meanings of words. The linguistic analysis that preoccupied philosophers was supposed to be ethically neutral. We would discuss whether the statement "You ought to return the book you borrowed" expressed an attitude or stated a fact, but not whether it was always obligatory to return a borrowed book -- let alone to give to the poor.
The student mo.
Similar to THE END OF POVERTY By Jeffrey D SachsWe can banish extreme pov.docx (20)
Please provide answer, write program in Prolog for the following.docxcherry686017
Please provide answer, write program in Prolog for the following rules and facts.
RULES:
Use the rules on "When to Seek Medical Attention" from
carona virus
Watch for symptoms
People with COVID-19 have had a wide range of symptoms reported - ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness.
These symptoms may appear
2-14 days after exposure to the virus:
Fever
Cough
Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
Chills
Repeated shaking with chills
Muscle pain
Headache
Sore throat
New loss of taste or smell
When to Seek Medical Attention
If you develop any of these
emergency warning signs*
for COVID-19 get
medical attention immediately:
Trouble breathing
Persistent pain or pressure in the chest
New confusion or inability to arouse
Bluish lips or face
*This list is not all inclusive. Please consult your medical provider for any other symptoms that are severe or concerning to you.
FACTS
John has Fever, Cough and Trouble breathing
Amanda has Fever, Cough and Sore throat
.
Please provide references for your original postings in APA form.docxcherry686017
Please provide references for your original postings in APA format. 300 Words with proper references.
What do you think is the best combination of the types of authentication? Is that type of authentication appropriate for all types of access?
Some have made the argument that using WEP presents more security issues than if all traffic were in the clear. What do you think?
.
Please provide reference in APARequired FormatTitle Page AP.docxcherry686017
Please provide reference in APA
Required Format:
Title Page APA Format
Introduction
Concept of Systems Thinking (
Level 1 APA Heading
)
Difference Between Systems Thinking and Silo Thinking
(Level 1 APA Heading)
Applying Systems Thinking in My Work Environment
(Level 1 APA Heading)
Conclusion
1. Explain and discuss the concept of systems thinking.
2. Explain and give an example of the difference between silo thinking and systems thinking
3. Provide one example of where you could apply systems thinking that would positively affect your current work environment.
.
Please post here your chosen topic and information about why y.docxcherry686017
Please post here your chosen topic and information about why you chose it. Note: it must be a NON-INFECTIOUS agent (with few exceptions and it cannot be what you chose for discussion 2), so it cannot be caused by an organism. Please review the syllabus for more details.
A reminder from the syllabus:
The disease or disorder should not be a common disease that has already addressed in our course. With rare exception, it should not be an infectious disease (caused by an infectious organism).
Common diseases should be AVOIDED, including coronary artery disease, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, diabetes, AIDS, hypo- and hyper-thyroidism, hypertension, psoriasis, sleep apnea, Lyme’s Disease, sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, mononucleosis, asthma, urinary tract infections, many STDs (check with your instructor), irritable bowel disease, strep throat, MRSA, polio, tuberculosis, Lockjaw, anorexia nervosa, autism, Down syndrome, and many cancers (check with your instructor).
The information you present should include sufficient detail to demonstrate that you have completed some preliminary research and should present a clear rationale for your choice.
If you're struggling with ideas, think of something you or someone you know may be dealing with. Or perhaps take a look at webMD and see if you find something interesting. Or watch a medical show, like The Good Doctor.
Please change your Title of your discussion post to the name of the disease.
.
Please pick your favorite article from Ms Magazine and do a one.docxcherry686017
Please pick your favorite article from
Ms Magazine
and do a one page (double spaced) write up of how it relates to what you have learned so far in this class
( something under one of these topics: what women's studies \ What is sex ? what is Gender \ secrets of masculinity and Femininity \ theories about the construction of gender \ intersectionality)
.
Please provide discussion of the following1. Weyerhaeuser made .docxcherry686017
Please provide discussion of the following:
1. Weyerhaeuser made a one-year commitment to help their employees living in New Orleans who were victims of Katrina. What types of assistance was provided under this commitment and what impact did it have on the lives of those most affected?
2. Please research and provide an overview of a company that provided assistance to the one of our more recent, natural events.
.
Please provide a summary of the key learning from the chapter. The .docxcherry686017
Please provide a summary of the key learning from the chapter. The summary is expected to be a simple write up, can be free form, and should include:
Brief
description in written form of the concepts that you have learned form reading the chapter.
If you wish (but not mandatory) and
if applicable
, you can cite examples that may illustrate some of the concepts. Examples can be from your our work, academia, experience, other organizations, etc.
There is
No Need
to summarize any of the formulas, graphs, tables, workflows, etc.
Summary should be
concise
and should fit on
No More Than One Page
.
Summary can entered in Canvas, posted or emailed as a document file typed in Microsoft Word, Powerpoint, or any other media that you choose.
.
