The problem of emigration become one of the vital problem not only in Georgia but in all developing countries. The aim of this
paper is to analyses the economic factors that are affecting to this process in Georgia. The paper is based on the regression
analysis between economic variables and the level of emigration between years of 2000 to 2014.Regression analysis model
shows 80, 7 percent significance level of economic indicators.
For the economic reason the emigration disposition is still high in the population of Georgia. Despite the fact that the intensity
of stationary emigration in recent years fall, the level of illegal emigration is still high. The possible further emigration process
would worsen the demographic situation in Georgia.
Keywords: emigration, Gini index, Georgia, unemployment
Swedbank was founded in 1820, as Sweden’s first savings bank was established. Today, our heritage is visible in that we truly are a bank for each and every one and in that we still strive to contribute to a sustainable development of society and our environment. We are strongly committed to society as a whole and keen to help bring about a sustainable form of societal development. Our Swedish operations hold an ISO 14001 environmental certification, and environmental work is an integral part of our business activities.
Sociological survey report. Survey on the influence of migration over community development (in the vision of householdds of the former Country of Orhei), Chisinau, 2013
Publication produced within the project "Remittances Developing Moldovan Communities" implemented by Hilfswerk Austria International in partnership with the National Assistance and Information Centre for NGOs in Moldova – CONTACT with financial support of European Union.
www.migratie.md
The views expressed in this publication belong exclusively to authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission.
Swedbank was founded in 1820, as Sweden’s first savings bank was established. Today, our heritage is visible in that we truly are a bank for each and every one and in that we still strive to contribute to a sustainable development of society and our environment. We are strongly committed to society as a whole and keen to help bring about a sustainable form of societal development. Our Swedish operations hold an ISO 14001 environmental certification, and environmental work is an integral part of our business activities.
Sociological survey report. Survey on the influence of migration over community development (in the vision of householdds of the former Country of Orhei), Chisinau, 2013
Publication produced within the project "Remittances Developing Moldovan Communities" implemented by Hilfswerk Austria International in partnership with the National Assistance and Information Centre for NGOs in Moldova – CONTACT with financial support of European Union.
www.migratie.md
The views expressed in this publication belong exclusively to authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission.
071214 i vox_express political survey_v1iVOX Ukraine
Express survey of Ukrainian public opinion upon the most loud recent political events in Ukraine and around it. Done at 04-06 th of Dec.2014 by iVOX Ukraine.
Pandemic recession and employment crisisM S Siddiqui
The policy of Bangladesh Bank and attitude of commercial banks have many challenges to overcome regarding these programmes. They require a change in mind-set and political will to recognize the crisis and probable solution. There should a recognition that informal workers and their livelihood activities represent the broad base of the economy producing essential goods and services not only for low-income customers but also for the general public and for the formal economy.
Global Population and Mobility
- The Global City
- Global Demography
- Global Migration
- OFWs
Contemporary World
For educational purposes only. No rights to information and pictures.
Impact of Economic Development of the Czech Republic in the Years 2005-2012 ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Kyrgyz Republic is one of the largest recipients of international remittances in the world; from a Balance of Payments measure of remittances, it ranked tenth in the world in 2008 in the ratio of remittances to GDP, a rapid increase from 30th place in 2004.Remittances can be used to maintain the household's standard of living by providing income to families with unemployed and underemployed adult members. Remittances can also be used to promote investment not only in businesses and communities but also in people. In this paper, we examine the role that remittances have played in the Kyrgyz Republic in promoting investments in children. Based on the capabilities approach to well-being initiated by Sen (2010), we look at the impact of remittances and domestic transfer payments primarily from internal migration on children's education and health. Our outcomes include enrollment in school and preschool, expenditures, stunting and wasting of preschool children, and health habits of older children. We use uniqu panel data from the Kyrgyz Republic for 2005-2008 and thus control for some of the biases inherent in cross-sectional studies of remittances and family outcomes. We find that overall remittances and domestic transfers have not promoted investments in the human capital of children. Specifically, preschool enrollments were higher in the urban north but secondary school enrollments were lower in other regions in remittance receiving households; expenditures were also negatively affected in the south and the mountain areas. These negative enrollment results were larger for girls than for boys. We also found evidence of stunting and wasting among young children and worse health habits among boys in remittance or transfer receiving households. In the long run, Kyrgyzstan needs human capital development for growth; our results suggest that remittances are not providing the boost needed in human capital to promote development in the future.
