International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes a working paper that analyzes demographic policy responses to population aging and decline in developed countries. It discusses three policy areas: promoting fertility through family policies like parental leave and child benefits, increasing retirement ages and labor market policies to encourage longer working lives, and managing immigration. The paper finds that cash transfers and childcare support can modestly increase fertility rates. It also argues that retirement and labor policies need to keep older workers healthy, skilled and motivated to work longer. Immigration policies face political and economic challenges in offsetting population aging. The paper evaluates tradeoffs between these policy options in terms of their impact on extending retirement years.
Boston's immigrant labor force makes up nearly 30% of the city's total labor force. While immigrants traditionally came from Europe, current immigrants are more likely to come from Latin America, the Caribbean, and Asia. Over 70% of immigrants in Boston's labor force arrived since 1990. Less than half are naturalized citizens, and about half speak English proficiently. Compared to native-born workers, immigrants are more likely to be older, less educated, and from non-white racial groups. The report examines the socioeconomic characteristics and labor market integration of these immigrant workers.
This document summarizes an empirical analysis of the relationship between income inequality, education expenditures, human capital, and economic growth. The analysis uses cross-country data from 1980-2004 for 48 countries. The main findings are:
1) Income inequality is found to negatively impact economic growth directly.
2) The negative relationship between inequality and growth can also be explained indirectly through transmission channels like human capital, private education expenditures, and public education expenditures.
3) Private education expenditures appear to be the most important transmission channel, with higher private spending linked to faster growth. Public education spending has a weaker impact on growth.
4) Overall, the analysis suggests income inequality reduces growth both directly and indirectly through human capital
Impact of WFH on Marketing Anomalies, Social, And Economic During the Covid-1...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This research is a descriptive qualitative research and takes the object in Surabaya. Data were
collected from theoretical and empirical literature, as well as in-depth interviews with informants, then data analysis
was carried out. The results of the analysis show that the cause of the economic anomaly, namely the low
purchasing power of the people, causes a decline in production in the real sector. The cause of the marketing
anomaly is that some companies do not want to provide products according to consumer needs, outof business, on
the other hand, companies that are good at taking advantage of this pandemic have turned to consumer products so
they can make a profit. People are forced to be technology literate to be able to take part in online marketing. The
causes of social anomalies include: the impact of the PSBB is that employees are laid off either temporarily or
permanently. At the time of being laid off, there were companies that gave full salaries, some gave salaries with
certain deductions, some were not paid at all. One side of the employee wants to get a salary when he comes to
work, the other side threatens his health because of the Corona
The economic factors affecting emigration process in georgia the economic fac...Azer Dilanchiev
The problem of emigration become one of the vital problem not only in Georgia but in all developing countries. The aim of this
paper is to analyses the economic factors that are affecting to this process in Georgia. The paper is based on the regression
analysis between economic variables and the level of emigration between years of 2000 to 2014.Regression analysis model
shows 80, 7 percent significance level of economic indicators.
For the economic reason the emigration disposition is still high in the population of Georgia. Despite the fact that the intensity
of stationary emigration in recent years fall, the level of illegal emigration is still high. The possible further emigration process
would worsen the demographic situation in Georgia.
Keywords: emigration, Gini index, Georgia, unemployment
The document analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women's employment in the United States. It finds that the unemployment rate among women increased from 3.6% in 2019 to 8.3% in 2020. Industries like hospitality, retail, and leisure/entertainment that employ many women were hit hardest by pandemic job losses. Through statistical analysis, the author determines that increases in cumulative COVID cases correlated with a decrease in women's employment levels, though other factors were also at play. The pandemic disproportionately affected working mothers and single mothers. It concludes that focused efforts are needed to support women's employment recovery from the "Shecession."
The end of gdp (gross domestic product) as a paradigm in measuring economic p...Fernando Alcoforado
The objective of this article is to demonstrate the need to abandon the calculation of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which computes all financial transactions whether they are beneficial to the population or not with its replacement by the GPI (Genuine Progress Indicator) to measure the economic progress and social well-being of a nation. This substitution is justified by the conclusion that the rise in GDP in several countries shows no correlation with the increase in the welfare of the nation, quite the contrary. GPI, in turn, considers the welfare and environment parameters using the same methodology for calculating GDP, but, unlike this, it subtracts costs due to factors such as crime, pollution, environmental degradation and compromise of natural resources and systems, besides adding to the calculation items such as domestic and voluntary work that do not occur in the calculation of GDP. The justification for replacing GDP by GPI is presented in this article.
This document provides background information and hypotheses for a research paper on employment policies in the European Union. It discusses unemployment as a problem for EU member states, both due to long-term issues and the 2008 global economic crisis. The document will examine unemployment and policies in Spain, the UK, Italy, and the Czech Republic. It presents two hypotheses: that international factors have prompted concerted EU policy responses, or that domestic factors have led to mainly national policy approaches. It outlines what evidence would support each hypothesis.
This document summarizes a working paper that analyzes demographic policy responses to population aging and decline in developed countries. It discusses three policy areas: promoting fertility through family policies like parental leave and child benefits, increasing retirement ages and labor market policies to encourage longer working lives, and managing immigration. The paper finds that cash transfers and childcare support can modestly increase fertility rates. It also argues that retirement and labor policies need to keep older workers healthy, skilled and motivated to work longer. Immigration policies face political and economic challenges in offsetting population aging. The paper evaluates tradeoffs between these policy options in terms of their impact on extending retirement years.
Boston's immigrant labor force makes up nearly 30% of the city's total labor force. While immigrants traditionally came from Europe, current immigrants are more likely to come from Latin America, the Caribbean, and Asia. Over 70% of immigrants in Boston's labor force arrived since 1990. Less than half are naturalized citizens, and about half speak English proficiently. Compared to native-born workers, immigrants are more likely to be older, less educated, and from non-white racial groups. The report examines the socioeconomic characteristics and labor market integration of these immigrant workers.
This document summarizes an empirical analysis of the relationship between income inequality, education expenditures, human capital, and economic growth. The analysis uses cross-country data from 1980-2004 for 48 countries. The main findings are:
1) Income inequality is found to negatively impact economic growth directly.
2) The negative relationship between inequality and growth can also be explained indirectly through transmission channels like human capital, private education expenditures, and public education expenditures.
3) Private education expenditures appear to be the most important transmission channel, with higher private spending linked to faster growth. Public education spending has a weaker impact on growth.