Please pay close attention to the highlighted areas Please answe.docxcherry686017
Please pay close attention to the highlighted areas
Please answer all questions that are highlighted in red
Please write two full and complete pages
Cite your sources
Please use more of your own words than other authors
The job of the Supreme Court is to apply the Constitution, not to make public policy. That means that if they're doing their job, the specific outcomes of the decision shouldn't be a factor in their decision. That's why, sometimes, bad guys go free because the police violated a rule that protects all of us in we're accused of wrongdoing. Free speech can also be troublesome. It sounds a lot better in theory than it sometimes turns out in practice.
Find a Supreme Court case called Elonis v. United States (Links to an external site.).
What can you say and not say on social media? Where does your freedom of speech end and become a specific threat to another person?
Read about the case and write a 2 - 5 page essay telling your reader what the case was about, what the court majority decided and why. If you were a Supreme Court Justice, what would your decision have been and why?
Submit in Word. Cite your sources.
Resources
The SCOTUS blog is always a great place to start: http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/elonis-v-united-states/ (Links to an external site.)
The Cornell Law School also: https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/cert/13-983 (Links to an external site.)
As always, the New York Times is a great resource for Supreme Court cases: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/02/us/supreme-court-rules-in-anthony-elonis-online-threats-case.html (Links to an external site.)
.
Please pay attention to the topicZero Plagiarisfive referenc.docxcherry686017
Please pay attention to the topic
Zero Plagiaris
five references
Post
an explanation of whether psychotherapy has a biological basis. Explain how culture, religion, and socioeconomics might influence one’s perspective of the value of psychotherapy treatments. Support your rationale with evidence-based literature.
Wheeler, K. (Eds.). (2014).
Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse: A how-to guide for evidence-based practice
(2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company
.
PLEASE OPEN THE ATTACH MENTWhen a dietary supplement is consid.docxcherry686017
PLEASE OPEN THE ATTACH MENT
When a dietary supplement is considered food and when is it considered a drug? Describe in detail why and when someone would need to take a dietary supplement. Is monitoring your nutritional intake important? Why or Why not? Please provide examples in paragraph form. What is your perception of a healthy diet, why and what does it consist of?
.
Please make sure that it is your own work and not copy and paste. Wa.docxcherry686017
Please make sure that it is your own work and not copy and paste. Watch out for grammar errors and spelling errors. Use the APA format.
Book Refernce: Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2019).
Organizational behavior
(18th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.
How do you distinguish between attitudes and moods? What is one example that supports your position? As you address the question, you are to consider how outside sources might be used to support your position.
.
please no plagiarism, 5 pages and fallow the rubic Quantitat.docxcherry686017
please no plagiarism, 5 pages and fallow the rubic
Quantitative Research Design. Rigor and Validity in Quantitative Research.
Title Page: Title of article, journal information and your name and date
1 point
Your score
Abstract: Brief summary of article (1-2 paragraphs)
1 points
The Problem: (2 or 3 paragraphs)
Is the problem clearly stated?
Is the problem practically important?
What is the purpose of the study?
What is the hypothesis?
Are the key terms defined?
3 points
Review of Literature: (1 -2 paragraphs)
Are the cited sources pertinent to the study?
Is the review too broad or too narrow?
Are the references recent?
Is there any evidence of bias?
2 points
Design and Procedures: (3-4 paragraphs)
What research methodology was used?
Was it a replica study or an original study?
What measurement tools were used?
How were the procedures structures?
Was a pilot study conducted?
What are the variables?
How was sampling performed?
3 points
Data analysis and Presentation: (1 - 2 paragraphs)
2 points
How was data analyzed?
Did findings support the hypothesis and purpose?
Were weaknesses and problems discussed?
Conclusions and Implications: (2-3 paragraphs)
3 points
Are the conclusions of the study related to the original purpose?
Were the implications discussed?
Whom the results and conclusions will affect?
What recommendations were made at the conclusion?
What is your overall assessment of the study and the article?
Total
15 points
(100%)
Grade
.
Please make sure to follow the below.Please note that this is .docxcherry686017
Please make sure to follow the below.
Please note that this is a formal writing, all references (peer-reviewed) mostly must be cited appropriately within the text.
Clearly avoid plagiarism.
The paper should have a minimum of 10 pages, 1.5 spacing and Times New Roman font.
A minimum of 5 peer review references must be provided.
Reference style is APA.
.
Please make revision in the prospectus checklist assignment base.docxcherry686017
Please make revision in the prospectus checklist assignment based on my professor feedback. For now, she wants to only focus on (1) the problem statement, (2) the practice focus question, (3) the social change.
I’m also attaching a copy of the previous prospectus draft which the professor returned to me with her feedback. Also, I included an outline of the project in the file section (see attached file).
Include as many scholarly references (at least 10) as needed and cite often.
APA format required.
Due on Sunday 10/06/19 by 12pm America/New York time.
.
Please note research can NOT be on organization related to minors, i.docxcherry686017
Please note research can NOT be on organization related to minors, incarcerated individuals or mental health co morbidities. Research a selected local, national, or global nonprofit organization or government agency to determine how it contributes to public health and safety improvements, promotes equal opportunity, and improves the quality of life within the community. Submit your findings in a 3-5 page report.