Authored by: Kathryn Anderson, Antje Kroeger
Published in 2011
Poverty and Immigration Case Studies on Assamijtsrd
Poverty is being witnessed as one of the devastated sins for the people. Immigration has been appeared as one of the major issues of the millennium in Assam politics. Both the term ‘poverty’ and ‘immigration’ are correlated as most of the poverty ridden people migrated illegally for their livelihood. Data shows that maximum number of poorer families have become victimized of natural catastrophic as well as state’s unwillingness to accommodate their demands. In a nutshell, they don’t have any voice in the political landscape. Therefore, present study is an attempt to analyze the correlation between these two. For this purpose, we would be taking the help of some of the landmark cases that signify its relationship. The present work is also an attempt to analyze the impact of National Registrar of Citizens and its effect on marginalized sections of the society. Ms. Miranda Rajkumari | Ms. Neelakshi Talukdar "Poverty and Immigration: Case Studies on Assam" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47764.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/47764/poverty-and-immigration-case-studies-on-assam/ms-miranda-rajkumari
Globalisation and its Impact on Poverty and Inequality Case Study of Lower Mi...EditorIJTSRD1
One cannot pinpoint when the process of globalisation began. Some historians lay emphasis on the age of exploration during the 1400s and some argue that it began after World War II. Despite the difference of opinion regarding its inception, it cannot be denied that the pace of globalisation has increased by leaps and bounds in the past 50 years. Past literature shows conflicting results according to the income status of the countries. In this paper, we aim to analyse how globalisation has affected inequality and poverty in a group of lower middle income countries from the period of 2004 2018. We found a strong negative correlation between poverty and income and poverty and human development. Globalisation and poverty have a very low positive correlation, and hence globalisation did not affect poverty directly as such in the time period under consideration. In case of inequality, we find a moderately positive correlation of that with globalisation. A low positive correlation was found between inequality and poverty rates. Inequality and human development significantly affected the poverty rates. An increase in inequality led to an increase in poverty as well, whereas improvements in human development led to decrease in poverty. Inequality is significantly influenced by globalisation and the GDP per capita. Globalisation exacerbated inequality, however, the parameter of GDP per capita, though significant, barely affected inequality. We can conclude that globalisation did not have a considerable effect on poverty, but on the other hand did increase inequality. Pragna Dutt | Elina Das | Arka Das "Globalisation and its Impact on Poverty and Inequality: Case Study of Lower-Middle Income Countries" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57559.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/economics/development-economics/57559/globalisation-and-its-impact-on-poverty-and-inequality-case-study-of-lowermiddle-income-countries/pragna-dutt
Following a period of strong growth across all developing regions during the first decade of the millennium and a rapid rebound from the 2008 financial crisis, a combination of falling commodity prices, increasing financial market volatility and weak global demand has negatively affected growth performance in recent years. This growth slowdown has exposed the absence of structural transformation in many developing countries even under robust growth conditions. As a result, increasing attention has turned to the trade and industrialization opportunities offered by participation in global value chains (GVCs).
071214 i vox_express political survey_v1iVOX Ukraine
Express survey of Ukrainian public opinion upon the most loud recent political events in Ukraine and around it. Done at 04-06 th of Dec.2014 by iVOX Ukraine.
Pandemic recession and employment crisisM S Siddiqui
The policy of Bangladesh Bank and attitude of commercial banks have many challenges to overcome regarding these programmes. They require a change in mind-set and political will to recognize the crisis and probable solution. There should a recognition that informal workers and their livelihood activities represent the broad base of the economy producing essential goods and services not only for low-income customers but also for the general public and for the formal economy.
