The document summarizes key details about the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, including:
- The disaster occurred on April 26, 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine due to a botched safety test and reactor design flaws.
- It resulted in radioactive fallout spreading over much of Europe. Belarus received 60% of the fallout.
- Over 200,000 people were evacuated and the town of Pripyat remains uninhabited due to high radiation levels.
- The disaster caused numerous health issues and economic costs for Ukraine, Belarus and Russia that continue to this day.
- International organizations like the IAEA and Red Cross have played roles in monitoring the aftermath and assisting affected populations
On March 15, 33 experts from the Department’s National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) arrived in Japan along with more than 17,200 pounds of equipment. After initial deployments at U.S. consulates and military installations in Japan, these teams have utilized their unique skills, expertise and equipment to help assess, survey, monitor and sample areas for radiation. The 33 team members joined another six DOE personnel already in Japan.
On March 15, 33 experts from the Department’s National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) arrived in Japan along with more than 17,200 pounds of equipment. After initial deployments at U.S. consulates and military installations in Japan, these teams have utilized their unique skills, expertise and equipment to help assess, survey, monitor and sample areas for radiation. The 33 team members joined another six DOE personnel already in Japan.
On March 15, 33 experts from the Department’s National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) arrived in Japan along with more than 17,200 pounds of equipment. After initial deployments at U.S. consulates and military installations in Japan, these teams have utilized their unique skills, expertise and equipment to help assess, survey, monitor and sample areas for radiation. The 33 team members joined another six DOE personnel already in Japan.
Since arriving in Japan, NNSA teams have collected and analyzed data gathered from more than 40 hours of flights aboard Department of Defense aircraft and thousands of ground monitoring points.
On March 15, 33 experts from the Department’s National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) arrived in Japan along with more than 17,200 pounds of equipment. After initial deployments at U.S. consulates and military installations in Japan, these teams have utilized their unique skills, expertise and equipment to help assess, survey, monitor and sample areas for radiation. The 33 team members joined another six DOE personnel already in Japan.
On March 15, 33 experts from the Department’s National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) arrived in Japan along with more than 17,200 pounds of equipment. After initial deployments at U.S. consulates and military installations in Japan, these teams have utilized their unique skills, expertise and equipment to help assess, survey, monitor and sample areas for radiation. The 33 team members joined another six DOE personnel already in Japan.
On March 15, 33 experts from the Department’s National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) arrived in Japan along with more than 17,200 pounds of equipment. After initial deployments at U.S. consulates and military installations in Japan, these teams have utilized their unique skills, expertise and equipment to help assess, survey, monitor and sample areas for radiation. The 33 team members joined another six DOE personnel already in Japan.
Since arriving in Japan, NNSA teams have collected and analyzed data gathered from more than 40 hours of flights aboard Department of Defense aircraft and thousands of ground monitoring points.
Presentation on the 1986 Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster regarded as the worst nuclear disaster in the history
On 26 April 1986 the nuclear power plant near Pripyat in Ukraine burst and led to the death of many people and leaving more people disabled. This presentation explores the reasons behind the accident and the measures that were taken by the authorities.
For many countries, nuclear power remains an
important option for improving energy security and
reducing the impact of volatile fossil-fuel prices. As
a stable, base-load source of electricity in an era of
ever-increasing global energy demand, nuclear power
complements other energy sources—including renewables.
And because nuclear power, together with hydropower
and wind energy, has the lowest life cycle greenhouse
gas emissions among all power generation sources, it is
crucially linked to mitigating the effects of climate change.
A clear correlation links energy poverty and real
poverty. Energy is the engine of development. In his
vision for Sustainable Energy for All, UN Secretary
General Ban Ki-moon says that “all energy sources and
technologies have roles to play in achieving universal
access in an economically, socially and environmentally
sustainable fashion.” Simply put, to provide energy
access to everyone, all forms of energy are needed.
More information : http://www.sfen.org/
radioactive-pollution slide share for effectively studyingvimalkumar678310
Radioactive contamination, also called radiological pollution, is the deposition of, or presence of radioactive substances on surfaces or within solids, liquids, or gases (including the human body), where their presence is unintended or undesirable (from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) definition).Such contamination presents a hazard because the radioactive decay of the contaminants produces ionizing radiation (namely alpha, beta, gamma rays and free neutrons). The degree of hazard is determined by the concentration of the contaminants, the energy of the radiation being emitted, the type of radiation, and the proximity of the contamination to organs of the body. It is important to be clear that the contamination gives rise to the radiation hazard, and the terms "radiation" and "contamination" are not interchangeable.