As you begin to prepare this assessment, it would be an excellent choice to complete the Nonprofit Organizations and Community Health activity. Complete this activity to gain insight into promoting equal opportunity and improving the quality of life in a community. The information gained from completing this activity will help you succeed with the assessment.
Professional Context
Many organizations work to better local and global communities' quality of life and promote health and safety in times of crisis. As public health and safety advocates, nurses must be cognizant of how such organizations help certain populations. As change agents, nurses must be aware of factors that impact the organization and the services that it offers. Familiarity with these organizations enables the nurse to offer assistance as a volunteer and source of referral.
This assessment provides an opportunity for you gain insight into the mission, vision, and operations of a community services organization of interest.
Demonstration of Proficiency
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:
Competency 1: Analyze health risks and health care needs among distinct populations.
Explain how an organization’s work impacts the health and/or safety needs of a local community.
Competency 2: Propose health promotion strategies to improve the health of populations.
Explain how an organization’s mission and vision enable it to contribute to public health and safety improvements.
Competency 3: Evaluate health policies, based on their ability to achieve desired outcomes.
Assess the impact of funding sources, policy, and legislation on an organization’s provision of services.
Competency 4: Integrate principles of social justice in community health interventions.
Evaluate an organization’s ability to promote equal opportunity and improve the quality of life within a community.
Competency 5: Apply professional, scholarly communication strategies to lead health promotion and improve population health.
Write clearly and concisely in a logically coherent and appropriate form and style.
Note:
Complete the assessments in this course in the order in which they are presented.
Preparation
Assume you are interested in expanding your role as a nurse and are considering working in an area where you can help to promote equal opportunity and improve the quality of life within the local or global community. You are aware of the work .
please no plagiarism our class uses Turnitin You are expected to pr.docxcherry686017
please no plagiarism our class uses Turnitin You are expected to provide supporting details for your responses; that support may come from the points covered in the readings and additional external research all source must be cited and listed (
appropriately cited
) in APA
.
Please know that the score is just a ball-park and d.docxcherry686017
Please know that the score is just a ball-park and doesn't represent a grade that would be equivalent to a final paper. I suggest reviewing this as well as the prompt / student samples again.
Hi, this has potential -- the evidence is apparent. Remember this is
Summary, not….lists, and it must be clear where the evidence is from via source attribution.
company name / job -- title?
source?
I have not idea where this evidence is from
oh, boy - -this is way off. making a list is not part of the assignment / summary is with source attribution
I don't mind a table or chart but where is it from and what is the purpose of it.
I'm not seeing a government source
Field Research Project
ORIGINALITY REPORT
12%
SIMILARITY INDEX
5%
INTERNET SOURCES
0%
PUBLICATIONS
9%
STUDENT PAPERS
PRIMARY SOURCES
(
1
) (
3
)Submitted to Florida International University
Student Paper %
www.l3harris.com
(
2
) (
3
) (
3
) (
2
%
)Internet Source %
Submitted to Embry Riddle Aeronautical University
(
1
)Student Paper
Submitted to Florida Institute of Technology
(
4
)Student Paper %
www.electricalengineer.com
(
5
) (
1
)Internet Source %
www.wsj.com
(
6
) (
7
) (
1
) (
1
%
)Internet Source %
Submitted to Southern State Community College
Student Paper
Exclude quotes On Exclude bibliography On
Exclude matches < 5 words
Field Research Project
GRADEMARK REPORT
FINAL GRADE
8/10
GENERAL COMMENTS
Instructor
PAGE 1
Text Comment. Please know that the score is just a ball-park and doesn't represent a grade that would be equivalent to a final paper. I suggest reviewing this as well as the prompt / student examples again.
Text Comment. Eisa, this has potential -- the evidence is apparent. Remember this is summary, not...lists, and it must be clear where the evidence is from via source attribution.
PAGE 2
Text Comment. company name / job -- title?
Text Comment. source?
Text Comment. I have not idea where this evidence is from
Text Comment. oh, boy - -this is way off. making a list is not part of the assignment / summary is with source attribution
PAGE 3
Text Comment. I don't mind a table or chart but where is it from and what is the purpose of it.
PAGE 4
PAGE 5
PAGE 6
Text Comment. I'm not seeing a government source
PAGE 7
RUBRIC: 305 REVISED RESEARCH
RESEARCH (30%)
0 / 100
0 / 100
Level of sources' quality, relevance & usefulness in helping to target future resume, and cover letter or graduate school statement.
AMAZING (100)
EXCELLENT (95)
PRETTY GOOD (90)
GOOD (85)
BETTER THAN ADEQUATE (80)
ADEQUATE (75)
MUCH REVISION NEEDED
(70)
INADEQUATE (65)
NO PASSION (60)
DOCUMENTATION (30%) 0 / 100
Level of proficiency in providing accurate & consistent quote and reference attribution, both within written text and in source listing at end.
AMAZING (100)
EXCELLENT (95)
PRETTY GOOD (90)
GOOD (85)
BETTER THAN ADEQUATE
(80)
ADEQUATE (75)
MUCH REV.
