The Effects Of Athletic Participation On Academic Performance

The Effects Of Athletic Participation On Academic Performance
The purpose of the literature review was to determined the effects of athletic participation on
academic performance and if there were differences between the male and female athletes of the
Mennonite High School. In order to determine whether participating in sporting events have an
impact on the student's academic performance, the researcher collected existing data during the sport
season period, there the participants' assessment grades (AG) were calculated. These scores were
compared with the immediate post season average to see whether there was a significant difference
between the scores received during and after participating in their various sporting activities. There
were studies done that found that the participation of student athletes may not only have positive
effects on their academic achievement but there may also be positive effects in other areas of their
adolescent life. According to the National Federation of State High School Association (NFHS),
students who became involved in sports or extracurricular activities promote lifelong lessons in
teamwork, self–discipline; facilitate the emotional development of the youths. The National
Federation of State High School uses several sources to support their claim that students who
participate in activity programmes have better academic averages, better attendance records, a lower
dropout rate and fewer discipline problems (NFHS, 2002, p.2). March (1992) found that students
who participate in extracurricular
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Arts Principles
Chapter 2: Principles for Effective, High–Quality Out–of–School Time Arts Programs
Chapter 2 is centered on ways to implement effective improvements to OST art programs using
stated and latent needs gathered from the participating teens and tweens. Researchers compiled ten
principles that ought to be followed/implemented in order to engage more low–income urban youth.
The ten principles are:
Principle 1: Instructors are professional, practicing artists, and are valued with compensation for
their expertise and investment in their professional development
Principle 2: Executive directors have a public commitment to high–quality arts programs that is
supported by sustained action
Principle 3: Arts programs take place in dedicated, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Closing Remarks
In the closing of the article, researchers were able to conclude that the reason we are seeing an
underutilization of OST arts programs amongst low–income urban youth is because of poor past
experiences that have soiled their desire to participate. Ultimately, what the youth that participated
in the team's focus groups said they wanted aligned with the KOL and case–study informed
principles.
Basically, the lesser engaged youth desired the principles utilized in higher quality arts programs by
the highly engaged youth. Researchers go on to suggest that this is the aspect that could lead the
lesser engaged youth to the next level. To fix the damage that has been done, the team suggests that
improving the quality of art programs overall will start to affect an increasing number of youth.
According to this line of thinking, word of mouth will eventually spread, which would greatly
increase.
How It Applies
Although the work that we do may not clearly align with the topic addressed by this article, there are
elements that parallel a couple issues with resident turn–out and an overall lack of full–utilization
when it comes to the resources offered by the CHA. The following are a few of my suggestions and
thoughts, but keep in mind that I am not completely

Limited Alumni Engagement
Limited Alumni Engagement Due to Campus Experience Very few studies focus on the limited
engagement of Black alumni who graduate from PWIs. Even fewer offer suggestions as to how to
increase this engagement. Black alumni are more likely to be engaged with the university when they
have had positive undergraduate experiences (Gaier, 2005). These positive experiences are due to
the relationships that were developed while they were students on campus. Newman and Petrosko
(2011) describe it as a positive emotional attachment, which generates alumni loyalty. Many Black
alumni who graduated from this PWI, don't feel connected to the campus. They only choose to be
engaged when there are other engaged Black alumni with whom they had a relationship or when
their engagement helps current Black students. McDearmon (2013) posits that alumni who have a
perceived role of behavior (e.g. it is my duty to support the university through volunteering) are
more likely to be involved with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since many of the participants stated that they did not have a relationship with their classmates, it
makes sense that they would choose not to be engaged with the university based on Gaier's
statement. This also explains why alumni choose to participate in affinity group activities. The
participants who are engaged through affinity groups talked extensively about their interpersonal
relationships with other Black alumni while they were students on campus and wanted to relive
these positive memories. According to Meeuwisse, Severiens, and Born (2010), ethnic minorities
feel less comfortable in their educational environment than their classmates from the dominant
culture, which would explain why Black students would not spend time at their class reunion.
Alumni that are engaged tend to do it for the benefit of the students which is discussed

Does the Traditional Sports Development Continuum...
Introduction
Collins (1995) defined Sports Development as a process in which real opportunities, processes,
systems and structure are created to boost people participation into sport and recreation or to
improve their performance to any grade they wish to achieve. By that time in the UK, Sport
Development was linked to increase participation and creation of opportunities, as Collins highlights
in his definition. The term has evolved and is defined by Hylton and Braham (2008: 8) as "a term
used to describe policies, processes and practices that form an integral feature of the work involved
in providing sporting opportunities and positive sporting experiences." Essentially sport
development is about "getting more people involved into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The authors claim that players go through three different stages in sport development: the sampling,
specializing and investment years. Athletes participate in a great number of sports in the sampling
stage (less structures activities, intended to maximize enjoyment and flexible rules adapted to age
(Côté & Hay, 2002); in the remaining two stages, athletes reduce the number of sports played and
focus to practice in deliberate activities related to the sports chosen (this include more organised
activities, involve effort, produce no instant rewards, and are inspired by the desire of improving
performance instead of pure enjoyment; Ericsson et al., 1993).
This developmental model of sport participation explains better why is there such drops outs and re–
engagement in football than the sports development continuum model. DMSP consider the reasons
why athletes participate or not in sports either physical (i.e. training patterns) and psychosocial (i.e.
role of significant others) (Côté et al., 2003 and Côté and Fraser–Thomas, 2007). Some athletes stop
their participation. The sport development continuum model says that only some of the best ones
reach the highest level of the triangle, but do not considered the ones who decide to leave the sport
in and early stage. This happens in football when because the level of competence increase,

Participation
Are Participation Trophies Harming our Children? You've been working so hard all season long, and
everything is leading up to this one tournament. The first game was awful with a loss of twelve to
zero. The whole team is very sad and goes into the second game with a negative attitude. Because of
that, you loose the second game as well and get knocked of the tournament. You think about how all
your hard work just went to waste, but you sigh and remember that you'll still earn a medal anyways
just for participating. Lots of people in the media have been debating this topic recently, and the
sides are pretty much split right in half. Lots of people think that participation trophies are a huge
mistake, but others believe that those awards can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This side of the argument believes that if children don't get any award or recognition they will loose
their passion for the sport, but my side thinks the opposite. If the child is one of the only people
without a trophy they will comeback stronger than ever because they would have something to fight
for. According to psychology today, many of the children that are constantly winning the awards and
trophies over and over again are becoming more and more selfish about the awards (Website #2).
Although, if every person in the competition are earning an award then that is way more selfish kids,
oppose to just one or two