Global Population and Mobility
- The Global City
- Global Demography
- Global Migration
- OFWs
Contemporary World
For educational purposes only. No rights to information and pictures.
Impact of Economic Development of the Czech Republic in the Years 2005-2012 ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Kyrgyz Republic is one of the largest recipients of international remittances in the world; from a Balance of Payments measure of remittances, it ranked tenth in the world in 2008 in the ratio of remittances to GDP, a rapid increase from 30th place in 2004.Remittances can be used to maintain the household's standard of living by providing income to families with unemployed and underemployed adult members. Remittances can also be used to promote investment not only in businesses and communities but also in people. In this paper, we examine the role that remittances have played in the Kyrgyz Republic in promoting investments in children. Based on the capabilities approach to well-being initiated by Sen (2010), we look at the impact of remittances and domestic transfer payments primarily from internal migration on children's education and health. Our outcomes include enrollment in school and preschool, expenditures, stunting and wasting of preschool children, and health habits of older children. We use uniqu panel data from the Kyrgyz Republic for 2005-2008 and thus control for some of the biases inherent in cross-sectional studies of remittances and family outcomes. We find that overall remittances and domestic transfers have not promoted investments in the human capital of children. Specifically, preschool enrollments were higher in the urban north but secondary school enrollments were lower in other regions in remittance receiving households; expenditures were also negatively affected in the south and the mountain areas. These negative enrollment results were larger for girls than for boys. We also found evidence of stunting and wasting among young children and worse health habits among boys in remittance or transfer receiving households. In the long run, Kyrgyzstan needs human capital development for growth; our results suggest that remittances are not providing the boost needed in human capital to promote development in the future.
Authored by: Kathryn Anderson, Antje Kroeger
Published in 2011
Poverty and Immigration Case Studies on Assamijtsrd
Poverty is being witnessed as one of the devastated sins for the people. Immigration has been appeared as one of the major issues of the millennium in Assam politics. Both the term ‘poverty’ and ‘immigration’ are correlated as most of the poverty ridden people migrated illegally for their livelihood. Data shows that maximum number of poorer families have become victimized of natural catastrophic as well as state’s unwillingness to accommodate their demands. In a nutshell, they don’t have any voice in the political landscape. Therefore, present study is an attempt to analyze the correlation between these two. For this purpose, we would be taking the help of some of the landmark cases that signify its relationship. The present work is also an attempt to analyze the impact of National Registrar of Citizens and its effect on marginalized sections of the society. Ms. Miranda Rajkumari | Ms. Neelakshi Talukdar "Poverty and Immigration: Case Studies on Assam" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47764.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/47764/poverty-and-immigration-case-studies-on-assam/ms-miranda-rajkumari
Globalisation and its Impact on Poverty and Inequality Case Study of Lower Mi...EditorIJTSRD1
One cannot pinpoint when the process of globalisation began. Some historians lay emphasis on the age of exploration during the 1400s and some argue that it began after World War II. Despite the difference of opinion regarding its inception, it cannot be denied that the pace of globalisation has increased by leaps and bounds in the past 50 years. Past literature shows conflicting results according to the income status of the countries. In this paper, we aim to analyse how globalisation has affected inequality and poverty in a group of lower middle income countries from the period of 2004 2018. We found a strong negative correlation between poverty and income and poverty and human development. Globalisation and poverty have a very low positive correlation, and hence globalisation did not affect poverty directly as such in the time period under consideration. In case of inequality, we find a moderately positive correlation of that with globalisation. A low positive correlation was found between inequality and poverty rates. Inequality and human development significantly affected the poverty rates. An increase in inequality led to an increase in poverty as well, whereas improvements in human development led to decrease in poverty. Inequality is significantly influenced by globalisation and the GDP per capita. Globalisation exacerbated inequality, however, the parameter of GDP per capita, though significant, barely affected inequality. We can conclude that globalisation did not have a considerable effect on poverty, but on the other hand did increase inequality. Pragna Dutt | Elina Das | Arka Das "Globalisation and its Impact on Poverty and Inequality: Case Study of Lower-Middle Income Countries" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57559.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/economics/development-economics/57559/globalisation-and-its-impact-on-poverty-and-inequality-case-study-of-lowermiddle-income-countries/pragna-dutt
Following a period of strong growth across all developing regions during the first decade of the millennium and a rapid rebound from the 2008 financial crisis, a combination of falling commodity prices, increasing financial market volatility and weak global demand has negatively affected growth performance in recent years. This growth slowdown has exposed the absence of structural transformation in many developing countries even under robust growth conditions. As a result, increasing attention has turned to the trade and industrialization opportunities offered by participation in global value chains (GVCs).