Please note that the Reflections must have 1. MLA format-.docxcherry686017
Please note that the Reflections must have:
1. MLA format-look up the link if you are not sure
2. Single spaced the entire assignment or page
3. One page only
4. Times New Roman, font 12
5. Quotations with page numbers
6. Point and Explanations do not have the author's name in it.
Be careful. I will deduct a point for each error. If you don't single space your writing, I will not read it.
.
Please make sure you talk about the following (IMO)internati.docxcherry686017
Please make sure you talk about the following
* (IMO)international maritime law institute
* historical background
* Concept of Maritime law
*The principle provision of modern law
* Territorial seas
* Contiguous zone
.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
THE END OF POVERTY By Jeffrey D SachsWe can banish extreme pov.docx
1. THE END OF POVERTY
By Jeffrey D Sachs
We can banish extreme poverty in our generation--yet 8 million
people die each year because they are too poor to survive. The
trag edy is that with a little help, they could even thrive. In a
bold new book, Jeffrey D. Sachs shows how we can make it
happen
It is still midmorning in Malawi when we arrive at a small
village, Nthandire, about an hour outside of Lilongwe, the
capital. We have come over dirt roads, passing women and
children walking barefoot with water jugs, wood for fuel, and
other bundles. The midmorning temperature is sweltering. In
this subsistence maize-growing region of a poor, landlocked
country in southern Africa, families cling to life on an
unforgiving terrain. This year has been a lot more difficult than
usual because the rains have failed. The crops are withering in
the fields that we pass.
If the village were filled with able-bodied men, who could have
built rainwater-collecting units on rooftops and in the fields, the
situation would not be so dire. But as we arrive in the village,
we see no able-bodied young men at all. In fact, older women
and dozens of children greet us, but there is not a young man or
woman in sight. Where, we ask, are the workers? Out in the
fields? The aid worker who has led us to the village shakes his
head sadly and says no. Nearly all are dead. The village has
been devastated by AIDS.
The presence of death in Nthandire has been overwhelming in
recent years. The grandmothers whom we meet are guardians for
their orphaned grandchildren. The margin of survival is
extraordinarily narrow; sometimes it closes entirely. One
woman we meet in front of her mud hut has 15 orphaned
grandchildren. Her small farm plot, a little more than an acre in
all, would be too small to feed her family even if the rains had
been plentiful. The soil nutrients have been depleted so
2. significantly
in this part of Malawi that crop yields reach only about a half-
ton per acre, about one-third of normal. This year, because of
the drought, she will get almost nothing. She reaches into her
apron and pulls out a handful of semi-rotten, bug-infested
millet, which will be the basis for the gruel she will prepare for
the meal that evening. It will be the one meal the children have
that day.
I ask her about the health of the children. She points to a child
of about 4 and says that the girl contracted malaria the week
before. The woman had carried her grandchild on her back for
the six miles to the local hospital. When they got there, there
was no quinine, the antimalarial medicine, available that day.
With the child in high fever, the two were sent home and told to
return the next day. In a small miracle, when they returned after
another six-mile trek, the quinine had come in, and the child
responded to treatment and survived. It was a close call though.
More than 1 million African children, and perhaps as many as 3
million, succumb to malaria each year.
As we proceed through the village, I stoop down to ask one of
the young girls her name and age. She looks about 7 or 8 but is
actually 12, stunted from years of undernutrition. When I ask
her what her dreams are for her own life, she says that she
wants to be a teacher and that she is prepared to study and work
hard to achieve that. I know that her chances of surviving to go
on to secondary school and a teachers college are slim under the
circumstances.
The plight of Malawi has been rightly described by Carol
Bellamy, head of UNICEF, as the perfect storm of human
deprivation, one that brings together climatic disaster,
impoverishment, the AIDS pandemic and the long-standing
burdens of malaria, schistosomiasis and other diseases. In the
face of this horrific maelstrom, the world community has so far
displayed a fair bit of hand-wringing and even some high-
minded rhetoric, but precious little action. It is no good to
lecture the dying that they should have done better with their lot
3. in life. Rather it is our task to help them onto the ladder of
development, to give them at least a foothold on the bottom
rung, from which they can then proceed to climb on their own.
This is a story about ending poverty in our time. It is not a
forecast. I am not predicting what will happen, only explaining
what can happen. Currently, more than 8 million people around
the world die each year because they are too poor to stay
alive. Every morning our newspapers could report, "More than
20,000 people perished yesterday of extreme poverty." How?
The poor die in hospital wards that lack drugs, in villages that
lack antimalarial bed nets, in houses that lack safe drinking
water. They die namelessly, without public comment. Sadly,
such stories rarely get written.
Since Sept. 11, 2001, the U.S. has launched a war on terrorism,
but it has neglected the deeper causes of global instability. The
nearly $500 billion that the U.S. will spend this year on the
military will never buy lasting peace if the U.S. continues to
spend only one-thirtieth of that, around $16 billion, to address
the plight of the poorest of the poor, whose societies are
destabilized by extreme poverty. The $16 billion represents
0.15% of U.S. income, just 15¢ on every $100 of our national
income. The share devoted to helping the poor has declined for
decades and is a tiny fraction of what the U.S. has repeatedly
promised, and failed, to give.