4) Overall, the analysis suggests income inequality reduces growth both directly and indirectly through human capital
Impact of WFH on Marketing Anomalies, Social, And Economic During the Covid-1...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This research is a descriptive qualitative research and takes the object in Surabaya. Data were
collected from theoretical and empirical literature, as well as in-depth interviews with informants, then data analysis
was carried out. The results of the analysis show that the cause of the economic anomaly, namely the low
purchasing power of the people, causes a decline in production in the real sector. The cause of the marketing
anomaly is that some companies do not want to provide products according to consumer needs, outof business, on
the other hand, companies that are good at taking advantage of this pandemic have turned to consumer products so
they can make a profit. People are forced to be technology literate to be able to take part in online marketing. The
causes of social anomalies include: the impact of the PSBB is that employees are laid off either temporarily or
permanently. At the time of being laid off, there were companies that gave full salaries, some gave salaries with
certain deductions, some were not paid at all. One side of the employee wants to get a salary when he comes to
work, the other side threatens his health because of the Corona
The economic factors affecting emigration process in georgia the economic fac...Azer Dilanchiev
The problem of emigration become one of the vital problem not only in Georgia but in all developing countries. The aim of this
paper is to analyses the economic factors that are affecting to this process in Georgia. The paper is based on the regression
analysis between economic variables and the level of emigration between years of 2000 to 2014.Regression analysis model
shows 80, 7 percent significance level of economic indicators.
For the economic reason the emigration disposition is still high in the population of Georgia. Despite the fact that the intensity
of stationary emigration in recent years fall, the level of illegal emigration is still high. The possible further emigration process
would worsen the demographic situation in Georgia.
Keywords: emigration, Gini index, Georgia, unemployment
The document analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women's employment in the United States. It finds that the unemployment rate among women increased from 3.6% in 2019 to 8.3% in 2020. Industries like hospitality, retail, and leisure/entertainment that employ many women were hit hardest by pandemic job losses. Through statistical analysis, the author determines that increases in cumulative COVID cases correlated with a decrease in women's employment levels, though other factors were also at play. The pandemic disproportionately affected working mothers and single mothers. It concludes that focused efforts are needed to support women's employment recovery from the "Shecession."
The end of gdp (gross domestic product) as a paradigm in measuring economic p...Fernando Alcoforado
The objective of this article is to demonstrate the need to abandon the calculation of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which computes all financial transactions whether they are beneficial to the population or not with its replacement by the GPI (Genuine Progress Indicator) to measure the economic progress and social well-being of a nation. This substitution is justified by the conclusion that the rise in GDP in several countries shows no correlation with the increase in the welfare of the nation, quite the contrary. GPI, in turn, considers the welfare and environment parameters using the same methodology for calculating GDP, but, unlike this, it subtracts costs due to factors such as crime, pollution, environmental degradation and compromise of natural resources and systems, besides adding to the calculation items such as domestic and voluntary work that do not occur in the calculation of GDP. The justification for replacing GDP by GPI is presented in this article.
This document provides background information and hypotheses for a research paper on employment policies in the European Union. It discusses unemployment as a problem for EU member states, both due to long-term issues and the 2008 global economic crisis. The document will examine unemployment and policies in Spain, the UK, Italy, and the Czech Republic. It presents two hypotheses: that international factors have prompted concerted EU policy responses, or that domestic factors have led to mainly national policy approaches. It outlines what evidence would support each hypothesis.
Factors Affecting Consumption Expenditure in Ethiopia: The Case of Amhara Nat...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The document analyzes factors affecting household consumption expenditure in the Amhara National Regional State of Ethiopia using data from the 2015/16 Ethiopian Household Consumption Expenditure and Welfare Monitoring Surveys. A quantile regression model was used to examine the relationship between per capita consumption expenditure and various demographic and socioeconomic variables. The results show that households headed by educated persons, those that own their home, and those with income-generating household heads had higher consumption expenditures across quantiles. Rural households also had higher expenditures than urban households.
Brazil is clearly in a recession that was engendered by a series of economic policy mistakes made by the neoliberal governments that followed from 1990 up to the present moment, and also by the passive attitude of the incompetent Michel Temer government that does not adopt any effective measure that is Capable of avoiding Brazil's journey towards economic depression.
The document discusses Egypt's political and economic challenges following the 2011 revolution. It notes that while Egypt has a mostly private market economy as a result of 2000s reforms, the revolution has created new economic issues like declining tourism and remittances. Fiscal deficits remain large due to subsidies and inflation has increased costs of living. Addressing these economic problems will be difficult without a stable democratic government, but forming such a government may take longer than expected, prolonging uncertainty. Resolving issues like subsidies will be important to return Egypt to sustainable growth.
The document discusses the relationship between economic growth and economic development. It defines development as a dynamic and progressive process, while defining growth as the result of development. It outlines several factors that influence development, including reducing poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, and inequality. Economic development aims to improve living standards and expand economic and social choices. Key elements that drive development are human resources, natural resources, capital formation, and technological innovation.
The document discusses the potential for rural economies to contribute more to global economic growth by 2030. It presents the results of economic modeling under three scenarios: 1) a baseline extrapolation of current trends, 2) a scenario where rural growth is "unleashed" through policy reforms in response to a downturn, and 3) a scenario of gradual rural decline. The modeling estimates that "unleashing" rural growth could boost annual rural output by $2 trillion globally by 2030 compared to the baseline. Six countries - Angola, Argentina, China, France, India, and Nigeria - are profiled to illustrate challenges to and opportunities for rural development.
Meaning of economic development, core values in economic development, Developed countries, Underdeveloped countries, Characteristics , Difference between Economic Growth and Economic Development.
%22The Rock Star of the Recovery%22 Berggren article on Swedish economic perf...jghberggren
1) Sweden's economy has grown strongly during the recovery, with GDP growth of 5.5% in 2010 and projected growth over 3% in 2011, while unemployment falls, in contrast to struggles in other European countries.
2) Key factors in Sweden's success include a strong commitment to sound public finances through budget surpluses and spending controls, reforms that increased labor market participation by making work pay, and pro-growth structural reforms to markets, education, and pensions.
3) While challenges remain, such as high unemployment among some groups, Sweden's cultural values of tolerance, equality, and social cohesion have supported reforms and a generous welfare system that protects individuals amid economic changes.
This document summarizes a paper analyzing informality and inequality in Serbia's labor market between 2002 and 2007 using data from Living Standard Measurement Surveys. Two main findings are that informal employment rose significantly despite economic growth, and earnings inequality remained constant, unlike other transition countries. The paper shows informal employees earn less than formal workers even after controlling for other factors, and informality plays an increasingly important role in explaining earnings inequality over time.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed historical time series data from 14 high and middle-income countries from 1936 to 2005 to examine the association between economic recessions/booms and maternal and infant mortality rates. The results suggest that recessions had a modest but significant association with higher mortality rates, particularly in earlier periods from 1936 to 1965. However, the effects varied widely between countries. Some countries like Japan and Canada saw higher vulnerability to economic shocks in the postwar period, while mortality rates in countries like the UK, Italy and US appeared less affected by economic fluctuations. Overall, the data indicate that recessions can negatively impact health outcomes, especially in earlier stages of development, though the relationship has weakened over time as economies grow.