Hart's Ladder of Participation
Critically analyse Hart's Ladder of Participation.
What are the types of decisions children and young people can be involved in, and what is the link
between the children and the adults when the participatory approach is put into practice? When
should adults be more active in guiding children, and when should they step back and allow the
children to work autonomously? Roger Hart (1992) developed a model, the Ladder of participation,
which is made up from eight steps, each step indicate increasing degrees of pupil participation and
dissimilar forms of cooperation with adults. The three lowest steps on the ladder of participation are
called the "non–participation" steps , and they strongly state that many projects claiming to engage
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Throughout group working and appropriate support of facilitation, children may be able to negotiate
'new kinds of relationships and partnerships' as suggested by O 'Kane (2002).
Cases involving children as participants enjoy better efficiency and effectiveness. Children's
participation is considered to lead to better decision–making, whether this is in relation to projects
that are interested on issues of specific concern to the children (Lansdown, 2003) or within
development processes in the wider society (Phillips, 2000).
Additionally, in some people's view, functioning with children may be the most successful way of
bringing out issues of concern within the society as a whole since the young are less self–conscious
in their discussion of matters. It is usually supposed that the Unite Nations Convention on the Rights
of the Child (UNCRC) provides an apparent support for children 's participation.
Actually, this issue has been questioned by quite a few commentators. It is pointed out, for instance,
that the reference in Article 12 to children's developing capacities and the proclamation in Article 3
about children's 'best interests' both offer valuable grounds for adults to take priority over the
expressed ideas and wishes of children ( Cantwell, 1998; Liebel,2000). It can be said that the
UNCRC provides 'a new vision of children'. It combines the recognisable view of the

Evaluation Of An Oral Informed Consent
Methods
Participants
There were 135 participants in this study; 57 were male (43%) and 77 were female (57%), and one
participant did not report gender. Participants age ranged from 16 to 60 (M = 24.08, SD = 7.84).
This sample consisted of 77% Hispanic (N = 104), 11% Caucasian (N = 15), 5% African American
(N = 7), 4% Asian (N = 6), and 2% who reported another ethnicity (N = 3).
Materials and Procedure Participants willing to take–part in this study were asked for an oral
informed consent. An oral "yes" or "no" response was accepted. After consenting to participate,
participants were asked to randomly select one of three "writing task" documents where they were
first asked to describe an event in their life. Once the "writing task" was completed, participants
were asked to complete a written survey titled the "Feeling Questionnaire" where the participant was
asked to reveal how they were currently feeling about themselves. The questionnaire was broken
down into three parts. Part one and part two supplied responses on a rating scale and part three
supplied demographic information.
The questionnaire was set up in a way that questions 1, 2 and 3 in part one were designed to assess a
participant's self–esteem and was measured on a rating scale of 1 to 9 with 1 being strongly disagree
and 9 being strongly agree. The "writing task" was our primary independent variable for this study,
which placed one third of the participants in the Dissonance condition (D), one third

The Total Number Of Clinical Trials
The total number of clinical trials in Portugal has recently experienced a reduction in a
12
13 worrying trend revealing a significant loss of competitiveness in this field. Between 2006 and
14 2012 the number of trials decreased by 26%, i.e. from 160 to 118 studies. The trough in these
16 numbers only arrived in 2011, when just 88 studies took place. This trend shall only either
17
18 prevent or hinder the achievement of social and/or political benefits, such as the improvement
19
20 of medical and supportive care, job creation, the organization of health facilities and early
21 access to innovative medicines and research methodologies 1. The reasons for this decrease
22
23 stem from numerous aspects, including the cost and difficulties of attracting volunteers to
24
25 participate in such studies.
26
27
28 The effectiveness of a clinical trial depends on the size of its sample, sample homogeneity,
29
30 the similarity of the results and the differences among the mean values for each group. In this
31 kind of study, it proves very difficult to achieve the minimum participant numbers required to
32
33 obtain the ideal sample size. This situation occurs for various reasons including the study cost,
34
35 the low frequency of certain diseases, uncertainty about the effects of treatment, and among
36 others 2.
37
38
39
40 Considering this framework, certain actions might be implemented in order to reverse this
41 scenario. Some techniques and marketing strategies

Children 's Full Participation Within Society Essay
In this essay I will look at barriers, both social and practical, that commonly exist to prevent, and or
limit children's full participation within society. Firstly I will define what we mean by the child and
childhood and then ascertain my understanding of both practical and social barriers. Barriers that
prevent any or full participation for children within society are so vast and complex with their many
facets and interpretations that they cannot all be fully explored within this assignment. However of
the various things in which we can look at, I will focus on two key areas of policy and practice
pertinent to the question. Firstly we will look at the government initiative 'Sure Start' and the
policies which feed off this such as 'Every Child Matters' (ECM) and secondly of how children are
viewed in the arena of politics and how this is in line with children's rights and what the UNCRC
want in terms of full participation for all children. Both of these samples are UK based and within
these I will explore to what extent inclusive practices are either effective or tokenistic. I will
conclude with a look back at the essay question with the aim of critically answering whether
children are anywhere near being recognised as full participants, or whether full participation is still
just an ideal.
The child, in the United Kingdom, is categorised within a legal framework as anyone under the age
of eighteen years of age. Thorne, (2009) suggests that childhood follows a pattern

In Order To Ensure All Research Is Meeting Ethical Standards
In order to ensure all research is meeting ethical standards and protocol, an Internal Review Board
(IRB) shall be established to monitor, review, and approve protocols for research studies.
"Institutional review boards are charged with ensuring appropriate respect for research participants
and ensuring that the risks participants face are justified" (Dorenberg,2016). The ethical guidelines
involving human participants will follow the protocol established in the Belmont Report and comply
with the Terms of Assurance for Protection of Human Subjects for Research Institutions in the
United States. (Policies & Procedures, Institutional Review Board, University Hospitals, Cleveland,
OH, 2017)
Examples of research that need board review will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although there may be some invasive procedures, care will be taken to limit as many invasive
procedures as possible. All personal information shall be de–identified to ensure participation
privacy. Any records that contain information that may be construed as sensitive will be inside a
locked a cabinet where only researchers directly involved with the study will have access. All
computers will be password protected with individual sign–on names that shall be linked to each
researcher. To ensure participation is voluntary, every precaution will be taken to make sure
potential participants do not feel intimidated or pressured to enter into the study. If a participant
appears undecided on their involvement, researchers shall not coerce them into participation in any
way.
All participants must have the cognitive mental abilities to make an informed choice before being
admitted into a research study. Participants who lack these abilities must have a legal representative
present who have a full understanding of the information in order to make an informed decision
regarding the participant's role in the study. Children entered into a study must have a legal guardian
or parent present during intake questioning. Participants have the right to withdraw from this study
at any point without question. To ensure participants are informed prior to consent to participate,