The sources of radioactive pollution can be classified into two groups: natural and man-made. Following an atmospheric nuclear weapon discharge or a nuclear reactor containment breach, the air, soil, people, plants, and animals in the vicinity will become contaminated by nuclear fuel and fission products. A spilled vial of radioactive material like uranyl nitrate may contaminate the floor and any rags used to wipe up the spill. Cases of widespread radioactive contamination include the Bikini Atoll, the Rocky Flats Plant in Colorado, the area near the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, the area near the Chernobyl disaster, and the area near the Mayak disaster.Such contamination presents a hazard because the radioactive decay of the contaminants produces ionizing radiation (namely alpha, beta, gamma rays and free neutrons). The degree of hazard is determined by the concentration of the contaminants, the energy of the radiation being emitted, the type of radiation, and the proximity of the contamination to organs of the body. It is important to be clear that the contamination gives rise to the radiation hazard, and the terms "radiation" and "contamination" are not interchangeable.
The sources of radioactive pollution can be classified into two groups: natural and man-made. Following an atmospheric nuclear weapon discharge or a nuclear reactor containment breach, the air, soil, people, plants, and animals in the vicinity will become contaminated by nuclear fuel and fission products. A spilled vial of radioactive material like uranyl nitrate may contaminate the floor and any rags used to wipe up the spill. Cases of widespread radioactive contamination include the Bikini Atoll, the Rocky Flats Plant in Colorado, the area near the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, the area near the Chernobyl disaster, and the area near the Mayak disaster.Such contamination presents a hazard because the radioactive decay of the contaminants produces ionizing radiation (namely alpha, beta, gamma rays and free neutrons). The degree of hazard is determined by the concentration of the contaminants, the energy of the radiation being emitted.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Presentation on the 1986 Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster regarded as the worst nuclear disaster in the history
On 26 April 1986 the nuclear power plant near Pripyat in Ukraine burst and led to the death of many people and leaving more people disabled. This presentation explores the reasons behind the accident and the measures that were taken by the authorities.
For many countries, nuclear power remains an
important option for improving energy security and
reducing the impact of volatile fossil-fuel prices. As
a stable, base-load source of electricity in an era of
ever-increasing global energy demand, nuclear power
complements other energy sources—including renewables.
And because nuclear power, together with hydropower
and wind energy, has the lowest life cycle greenhouse
gas emissions among all power generation sources, it is
crucially linked to mitigating the effects of climate change.
A clear correlation links energy poverty and real
poverty. Energy is the engine of development. In his
vision for Sustainable Energy for All, UN Secretary
General Ban Ki-moon says that “all energy sources and
technologies have roles to play in achieving universal
access in an economically, socially and environmentally
sustainable fashion.” Simply put, to provide energy
access to everyone, all forms of energy are needed.
More information : http://www.sfen.org/
radioactive-pollution slide share for effectively studyingvimalkumar678310
Radioactive contamination, also called radiological pollution, is the deposition of, or presence of radioactive substances on surfaces or within solids, liquids, or gases (including the human body), where their presence is unintended or undesirable (from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) definition).Such contamination presents a hazard because the radioactive decay of the contaminants produces ionizing radiation (namely alpha, beta, gamma rays and free neutrons). The degree of hazard is determined by the concentration of the contaminants, the energy of the radiation being emitted, the type of radiation, and the proximity of the contamination to organs of the body. It is important to be clear that the contamination gives rise to the radiation hazard, and the terms "radiation" and "contamination" are not interchangeable.
The sources of radioactive pollution can be classified into two groups: natural and man-made. Following an atmospheric nuclear weapon discharge or a nuclear reactor containment breach, the air, soil, people, plants, and animals in the vicinity will become contaminated by nuclear fuel and fission products. A spilled vial of radioactive material like uranyl nitrate may contaminate the floor and any rags used to wipe up the spill. Cases of widespread radioactive contamination include the Bikini Atoll, the Rocky Flats Plant in Colorado, the area near the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, the area near the Chernobyl disaster, and the area near the Mayak disaster.Such contamination presents a hazard because the radioactive decay of the contaminants produces ionizing radiation (namely alpha, beta, gamma rays and free neutrons). The degree of hazard is determined by the concentration of the contaminants, the energy of the radiation being emitted, the type of radiation, and the proximity of the contamination to organs of the body. It is important to be clear that the contamination gives rise to the radiation hazard, and the terms "radiation" and "contamination" are not interchangeable.