This document provides an abstract for a research paper that analyzes the relationship between economic growth and economic development in the Vaal Triangle region of South Africa. The research uses an economic development index that includes unemployment, poverty, and the human development index to measure economic development. A Vector Auto Regression model indicates that economic development leads to economic growth in the short run. Therefore, policies aimed at increasing human development and reducing unemployment and poverty can achieve sustainable economic growth in the short run. The full paper will include literature on economic growth and development theories, methodology using data from reliable sources, results, discussion, recommendations, and a conclusion.
In this paper, we analyze the demographic and economic consequences of endogenous migrations flows over the coming decades in a multi-regions overlapping generations general equilibrium model (INGENUE 2) in which the world is divided in ten regions. Our analysis offers a global perspective on the consequences of international migration flows. The value-added of the INGENUE 2 model is that it enables us to analyze the effects of international migration on both the destination and the origin regions. A further innovation of our analysis is that international migration is treated as endogenous.
In a first step, we estimate the determinants of migration in an econometric model. We show, in particular, that the income differential is one of the key variables explaining migration flows. In a second step, we endogenize migration flows in the INGENUE 2 model. In order to do so, we use the econometrically estimated relationships between demographic and income developments in the INGENUE model, which enables us to project long-run migration flows and to improve on projections of purely demographic models.
Authored by: Vladimir Borgy, Xavier Chojnicki, Gelles Le Garrec, Cyrille Schwellnus
Published in 2009
Study on the human dimensions of the financial crisis in ethiopia finalUN Global Pulse
Executive summary of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) research: “Study on the Human Dimensions of the Financial Crisis in Ethiopia,” conducted as part of UN Global Pulse’s Rapid Impact and Vulnerability Assessment Fund (RIVAF). For more information: http://www.unglobalpulse.org/projects/rapid-impact-and-vulnerability-analysis-fund-rivaf
This document discusses Brazil's economic outlook for 2015 and the factors that may lead to depression. It cites three main factors: 1) the economic damage caused by Brazil's adoption of neoliberal policies from 1990-2014, which increased vulnerabilities; 2) the global economic depression affecting capitalist systems; and 3) the weak government of Dilma Rousseff that is beholden to financial interests. Continuing neoliberal policies amid these conditions will be disastrous as it coincides with slowing growth in emerging markets like China, on which Brazil depends for commodities exports. Without abandoning neoliberalism and adopting a national developmental model, Brazil risks economic and political chaos.
This document discusses a study that aimed to assess the determinants of poverty in Mkinga District, Tanzania. The study found that nearly 93% of respondents in the area were poor. Using an ordinal regression model and data from 210 households, the study identified several factors associated with poverty in the area, including gender (with women more affected), smaller land size, smaller farm size, larger household size, and higher dependency ratio. The study recommends empowering people, especially women, to participate in economic activities using local resources to alleviate poverty in the district.
Abstract: The paper examines the impact of public sectoral expenditure on economic growth in Nigeria for the period 1981-2013. It was observed that the growth of government expenditure has not fully felt by the economy. The econometric methodology employed is the ARDL model and results show that while the impact of government expenditure on administration and debt servicing were positive on economic growth in the long and short run, expenditure on economic and social sectors has negative impact. We argue that this may not be unconnected with the high level of corruption prevalent in the public sector where funds that are meant for provision or maintenance of social-economic activities like agriculture, roads, transportations, schools and hospitals are diverted for personal use. The CUSUM and CUSUMSQ test show the model is stable as neither of them cross the 5% boundary. The paper recommended that government should increase expenditure to the social and economic sectors while debts or debt servicing should be reduced. Also, corruption so prevalent in the public sector must be minimized if cannot be eradicated.
Economic growth and economic development and the differencesAquatix Pharma
Economic growth refers to an increase in a country's real GDP or output, measured quantitatively. It does not necessarily improve living standards. Economic development is a broader concept that involves qualitative progress such as improved literacy, life expectancy, and standards of living. Development measures progress using indexes like the Human Development Index that account for social and environmental factors beyond just GDP. True economic development leads to sustainable gains for society as a whole, while growth can sometimes only benefit a small group.
This document summarizes a paper analyzing Cuba's transition to a services-centered economy. It notes that services now make up around 80% of Cuba's GDP, with health services growing rapidly. Exports of professional services like doctors have allowed some GDP growth but also have limitations as they have few linkages to other sectors. For sustainable development, Cuba will need complementary industrial policies to transform and diversify its services sectors while also respecting the "law of value" in both domestic and international trade.
The global financial crisis in colombia and the international conference on p...UN Global Pulse
The Global Financial Crisis negatively impacted Colombia, especially regions dependent on remittances. While GDP declined slightly and recovered quickly, unemployment increased, particularly among women and youth. Remittances initially increased but then decreased, worsening poverty in remittance-dependent areas like Eje Cafetero. Qualitative research there found impacts on healthcare access, education, and family separation. The crisis dampened opportunities from Colombia's demographic dividend of a large working-age population. However, national-level data did not fully capture these socioeconomic effects.
Alternatives to gdp to measure economic and social progressFernando Alcoforado
The objective of this article is to demonstrate the need to abandon the calculation of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) that computes all the financial movements of a country or region whether or not they are beneficial to the population, a fact that imposes the need for their replacement by another economic indicator.
Czech Republic has a population of around 10.4 million people and is located in Central Europe, with an area of 78,867 square kilometers. Prague is the capital city, Václav Klaus is the president, and the national anthem is Kde domov můj. The flag features red, blue, and white colors and the highest mountain is Sněžka. The official currency is the Czech crown.
Czech republic real estate investment & economic outlook q4 2011 lilitome
Real Estate Investment in the Czech Republic, economic outlook and the privatization of the country.
Commercial Real Estate analysis for the 1st quarter of 2011
The document provides information about the Czech Republic, including its capital city Prague, population, highest point, and history. It discusses important figures like Jan Hus and Vaclav Havel and events like the Velvet Revolution. Famous landmarks are described for regions like Cesky Krumlov and cities like Prague, with landmarks including the Charles Bridge, Prague Castle, and Old Town Square. Popular sports figures, the national anthem, composers like Dvorak and Smetana, singer Karel Gott, typical foods like svickova, and beer are also summarized.