Communicative Participation And Its Participation
Communicative Participation Communicative participation can be defined as "how individuals
participate in a range of discourse activities in contextually situated ways that, in turn, reflect on the
manner of their involvement in culture" (Kovarsky, 2003). Communicative participation varies
dramatically based on whom the individual is that is attempting communication, and what the
purpose of the communication is. There are an extraordinary amount of contexts that can affect the
communicative participation as well. Communicative participation is such a broad term that covers
so much, that it is divided into many layers. These layers are overlapping and construct the whole of
communicative participation. The five layers that work to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The first is the example from an article written by Laura Polich, that examines deafness in
Nicaragua. In Nicaragua, deafness is considered a disease that affects more than just your ability to
hear. "This religious worldview has influenced how deaf children, who are so communicatively shut
out of an oral world, were (and are) seen by society: most likely the result of God 's wrath brought
on by some sin" (Polich, 2005, p. 225–226). Being deaf in Nicaragua does not only affect one 's
ability to hear but also their ability to participate in society. Deaf individuals in Nicaragua are
outcasts, their disability is thought to be because someone in their family committed a strong enough
sin that God wanted to place deafness on them. For this reasoning, deaf children used to be hidden
from society, it is less common now, however it does still occur. This all results from the fact that
deaf individuals in Nicaragua can not communicate very much orally. Lacking the ability to speak is
considered a serious detriment, because very few people in Nicaragua had embraced sign language
up until recently. In this respect, the community of Nicaragua had almost no way to communicate
with those around them and were extremely culturally dis–valued. Because of this lack of
communication, in Polich 's survey (1998) (as cited in Polish, 2005) 40% of people responded to the
question "with which [hearing] person living in your

Obstacles For Women 's Participation
Obstacles to Women 's Participation in Sports
The obstacles to women's participation in sports are categorised into three and these are financial,
non–support and time. Financial Influence
Findings from the study indicate that playing sport requires an ability to pay for facilities and
services. Participants complain that the high cost involved in paying for the facilities serve as a
deterrent to their sports participation especially for those who have limited income. Non–
affordability and inability to pay on time to play truncates regular participation. The services that
participants say they require include: employing highly skilled and qualified professionals (coach,
instructors, and etcetera), a physiotherapist, equipment ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is a major challenge for them. Mothers in situations like this say, what they normally do is to
save up towards payment of registration fees. This creates the problem of irregular participation for
them since they have to wait and not play until a period they are able to raise money for the
payments. Findings in the study show that participants who have the habit of impulse spending, tend
to unavoidably find themselves spending more than their budget can support. They end up with
financial troubles especially during sales periods for sports products. For moms, kids also add to the
financial troubles in the case where kids want their moms to buy items they did not budget for.
Buying sale items and customized items which participants actually do not need or not plan for
increase the financial burden of participants. This situation makes it more expensive and more
difficult for participants to afford as they should and play as they wish. Additional cost and
miscellaneous spending on items like– diet/drinks, and memorabilia associated with play go on to
increase the cost of participation. For the team and non–team participants interested in owning or
renting equipment, it is very challenging because participants complain that apart from the high cost,
time becomes an issue since participants will have to wait for their turn to rent. The circumstance of
this nature ends up altering play. Even though there is availability and access

The Importance Of Goals And Academic Goals In Education
Different plants grow in different environments. Their differences are accommodated by their
environment. There should be an understanding that students are the same way. Each student thrives
in different environments of learning. Alicia is a sixth grade student who is not thriving in her
environment. She refuses to participate and becomes anxious at the thought of school. Academically,
Alicia struggles to coherently express her thoughts, and she becomes lost in mathematical problems.
Alicia is not thriving in her environment. By looking into the specifics of Alicia's behavior and
academic goals, one can see how she will be able to meet her goals and flourish in the classroom.
Alicia is a bright student, but part of her hardships lie in certain behaviors that distract her and
distance her in school. One example, would be Alicia's reluctance to answer questions in class and
putting her head down on the desk when she is called upon. In order to focus on this lack of
participation, her first behavior goal would be, "Given a short, daily one–on–one meeting with her
teacher to organize and mentally prepare for the day, Alicia will participate in class three times each
day without being called on, as evaluated by the classroom teacher through a data tracking chart
daily." Breaking this goal down, the first half of the goal would be the modification and
accommodation Alicia will receive. PBIS World provided different interventions for students that
struggle in participation.

Key Principles And Good Practice Within Sports
Key Principles and Good Practice within sports
Sport development is the promotion of sports activities for the community. Successful sports
development depends largely on effective partnership and networking with a wide range of
community groups, service providers, facility operators, National Governing bodies, local
authorities and voluntary groups.Fundamentally sport development is about participation and
promoting the opportunities and benefits of participation. Participation in sport and physical activity
spans a wide range of contexts.Those engaging in sport development must be in the business of
devising better and more effective ways of promoting interest and participation or performance in
sport. Sport development is a questionable and challenged term, particularly as the accurate
importance and utilization of 'sport improvement ' can 't be assumed, as various arrangement and
expert settings have incrementally procured remarkable quality and implications that can 't be
disregarded. Sports development services encourage and deliver an extensive range of high quality
programmes and initatives designed to succeed in a long term and sustainable increase in sport and
physical activity. This is achieved through using the local delivery system for sport and physical
activity working with a network of strong and effective key partners at a national, regional and local
level. The success is underpinned throught a range of development approaches and principles.
Similarly,

Explain The Importance Of Monitoring Jimmy's Behaviour
When monitoring care and progress towards the family's goals to make available to the family an
inform consent form to be able to assess progress of effective goals from other services involved.
This would be helpful for readjustment of goals. When monitoring the progress of Jimmy's
behavior, parents would journal Jimmy's daily actions. They would solicit reports from his school
teacher on his participation and disruption in class. Moreover, with the inform consent release I as
counselor would communicate with each resource program Jimmy and the family are in. This would
give data on what is needed to continue treatment. If Jimmy responding to the services and
accomplishment Jimmy has made within the selective time period for review. With the