Yet our generation, in the U.S. and abroad, can choose to end
extreme poverty by the year 2025. To do it, we need to adopt a
new method, which I call "clinical economics," to underscore
the similarities between good development economics and good
clinical medicine. In the past quarter-century, the development
economics imposed by rich countries on the poorest countries
has been too much like medicine in the 18th century, when
doctors used leeches to draw blood from their patients, often
killing them in the process. Development economics needs an
overhaul in order to be much more like modern medicine, a
profession of rigor, insight and practicality. The sources of
poverty are multidimensional. So are the solutions. In my view,
4. clean water, productive soils and a functioning health-care
system are just as relevant to development as foreign exchange
rates. The task of ending extreme poverty is a collective one--
for you as well as for me. The end of poverty will require a
global network of cooperation among people who have never
met and who do not necessarily trust one another.
One part of the puzzle is relatively easy. Most people in the
world, with a little bit of prodding, would accept the fact that
schools, clinics, roads, electricity, ports, soil nutrients, clean
water and sanitation are the basic necessities not only for a life
of dignity and health but also to make an economy work. They
would also accept the fact that the poor may need help to meet
their basic needs. But they might be skeptical that the world
could pull off any effective way to give that help. If the poor
are poor because they are lazy or their governments are corrupt,
how could global cooperation help?
Fortunately, these common beliefs are misconceptions--only a
small part of the explanation of why the poor are poor. In all
corners of the world, the poor face structural challenges that
keep them from getting even their first foot on the ladder of
development. Most societies with the right ingredients--good
harbors, close contacts with the rich world, favorable climates,
adequate energy sources and freedom from epidemic disease--
have escaped extreme poverty. The world's remaining challenge
is not mainly to overcome laziness and corruption, but rather to
take on the solvable problems of geographic isolation, disease
and natural hazards, and to do so with new arrangements of
political responsibility that can get the job done. We need plans,
systems, mutual accountability and financing mechanisms. But
even before we have all of that apparatus in place--what I call
the economic plumbing--we must first understand more
concretely what such a strategy means to the people who can be
helped.
Nearly half the 6 billion people in the world are poor. As a
matter of definition, there are three degrees of poverty: extreme
(or absolute) poverty, moderate poverty and relative poverty.
5. Extreme poverty, defined by the World Bank as getting by on an
income of less than $1 a day, means that households cannot
meet basic needs for survival. They are chronically hungry,
unable to get health care, lack safe drinking water and
sanitation, cannot afford education for their children and
perhaps lack rudimentary shelter--a roof to keep rain out of the
hut--and basic articles of clothing, like shoes. We can describe
extreme poverty as "the poverty that kills." Unlike moderate or
relative poverty, extreme poverty now exists only in developing
countries. Moderate poverty, defined as living on $1 to $2 a
day, refers to conditions in which basic needs are met, but just
barely. Being in relative poverty, defined by a household
income level below a given proportion of the national average,
means lacking things that the middle class now takes for
granted.
The total number of people living in extreme poverty, the World
Bank estimates, is 1.1 billion, down from 1.5 billion in 1981.
While that is progress, much of the one-sixth of humanity in
extreme poverty suffers the ravages of AIDS, drought, isolation
and civil wars, and is thereby trapped in a vicious cycle of
deprivation and death. Moreover, while the economic boom in
East Asia has helped reduce the proportion of
the extreme poor in that region from 58% in 1981 to 15% in
2001, and in South Asia from 52% to 31%, the situation is
deeply entrenched in Africa, where almost half of the
continent's population lives in extreme poverty--a proportion
that has actually grown worse over the past two decades as the
rest of the world has grown more prosperous.
A few centuries ago, vast divides in wealth and poverty around
the world did not exist. Just about everybody was poor, with the
exception of a very small minority of rulers and large
landowners. Life was as difficult in much of Europe as it was in
India or China. Your great-great-grandparents were, with very
few exceptions, poor and living on a farm. The onset of the
Industrial Revolution, supported by a rise in agricultural
productivity, unleashed an explosive period of modern
6. economic growth. Both population and per-capita income came
unstuck, rising at rates never before imagined. The global
population rose more than sixfold in just two centuries, while
the world's average per-capita income rose even faster,
increasing around ninefold between 1820 and 2000. In today's
rich countries, the economic growth was even more astounding.
The U.S. per-capita income increased almost 25-fold during this
period. In beholding that success, many people embrace faulty
social theories of those differences. When a society is
economically dominant, it is easy for its members to assume
that such dominance reflects a deeper superiority--whether
religious, racial, genetic, ethnic, cultural or institutional--rather
than an accident of timing or geography.