Factors Affecting Consumption Expenditure in Ethiopia: The Case of Amhara Nat...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The document analyzes factors affecting household consumption expenditure in the Amhara National Regional State of Ethiopia using data from the 2015/16 Ethiopian Household Consumption Expenditure and Welfare Monitoring Surveys. A quantile regression model was used to examine the relationship between per capita consumption expenditure and various demographic and socioeconomic variables. The results show that households headed by educated persons, those that own their home, and those with income-generating household heads had higher consumption expenditures across quantiles. Rural households also had higher expenditures than urban households.
Brazil is clearly in a recession that was engendered by a series of economic policy mistakes made by the neoliberal governments that followed from 1990 up to the present moment, and also by the passive attitude of the incompetent Michel Temer government that does not adopt any effective measure that is Capable of avoiding Brazil's journey towards economic depression.
The document discusses Egypt's political and economic challenges following the 2011 revolution. It notes that while Egypt has a mostly private market economy as a result of 2000s reforms, the revolution has created new economic issues like declining tourism and remittances. Fiscal deficits remain large due to subsidies and inflation has increased costs of living. Addressing these economic problems will be difficult without a stable democratic government, but forming such a government may take longer than expected, prolonging uncertainty. Resolving issues like subsidies will be important to return Egypt to sustainable growth.
The document discusses the relationship between economic growth and economic development. It defines development as a dynamic and progressive process, while defining growth as the result of development. It outlines several factors that influence development, including reducing poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, and inequality. Economic development aims to improve living standards and expand economic and social choices. Key elements that drive development are human resources, natural resources, capital formation, and technological innovation.
The document discusses the potential for rural economies to contribute more to global economic growth by 2030. It presents the results of economic modeling under three scenarios: 1) a baseline extrapolation of current trends, 2) a scenario where rural growth is "unleashed" through policy reforms in response to a downturn, and 3) a scenario of gradual rural decline. The modeling estimates that "unleashing" rural growth could boost annual rural output by $2 trillion globally by 2030 compared to the baseline. Six countries - Angola, Argentina, China, France, India, and Nigeria - are profiled to illustrate challenges to and opportunities for rural development.
Meaning of economic development, core values in economic development, Developed countries, Underdeveloped countries, Characteristics , Difference between Economic Growth and Economic Development.
%22The Rock Star of the Recovery%22 Berggren article on Swedish economic perf...jghberggren
1) Sweden's economy has grown strongly during the recovery, with GDP growth of 5.5% in 2010 and projected growth over 3% in 2011, while unemployment falls, in contrast to struggles in other European countries.
2) Key factors in Sweden's success include a strong commitment to sound public finances through budget surpluses and spending controls, reforms that increased labor market participation by making work pay, and pro-growth structural reforms to markets, education, and pensions.
3) While challenges remain, such as high unemployment among some groups, Sweden's cultural values of tolerance, equality, and social cohesion have supported reforms and a generous welfare system that protects individuals amid economic changes.
This document summarizes a paper analyzing informality and inequality in Serbia's labor market between 2002 and 2007 using data from Living Standard Measurement Surveys. Two main findings are that informal employment rose significantly despite economic growth, and earnings inequality remained constant, unlike other transition countries. The paper shows informal employees earn less than formal workers even after controlling for other factors, and informality plays an increasingly important role in explaining earnings inequality over time.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed historical time series data from 14 high and middle-income countries from 1936 to 2005 to examine the association between economic recessions/booms and maternal and infant mortality rates. The results suggest that recessions had a modest but significant association with higher mortality rates, particularly in earlier periods from 1936 to 1965. However, the effects varied widely between countries. Some countries like Japan and Canada saw higher vulnerability to economic shocks in the postwar period, while mortality rates in countries like the UK, Italy and US appeared less affected by economic fluctuations. Overall, the data indicate that recessions can negatively impact health outcomes, especially in earlier stages of development, though the relationship has weakened over time as economies grow.
This document provides an abstract for a research paper that analyzes the relationship between economic growth and economic development in the Vaal Triangle region of South Africa. The research uses an economic development index that includes unemployment, poverty, and the human development index to measure economic development. A Vector Auto Regression model indicates that economic development leads to economic growth in the short run. Therefore, policies aimed at increasing human development and reducing unemployment and poverty can achieve sustainable economic growth in the short run. The full paper will include literature on economic growth and development theories, methodology using data from reliable sources, results, discussion, recommendations, and a conclusion.
In this paper, we analyze the demographic and economic consequences of endogenous migrations flows over the coming decades in a multi-regions overlapping generations general equilibrium model (INGENUE 2) in which the world is divided in ten regions. Our analysis offers a global perspective on the consequences of international migration flows. The value-added of the INGENUE 2 model is that it enables us to analyze the effects of international migration on both the destination and the origin regions. A further innovation of our analysis is that international migration is treated as endogenous.
In a first step, we estimate the determinants of migration in an econometric model. We show, in particular, that the income differential is one of the key variables explaining migration flows. In a second step, we endogenize migration flows in the INGENUE 2 model. In order to do so, we use the econometrically estimated relationships between demographic and income developments in the INGENUE model, which enables us to project long-run migration flows and to improve on projections of purely demographic models.
Authored by: Vladimir Borgy, Xavier Chojnicki, Gelles Le Garrec, Cyrille Schwellnus
Published in 2009
Study on the human dimensions of the financial crisis in ethiopia finalUN Global Pulse
Executive summary of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) research: “Study on the Human Dimensions of the Financial Crisis in Ethiopia,” conducted as part of UN Global Pulse’s Rapid Impact and Vulnerability Assessment Fund (RIVAF). For more information: http://www.unglobalpulse.org/projects/rapid-impact-and-vulnerability-analysis-fund-rivaf
This document discusses Brazil's economic outlook for 2015 and the factors that may lead to depression. It cites three main factors: 1) the economic damage caused by Brazil's adoption of neoliberal policies from 1990-2014, which increased vulnerabilities; 2) the global economic depression affecting capitalist systems; and 3) the weak government of Dilma Rousseff that is beholden to financial interests. Continuing neoliberal policies amid these conditions will be disastrous as it coincides with slowing growth in emerging markets like China, on which Brazil depends for commodities exports. Without abandoning neoliberalism and adopting a national developmental model, Brazil risks economic and political chaos.
This document discusses a study that aimed to assess the determinants of poverty in Mkinga District, Tanzania. The study found that nearly 93% of respondents in the area were poor. Using an ordinal regression model and data from 210 households, the study identified several factors associated with poverty in the area, including gender (with women more affected), smaller land size, smaller farm size, larger household size, and higher dependency ratio. The study recommends empowering people, especially women, to participate in economic activities using local resources to alleviate poverty in the district.