The sources of radioactive pollution can be classified into two groups: natural and man-made. Following an atmospheric nuclear weapon discharge or a nuclear reactor containment breach, the air, soil, people, plants, and animals in the vicinity will become contaminated by nuclear fuel and fission products. A spilled vial of radioactive material like uranyl nitrate may contaminate the floor and any rags used to wipe up the spill. Cases of widespread radioactive contamination include the Bikini Atoll, the Rocky Flats Plant in Colorado, the area near the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, the area near the Chernobyl disaster, and the area near the Mayak disaster.Such contamination presents a hazard because the radioactive decay of the contaminants produces ionizing radiation (namely alpha, beta, gamma rays and free neutrons). The degree of hazard is determined by the concentration of the contaminants, the energy of the radiation being emitted.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
3. 26TH APRIL,1986
• Simulating a power failure goes wrong
• Reactor 4 tested for backup in times of power outage
• Rearrangement of core contrary to checklist
• Safety systems turned off
• Inherent reactor design flaws in the days of the USSR
• Uncontrolled reaction conditions
• Steam explosions occurred
• Open-air graphite ‘fire’ updrafts for 9 days
• Radioactive inventory (fission products) spreads over USSR and
Europe
• 60% of fallout landed in Belarus
4. RBMK : HIGH POWER TYPE-CHANNEL REACTOR
• Graphite-moderated nuclear power reactor (Generation
II)
• Fuel: 235U (State: Solid)
• Eu2O3 : to lower reactivity diff. b/w new and partially used
fuel
• Neutron Energy Spectrum: Thermal
• Primary Control Methods: Control Rods
• Primary moderator: Graphite
• Primary coolant: Light Water
• Status : Out of 26 blocks
• 11 operational
• 1 destroyed (Chernobyl Event)
• 9 cancelled
9. PRIPYAT (A GHOST TOWN)
• Population: 49,400 (before)
• 75 schools
• Town abandoned since
event
• Radiation levels still high
• Inhabitable for the near
future
10. • The external relative gamma dose for a
person in the open near the Chernobyl
disaster site.
• The intermediate lived fission products
like Cs-137 contribute nearly all of the
gamma dose now after a number of
decades have passed, see opposite.
• The impact of the different
isotopes on the radioactive
contamination of the air soon
after the accident.
17. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
• 190 tonnes of radioactive gas released
• 150,000 sq. kilometers of Belarus, Russia and
Ukraine contaminated
• 203 causalities
• 31 deaths (workers and firemen)
• Radiations made green forests: RED
• Made 10% of the land of Belarus unusable
• 3 million of those evacuated were children
18. HEALTH IMPACTS
• 270,000 cancers which are mostly thyroid till date
• 93,000 fatal cases
• 1800+ registered cases of thyroid cancer in children
• Leukaemia increased 50% in children and adults
• Cataract studies shows it occurred at 250msv
• Cardiovascular diseases occurred to emergency workers
• Leukaemia cases doubled after people been exposed
• Reproductive and hereditary effects were also seen
• Mental and psychological effects were also seen.
19.
20. PRECAUTIONS TAKEN
• Locals must change their clothes twice a day, and may not
walk in the woods for more than two hours a month
• Levels of radiation are printed in the newspapers and it
informs whether children could be allowed out to play
• To wash food at least five times in clean water
• Cattle are not supposed to graze in areas where the grass is
less than 10cm high so their mouths will not touch the earth
21. ECONOMIES OF THE EFFECTED
COUNTRIES
• Belarus will have spent a total of 235 billion dollars on
dealing with the radiation
• Budget goes towards the medical facilities
• Ukraine’s 5–7 % of government spending still for
Chernobyl programs
• Belarus government spending on Chernobyl is 22.3% of
the national budget
• But in present time it declined to 6.1%.
