This document provides an overview of an ITU regional seminar on costs and tariffs for Study Group 3 Regional Group for Asia and Oceania (SG3RG-AO). The agenda includes an introduction to LRIC modeling, an overview of LRIC model development in Korea, details on BU-LRIC models for mobile and fixed networks, experiences sharing of BU-LRIC, and a discussion session. LRIC models have been used in Korea since 2002 to determine interconnection tariffs, with continuous refinements made to the models over time including considering additional network technologies.
This document discusses a microstrip patch antenna project by Steve Jensen for his independent study at Northern Arizona University. The objectives are to understand antenna theory and microstrip patch antennas, design a patch antenna with calculations, simulate the design, and potentially build and test it. The report covers topics like Wi-Fi channels, antenna radiation, transmission lines, field regions, bandwidth, radiation patterns, microstrip antennas, antenna feeds, substrate properties, antenna designs for Rogers 3003 and FR-4 substrates, and simulations of the designs. The total time spent is planned to be 135-140 hours to complete the project by December 14, 2010.
This document discusses the increasing traffic on networks due to Moore's Law and the growth of internet usage. It notes congestion issues emerging in network cores and declining quality of service. The basis of the network neutrality problem is outlined as powerful servers, content, and user equipment straining internet infrastructure. Frameworks are presented for balancing network efficiency and equality in the short and long term. Challenges to achieving competitive solutions are described due to the structure of the internet and lack of market discipline from users. Metrics for effective competition between internet service providers are proposed.
china vas - mobile value added services in chinaBoni
This document provides a summary report of the "Mobile Value-Added Services in China" project from March 2005 to February 2006. It was edited by Dr. Bernhard Holtkamp of the Fraunhofer Institute for Software and Systems Engineering. The report describes the objectives, approach, and key findings of the project regarding the value-added services market and value chain in China. It analyzes the economic, political, technical environment and provides an overview of major players in the Chinese mobile VAS market including network operators, service providers, and regulators. Popular and emerging mobile VAS are also described.
This document provides an overview of VLSI design and CMOS technology. It discusses CMOS fabrication processes like n-well and p-well processes. It also covers CMOS circuit elements, layout design rules, physical design concepts and strategies. Testing methods for CMOS chips are also summarized including fault models, testability, and design for testability.
Mr Jitsuzumi Kyushu Univ Net Neutrality in JapanIDATE DigiWorld
This document summarizes the network neutrality situation in Japan. It notes that IP traffic is growing rapidly at 32% annually. Internet penetration in Japan is high at 78% and broadband adoption is 89%. However, users are dissatisfied with service quality and Japan ranks near the bottom internationally in terms of quality of service according to surveys. The document discusses potential approaches to managing congestion such as metered pricing but recommends letting market competition determine solutions. It also notes the uniqueness of Japan's broadband market structure with NTT as the dominant provider and regulations requiring structural separation and non-discrimination. The document examines industry guidelines on traffic shaping and calls for more user involvement and transparency regarding actual quality of service levels.
The RIN's Branwen Hide spoke about the economics of open access publishing at this event, organised by The Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association and the DOAJ/Lund University Libraries, see her presentation below.
Further information about the event and programme is available on the conference website at http://www.oaspa.org/coasp/index.php
Recordings of the presentations are also available at http://www.river-valley.tv
Key Findings of the Study:
More than 3-fold increase in subscribers since 2008
64.4% of the current subscribers are urban
Total wireless segment accounts for 933.7mn
Wireline accounts for a 3.2% of the overall market
This document discusses a microstrip patch antenna project by Steve Jensen for his independent study at Northern Arizona University. The objectives are to understand antenna theory and microstrip patch antennas, design a patch antenna with calculations, simulate the design, and potentially build and test it. The report covers topics like Wi-Fi channels, antenna radiation, transmission lines, field regions, bandwidth, radiation patterns, microstrip antennas, antenna feeds, substrate properties, antenna designs for Rogers 3003 and FR-4 substrates, and simulations of the designs. The total time spent is planned to be 135-140 hours to complete the project by December 14, 2010.