Abstract: The paper examines the impact of public sectoral expenditure on economic growth in Nigeria for the period 1981-2013. It was observed that the growth of government expenditure has not fully felt by the economy. The econometric methodology employed is the ARDL model and results show that while the impact of government expenditure on administration and debt servicing were positive on economic growth in the long and short run, expenditure on economic and social sectors has negative impact. We argue that this may not be unconnected with the high level of corruption prevalent in the public sector where funds that are meant for provision or maintenance of social-economic activities like agriculture, roads, transportations, schools and hospitals are diverted for personal use. The CUSUM and CUSUMSQ test show the model is stable as neither of them cross the 5% boundary. The paper recommended that government should increase expenditure to the social and economic sectors while debts or debt servicing should be reduced. Also, corruption so prevalent in the public sector must be minimized if cannot be eradicated.
Economic growth and economic development and the differencesAquatix Pharma
Economic growth refers to an increase in a country's real GDP or output, measured quantitatively. It does not necessarily improve living standards. Economic development is a broader concept that involves qualitative progress such as improved literacy, life expectancy, and standards of living. Development measures progress using indexes like the Human Development Index that account for social and environmental factors beyond just GDP. True economic development leads to sustainable gains for society as a whole, while growth can sometimes only benefit a small group.
This document summarizes a paper analyzing Cuba's transition to a services-centered economy. It notes that services now make up around 80% of Cuba's GDP, with health services growing rapidly. Exports of professional services like doctors have allowed some GDP growth but also have limitations as they have few linkages to other sectors. For sustainable development, Cuba will need complementary industrial policies to transform and diversify its services sectors while also respecting the "law of value" in both domestic and international trade.
The global financial crisis in colombia and the international conference on p...UN Global Pulse
The Global Financial Crisis negatively impacted Colombia, especially regions dependent on remittances. While GDP declined slightly and recovered quickly, unemployment increased, particularly among women and youth. Remittances initially increased but then decreased, worsening poverty in remittance-dependent areas like Eje Cafetero. Qualitative research there found impacts on healthcare access, education, and family separation. The crisis dampened opportunities from Colombia's demographic dividend of a large working-age population. However, national-level data did not fully capture these socioeconomic effects.
Alternatives to gdp to measure economic and social progressFernando Alcoforado
The objective of this article is to demonstrate the need to abandon the calculation of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) that computes all the financial movements of a country or region whether or not they are beneficial to the population, a fact that imposes the need for their replacement by another economic indicator.
Czech Republic has a population of around 10.4 million people and is located in Central Europe, with an area of 78,867 square kilometers. Prague is the capital city, Václav Klaus is the president, and the national anthem is Kde domov můj. The flag features red, blue, and white colors and the highest mountain is Sněžka. The official currency is the Czech crown.
Czech republic real estate investment & economic outlook q4 2011 lilitome
Real Estate Investment in the Czech Republic, economic outlook and the privatization of the country.
Commercial Real Estate analysis for the 1st quarter of 2011
The document provides information about the Czech Republic, including its capital city Prague, population, highest point, and history. It discusses important figures like Jan Hus and Vaclav Havel and events like the Velvet Revolution. Famous landmarks are described for regions like Cesky Krumlov and cities like Prague, with landmarks including the Charles Bridge, Prague Castle, and Old Town Square. Popular sports figures, the national anthem, composers like Dvorak and Smetana, singer Karel Gott, typical foods like svickova, and beer are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of the Czech Republic, including basic facts, foreign policy, economy, universities, and more. Some key points:
- The Czech Republic has a population of over 10 million people and its capital and largest city is Prague.
- It is a member of the European Union, NATO, and other international organizations. Its foreign policy focuses on regional cooperation and security.
- The Czech economy is highly competitive globally, ranking 39th on the World Economic Forum's index. Major industries include automotive, IT, and biotech. Universities graduate over 90,000 students annually in fields like engineering and business.
The document provides information about the Czech Republic, including its population, area, language, and capital city of Prague. It then lists several Czech products and their industries, such as glass, porcelain, garnet, beer, cheese, automobiles, pianos, shoes, and soft drinks. It also describes the Lužnice River, Czech highlights like Prague Castle and Charles Bridge, famous Czechs, typical foods, and traditional dances of the country.
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Similar to Impact of Economic Development of the Czech Republic in the Years 2005-2012 on the Living Standards of Seniors (20)
Impact of Economic Development of the Czech Republic in the Years 2005-2012 on the Living Standards of Seniors
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org Volume 4 Issue 5 ǁ May. 2015 ǁ PP.18-27
www.ijhssi.org 18 | Page
Impact of Economic Development of the Czech Republic in the
Years 2005-2012 on the Living Standards of Seniors
Veronika Antošová1
, Naďa Birčiaková2
, Jana Stávková3
1
(Department of Marketing and Trade, Faculty of Business and Economics/Mendel University in Brno,Czech
Republic)
2
(Department of Marketing and Trade, Faculty of Business and Economics/Mendel University in Brno,Czech
Republic)
3
(Department of Marketing and Trade, Faculty of Business and Economics/Mendel University in Brno,Czech
Republic)
ABSTRACT: The present account deals with an investigation into the living standards of seniors and their
development in the selected period 2005 – 2012. The basic data sources best serving for this purpose are two
European methodologies – the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions and the
Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose. The data are recalculated for the whole population of the
Czech Republic with the help of the iteration method of scale calibration. For the purpose of income analysis,
the households of seniors are sorted into quintiles and the level and depth of poverty are calculated for them.
Income inequality is assessed on the basis of the Gino coefficient. Monitoring of the history of seniors' incomes
is based on regression models and ANOVA has been used to find out about the conclusiveness of the effects of
the factors of place of living and education on seniors' incomes. Subsequently, the structure of expenditures
pursuant to the defined 12 categories is studied. Subjective opinions are expressed with the help of material
deprivation indicators. The individual indicators are compared to the results for the whole population of the
Czech Republic. The output is represented by a specification of problem areas of the lives of Czech seniors
related to the material side of their living standards.