The Effects of Alcohol on People's Health
Different researchers have carried out research on the effects of alcohol on people's health, on
people's attention to different activities and their general well–being. The following are some of the
researches that have been carried out by different researchers on factors that affect people's social
attention that may be of importance in carrying out this research.
According to Roberts, W., Miller, M. A., Weafer, J., & Fillmore, M. T. (2014), these researchers
carried out a research on how alcohol inhibits one's attention control. These researchers used a group
of healthy social drinkers to carry out their research. The healthy social drinkers in this experiment
were required to remain attentive in carrying out various tasks by inhibiting different inhibitory
factors that affect one's attention in doing something. It was found that people who drank alcohol
heavily were not able to control their social attention. That is, these people were easily distracted by
different stimuli especially alcohol–related stimuli. On the other hand, people who used alcohol less
often or who did not use it at all were able to control their social attention in doing something. That
is, they were not easily distracted by various stimuli.
Then Birmingham and Kingstone (2009), researched on social attention and what affects it. These
researchers used two groups of adolescents. One group of these adolescents was made of normal and
healthy teenagers while the other group was made of adolescents with

Informed Consent Form For Participation
Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, TX
Informed Consent Form for Participation in Research
Title: Effect of Aquarobics Combined Treatment in Asthmatic Patients
You will be given a copy of the full Informed Consent Form.
Introduction The purpose of this form is to provide you information that may affect you decision as
to whether or not to participate in this research study. The person performing the research will
answer any of your questions. Please read the information below and ask any questions you might
have before deciding whether or not to participate in the study. If you decide to be involved in this
study, this form will be used as evidence of consent.
About the Research You have been asked to participate in a study looking ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It measures how much and how quickly you can move air out of your longs. For this test, you
breathe into a mouthpiece following the instructions of the technician. The mouthpiece is connected
to a recording device, the spirometer, which collects information about your lungs and breathing. A
spirometry takes about 30 minutes.
Take aquarobic classes three times a week offered in our facility for 2 weeks. Aquarobic classes will
be about 30 minutes long and will be supervised by a doctor.
Continue taking your current medications as usual.
How long will the study take? The study will be four weeks long in total. During that time, it will
necessary for you to come to the clinic once the first and once the fourth week of the study for the
spirometry test. During the second and third weeks, you will need to participate in aquarobic classes
three days. These three days are flexible to match your schedule. After the last visit on the fourth
week for the spirometry test, the study will be finished.
What are the risks involved in this study? Possible risks associated with this study include
exhaustion or tiredness and forced breathing during and after aquarobic treatment. Moreover, it is
possible that the aquarobics may not be beneficial. The aquarobic classes will only include basic and

fundamental exercises and you are permitted to stop at any time you feel uncomfortable. A doctor
will be on–site to attend any discomfort or

Specific Weight Loss
The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of one week, sport specific weight loss on the
quadriceps and latissimus dorsi force production in wrestlers with 2 or more years of experience.
The resulting data from this study indicates a the effect of one week, sport specific weight loss on
the quadriceps and latissimus dorsi force production.
Population and Recruitment The sample population for this study was current and former collegiate
wrestlers in the state of Washington with at least two years of experience in wrestling. Further, the
participants were current of former students from either Highline College or Bellevue College. The
age of the participants are between 18–26 years old and must have at least participated in two years
of wrestling to ensure experience in one week weight loss. Participants were recruited and contacted
by the principal investigator through a recruitment email (Appendix A). In addition, the coaches of
the wrestling teams at Highline College and Bellevue College distributed the recruitment email to
his or her athletes. (Appendix B). If the athlete is considering participation of the study, he/she will
receive a response email from the principal investigator with a Physical Activity Readiness
Questionnaire (Appendix C). The coaches did not take part in the study in any way besides ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Further, the Biodex System provides accurate normative data that will allow the principal
investigator to compare the values of the peak and mean force productions in the participant prior to
one–week weight loss and after the one–week weight loss. The Biodex System will be used for two
different strength tests, the leg extension and the latissimus dorsi row test. In addition, there will be
two different velocities for both tests. During both strength tests, the participant will begin at a
velocity of 60 degrees per second, followed by 120 degrees per

Community Participation: Values And Principles Of...
Community Participation
Everyone has a valuable contribution to make and community members can join in at any level.
Volunteers and community members are integral to the decision–making, evaluation, provision,
participation and direction setting at all levels of the organisation.
Community Ownership
Members are actively involved in decision–making and have ownership of the centre's activities. A
voluntary management committee comprising elected members who live, work or participate in the
local community governs each centre. The governance model is developmental, working co–
operatively and collaboratively with staff, volunteers, centre participants and the wider community,
thus generating a range of community benefits.
Empowerment
A process that respects, values and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Values and Principles of Community Development
Community development is sometimes confused with community–based programs, community
research and other forms of community interventions. The most significant feature that distinguishes
community development from other community work is its values and principles.
Below are a list and a brief definition of the values and principles that are typically embodied in
community development programs. Additional information on these terms is available in the
glossary section of this course.
Democratic: The will of the majority must be carried out, but only after all voices are heard and
considered and minority rights are protected.
Inclusive: There are many barriers to participation in society; poverty, disability, age, race and
ethnicity are some other characteristics that often marginalize people. A healthy community
embraces diversity and recognizes that all community members have a right to be heard and
participate in processes that affect their

Best Practice Stakeholder Participation Essay
4. Best practice stakeholder participation
When individual practitioners and stakeholders are asked, much disagreement still exists over what
constitutes best practice. Q methodology identify four distinct views of best practice from those who
had taken part in ten participatory processes, who differed over how to tackle issues of power and
trust, and the role of strong leadership/direction and scientific information. However, such views are
not contradiction. (Webler and Tuler, 2006 )
To be successful, the participation process needs to be underpinned by an appropriate idea, and
consider how to engage the relevant stakeholders at the most appropriate time and in a manner that
will enable them to fairly and effectively shape environmental decisions. There are eight key
features of best practice participation that have emerged from a Grounded Theory Analysis of the
literature. Grounded Theory is a qualitative method used to systematically analyse large bodies of
text, to construct theoretical models that are "grounded" in the text (Corbin and Strauss, 1990).
4.1. Stakeholder participation needs to be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This takes two forms: (i) ensuring that participants have the power to really influence the decision;
and (ii) ensuring that participants have the technical capability to engage effectively with the
decision (Richards et al., 2004). If a decision has already been made or cannot really be influenced
by stakeholders, then participation is not appropriate. It may be less obvious if stakeholders come to
the table with non–negotiable positions, for example due to the statutory obligations of some groups
that prevent them from compromising with others on certain issues . Such limitations need to be
identified and restart the participatory process, which may need to be bounded, to avoid frustration
and potential conflict.(Richards et al.,

