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The Chernobyl Report
- 1. THE CHERNOBYL REPORT APBL Case Study of ”The Chernobyl Incident” for CHY1002 (Environmental Sciences) - Sumit Saha
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- 3. 26TH APRIL,1986 • Simulatinga power failure goes wrong • Reactor 4 tested for backup in times of power outage • Rearrangement of core contrary to checklist • Safety systems turned off • Inherent reactor design flaws in the days of the USSR • Uncontrolled reaction conditions • Steam explosions occurred • Open-air graphite ‘fire’ updrafts for 9 days • Radioactive inventory (fission products) spreads over USSR and Europe • 60% of fallout landed in Belarus
- 4. RBMK : HIGHPOWER TYPE-CHANNEL REACTOR • Graphite-moderated nuclear power reactor (Generation II) • Fuel: 235U (State: Solid) • Eu2O3 : to lower reactivity diff. b/w new and partially used fuel • Neutron Energy Spectrum: Thermal • Primary Control Methods: Control Rods • Primary moderator: Graphite • Primary coolant: Light Water • Status : Out of 26 blocks • 11 operational • 1 destroyed (Chernobyl Event) • 9 cancelled
- 6. Inside of RBMKReactor
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- 8. RADIATION LEVELS AFTEREXPLOSION
- 9. PRIPYAT (A GHOSTTOWN) • Population: 49,400 (before) • 75 schools • Town abandoned since event • Radiation levels still high • Inhabitable for the near future
- 10. • The externalrelative gamma dose for a person in the open near the Chernobyl disaster site. • The intermediate lived fission products like Cs-137 contribute nearly all of the gamma dose now after a number of decades have passed, see opposite. • The impact of the different isotopes on the radioactive contamination of the air soon after the accident.
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- 14. FOOD DOSAGE Source:Estimate of Dose Reduction Effects – K. Muc
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- 17. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS • 190tonnes of radioactive gas released • 150,000 sq. kilometers of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine contaminated • 203 causalities • 31 deaths (workers and firemen) • Radiations made green forests: RED • Made 10% of the land of Belarus unusable • 3 million of those evacuated were children
- 18. HEALTH IMPACTS • 270,000cancers which are mostly thyroid till date • 93,000 fatal cases • 1800+ registered cases of thyroid cancer in children • Leukaemia increased 50% in children and adults • Cataract studies shows it occurred at 250msv • Cardiovascular diseases occurred to emergency workers • Leukaemia cases doubled after people been exposed • Reproductive and hereditary effects were also seen • Mental and psychological effects were also seen.
- 20. PRECAUTIONS TAKEN • Localsmust change their clothes twice a day, and may not walk in the woods for more than two hours a month • Levels of radiation are printed in the newspapers and it informs whether children could be allowed out to play • To wash food at least five times in clean water • Cattle are not supposed to graze in areas where the grass is less than 10cm high so their mouths will not touch the earth
- 21. ECONOMIES OF THEEFFECTED COUNTRIES • Belarus will have spent a total of 235 billion dollars on dealing with the radiation • Budget goes towards the medical facilities • Ukraine’s 5–7 % of government spending still for Chernobyl programs • Belarus government spending on Chernobyl is 22.3% of the national budget • But in present time it declined to 6.1%. • Total spending by Belarus on Chernobyl between 1991 and 2003 was more than 13 billion dollars
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- 23. THE IAEA • Establishedin 1957 • Formed to promote peaceful use of nuclear energy • To inhibit use for military purposes (nuclear weapons) • Reports to United Nations General Assembly and Security Council • An intergovernmental forum for scientific and technical cooperation in the peaceful use of nuclear technology and nuclear power worldwide • Came into the broader picture post Fukushima Daiichi and Chernobyl Incidents • 3 pillars: • Safety and Security • Science and Technology • Safeguards and Verification
- 25. SAFETY OF RESEARCHREACTORS • Site evaluation • Design • Construction • Commissioning • Operation, including utilization and modification • Decommissioning • Release from regulatory control.
- 26. DESIGN OF INSTRUMENTATION •The management system for Instrumentation and Control Design • Design basis for Instrumentation and Control Systems • Instrumentation and Control Architecture • Safety classification of Instrumentation and Control Functions, Systems and Equipment • Design guidelines for specific Instrumentation and Control Systems and Equipment • Considerations relating to the Human-Machine Interface • Software
- 27. MANAGEMENT FOR SAFETY •Responsibility for Safety • Leadership for Safety • Management for Safety • Culture for Safety • Measurement, Assessment and Improvement
- 29. • Been runningsince 1990 • Governed by International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies with local societies. • primary objective is to address basic health needs of those living in the regions of the 3 countries affected (Belarus, Russia, Ukraine) • Core activity is cancer screening • Provide psychosocial support • Distribute multivitamins to children living in radiation contaminated areas. • The mobile diagnostics laboratories (MDLs) provided thousands of people living in the radiation polluted areas with an opportunity to receive accurate
- 30. GLOBAL AGENDA GOALS •Reduce the numbers of deaths, injuries and impact from disasters. • Reduce the number of deaths, illnesses and impact from diseases and public health emergencies. • Increase local community, civil society and Red Cross • Red Crescent capacity to address the most urgent situations of vulnerability. • Reduce intolerance, discrimination and social exclusion and promote respect for diversity and human dignity.
- 31. CRDP-CHERNOBYL RECOVERY AND DEVELOPMENTPROGRAMME • Was developed by the United Nations Development Program and was initiated in 2002 • Aim is to return the affected to normal life by providing support to the government of Ukraine • Ukraine for elaboration and implementation of development-oriented solutions for the regions • Mitigate long-term social, economic and environmental consequences • Creates more favorable living conditions and to promote sustainable human development in affected regions
- 32. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCHAND MONITORING
- 33. • Long termmonitoring of the radionuclides: 137Cs and 90Sr • To justify countermeasures, assess and predict future levels of human exposure and contamination • Create awareness in affected areas to reduce radionuclide intake by humans • Inform regarding changing radiological conditions • Understanding parameters regarding transfer of radioactive material in various ecosystems • Determine the mechanism of radionuclides behavior in less studied ecosystems • With change in radioactive levels, frequency of sampling can be reduced
- 34. • Leakage monitoringin primary pressure boundary • Vibration monitoring of rotating machinery • Evaluation of early degradation • Demonstration of data integration into prognostic model • Research Areas: • Reactor and signal noise analysis • Acoustic and vibration monitoring • Prognostics and structural material integrity • Instrument and equipment condition monitoring and enabling technologies
- 35. • Better equipmentalong with verification, validation and documentation of fault data • Widening global cooperation in times of disasters • Performance monitoring: • Wireless technologies • Power line data carrier • Smart instruments • Fieldbus technologies • Data fusion
- 37. - : ASAFE CONFINEMENT : - THE SARCOPHAGUS • Total investments: $ 2.3 billion • To contain in the continuous radioactive emissions from leftover fuel • Design Goals: • Reduce corrosion and weathering of existing confinement • Enable safe demolition of unstable structures • Mitigate consequences of potential collapse of existing shelter or Reactor-4 • Construction: • Off-site construction: limiting radiation doses of workers to a minimum • Arch fitted snugly over damaged reactor (excluding chimney) • Arch easier to handle than a square box (previous sarcophagus)
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