KEYWORDS - income, elderly, consumption, income inequality, education, place of living, living standards
I. INTRODUCTION
Changes in economic development in the Czech Republic in the years 2005 – 2012 and above all their
social impact on selected population groups suggest a number of questions concerning the correctness of the
emphasis on the dynamics of economic growth without the same emphasis on the social progress of society. The
period of financial crisis and its manifestations in individual EU countries showed that GDP dynamics
themselves are not a reliable indicator of the stability of economic development in society. Professional
discussion on this theme has been led above all by Joseph E. Stiglitz, Amartya Sen, Jean-Paul Fitoussi and
others. Impulses for these discussions include worsening parameters of environmental quality, education level,
healthcare and social care, and also the results of surveys into household incomes as the basic assumption for
human need satisfaction [1]. The economic progress of society, its stability and social development have
differing negative impacts on individual population groups. The greatest threat is faced by socially weak
groups, that is, the unemployed, senior households, incomplete households and households with a greater
number of children. The issue of economic and social progress cannot be addressed without consideration of the
ongoing significant demographic changes not only in the Czech Republic, but also across Europe. It is the very
size of individual population segments based on age that brings a number of significant factors manifesting
themselves in the economic and social areas. At the turn of 20th and 21st centuries, not only the Czech Republic
but also the whole of Europe was aware of the results of censuses concerning the age structure of the global
population and its accelerating ageing. Population ageing is one of the most significant demographic changes
bringing about a exponential increase in world population, overpopulation of certain areas, migration or changes
in mortality rates [2]. Seniors represent a very dynamically developing segment considerably affecting the
whole economy of the Czech Republic. The increase in average age will bring about growing demands on the
pension, social and healthcare system, where a considerable increase may be expected in the coming years.
These basic systems of every advanced state will not be able to avoid radical changes which must prevent
population ageing from becoming a critical economic and social problem in the Czech Republic. Ageing may be
viewed as a multidimensional process whose impact is not subject of any consumer behaviour research. The
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senior population group cannot be said to be a homogeneous segment identifiable on the basis of biological age
only [3].
There are a number of factors suggesting that it is a heterogeneous segment with a huge potential but
also with many economic, psychological, biological and social aspects affecting personal consumption.
Phenomena of critical importance for this group include financial resources and health condition. Financial
resources, i.e. income (old age pension), may be considered one of the key indicators for assessing the living
standards of the population of a given state. Income determines consumer preferences in the purchasing process,
ways of spending leisure time, household equipment as well as education. Therefore, income significantly
affects the living standards of consumers. It is generally assumed that the senior segment belongs among those
households threatened by low income and approaching the boundary of poverty. This contribution aims to
investigate the senior segment and use the results of the investigation to identify problems related to the needs of
seniors and their satisfaction, which can be expected in future regarding demographic and economic
development and applied social policy. To this end, the authors will also use knowledge obtained by
examination of the income issue and living standards in society (the economic development of society expressed
as the growth of GDP and the income situation of households, the number of households at risk of poverty, the
depth of poverty and the rate of income inequality have an identical development trend. It will be different if the
economic development trend change [4]. Stávková et al [4] add that a very powerful instrument which can
significantly reduce income problems of households is social policy. However, it is not only how much is spent
on social protection, but also towards which social groups the social policy is oriented. If it is incorrectly
focused, this generates economic inactivity and slows down economic growth, and thus reduces the standard of
living).
II. METHOD
The source data have been obtained according to two European methodologies enabling a comparison of EU
countries. They are the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU SILC) [5] and
the Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose (COICOP). The investigations have been performed
by the Czech Statistical Office and the statistical office of the European Commission, Eurostat.
The investigations of EU SILC take net household income as the basic variable, with individual income used in
selected cases [6]. The number of Czech households involved in the investigation in individual monitoring
years, the number of senior households, the number of individuals and the number of individual seniors included
are shown in the following Table 1.
Table 1: Numbers of households and individuals included in the investigation by EU SILC in the Czech Republic
The data from the investigation were recalculated for the total population of the Czech Republic with
the help of the iteration method of scale calibration, minimising the difference between the known values
of the selected characteristics and the recalculated values of the selection sample (table 1). In harmony with
the methodology recommended by the European statistical office (Eurostat), the system of integrated scales was
also used, i.e. a set of recalculated coefficients applicable to parallel processing of outputs both for households
and for individuals. This recalculation eliminates the effect of non-response, i.e. bias resulting from the different
compositions of households not included in the investigation as well as under- or overestimated data of
the investigated households. The households are evaluated by income and divided into quintiles. Following
ascending sorting of incomes per person, cumulative values of the empirical distribution function may be used
3. Impact of Economic Development ...
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for specification of various income characteristics, quintile income distribution, income differentiations, levels
of poverty, etc.
The expenditure data use data on total expenditures for 12 items pursuant to COICOP, i.e. food and
non-alcoholic drinks, alcohol and tobacco, clothing and footwear, living, water and energy, household
equipment, health, transport, post and telecommunications, recreation and ultra, education, board and lodging,
other goods and services. Progress of development of household income in the years 2005 – 2012 is expressed
with the basic model of linear regression analysis where the median value of the dependent variable Y is bound
with one independent variable T as expressed by the following formula:
(1)
where b is the straight line directive and is the residual component.
Regression models are used to express the income situation of households of the Czech Republic as a
whole and in the selected 1st quintile for median values, and t-statistics are used to specify the adequacy of
regression function parameters. Finding out the conclusiveness of the influence of factors such as the place
seniors live and the level of education on the amount of old age pension (using an investigation into individuals)
is based on the ANOVA method application.
(A) Type of living with 4 levels – a1 - capital city of Prague, a2 - regional capital, a3 - municipal, a4 - rural
living,
(B) achieved education with 6 levels – b1 - elementary, b2 - apprentice without school-leaving
examination, b3 - complete secondary education with school-leaving examination, b4 - higher
professional education, post-secondary courses, b5 - university, b6 - post-graduate (doctoral) courses
The calculations were made with the statistical software STATISTICA12.
III. SUBJECT OF INVESTIGATION
The Czech economy went through many differing stages in the monitored period. They included dynamic growth
as well as economic crisis. To analyse household conditions and describe living standards on the basis of objective
indicators, an analysis of household income is used for it is income that is most closely connected with the living standards
of households and their lifestyle. The performed income analyses must be commented on in the context of economic growth
of the Czech Republic. Economic growth in the period 2005 – 2012 is described with the help of the following indicators:
net income, mean wage and gross domestic product as the macro-economic indicator (GDP), and their values are expressed
by graphical means (fig. 1). Year-on-year values of the Czech economy tended to grow in the years 2005 and 2006, when
GDP grew year-on-year by up to 7.0 %, which was a record year-on-year GDP growth in the modern history of the Czech
Republic. In the year 2007, household expenditures for end consumption increased year-on-year by 4.0 %, which is related
to household demand, encouraged by reduced unemployment (6.62 %) as well as by increased income. In 2008, the Czech
Republic was affected by the global economic situation affected by financial crisis as early as in August 2007. Year-on-year
GDP growth dropped to 3.1 %. Household expenditures for end consumption equalled 3.0 %, which is also related to the
considerable inflation (6.3 %) and very low year-on-year increase of real wages (1.4 %). In 2008 the positives included a
record registered unemployment rate ranging around 5.44 %. The year 2009 was marked by economic recession, and not
only in the Czech Republic. GDP continued to decrease (down to -4.5 %), accompanied by a considerable decrease in
household expenditures for end consumption. This trend continued to 2012 [7]. Detailed analyses of 2011 show that
households limited their expenditures on goods as well as services and the state had to increase allowances for people in
material need. Mean gross monthly wage was CZK 23,726. Old-age pensioners received CZK 10,536 on average (CZK 500
more than in the previous year). Despite that, living costs of old-age pensioners in the consumption basket increased by
nearly 3 % [8].In 2012, this negative trend continued with a further decrease in economic performance. GDP ranged in
negative figures together with expenditures for end consumption of households. For the first time, the year -on-year indicator
of mean real wage decreased, too [7]. Even though the mean wage increased year-on-year in 2012 by CZK 655 to CZK
25,101, which meant an increase of 2.7 % in comparison with two years before, the whole effect of wage growth was
absorbed by inflation, which reached 3.3 %. This in reality meant an overall wage drop of 0.6 % [9]. Mean old age pension
level reached CZK 10,770, which represented an increase of 2.2 % in comparison with the year 2011, but in real figures it