Does current account increase the economic growth in bangladesh the analysis ...Azer Dilanchiev
Abstract
Current account balance has played a role to enhance economic growth in Bangladesh. The
major concentration of this study is to analyze the current account components of the balance of
payment (BOP). This paper deals with quarterly base data from 2012Q3 to 2019Q4. The Generalized Method of Movement (GMM) technique has been implied to measuring the current account
impact on economic growth. Four models have been developed where the estimated models deal
with the current account balance (CAB) as the key variable. The result of model-1 represents that
the current account has a negative relationship with economic growth in consideration of merchandise goods export and import. Model-2 to 4 represents that the current account has a positive impact
on economic growth in Bangladesh. The sufficient current account is expected towards the purpose
of financial and economic development where trade balance and service account have a significant
role.
Entrepreneurship as a determinant of fdi in case of georgiaAzer Dilanchiev
Abstract
Attraction of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is the one of the main priorities for Georgia. Liberal investment environment and
equal approach to local and foreign investors makes country as an attractive destination for FDI. The paper focuses on relation
between entrepreneurship and FDI in case of Georgia, to find out the role that entrepreneurship takes as a determinant of FDI.
The paper empirically proves that in order to attract FDI, development of entrepreneship is vital.
Evolution of entrepreneurial skills in transition economies the case of georgiaAzer Dilanchiev
ABSTRACT. This study mainly investigates the evolution process of
entrepreneurial skills in transition economies. Furthermore, it investigates
the current barriers that hinder the development of these skills in such
economies with a reference to Georgian economy that has been
experiencing a transition from a centrally planned economy into a free
market economy. It also offers some solutions to surmount these obstacles
being questioned. Hence, we interviewed some of the entrepreneurs in
Georgian Lilo market both, in 2004 and 2010. In addition to the
interviews, we have exercised our own observations about the market, the
entrepreneurs therein, and the whole Georgian economy to clarify the
matters of investigation of this paper. The findings prove that the
entrepreneurial abilities of the interviewee businessmen have been in
progress. They are able to perform many economic activities they would
not have been able to and they even did not know how to under socialist
rules. They can build their own businesses, produce, sell and buy, export
and import all kinds of goods and services on their behalf. Georgia is on
the way to having contemporary entrepreneurs of free market economies
in spite of the hindrances that retard the development of their
entrepreneurial abilities.
Measuring the effect of trade openness on entrepreneurship development in cas...Azer Dilanchiev
In contemporary world it have been accepted that entrepreneurship is one of the main life-force of modern economic growth. It became extensively researched and an important concept in academic
society. The Georgian government has been trying to encourage entrepreneurship development by
supporting the development of small and medium enterprises in the country, conducting liberal
reforms, and encouraging openness for doing business. The contribution of trade openness on economic growth has been the subject of several theoretical and empirical studies in the economic literature. The purpose of this paper is to investigate and empirically reveal the importance of trade openness on
entrepreneurship development in case of Georgia.
Remittance inflow and economic growth the case of georgiaAzer Dilanchiev
Abstract:
Remittance inflow become one of the main source of capital flows in the world. It is noted that remittance is
very effective in promoting household welfare and as an alternative source of capital inflow. However in it
uncertain whether or not it leads to economic growth. This article examines the effects of remittances inflow
on economic growth in Georgian republic. The impact of remittance inflow on GDP growth was analyzed and
tested by Unit Root Test, Johansen Co-integration and VAR Granger Causality/Block Exogeneity Wald Tests.