A Reflection On My Participation In The Sociology Class
Reflection on My Participation "What is participation?" was the big question that we had to answer
in our very first essay in the sociology class. My first thoughts were, "Oh, participation basically
means being engaged through talking and actions", but as I gathered information to compose the
essay and thought more deeply about the whole concept, I was brought to a different light on what
participation really means. I applied the new knowledge I gained and put all of my efforts into being
an active student in the class. As I reflect on the grade I feel I most deserve is a 3.1 out of 4 because
I exert my best efforts to participate, but there are some components in my performance that I know
I need to improve and strengthen to make my participation be the best in its abilities.
Since the beginning of the term, I have consistently been an active participant in the classroom as
well as outside of the classroom. My participation in class involves me being mentally and
physically engaged with the material such as the lectures, discussions, activities and readings. With
the lectures and discussions, I use my listening skills to try to understand the concepts that we are
learning in class as well as listen to student questions and discussions that elaborate the topic or
provide new insights. I also take notes of the lecture to help me soak in the knowledge a little bit
better. I have also been engaged in the activities that were used to help us aprehend the topic that
was

Short Essay On The Impact Of Technology On Education
Today, it is easier than ever to access information. If one can read and has access to the Internet, he
or she has virtually all of mankind's knowledge at his or her fingertips, whereas only a generation
ago, one would need to go to the library if he or she wanted to learn new information. It seems that
people today take this privilege for granted, not realizing that the ability to look up on a search
engine the average height of a giraffe, for example, would have been highly coveted only fifty years
ago. People can get knowledge with less effort today, but perhaps the wide variety of sources we
have access to presents a new set of challenges. While knowledge was a coveted resource in the
past, perhaps the ability to choose the most credible source when given a wide range of options to
choose from is more coveted today and in the future. Modern technology has vastly impacted the
way people participate in school, their community, and the world at large.
Modern technology is both a hindrance and a help on a student's education. In any given classroom,
one can often find students stealthily texting their friends or scrolling through Facebook on their
cellphones. Students are fascinated by the shiny pieces of technology in their pockets, especially
when the teacher is talking about something with which they are not particularly fascinated.
Although technology can detract from the learning experience, it can also add to it. Speaking from
experience, I am not sure how I would have written my eleventh grade research paper without the
Internet. My research paper had many sources, only two of which were physical books. The Internet
gave me access to information that the library simply did not have. While it has distracted many
students (including myself) from school, it is also an essential resource for many students'
schoolwork.
Similar to how it affects school, technology can both inhibit and assist participation in a community.
Anyone who has ever attempted to hold a conversation with someone on their cellphone has
experienced how it inhibits participation. It seems that technology has become an escape from the
real world for many people. While modern technology can serve to distract people from those in
their

Different Requirements For Sports Coaches
The DMSP model purpose is to identify a pathway for junior sports participants to follow.
Therefore, its relevance and importance to sport coaches who wish to be successful is substantial.
This model allows coaches to identify what category their participaints are in, which enables
coaches to cater for individual's specific training needs. The model identifies that there are three
possible pathways that can be followed, each of which has varying characterisitics. The pathways
are recreational participation through sampling, elite performance through sampling, and elite
performance through early specialisation (Cote & Fraser–Thomas, 2007). Each of these pathways
needs to be understood by sport coaches. As the ideology upon which the DMSP was constructed
dictates coaches must be able to adapt their methods and philosophy to cater for varying stages of
development. A representation of the different requirements for each pathway is exhibited by the
varying amount of deliberate play and deliberate pratice implemented throughout each stage.
O'Connor, (2009) states that through the sampling years coaches should be employing a higher level
of deliberate play. Baker, Cote, and Abernethy, (2003) state that deliberate play is vaulble in this
context as it develops player perceptions of competence, which Kirk, (2005) links to continued
participation. O'Connor further expands on this notion by identifying that deliberate play aims to
maximise enjoyment and creativity, which is

Increasing Number of Female Athletes
Sport participation is a significant aspect of life for many female athletes beginning at a young age.
With increasing female sport participation, specifically in swimming, understanding the possible
implications of their chosen form of training is critical. Over years of training, an athlete generally
becomes more elite and focused in one specific sport however the timing of when they choose to do
so determines their chosen training pattern. The two most common forms of training are high
intensity single sport participation and that of multiple sports with less time dedicated in one
particular activity. With the current research showing female swimmers to start training at the age of
10 (Malina, 2010), well before typical maturity, evaluating the long term impacts is necessary.
While data sport participation prior to menarche is not convincingly seen to impact growth and
maturation (Malina, 2010), the impacts it may have on injuries is yet to be seen. Injury patterns have
also been previously studied with female collegiate swimmers and the most common areas of injury
are in the shoulder/upper arm and the back/neck (Wolf, 2009). However, in this study, intensity of
training either currently or in the past was not also examined.
Combining all of these facets: sport specialization, age at menarche, and their possible relationship
to injuries has yet to be done. In this paper, first the current research in these areas individually be
discussed in order to provide a solid

Ethical Principle
In research studies with human and animal participation, researchers must adhere to ethical
principles to ensure the rights of participants are protected. In 1978, the Belmont Report was issued
"which articulated three primary ethical principles on which standards of ethical research conduct
was based: beneficence, respect for human dignity, and justice" ( Polit & Beck, 2014, p. 83). These
ethical principles remain the standards for research behavior today.
Finally, the following paragraphs will break down each ethical principle and then will take a look at
a research study and how we as nurses can advocate for the adherence of altruistic, moral, and
ethical humanistic principles to protect the participants in the study.
The first principle ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Next, let's discuss how we as nurses could have advocated, protecting the participants who
participated in a qualitative research study I read, entitled: Coexisting addiction and pain in people
receiving methadone for addiction. The aim of the study was to examine interviews of 34
participants who suffer from opiate addiction and who receive methadone treatment for their
addiction, and experience chronic pain. The study looked at both how patients developed an opiate
addiction and chronic pain and which came first, the pain or the addiction (St. Marie,