Such theories justified brutal forms of exploitation of the poor
during colonial rule, and they persist even today among those
who lack an understanding of what happened and is still
happening in the Third World. In fact, the failure of the Third
World to grow as rapidly as the First World is the result of a
complex mix of factors, some geographical, some historical and
some political. Imperial rule often left the conquered regions
bereft of education, health care, indigenous political leadership
and adequate physical infrastructure. Often, newly independent
countries in the post--World War II period made disastrous
political choices, such as socialist economic models or a drive
for self-sufficiency behind inefficient trade barriers. But
perhaps most pertinent today, many regions that got left furthest
behind have faced special obstacles and hardships: diseases
such as malaria, drought-prone climates in locations not suitable
for irrigation, extreme isolation in mountains and landlocked
regions, an absence of energy resources such as coal, gas and
oil, and other liabilities
that have kept these areas outside of the mainstream of global
economic growth. Countries ranging from Bolivia to Malawi to
Afghanistan face challenges almost unknown in the rich world,
challenges that are at first harrowing to contemplate, but on
second thought encouraging in the sense that they also lend
7. themselves to practical solutions.
In the past quarter-century, when poor countries have pleaded
with the rich world for help, they have been sent to the world
money doctor, the International Monetary Fund. For a quarter-
century, and changing only very recently, the main IMF
prescription has been budgetary belt-tightening for patients
much too poor to own belts. IMF-led austerity has frequently
resulted in riots, coups and the collapse of public services.
Finally, however, that approach is beginning to change.
It has taken me 20 years to understand what good development
economics should be, and I am still learning. In my role as
director of the U.N. Millennium Project, which has the goal of
helping to cut the world's extreme poverty in half by 2015, I
spent several eye-opening days with colleagues last July in a
group of eight Kenyan villages known as the Sauri sublocation
in the Siaya district of Nyanza province. We visited farms,
clinics, hospitals and schools. We found a region beset by
hunger, AIDS and malaria. The situation is grim, but
salvageable.
More than 200 members of the community came to meet with us
one afternoon. Hungry, thin and ill, they stayed for 3 1/2 hours,
speaking with dignity, eloquence and clarity about their
predicament. They are impoverished, but they are capable and
resourceful. Though struggling to survive, they are not
dispirited but are determined to improve their situation. They
know well how they could get back to high ground.
The meeting took place on the grounds of a school called the
Bar Sauri Primary School, where headmistress Anne Marcelline
Omolo shepherds hundreds of schoolchildren through primary
education and the travails of daily life. Despite disease,
orphanhood and hunger, all 33 of last year's eighth-grade class
passed the Kenyan national secondary-school exams. On a
Sunday last July, we saw why. On their "day off" from school,
this year's class of eighth-graders sat at their desks from 6:30
a.m. until 6 p.m. preparing months in advance for this year's
national examinations in November. Unfortunately, many who
8. will pass the exams will be unable to take a position in a
secondary school because of lack of money for tuition,
uniforms and supplies. Nonetheless, to boost the fortitude of the
eighth-graders during the critical examination year, the
community provides them with a midday meal, cooked with
wood and water the students bring from home. Alas, the
community is currently unable to provide midday meals for the
younger children, who must fend for themselves.
When our village meeting got under way, I canvassed the group
and got very perceptive accounts of the grim situation. Only two
of the 200 farmers at the meeting reported using fertilizer at
present. Around 25% are using improved fallows with nitrogen-
fixing trees, a scientific farming approach developed and
introduced into Sauri by the World Agroforestry Center. With
this novel technique, villagers grow trees that naturally return
nitrogen to the soil by converting it from the atmosphere, thus
dramatically improving yields. The new method could be used
throughout the village if more money were available for
planting the trees alongside their maize crops.
The rest of the community is farming on tiny plots, sometimes
no more than one-quarter of an acre, with soils that are so
depleted of nutrients and organic matter that even if the rains
are good, the households still go hungry. If the rains fail, the
households face the risk of death from severe undernutrition.
Stunting, meaning low height for one's age, is widespread, a
sign of pervasive and chronic undernutrition of the children.
The real shocker came with my follow-up question. How many
farmers had used fertilizers in the past? Every hand in the room
went up. Farmer after farmer described how the price of
fertilizer was now out of reach, and how their current
impoverishment left them unable to purchase what they had
used in the past.
As the afternoon unfolded, the gravity of the community's
predicament became more apparent. I asked how many
households were home to one or more orphaned children left
behind by the AIDS pandemic. Virtually every hand in the room
9. shot up. I asked how many households were receiving
remittances from family members living in Nairobi and other
cities. The response was that the only things coming back from
the cities were coffins and orphans, not remittances.
I asked how many households had somebody currently suffering
from malaria. Around three-fourths of the hands shot up. How
many use antimalarial bed nets?
Two out of 200 hands went up. How many knew about bed nets?
All hands. And how many would like to use bed nets? All hands
remained up. The problem, many of the women explained, is
that they cannot afford the bed nets, which sell for a few dollars
per net, and are too expensive even when partially subsidized by
international donor agencies.
A few years back, Sauri's residents cooked with locally
collected wood, but the decline in the number of trees has left
the area bereft of sufficient fuel. Villagers said that they now
buy pieces of fuel wood in Yala or Muhanda, a bundle of seven
sticks costing around 30¢. Not only are seven sticks barely
enough to cook one meal, but for a lack of 30¢, many villagers
had in fact reverted to cooking with cow dung or to eating
uncooked meals.