In the paper the quarterly data interval from the first quarter of 1999 to third quarter of 2015 was used. As a
result it was found out that that there is a nexus between remittance and GDP and it is concluded that
remittance leads to increase in GDP growth.
Remittance levels and entrepreneurial activity in post soviet countriesAzer Dilanchiev
ABSTRACT Each individual entrepreneurial action has a more than proportional impact on economic growth, however less
works are dedicated to investigate the impact of the remittance on entrepreneurial activity. This paper examines the impact of
remittance level on entrepreneurial activity in 14 post-soviet countries over the period of 2006-2016. Panel data is employed
to analyze the impact of remittance on entrepreneurial activity. Study found statistically significant impact of remittance on
entrepreneurial activity for the post-Soviet countries in the sample.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
NO1 Uk Rohani Baba In Karachi Bangali Baba Karachi Online Amil Baba WorldWide...Amil baba
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
**Key Sections Covered:**
1. **Economic Impact:** Understand the profound economic impact of Latino consumers on the U.S. economy. Discover how their increasing purchasing power is fueling growth in key industries and contributing to national economic prosperity.
2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
3. **Entrepreneurial Contributions:** Explore the entrepreneurial spirit within the Latino community. Examine how Latino-owned businesses are thriving and contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic diversification.
4. **Workforce Statistics:** Gain insights into the role of Latino workers in the American labor market. Review statistics on employment rates, occupational distribution, and the economic contributions of Latino professionals across various industries.
5. **Media Consumption:** Understand the media consumption habits of Latino audiences. Discover their preferences for digital platforms, television, radio, and social media. Learn how these consumption patterns are influencing advertising strategies and media content.
6. **Education:** Examine the educational achievements and challenges within the Latino community. Review statistics on enrollment, graduation rates, and fields of study. Understand the implications of education on economic mobility and workforce readiness.
7. **Home Ownership:** Explore trends in Latino home ownership. Understand the factors driving home buying decisions, the challenges faced by Latino homeowners, and the impact of home ownership on community stability and economic growth.
This SlideShare provides valuable insights for marketers, business owners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the economic influence of the Latino community. By understanding the various facets of Latino buying power, you can effectively engage with this dynamic and growing market segment.
Equip yourself with the knowledge to leverage Latino buying power, tap into their entrepreneurial spirit, and connect with their unique cultural and consumer preferences. Drive your business success by embracing the economic potential of Latino consumers.
**Keywords:** Latino buying power, economic impact, entrepreneurial contributions, workforce statistics, media consumption, education, home ownership, Latino market, Hispanic buying power, Latino purchasing power.
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
The economic factors affecting emigration process in georgia the economic factors affecting emigration process in georgia
1. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346109053
The economic factors affecting emigration process in Georgia The Economic
Factors Affecting Emigration Process in Georgia
Article in Journal of Social Sciences · January 2015
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2. The economic factors affecting emigration process in Georgia
79
Journal of Social Sciences; ISSN: 2233-3878, e-ISSN: 2346-8262; Volume 4, Issue 2, 2015
The Economic Factors Affecting Emigration Process in Georgia
Azer DILANCHIEV*
Abstract
The problem of emigration become one of the vital problem not only in Georgia but in all developing countries. The aim of this
paper is to analyses the economic factors that are affecting to this process in Georgia. The paper is based on the regression
analysis between economic variables and the level of emigration between years of 2000 to 2014.Regression analysis model
shows 80, 7 percent significance level of economic indicators.
For the economic reason the emigration disposition is still high in the population of Georgia. Despite the fact that the intensity
of stationary emigration in recent years fall, the level of illegal emigration is still high. The possible further emigration process
would worsen the demographic situation in Georgia.