The Backbone Of A Recreational Sport And Organization
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Chapter Overview
Introduction
The backbone of a recreational sport and organization are the volunteers committed to the success
and continuation of the organization. The most important group of individuals within a youth sports
organization is volunteer coaches (Bouchet and Lehe, pg. 21, 2010). The diversity of a community
organization requires many unique needs to be addressed and serviced. The greater the diversity of a
group, the more likely different individuals with varied backgrounds are required. The influence of
volunteers allows youth teams and leagues to fill their needs (Bouchet and Lehe, 2010). Volunteer
recreational sports organizations are then charged with identifying and convincing a ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Regardless the reason for their involvement, the general disposition of these coaches presents an
opportunity for education and increasing efficacy. Volunteer coaches were sought to have an
intentional disposition to learning for reasons such as inquisitiveness, self–efficacy, and open
mindedness (Griffiths and Armour, 2013). Additionally, the disposition of reciprocity for volunteer
coaches to gain knowledge included reasons of cooperation and mutual exchange of information
(Griffiths and Armour, 2013). The review of literature intends to display the research surrounding
volunteer recreational youth sport coaches, the motivators for participation, and the educational
opportunities for this population.
Terms and Definitions A key to defining this group and their responsibilities is to explain their
status. The term volunteer is defined as, "persons who did unpaid work (except for expenses)
through or for an organization" (USDL, 2015). The nature of a professional, or someone who is paid
for their work, demonstrates an implicit motivator in the payment. The duties and responsibilities
that are performed by the person whether the duties are assigned or created by the person also have a
general connotation. The collection of activities these individuals perform is known in the literature
as "volunteering" (Stebbins, 2009, Wilson,

Experiment On The Effect Of The Stroop Effect
INTRODUCTION This experiment was conducted by John Ridley Stroop(1935) who introduced
the colour naming experiment known as stroop effect. Stroop effect is a demonstration of
interference in the reaction time of a task. In this experiment Stroop created three different kinds of
Stimuli. In firs condition, he asked participants to read the written colour names as quickly as
possible, which appeared in black ink. In second condition (congruent condition) he asked
participants to read the written colour name as quickly as possible, which appeared in different
colour ink. For example, Red was printed in red ink. In third condition (incongruent condition), he
asked participants to name the ink colour but not the word printed. For example, the word ... Show
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Even fewer participants are need which involves using same participants in both the stimuli.
Moreover ethical guidelines were followed, in that all participants signed an informed consent form
and assured that their anonymity would remain protected and they had the night to withdraw from
the experiment at any time. The participants were not deceived in any way, and no physical or
psychological harm was caused on any of the participants. The independent variable (IV): Use of
congruent and incongruent words The dependent variable (DV): Time take by participants to answer
correctly (time in seconds.) Participants: The target population of this experiment was the
International Baccalaureate students of D Y Patil International School, Pune. IB students were ideal
for this experiment to ensure a similarity between the participants level of English language ability.
All ten participants (N=10) were over the age of 16 and were able to consent their participant
legally. However it was important that participants were not suffering from dyslexia of colour
blindness because it would have effect the results. The sample (N=10) was chosen through
opportunity sampling because opportunity sampling was the easiest way. Materials: 1. Consent
Form 2. Two

Observation Of Sona
Method
Participants
The participants in this study were in the region of 70 University of Central Oklahoma students from
a system online called SONA that specializes in the recruitment of participants. Most of the
participants were accumulated from the psychology pool. The participants included 31 females and
9 males. Their ethnicities varied from 21 white, 4 Asian, 7 African American, 8 Hispanic/Latino. All
participants were volunteers and given course credit for participation in this study.
Materials
A consent form was presented upon entry to the lab containing the purpose of the research,
procedures involved, expected the duration of the experiment, potential benefits, potential risks,
medical contact information, researcher contact information, ... Show more content on
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The variables used included stimuli with two levels fake and real. There are two dependent variables
Beta is used to measure response bias; dʹ prime contains two levels percent error rate and correct
response. Upon arrival, participants were seated and given a consent form. Once signed the
participant was then placed into one of 5 rooms and instructed to shut off their cell phone and leave
their bag outside the door. A script of instructions was read by the experimenter with the instructions
also placed on the monitor screen. Two sample trials were presented before the stimuli and were
initiated by the experimenter. The participant was asked what questions do you have for the
experimenter. Once answered the participant was asked to begin and the experimenter shut the door.
The stimuli contained 40 trials with 20 fake and 20 real smiles. After the stimulus was a survey that
asked the participant how often they felt socially excluded and was measured with a Likert scale.
After the screen then displayed a message thanked the participant for their participation. The
experimenter then guided the participant outside of the lab and was thanked for their

Mission Statement On Community And Community Service In...
I hope you are doing well. As one of the members of the youth, I would like to address a concern of
mine involving the youth group. Our church's mission statement is experience, equip, and severe. As
a whole, I feel that the youth group is lacking in the area of service. Not only is community service
important to our church, I also believe it is crucial to have our youth involved in community
outreach to promote emotional and spiritual growth. I believe our youth should participate in more
community outreach because it will counter selfish tendencies, allow the youth to feel helpful, and
promote our church's presence in our community.
Let's face the fact, in general, the youth today are very selfish and narcissistic. It's all about having
the coolest clothes, the newest iPhone, or how many likes and retweets they can get. It sometimes
seems as if caring for others has completely disappeared from their thought process. They have very
much embraced the selfie lifestyle. Along with selfishness and narcissism, the youth also seem to
have become somewhat ungrateful. Although some may say that this is how typical teenagers act, I
think over the past few years it has become more and more prevalent. Despite that fact, is it not our
job as a youth group to try to work against the negative stereotypes and better ourselves. To
overcome and rise above the low expectations we typically have. This is why I believe creating and
promoting community outreach opportunities is so important.