4. Impact of Economic Development ...
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slightly decreased (by 2.3 %). The greatest effect on price inflation was represented by housing price increase. Therefore,
costs of living of senior households increased year-on-year by 4.6 % (record value since 2008).
Figure 1: Year-on-year changes in selected indicators in the individual monitored years
The above Fig.1 shows the development of year-on-year changes in GDP, real wage and net mean
income per natural person. The values of mean real wages published by the Czech statistical office correspond
to the calculated year-on-year changes in net mean income from the SILC set. Just the amount of year-on-year
change in net mean income in 2005 is not known for the Living Standard research was only started in that year.
Income of households is decisive for satisfaction of the needs of individual members of households and
in effect for the quality of life of the population. The following Table 2 shows the history of annual income and
expenditures of an average household and senior household according to the Family budget statistics (FBS).
Table 2: Annual household income and expenditures net of inflation (in-house calculations)
Figure 2: Annual income and expenditures net of inflation
Data in Table 2 and their graphic representation show a comparison between the income of a mean
Czech household and a senior household. In the monitored period, the year-on-year increase in income was
higher and expenditures grew more in senior households. The parameters of the regression function of the 7 -
year timeline show a year-on-year increase in income in senior households of CZK 3,367, with the same figure
for other households in the Czech Republic only being CZK 2,576. A similar situation can be seen in
expenditures. While expenditures of senior households increased year-on-year by CZK 2,796, this figure for
other households is only CZK 2,576. This situation is logical in the area of expenditures for it follows from the
structure of the consumer basket, see Fig. 3.
Table 3: Mean expenditures per person in CZK by item
COICOP items
2005 2012
Mean
household
Senior
household
Mean
household
Senior
household
Food and non-alcoholic
drinks
18,775 22,894 19,650 23,371
Alcoholic drinks, tobacco 2,603 2,508 2,794 3,105
Clothing and footwear 5,095 2,955 4,624 2,694
5. Impact of Economic Development ...
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Housing, water, energy,
fuel
18,336 23,657 21,678 29,093
Household equipment,
repairs
6,116 5,344 5,667 5,587
Healthcare 1,795 2,743 2,752 4,690
Transport 10,132 6,209 10,522 5,974
Post and
telecommunications
4,162 3,795 4,366 3,836
Recreation and culture 9,673 6,807 9,330 8,210
Education 497 18 643 222
Board and lodging 4,643 2,150 5,172 2,762
Other goods and services 9,257 6,179 11,000 8,531
Total 91,084 85,259 98,198 98,075
Figure 3: Structure of household expenditures
In the course of the monitored period, the structure of expenditures did not change significantly for
either household type.
Table and Fig. 2 show the income situation of a mean household in both subsets - standard and senior
household. As the data apply to mean households across the country, differences between low- and high-income
households are significantly levelled out. That is why the income analyses are extended by an income analysis
of the 1st quintile concerning the first 20 % of households sorted in ascending order by income. The progress of
income and expenditure development clearly shows that income of low-income households in the Czech
Republic is lower than income of senior households, and that the crisis caused a decrease in expenditures in
these very households. The progress of expenditures of senior households copies the progress of income with a
smaller or bigger difference but always with the income higher.
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
Average household Senior household
20.0% 23.8%
2.8%
3.2%4.7%
2.7%
22.1%
29.7%
5.8%
5.7%
2.8%
4.8%
10.7%
6.1%4.4%
3.9%9.5%
8.4%0.7%
0.2%5.3%
2.8%
11.2% 8.7%
Other goods and services
Board and lodging
Education
Recreation and culture
Post and telecommunications
Transport
Healthcare
Household equipment, repairs
Living, water, energy, fuel
Clothing and footwear
Alcoholic drinks, tobacco
Foodstuffs and non-alcoholic drinks
6. Impact of Economic Development ...
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Figure 4: Income and expenditures of households of the 1st quintile
The above analyses were performed in the sense of the income situation of households in relation to
household expenditures. The senior segment is to a large extent dependent on the state and its social policy.
Table 3 allows for the deduction that the state is aware of this liability, for in the course of the monitored period
2005-2012 senior income grew (by 12.6 %) more than income per natural person for all Czech households
(12.03 %).
This situation is respected by subjective views expressing the perception of the financial situation in
both sets of respondents. Senior households expressed more pessimistic views on the sufficiency of income and
management of expenditures for housing at the end of the timeline of the monitored period (tab. 4 and tab. 5).
Table 4: Sufficiency of household income in %
Characteristics
Insufficient or
sufficient with great
problems
Few problems or
sufficient
Quite
sufficient
All households
2005 29.5 59.9 10.6
2012 31.4 59.2 9.4
Senior
households
2005 29.9 61.1 8.9
2012 34.7 57.4 7.8
Table 5: Financial burden of housing expenditures
Characteristics Great burden Certain burden No burden at all
All households
2005 23.8 64.1 12.2
2012 28.5 63.4 8.1
Senior
households
2005 25.2 64.2 10.6
2012 32.2 60.8 7.0
7. Impact of Economic Development ...
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Data in table 6 do not confirm this negative perception. Objective information about the frequency of
items of material deprivation increase (a week of holiday, meat and fish every other day, heating method etc.).