• Total spending by Belarus on Chernobyl between 1991
and 2003 was more than 13 billion dollars
23. THE IAEA
• Established in 1957
• Formed to promote peaceful use of nuclear energy
• To inhibit use for military purposes (nuclear weapons)
• Reports to United Nations General Assembly and Security Council
• An intergovernmental forum for scientific and technical cooperation in the
peaceful use of nuclear technology and nuclear power worldwide
• Came into the broader picture post Fukushima Daiichi and Chernobyl Incidents
• 3 pillars:
• Safety and Security
• Science and Technology
• Safeguards and Verification
24.
25. SAFETY OF RESEARCH REACTORS
• Site evaluation
• Design
• Construction
• Commissioning
• Operation, including utilization and
modification
• Decommissioning
• Release from regulatory control.
26. DESIGN OF INSTRUMENTATION
• The management system for Instrumentation and
Control Design
• Design basis for Instrumentation and Control Systems
• Instrumentation and Control Architecture
• Safety classification of Instrumentation and Control
Functions, Systems and Equipment
• Design guidelines for specific Instrumentation and
Control Systems and Equipment
• Considerations relating to the Human-Machine
Interface
• Software
27. MANAGEMENT FOR SAFETY
• Responsibility for Safety
• Leadership for Safety
• Management for Safety
• Culture for Safety
• Measurement, Assessment and
Improvement
28.
29. • Been running since 1990
• Governed by International Federation of
Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies with
local societies.
• primary objective is to address basic
health needs of those living in the regions
of the 3 countries affected (Belarus,
Russia, Ukraine)
• Core activity is cancer screening
• Provide psychosocial support
• Distribute multivitamins to children living
in radiation contaminated areas.
• The mobile diagnostics laboratories
(MDLs) provided thousands of people
living in the radiation polluted areas with
an opportunity to receive accurate
30. GLOBAL AGENDA GOALS
• Reduce the numbers of deaths, injuries and impact from disasters.
• Reduce the number of deaths, illnesses and impact from diseases
and public health emergencies.
• Increase local community, civil society and Red Cross
• Red Crescent capacity to address the most urgent situations of
vulnerability.
• Reduce intolerance, discrimination and social exclusion and promote
respect for diversity and human dignity.
31. CRDP-CHERNOBYL RECOVERY AND
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
• Was developed by the United Nations Development
Program and was initiated in 2002
• Aim is to return the affected to normal life by
providing support to the government of Ukraine
• Ukraine for elaboration and implementation of
development-oriented solutions for the regions
• Mitigate long-term social, economic and
environmental consequences
• Creates more favorable living conditions and to
promote sustainable human development in
affected regions
33. • Long term monitoring of the radionuclides: 137Cs and 90Sr
• To justify countermeasures, assess and predict future levels of
human exposure and contamination
• Create awareness in affected areas to reduce radionuclide intake by
humans
• Inform regarding changing radiological conditions
• Understanding parameters regarding transfer of radioactive material
in various ecosystems
• Determine the mechanism of radionuclides behavior in less studied
ecosystems
• With change in radioactive levels, frequency of sampling can be
reduced
34. • Leakage monitoring in primary pressure boundary
• Vibration monitoring of rotating machinery
• Evaluation of early degradation
• Demonstration of data integration into prognostic model
• Research Areas:
• Reactor and signal noise analysis
• Acoustic and vibration monitoring
• Prognostics and structural material integrity
• Instrument and equipment condition monitoring and
enabling technologies
35. • Better equipment along with
verification, validation and
documentation of fault data
• Widening global cooperation in
times of disasters
• Performance monitoring:
• Wireless technologies
• Power line data carrier
• Smart instruments
• Fieldbus technologies
• Data fusion
36.
37. - : A SAFE CONFINEMENT : -
THE SARCOPHAGUS
• Total investments: $ 2.3 billion
• To contain in the continuous radioactive emissions from leftover fuel
• Design Goals:
• Reduce corrosion and weathering of existing confinement
• Enable safe demolition of unstable structures
• Mitigate consequences of potential collapse of existing shelter or
Reactor-4
• Construction:
• Off-site construction: limiting radiation doses of workers to a minimum
• Arch fitted snugly over damaged reactor (excluding chimney)
• Arch easier to handle than a square box (previous sarcophagus)