Understanding And Changing Social Factors That Affect The...
Play is a source of significant theoretical insights in anthropology and in other disciplines (Huizinga
1970; Turner 1982). Feminist research is explicitly directed towards identifying, understanding and
changing social factors affecting women. ''Women's participation in sports is a feminist issue
deserving of research and theory development'' Harrison and Fahy (2005:702). Many scholars in the
study of sociology of sports use feminist theory to understand power and gender relations in the
society (Coakley 2009:39). According to Smith [2010:98], issues of gender which are core to social
life, have existed for a while in different locations making the concerns of masculinity and
femininity essential. Critical feminist theorists have stressed ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Habitus Bourdieu described habitus as embodied cultural capital that a person expresses in the form
of skills and habits – an unconscious disposition the person accumulates overtime. Socialization is
one of the ways that an embodied cultural capital is attached to the body (Bourdieu 1977:72–95)
Wacquant (2004:16) demonstrates habitus by describing the body as a seat, the instrument and the
target. Before one attempts to partake in sports it is important for one to build body capital, gaining
habitus is a sign of readiness to participate in sports (Wacquant 2004:127). In Wacquant's (2004:16)
view, one needs to acquire a set of ''bodily and mental schemata'' and also to construct the ''theory of
practice'' to effectively participate in sports (Bourdieu, 1997). Borrowing from this approach, I will
seek to understand and describe my lived experience through active participation in sports. In this
regard, my research will follow the dictates of Mauss, (1979) that, to attain a disposition to do sports
as in the case of any other technique of the body, the work done by the individual will be for
practical collective

Barriers To Karen's Access To Sport
Karen is from a small country town in Australia and is a part of a family that values sport, because
of these circumstances there are various barriers and enablers that change her participating in sport.
Barriers are obstacles that prevents access so in the case of Karen and her access to sport there are
numerous barriers. Karen's town doesn't have as many sports compared to the cities meaning the
options are limited, travel for sport is much farther than those that live in a city, coaches for sporting
clubs are volunteers not professional coaches, which will limit the professionalism of the sport and
being a small town there are not many professional sporting opportunities that will arise for people
like Karen. All of the above are examples of the barriers that are in the way of Karen and her
sporting habits. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Enablers are factors that positively affect her participation in sport. Karen lives in small Australian
country town and the typical mindset about sport is that it is a social activity and is great for
everyone as it will improve team work and social skills, typically Australians do not push their kids
to the extremes that other cultures typically do so there is not as a lot of pressure on Karen to
achieve extremely well in school allowing her to have more time to focus on the things she enjoys
and sport is one of them. Because of this Karen's community is involved in sport and Karen was
raised in a sporting household, meaning her sporting decisions are influenced by her family. Karen
regularly competes in school sporting competitions. Karen has various barriers and enablers
however Karen does not let the barriers overweigh the enablers which is why she is still so
commonly involved with sporting

Community Music Participation Research
Approval. The North Dakota State University's Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved this
study. All participants consented to having their interviews recorded for verbatim transcription per
the Informed Consent form.
Research Approach. A phenomenological approach was used to ask semi–structured interview
questions sought to discover the role of music in PMs life–time of experiences. To understand the
role music played in PMs lives, and what motivated them to participate in community performances
as they aged, interview questions focused on community music participation, health, and happiness.
Participation Criteria. Participation criteria focused on PMs who were (1) age 50 and older, (2)
living independently in a U.S. community, (3) either ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First, personal attributes of PMs' genetic and psychological traits reflect their need of cognitively
challenging repertoire. Second, cohort effects of PMs age group or familial age group's enjoyment
of Broadway, Big Band, and Swing Jazz communal genres. Third, period effects of PMs that share a
historical era of Folk, Country, Rock and Rock, and Blues protest genres.
Overall, practice was required to ensure the presentation of each musical piece showcased music
competencies from advanced to virtuoso. According to PMs, developing their music competencies
has been a lifelong journey they enjoyed and will continue to enjoy.
Emotional memories linked to repertoire. Beginning with the maestros of Western Classical music,
composers have intentionally written in modulating key scales, inversions, and tempos to evoke
imagery and emotions to motivate listeners (Bonds, 2006). Therefore, PMs were asked which
repertory affected them the most over their lifetime. Participants reported Western Classical
repertoire and 20th century genres not only evoked emotions and imagery, but also the event at the
time of hearing or performing composers'

Occupational Therapy And Participation Essay
Participation is an important piece in the field of occupational therapy. Given that different factors
influence participation and when people have a choice in the activity, it increases participation, then
the more someone actively participates in occupational therapy, the better their outcome of therapy
will be. In her piece, Participation in the Occupations of Everyday Life, Mary Law focuses on this
idea that participation in meaningful activity is key to effective occupational therapy. I may not be
old and experienced but, I am old enough to be able to relate the information in this article to my
life.
Participation can make someone feel more fulfilled in life and can increase their self–esteem by
making them feel more capable in the act of doing (Law, 2002, p. 640). In general, participation in
extracurricular activities outside of work or school increases quality of life for both children and
adults. When children participate in sports or clubs, their risk of smoking, low self–esteem and
having difficulty making friends decreases. Adults that volunteer or participate in recreational
activities are proven by research to live longer and have higher quality of life. (Law, 2002, p. 641)
Speaking from experience, as a freshman in college during my undergrad, all I did was study – I
didn't attempt to make friends or participate in any organizations. As one can image, I can't say I was
experiencing a high quality of life because I needed to be engaging in activities with

Arnstein's Ladder Summary
Stein's article examines media participation in the domain of user policies and agreements since they
are crucial structural factors conditioning user participation. She states that understanding the terms
of participation is important because it acts legal agreement associate with the institutional power
and functioned as guidelines for lay users. In addition, the terms of participation in media and
communication system are pivotal components to construct for democratic societies. Stein also
introduced Arnstein's typology of participation and related it to the understanding of how user policy
conditions the terms of media participation. Then, she addressed three criticisms on Arnstein's
Ladder. Finally, Stein presented her own fixed vision ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the theories emphasize on social media as platforms for gathering news and information. It
states that news on social media may be more influential on users because they are spread through
trusted relationships, such as friends and family members. This theory also claims that more social
media use would result in more participation in civic and political life. For example, those who use
social media frequently will learn more about current events and are more likely to be politically
knowledgeable and engaged. Another theory pays attention on the mobility of social media in
creating social networks. It states, "Larger network can increase exposure to information about how
and why a citizen should become active. (Bouianne, 2015)" In addition, larger network can facilitate
information exchange in political life. Other research focuses on the relationship between social
media and political or activist organizations. For instance, it believes that people belong to a certain
organizations are more likely to volunteer in political activity because they have more chances of
being asked to volunteer from other group members. Moreover, some other research examines the
questions that how online behavior could affect on one's own decision. Based on these theories and
data collection, author's metadata analysis demonstrates a positive relationship between social media
use and