This document discusses the increasing traffic on networks due to Moore's Law and the growth of internet usage. It notes congestion issues emerging in network cores and declining quality of service. The basis of the network neutrality problem is outlined as powerful servers, content, and user equipment straining internet infrastructure. Frameworks are presented for balancing network efficiency and equality in the short and long term. Challenges to achieving competitive solutions are described due to the structure of the internet and lack of market discipline from users. Metrics for effective competition between internet service providers are proposed.
china vas - mobile value added services in chinaBoni
This document provides a summary report of the "Mobile Value-Added Services in China" project from March 2005 to February 2006. It was edited by Dr. Bernhard Holtkamp of the Fraunhofer Institute for Software and Systems Engineering. The report describes the objectives, approach, and key findings of the project regarding the value-added services market and value chain in China. It analyzes the economic, political, technical environment and provides an overview of major players in the Chinese mobile VAS market including network operators, service providers, and regulators. Popular and emerging mobile VAS are also described.
This document provides an overview of VLSI design and CMOS technology. It discusses CMOS fabrication processes like n-well and p-well processes. It also covers CMOS circuit elements, layout design rules, physical design concepts and strategies. Testing methods for CMOS chips are also summarized including fault models, testability, and design for testability.
Mr Jitsuzumi Kyushu Univ Net Neutrality in JapanIDATE DigiWorld
This document summarizes the network neutrality situation in Japan. It notes that IP traffic is growing rapidly at 32% annually. Internet penetration in Japan is high at 78% and broadband adoption is 89%. However, users are dissatisfied with service quality and Japan ranks near the bottom internationally in terms of quality of service according to surveys. The document discusses potential approaches to managing congestion such as metered pricing but recommends letting market competition determine solutions. It also notes the uniqueness of Japan's broadband market structure with NTT as the dominant provider and regulations requiring structural separation and non-discrimination. The document examines industry guidelines on traffic shaping and calls for more user involvement and transparency regarding actual quality of service levels.
The RIN's Branwen Hide spoke about the economics of open access publishing at this event, organised by The Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association and the DOAJ/Lund University Libraries, see her presentation below.
Further information about the event and programme is available on the conference website at http://www.oaspa.org/coasp/index.php
Recordings of the presentations are also available at http://www.river-valley.tv
Key Findings of the Study:
More than 3-fold increase in subscribers since 2008
64.4% of the current subscribers are urban
Total wireless segment accounts for 933.7mn
Wireline accounts for a 3.2% of the overall market
Raven Zachary gave a presentation at the Web 2.0 Expo on March 30, 2011 summarizing his experience using the iPad for the past year. Some of the key points from his presentation included:
- The iPad has replaced his laptop for many tasks like email, web browsing, and media consumption due to its portability.
- Developers now have many more competitors for the iPad including Android tablets, the Blackberry Playbook, and potential tablets from Amazon, HP, and others.
- While the iPad is limited in some areas like printing and Flash support, it has expanded his computing needs beyond what he can do with a smartphone.
- In the past year the iPad ecosystem has grown tremendously with
This document provides an overview of the iPad and the tablet market one year after the original iPad was announced. It includes statistics on iPad sales, market share and usage. It also discusses the success of the iPad 2 and compares it to other tablets and devices. Charts show growth in the iOS ecosystem and the app marketplace. While the iPad is currently dominant, the document notes that the tablet wars have only just begun.
Raven Zachary gave a presentation at the Web 2.0 Expo on March 30, 2011 summarizing his experience using the iPad for the past year. Some of the key points from his presentation included:
- The iPad has replaced his laptop for many tasks like email, web browsing, and media consumption due to its portability. However, it has not replaced his desktop computer.
- Developing apps directly on the iPad poses limitations compared to using a desktop.
- The iPad works well for travel since it is lighter than a laptop and easier to use in airport security lines.
- While the iPad has limitations like lack of Flash support, printing capabilities, and backup options, it fulfills many of his
The document discusses a peer-to-peer (P2P) communication framework for Android devices. It aims to explore alternatives to traditional network architectures and leverage the built-in hardware capabilities of mobile devices (3G, WiFi, Bluetooth) without requiring developers to deal with underlying networking implementations. The framework allows developers to easily build P2P applications on Android to take advantage of growing smartphone usage. It seeks to address limitations of traditional networks that may not support huge numbers of increasingly data-hungry mobile devices.