Keywords: emigration, Gini index, Georgia, unemployment
Introduction
The Georgian Economy since its independence has wit-
nessed an important shift in its economic structure. The so-
cialist structure dominated by centrally planned economy has
turned into market economy. This transformation process
has brought some inevitable changes not only in economic
sphere but also in social life. After the independence of 1991,
the Georgia like other post-soviet countries inherited high
level of poverty. The problems of unemployment and infla-
tion become one of the biggest drawbacks for the economy.
Emigration to Russia was one of the main solution for all eco-
nomic problems, taking into fact that Russian economy start-
ed sharply grow from 2000, and Georgian citizen emigrants
were among the other post-soviet country emigrants filling the
shortage of labor in Russian economy.
Currently, emigration is quite actual and significant prob-
lem for Georgia. There are a lot of Georgian citizens who emi-
grate to different countries. The reasons for emigration are
various starting from economic, social, political and etc. But
the most trustworthy thing is that emigration entirely affects all
countries and mostly such small and underdeveloped ones
as Georgia.
Besides the wars, energy shortages, political turmoil,
and deterioration of public services made living conditions ex-
tremely difficult. Economic reforms, and entering new market
economy, depreciated of the staff salaries have generated
intense dislocation, creating large numbers of unemployed.
These dire conditions have pushed hundreds of thousands of
Georgians to look for work in other countries.
“According to the worst prognosis, by the year 2050 the
population of Georgia might decrease to 3 million. One in 5
Georgians has left the motherland”. This fact vividly shows
the large scale of the problem of emigration, that deeply
affects the social spectrum of country. It was always prob-
lematic issue to measure number of emigrants and define
emigration level in Georgia during Soviet Union. However
the situation does not changed dramatically after the inde-
pendence. The reason for this is that according to the official
information which was requested from the State Department
of Statistics, which they themselves requested from the Min-
istry of Internal Affairs is very unreliable because there is only
counted how many people cross Georgian border but it is not
an information have they stayed there or returned back. Our
paper mainly focuses on the economic factors influencing
Georgian citizens to emigrate such economic factors as Gini
index, unemployment rate, GDP growth rate, corruption level,
* Assoc. Prof., Faculty of Social Sciences, International Black Sea University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
E-mail: adilanchiev@ibsu.edu.ge
3. Azer DILANCHIEV
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Journal of Social Sciences; ISSN: 2233-3878, e-ISSN: 2346-8262; Volume 4, Issue 2, 2015
interest rate and openness level of economy were used as
dependent variables to analyses they influence on emigration
level. Regression analysis was carried out and data consists
the time lap of year from 2000 to 2014. Because of the lack of
data before such kind of analysis was impossible to conduct.
Background of Emigration Process in
Georgia
Nowadays Migration from Georgia is basically labor migration,
but the overall picture was different in the previous decades.
In the past, the main reason for emigration was connected
to politics and the share of ethnic Georgians was the lowest
in the emigration. On the contrary massive immigration pro-
cesses were noticeable in Georgia in the past. Thousands of
Russians, Germans, Azerbaijanis, Armenians and other na-
tionalities settled in Georgia started to emigrate in the first half
of the 20th century. In the fifties immigration slowed down and
on the other hand from 1960 emigration exceeded immigra-
tion, but its scales has become unprecedented since nine-
ties. During the Soviet period, migration from Georgia was
dominated by men who participated in seasonal construction
and road building projects in Russia and the Ukraine. As it is
already mentioned, Georgia is historically a place of consid-
erable ethnic diversity, and when Soviet-era restrictions on
migration eased, migration among Georgia’s ethnic minority
grew. Already in the late 1980s, Greece offered residency to