The dying village's isolation is stunning. There are no cars or
trucks owned or used within Sauri, and only a handful of
villagers said they had ridden in any kind of motorized transport
during the past year. Around half of the individuals at the
meeting said that they had never made a phone call in their
entire lives.
This village could be rescued, but not by itself. Survival
depends on addressing a series of specific challenges, all of
which can be met with known, proven, reliable and appropriate
technologies and interventions. (Thanks to a grant from the
Lenfest Foundation in the U.S., the Earth Institute at Columbia
University will put some novel ideas to work in Sauri.) Sauri's
villages, and impoverished villages like them all over the world,
can be set on a path of development at a cost that is tiny for the
world but too high for the villages themselves and for the
10. Kenyan government on its own. African safari guides speak of
the Big Five animals to watch for on the savannah. The world
should speak of the Big Five development interventions that
would spell the difference between life and death for the
savannah's people. Sauri's Big Five are:
BOOSTING AGRICULTURE With fertilizers, cover crops,
irrigation and improved seeds, Sauri's farmers could triple their
food yields and quickly end chronic hunger. Grain could be
protected in locally made storage bins using leaves from the
improved fallow species tephrosia, which has insecticide
properties.
IMPROVING BASIC HEALTH A village clinic with one doctor
and nurse for the 5,000 residents would provide free
antimalarial bed nets, effective antimalarial medicines and
treatments for HIV/ AIDS opportunistic infections.
INVESTING IN EDUCATION Meals for all the children at the
primary school could improve the health of the kids, the quality
of education and the attendance at school. Expanded vocational
training for the students could teach them the skills of modern
farming, computer literacy, basic infrastructure maintenance
and carpentry. The village is ready and eager to be empowered
by increased information and technical knowledge.
BRINGING POWER Electricity could be made available to the
villages either via a power line or an off-grid diesel generator.
The electricity would power lights and perhaps a computer for
the school; pumps for safe well water; power for milling grain,
refrigeration and other needs. The villagers emphasized that the
students would like to study after sunset but cannot do so
without electric lighting.
PROVIDING CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION With
enough water points and latrines for the safety of the entire
village, women and children would save countless hours of toil
each day fetching water. The water could be provided through a
combination of protected springs, rainwater harvesting and
other basic technologies.
The irony is that the cost of these services for Sauri's 5,000
11. residents would be very low. My Earth Institute colleagues and
I estimated that the combined cost of these improvements, even
including the cost of treatment for AIDS, would total only $70
per person per year, or around $350,000 for all of Sauri. The
benefits would be astounding. Sooner rather than later, these
investments would repay themselves not only in lives saved,
children educated and communities preserved, but also in direct
commercial returns to the villages and the chance for self-
sustaining economic growth.
The international donor community should be thinking round-
the-clock of one question: How can the Big Five interventions
be done on a larger scale in rural areas similar to Sauri? With a
population of some 33 million people, of whom two-thirds are
in rural areas, Kenya would need annual investments on the
order of $1.5 billion for its Sauris, with donors filling most of
that financing gap, since the national government is already
stretched beyond its means. Instead, donor support for
investment in rural Kenya is perhaps $100 million, or a mere
one-fifteenth of what is needed. And Kenya's debt service to the
rich world is several hundred million dollars per year. Kenya's
budget is still being drained by the international community, not
bolstered by it. This is all the more remarkable since Kenya is a
new and fragile democracy that should be receiving
considerable help.
The outside world has pat answers concerning extremely
impoverished countries, especially those in Africa. Everything
comes back, again and again, to corruption and misrule.
Western officials argue that Africa simply needs to behave itself
better, to allow market forces to operate without interference by
corrupt rulers. Yet the critics of African governance have it
wrong. Politics simply can't explain Africa's prolonged
economic crisis. The claim that Africa's corruption is the basic
source of the problem does not withstand serious scrutiny.
During the past decade I witnessed how relatively well-
governed countries in Africa, such as Ghana, Malawi, Mali and
Senegal, failed to prosper, whereas societies in Asia perceived
12. to have extensive corruption, such as Bangladesh, Indonesia and
Pakistan, enjoyed rapid economic growth.
What is the explanation? Every situation of extreme poverty
around the world contains some of its own unique causes, which
need to be diagnosed just as a doctor would a patient. For
example, Africa is burdened with malaria like no other part of
the world, simply because it is unlucky in providing the perfect
conditions for that disease: high temperatures, plenty of
breeding sites and particular species of malaria-transmitting
mosquitoes that prefer to bite humans rather than cattle.