Table 6: Material deprivation
Material deprivation in %
Characteristics
A week of
holiday away
from home
Meat or fish
every other day
Sufficient
house heating
Unexpected
expenditure
2005 2012 2005 2012 2005 2012 2005 2012
All households 58.0 56.2 81.0 86.3 89.7 92.4 55.9 56.0
Senior households 41.7 44.9 74.7 81.2 86.6 90.1 50.0 49.9
The social policy of the Czech Republic and the viewpoint of solidarity of the pension system are also
shown by the results of investigations into the number of poverty-threatened households and the depth of such
poverty.
Table 7: Poverty-threatened households
Characteristics
SILC 05 SILC 06 SILC 07 SILC 08 SILC 09 SILC 10 SILC 11 SILC 12
Persons threatened by
poverty (in %)
10.36 9.8 9.6 9.1 8.6 9.0 9.8 9.6
Persons threatened by
poverty (in thousands)
1049.3 995.6 980.0 926.6 886.9 937.3 1022.3 990.3
Number of seniors
threatened by poverty
(in %)
8.01 9.28 7.67 9.69 10.25 9.82 9.80 9.32
Number of seniors
threatened by poverty
177.1 209.1 176.8 225.2 241.9 235.2 235.3 225.9
Table 8: Depth of poverty in CZK
Characteristics
SILC 05 SILC 06 SILC 07 SILC 08 SILC 09 SILC 10 SILC 11 SILC 12
Average household 0.232 0.210 0.219 0.219 0.223 0.223 0.225 0.123
Senior household 0.114 0.126 0.126 0.136 0.136 0.126 0.139 0.146
The calculations show a nearly identical percentage of poverty-threatened households in both
monitored subsets, with the depth of poverty of average households nearly twice the depth of poverty of senior
households.
Living standards of seniors are in addition strongly affected by one more significant factor, which is the
merit factor affecting specification of the amount of old-age pension. The old-age pension rate specified by the
state does not respect the income inequality of the economically active population. This follows from the
calculation of the indicator of income inequality, Gini coefficient, in table 9.
8. Impact of Economic Development ...
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Table 9: Gini coefficient
Characteristics
SILC 05 SILC 06 SILC 07 SILC 08 SILC 09 SILC 10 SILC 11 SILC 12
Gini coefficient seniors 0.145 0.154 0.15 0.155 0.161 0.159 0.168 0.162
Gini coefficient 0.261 0.253 0.253 0.249 0.253 0.248 0.253 0.248
The Gini coefficient, expressing the income inequality of average Czech households, reaches double
the value for the senior segment. This is another argument for seniors who experience considerable changes in
living standards as a consequence of the state-specified amount of their old-age pension and feel dissatisfied, for
the approach to the merit factor, which is suppressed in the system of old-age pension calculation, is considered
by them as unjust in relation to the amount of their state levies in the period of their economic activity.
This is also the decisive reason for the work engagement of seniors (see table 10).
Table 10: Working and non-working seniors
Characteristics SILC 05 SILC 06 SILC 07 SILC 08 SILC 09 SILC 10 SILC 11 SILC 12
Total number
of working
seniors
(absolute
figures)
145,259 108,426 92,675 108,441 102,048 118,697 114,745 144,603
Total number
of working
seniors (in %)
6.95 5.3 4.47 5.16 4.71 5.42 5.01 6.16
Non-working
senior
population (%)
93.05 94.70 95.53 94.84 95.28 94.57 94.99 93.84
Non-working
senior
population (in
absolute
figures)
1,945,349 1,937,917 1,978,722 1,993,244 2,062,205 2,069,127 2,173,656 2,202,211
The income situation is affected by many factors, inter alia the place of living and education level. As
shown in tables 11 and 12, the income of individual levels of the defined variables really differs. The results of
ANOVA shown in Table 13 reveal the factor which affects the income situation of households and thus the
specified amount of old-age pension.
Table 11: Breakdown of descriptive statistics - place of living
Place of living
Mean annual
income (in CZK)
Standard deviation Variance
Capital city of Prague 182,906 62 276.07 3.878309E+09
Regional capital 171,785 75 831.99 5.750491E+09
Municipality 164,102 53 140.84 2.823948E+09
Rural place of living 164,226 52 479.81 2.754130E+09
Total 167,136 57 933.59 3.356301E+09
Table 12: Breakdown of descriptive statistics - education level
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Education
Mean annual
income (in CZK)
Standard deviation Variance
Elementary education 131,3230 39 407.2 1.552929E+09
Apprentice 139,881 41 615.9 1.731879E+09
Complete secondary education 156,930 78 078.1 6.096183E+09
Higher education 157,542 56 662.3 3.210622E+09
University education 217,048 144 470.8 2.087181E+10
Doctoral education 326,939 205 408.4 4.219260E+10
Total 150,396 73 410.3 5.389068E+09
Table 13: Variance analysis
Examined factor Levels of freedom F value p-value
Place of living 3 12.47 0.00
Education 5 164.48 0.00
The results show that both factors significantly affect the calculated old-age pension level. The capital
city of Prague and regional capitals with higher job positions differ from the rest. A similarly highly significant
effect is shown by the achieved education level and the corresponding job position.
IV. CONCLUSION
The performed income analyses of the monitored population sets allow for the deduction that the economic
progress of society in the period 2005-2012 was related to the living standards in society, of course with a
certain time shift in the following sequence: Financial crisis, increasing unemployment, decreasing income per
household member, decreasing total consumption. The subset of interest – senior households - was subject to a
reduced speed of year-on-year income increase in the whole monitored period of 2005-2012, but despite that,
this increase was higher in the senior segment (CZK 3,367) than in the average Czech household (CZK 2,576).
Similarly, expenditures per senior household member were higher (CZK 2,769) than those of an average
household (CZK 1,706). This fact is logical in the expenditure area due to the structure of the expenditures and
the need to satisfy personal needs. The percentage of income increase is higher in the senior segment (12.6 %),
with the same percentage for the average household being only 12.03 %. This fact is further multiplied by
knowledge of the left-side division of the set of achieved income of Czech households. The created negatively
oriented social atmosphere, derived from global economic development, more strongly affected senior
households, as follows from their subjective perception and evaluation (sufficiency of their income, burden
represented by housing expenditures). The results of objective investigations into the income situation and the
number of monitored items of material deprivation do not correspond to this subjective evaluation (the income
increase, the increase in the number of holidays, selection of foodstuffs, the method and intensity of heating are
higher in senior households).
The results of individual investigations into old-age pension calculation and the above-mentioned
income situation of households allow for a positive assessment of the solidarity aspect of the old-age pension
system, or the social policy of the state. The objectively found equality of old-age pension amounts not
respecting the income inequality of the economically active population and the expressed need for additional
income on the part of some seniors then document the absence of the merit aspect. This is manifested by the
dissatisfaction of a certain group of seniors who are forced to change their way of life in old age to respect their
lowered living standards.
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