anyone proving Greek descent, leading approximately one
third of Georgia’s approximately 95,000 ethnic Greeks to
emigrate by 1993. Similarly, large-scale migration of Soviet
Jews to Israel included many Georgian Jews. These ethnical-
ly-motivated migration flows created social networks linking
Georgians to former compatriots in Israel, Greece, and other
countries. So a significant contingent of ethnic minorities –
Russians, Greeks, Jews, Germans, Ukrainians repatriated
Table 1. Emigrants and Immigrants by Sex and Age
Source: Georgian Department of Statistics
4. The economic factors affecting emigration process in Georgia
81
Journal of Social Sciences; ISSN: 2233-3878, e-ISSN: 2346-8262; Volume 4, Issue 2, 2015
from Georgia to their historical motherlands. In the beginning
of 90th the situation changed dramatically a lot of people in
the country were enthusiastic about an opportunity that had
emerged, but other people who were especially non Georgian
population didn’t see the independence in the same way as it
was perceived by “indigenous” population. After the dissolu-
tion and collapse of the Soviet Union, they were facing the
choice to stay in where they were and adapt to the new eco-
nomic, cultural and political realities or to leave the country
and move as result of regional conflicts and unstable eco-
nomic situation not only minorities but also ethnic Georgians
started to emigrate from Georgia. One of the vital problem is
the structure of emigrant population, Emigration of the fertile
young population has impacted on the birth decline. The peo-
ple, who are of age 16-49 present the main flow in intense
emigration processes. (Table 1)
Emigration caused imbalance of the sexual-age struc-
ture and demographic aging of the population of Georgia;
the deformation of family structure, emigrants’ professional
disqualification, the depopulation of certain regions of Geor-
gia. Despite of the negative effect of emigration, it should be
mentioned about the some positive sites that it has for the
economy and state as a whole. One of the major benefit of
the emigration process in Georgia is the Remittances of labor
migrants to their families which is tend to be the only source of
income for such families another positive factor is the young
people who have received western education and working
experience at certain level positively participate in the devel-
oping economic, political and social processes in Georgia,
however the number of them not too much and mostly they
prefer to stay in the places of emigration. Ultimately it must
be mentioned that the positive side of emigration for Georgia
is negligible in comparison to its losses that cannot be easily
recover.
Today the situation does not changed a lot Georgia still
faces emigration problem the main factor among the social
and political still remains economical factor as major driving
force of this process.
Table 2. Emigration and Migration Statistics in Georgia from
2000 to 2014
Source: Georgian Department of Statistics
Literary Review
In the scientific literature there are a lot of emigration theo-
ries created up to this day. However, it does not allow us to
analyze different theories separately. Even though that there
are a high interest on this topic, there is a problem of inte-
grated and complex emigration model. An integrated model
that could include various emigration theories, and could re-
veal overall view of emigration process. It is fact that it would
be a great challenge to propose overall single emigration
theory of emigration causes.
In scientific literature the factors that leads to emigration
mainly are grouped in three categories; they are, demand-
pull factors in destination, supply-push factors in the origin
area and network factors that bridge the border (Martin ,
2003).
Bauer and Zimmermann (1999) and Wang (2010)
highlights such factors as influencing emigration as wage
differences and income inequalities, Jennissen ( 2004)
however stresses conditions of trade , Ciarniene and
Kumpikaite (2011) places an importance of economic cycle
and tax rate. Vertovec (2002) mentions about transnatio-
nal networks of emigrants and skilled labor migration.
The author asserts that skilled labor force emigration is
different with respect to recruitment, job placement and
circulation. Most skilled workforce is recruited by edu-
cational institutions, research centers and their movement
and job placement include various actors.