The Positive Effects of a Student's Participation in...
A student's participation in competitive sports has a positive effect on the students' academic
performance. Although this may take time away from studying, physical activity helps improve
functionality of the brain. This is an improvement in the student's mental ability. In this essay I will
discuss how and why participation in sports has appositive impact on a student's academic
performance. Firstly, I will discuss how sports have a positive effect on a student's academic
performance. Followed by supplying the research that qualifies the notions provided, and finally
present my conclusion I will provide my own opinion based on the information provided.
Sports are good for student as it has a positive effect on the individuals. They keep the body active,
which helps reduce cardiorespiratory ailment and diseases specific to adulthood (Asociacion
RUVID, 2013). There many other health benefits that affect a student's academic performance.
Participating in sports helps the crucial body systems in working at capacity and increase the level
of alertness among participants (Khan, M.Y., Jamil, A., Khan, U.A., Kareem, U., 2002). It is
important for students to take part in competitive sports as they have better study habits and spend
less time on leisure activities and are more motivated to study and the reasons why they do it are
more clear to them (Asociacion RUVID, 2013). Sports are also known to have an influence of the
students discipline and responsibility. This is why they

Basketball Vs Football Vs Basketball
"Track & Field vs Football, Baseball & Basketball" Sports are one of the most popular
extracurricular activities among high school students and even adults that choose to professionalize
their sport. Each sport has its share of disadvantages that all help in contributing to one particular
sport truly being the best to take part in. Track and field is easily the best sport for anyone to choose
to participate in. Track and field is a sport in which various competitive athletic events take place
that establish the skills of running, sprinting, jumping and throwing on a running track and an
adjacent field. Track and Field favors a wide range of body types, has a lightweight uniform and is
the safest in contrast to football, baseball and basketball, which makes it the most idealistic of the
sports. Track and field is a sport most well known for its teamwork. The sport's teamwork is
emphasized and strengthened through its diversity. Track is abundant in diversity due to the fact that
there is a variety of events to participate in as opposed to playing the same game as everybody else
like in football, baseball and basketball. For example, the object of football is to get the ball to the
other end; the object of baseball is to run around a diamond before someones throws a ball home.
Lastly, the main concept of basketball, much like football, is to dribble the ball to the other end of
the court. Track and field is also much safer than football, baseball and track. There is little

Areas of Control and Interest in the Application of...
Introduction
Research, doctoral or otherwise, is essential in all disciplines in order to continue to progress in the
field and to improve practices. However, researchers must take care of conducting their research
with the outmost care, following strict ethical principles and with integrity. Northcentral University
holds its students to the upmost standards in ethical and professional practices in order to prepare the
student for publishable scholarly writing. The question of ethical practices and integrity in research
has been in place for centuries. However, violations s still occur, which is why it is important that
researchers at all levels continue to discuss and learn about the topic and keep it in the forefront of
any research ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is important to note that the responsible researcher will be very meticulous in avoiding any
possible negative effects that he study could bring to any participant. For this reason, prior to
starting the study, the researcher must hypothesis on any possible scenario that could occur, predict
possible consequences and adjust the study to eliminate the negative effects it could render the
participants. It is also important that the participants have the opportunity to ask questions before
and after the study. When communicating with possible participants. It is essential to be very clear
about their participation expectation and outline effects predicted by the researcher. For example, if
the research requires the participation of individuals for six uninterrupted hours, while this may not
be a negative effect, the participants must be aware that they will not be able to leave until the six
hours if they plan on participation in the study. In addition, when providing the written consent, a
legal disclaimer should be included to protect both the participants and the researcher.
In addition, it is essential that the researcher is aware not only of the international guidelines that
may govern the ethical practices but also the local, cultural restrictions that may be of a sensitive
nature but highly relevant in keeping the research ethical yet maintaining the integrity of its

Summary: Applied Social Significance Of Study
I. Applied Social Significance of Study
The single–subject study, Immediate Effect of Ayre's Sensory Integration– Based Occupational
Therapy Intervention on Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders was conducted by Renee L.
Watling and Jean Dietz to evaluate the effectiveness of Ayre's sensory integration (Ayre's SI)
intervention on reduction of undesirable behaviors and increase in task engagement of students with
autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Reduction of maladaptive behaviors and increasing task–engagement is important to address
because undesirable behaviors, such as the behaviors exhibited by the four participants, have the
potential to negatively affect task engagement (participation) and are socially inappropriate.
Three studies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was also noted that the secondary purpose was to collect subjective data in order guide future
research. The design was appropriate for addressing the research question, although the subjective
data was weighed too heavily when interpreting the results. The conditions were drawn in a reversal
design, and the sequences of conditions are adequate to allow conclusions to be established. The
subjective accounts of the results can be eliminated because they are essentially irrelevant to the
results, especially when they have little relation to each

The Need for Empowerment
The American people feel powerless and are extremely uneducated in relation to politics
government, and the world around them. Civic participation is considered a fruitless measure in the
minds many American citizens. When interviewed on the subject; many depict themselves as a
minute part of a huge entity in which they have no control. Others expressed a lack of time and
energy that it takes to be involved, or a dependence on the country as a whole – to make the right
decisions. The understanding of democracy and its principals are concepts of an unknown territory
that is feared in relation to a general lack of education on the subject. Therefore, civic participation
continues to plummet. Moreover, lack of education in government ... Show more content on
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For example: during the 1970's Public television (available in all homes) broadcasted a plethora of
governmental educational pieces geared toward children, now most television stations are privately
owned, and geared toward what sells best – not to mention that socioeconomics dictates how much
media a person can access. Private ownership of the media ensures that news and educational
programming is selected for audience appeal rather than a story's political significance or
educational value. (Janda, Berry & Goldman 182–183)
During the Sierra Vista interview people were questioned in their knowledge of the structure of
government. Participants from all three groups were polled. Most (group three being the most
knowledgeable), could not provide appropriate answers to the questions proposed. A participant
from group two, Teresa Suggs was asked to name the three branches of government, her response
was as follows: " state, local, and federal." (Suggs, Donolly, Ziska, and Anzuelda) Another
participant from group one answered the same question with this reply: " Democrat, Republican,
and Liberal". (Suggs, Donolly, Ziska, and Anzuelda)
In addition, all three groups were polled on the process they use when choosing a candidate for
election. Those who do participate civically do not appear to do any information gathering prior to
casting their

The Effects Of Athletic Participation On Academic Performance

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