Another myth is that the developed world already gives plenty
of aid to the world's poor. Former U.S. Secretary of the
Treasury Paul O'Neill expressed a common frustration when he
remarked about aid for Africa: "We've spent trillions of dollars
on these problems and we have damn near nothing to show for
it." O'Neill was no foe of foreign aid. Indeed, he wanted to fix
the system so that more U.S. aid could be justified. But he was
wrong to believe that vast flows of aid to Africa had been
squandered. President Bush said in a press conference in April
2004 that as "the greatest power on the face of the earth, we
have an obligation to help the spread of freedom. We have an
obligation to feed the hungry." Yet how does the U.S. fulfill its
obligation? U.S. aid to farmers in poor countries to help them
grow more food runs at around $200 million per year, far less
than $1 per person per year for the hundreds of millions of
people living in subsistence farm households.
From the world as a whole, the amount of aid per African per
year is really very small, just $30 per sub-Saharan African in
2002. Of that modest amount, almost $5 was actually for
consultants from the donor countries, more than $3 was for
emergency aid, about $4 went for servicing Africa's debts and
$5 was for debt-relief operations. The rest, about $12, went to
Africa. Since the "money down the drain" argument is heard
most frequently in the U.S., it's worth looking at the same
calculations for U.S. aid alone. In 2002, the U.S. gave $3 per
sub-Saharan African. Taking out the parts for U.S. consultants
13. and technical cooperation, food and other emergency aid,
administrative costs and debt relief, the aid per African came to
the grand total of perhaps 6¢.
The U.S. has promised repeatedly over the decades, as a
signatory to global agreements like the Monterrey Consensus of
2002, to give a much larger proportion of its annual output,
specifically up to 0.7% of GNP, to official development
assistance. The U.S.'s failure to follow through has no political
fallout domestically, of course, because not one in a million
U.S. citizens even knows of statements like the Monterrey
Consensus. But we should not underestimate the salience that it
has abroad. Spin as we might in the U.S. about our generosity,
the poor countries are fully aware of what we are not doing.
The costs of action are a tiny fraction of the costs of inaction.
And yet we must carry out these tasks in a context of global
inertia, proclivities to war and prejudice, and understandable
skepticism around the world that this time can be different from
the past. Here are nine steps to the goal:
COMMIT TO THE TASK. Oxfam and many other leaders in
civil society have embraced the goal of Making Poverty History.
The world as a whole needs now to embrace the goal.
ADOPT A PLAN OF ACTION. The U.N.'s Millennium
Development Goals, approved by all of the world's governments
at the start of the millennium, are the down payment on ending
poverty. The MDGs set out specific targets for cutting poverty,
hunger, disease and environmental degradation by 2015 and
thereby laid the foundation for eliminating extreme poverty by
2025. The rich and poor countries have solemnly agreed to work
toward fulfilling the MDGs. The key is to follow through.
RAISE THE VOICE OF THE POOR. Mahatma Gandhi and
Martin Luther King Jr. did not wait for the rich and powerful to
come to their rescue. They asserted their call to justice and
made their stand in the face of official arrogance and neglect. It
is time for the democracies in the poor world--Brazil, India,
Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa and dozens of others--to join
together to issue the call to action.
14. REDEEM THE U.S. ROLE IN THE WORLD. The richest and
most powerful country, long the leader and inspiration in
democratic ideals, is barely participating in global efforts to end
poverty and protect the environment, thus undermining its own
security. It's time to honor the commitment to give 0.7% of our
national income to these crucial goals.
RESCUE THE IMF AND WORLD BANK. They have the
experience and technical sophistication to play an important
role. They have the internal motivation of a highly professional
staff. Yet they have been used like debt-collection agencies for
the big creditor countries. It's time to restore their role in
helping all 182 of their member countries, not just the rich
ones, in the pursuit of enlightened globalization.
STRENGTHEN THE U.N. It is no use blaming the U.N. for the
missteps of recent years. Why are U.N. agencies less
operational than they should be? Not because of "U.N.
bureaucracy," though that exists, but because the powerful
countries fear ceding more authority. Yet U.N. specialized
agencies have a core role to play in the ending of poverty. It is
time to empower the likes of the U.N. Children's Fund
(UNICEF), the World Health Organization (WHO), the Food
and Agricultural Organization (FAO), and many others to do the
job--on the ground, country by country.
HARNESS GLOBAL SCIENCE. New technology has led
directly to improved standards of living, yet science tends to
follow market forces as well as to lead them. It is not surprising
that the rich get richer in a continuing cycle of growth while the
poorest are often left behind. A special effort should be made
by the powerhouses of world science to address the unmet
challenges of the poor.
PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. Ending extreme
poverty can relieve many of the pressures on the environment.
When impoverished households are more productive on their
farms, for example, they face less pressure to cut down
neighboring forests in search of new farmland. Still, even as
extreme poverty ends,
15. we must not fuel prosperity with a lack of concern for industrial
pollution and the unchecked burning of fossil fuels.
MAKE A PERSONAL COMMITMENT. It all comes back to us.
Individuals, working in unison, form and shape societies. The
final myth I will debunk here is that politicians are punished by
their constituents for supporting actions to help the poor. There
is plenty of experience to show that the broad public will accept
such measures, especially if they see that the rich within their
own societies are asked to meet their fair share of the burden.
Great social forces are the mere accumulation of individual
actions. Let the future say of our generation that we sent forth
mighty currents of hope, and that we worked together to heal
the world.