Saxenian (2002) argues positive contribution of high
skilled workforce immigration in the receiving and sending
countries in the context of transnational citizenship. The au-
thor claims that while U.S. immigration policy focused pri-
marily on the extent to which high-skilled immigrant work-
force displace native workers, sending countries by contrast
focused on the “brain drain” caused by the flow of the work-
force abroad. The author also differentiates past high skilled
emigrant workforce and new emigrant workforce that new
foreign born emigrants are highly educated professionals in
dynamic and technologically sophisticated industries
Docquier and Rapoport, (2008) analyses the brain drain
and its further effects on the developing countries. The au-
5. Azer DILANCHIEV
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Journal of Social Sciences; ISSN: 2233-3878, e-ISSN: 2346-8262; Volume 4, Issue 2, 2015
thors propose that the size of emigration from developing
countries increased dramatically in the last decades due to
special immigrant policies of developed nations that particu-
larly target high skilled workforce. The authors’ mentions that
for a given developing country, the optimal migration rate
of its highly educated population would be positive which
changes country by country. Countries which limit mobility
of their human capital internationally ultimately lose their hu-
man capital stock in the long run. The authors claim devel-
oped countries should design special immigration policies
that would ultimately lead to emigrated workforce to return
back to their origin countries namely developing countries
by specific incentives and promote international collabora-
tion that target at more brain circulation
Methodology
The multiple-linear regression method of analyses have
been applied in this work to find-out the economic factors af-
fecting emigration process in case of Georgia. Yearly panel
data from 2000 through 2014 were used based on statistical
data provided by Georgian Statistical Department. The rea-
son for choosing panel data is the possibility of panel data
to show a large set of observations and thereby increasing
the number of degrees of freedom as well as decreasing
the collinearity between the independent variables. Another
reason for choosing panel data is it limitless of the study
to Georgian economy. The main idea of using panel data
is that: given the observed explanatory variables the effect
of all omitted variables are driven by individual time-varying
variables. In accordance with explanatory variables the ba-
sic formulation looks as follow:
Emigration = (GINNI Index, Interest Rate, Market Size,
Growth Rate, Unemployment Rate, Openness of the Econ-
omy, Corruption)
Long Linear model:
LogEmg= (logGINI, LogIr, LogGDP, G, Ur,Open, Corr) (1)
LogEmg=(α+α2logGINI+α3Ir+α4LogGDP+α5G+α6Ur+α7
Open +α8 Corr +u (2)
Where:
Emg= Emigration (measured by Emigration outflow)
GINI=Index showing inequality in the society.
Ir= Interest rate in a given year
GDP= Market size measured by GDP
G= Growth rate measured by changes in real GDP
Ur= Unemployment rate, measured by number of labor force
and who unemployed
Open= Openness of the economy measured as fraction of
change in Net import divided by GDP
Corr= Corruption measured by corruption Index
u=Stochastic error term.
In the paper, data was used on time limit of from 2000 to
2014 years which gave us possibility of conducting reliable
correlation and regression analysis.
Analysis
The analysis part of the paper indicates main regression
analysis findings relating to the economics factors affect-
Table 1. LOG-LINEAR MODEL
***Significance at the 0.01 Level; **Significance at the 0.05 Level
6. The economic factors affecting emigration process in Georgia
83
Journal of Social Sciences; ISSN: 2233-3878, e-ISSN: 2346-8262; Volume 4, Issue 2, 2015
ing the emigration level in Georgia. Dependent variable
LogEmg have been regressed with independent variables
such as Log of GINI, Log of Ir, Log of GDP, Growth, LogUn,
openness rate and corruption rate. (Table 3)
The regression analysis results revealed that the
overall model is significant=71.10, p=0.000<0.1, and
R2=80.7%. We found out that LogGINI (p=0.000<0.2), Lo-
gUn (0.000<0.5), while Growth rate (p=0.090<0.1) and
Opennes (p=0.060<0.2) are marginally significant while cor-
ruption and Interest rate are not significant. (p=0.255>0.1)
and (p=0.887>0.1).
Conclusion
The paper has found out the importance of economic factors
as main driving force of emigration process in Georgia. Emi-
gration can bring not only social and economic problems but
it can be the ultimate problem for the state existence. The
shape of the emigration process in Georgia going alongside
with three stream, one of them is labor migration which is go-
ing alongside with intensive depopulation, reduction of birth
rate and decreasing of population.
In contemporary world emigration problem is one of the
most concerned and for the countries in transition like Geor-
gia the emigration problem and economic factors that are
creating it is very important not only because it has negative
effect on economy but for the whole society.
The paper suggests as a policy of implication develop-
ment and implementation of specific social and economic
policies in parallel with the migration policy strategy of Geor-
gia. Relevant state program should be developed, the delay
or the failure of implementation of the policies will result in
rise of the emigration from Georgia, especially in the context
of EU and Georgia agreement on visa liberalization.
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