This document provides an introduction to the 3GPP TS 08.0x and 3GPP TS 08.20 series of specifications, which define the Base Station System (BSS) to Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) interface (A-interface) for the GSM system. It describes the partitioning of specifications covering aspects such as interface principles, layer 1, signalling transport, and layer 3. The document also introduces specifications for supporting data services over this interface.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
This document summarizes the design of a C band heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) differential low noise amplifier (LNA) for active microwave functions. It begins with an introduction to challenges in designing microwave circuits using silicon technologies. It then describes the design of a single-ended LNA followed by a differential LNA using the same design principles. Simulation results using ADS2010 show the differential LNA has a gain of over 10 dB from 2.1-3.7 GHz and a noise figure below 2 dB from 2-3.5 GHz. The differential structure provides advantages of noise and interference insensitivity compared to a single-ended design.
VIVOTEK is a leading manufacturer of IP surveillance products founded in 2000. It specializes in integrating audio-visual components into network operations. Key components of an IP surveillance system include network cameras, video servers, network video recorders, and central management software. Network cameras digitize and transmit video streams over networks allowing remote viewing on devices like PCs. Common network camera types are fixed, pan/tilt/zoom, fixed dome, and speed dome cameras used in various professional and home applications.
RIMS Update - Bridge Data Guidelines for Asset Management of Road BridgesSimon Gough
This document provides guidelines for collecting and managing bridge data to support advanced asset management of road bridges in New Zealand. It notes that close to 18,000 bridges nationally are critical infrastructure, and an aging local bridge stock requires an improved approach. The guidelines recommend collecting core, intermediate, and advanced levels of data to support basic, core, and advanced asset management. Data collection tools and performance criteria are outlined for different bridge types. Strategic application examples illustrate how data can inform assessment and investment decisions to achieve long-term, economically sustainable bridge infrastructure.
CR2 Empreendimentos Imobiliários S/A is a Brazilian real estate developer focused on the low-income housing segment. It uses a partnership model with pure play developers to gain control over individual projects while leveraging their strong project origination platform. As of the second quarter of 2010, the company's largest shareholders were board members and executives (45.3%), with Itaú Unibanco as the largest outside shareholder at 20.6%. The company aims to deliver R$702.5 million of launched projects by the end of 2010, representing 69% of total launched PSV. Net operating revenue for the first half of 2010 was R$231.4 million, with net profit of R$
The document discusses the evolution and performance of WiMAX technology over different releases (Release 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0). Key points include:
- Performance metrics like peak/average spectral efficiency, data rates, and supported mobility increased with each new release through improvements like increased channel bandwidth, advanced antenna techniques, and modulation schemes.
- Release 2.0 supported carrier aggregation up to 100MHz and advanced MIMO techniques like 8x8 MIMO, providing significantly higher peak/average data rates and spectral efficiency compared to previous releases.
- The increased performance allowed supporting more subscribers per sector while maintaining the data rate per user, demonstrating a 642% growth in capacity from 2010 to 2015 through
This PhD thesis presents multi-objective optimization schemes for static and dynamic multicast flows. For static multicast flows, an optimization model called MHDB-S is formulated that combines objectives like maximum link utilization, hop count, bandwidth consumption, and end-to-end delay. An algorithm called MMR-S is also proposed. For dynamic multicast flows where egress nodes can change, a model called MHDB-D is proposed that extends MHDB-S. The thesis also proposes a generalized multi-objective model called GMM and an algorithm using multi-objective evolutionary algorithms to solve it. Simulation results show the proposed schemes improve objectives over simplified models.
Traffic Analyzer for GPRS UMTS Networks (TAN)Muhannad Aulama
The document describes a Traffic Analyzer for GPRS UMTS (TAN) network tool. TAN decodes charging data records to create a database for querying and analyzing network traffic and user behavior. It features a fast decoder, database interface, ready queries, query designer, chart viewer, and GUI. TAN provides traffic analysis like volume by hour, APN, cell, and other metrics. It helps uncover user behavior and identifies top users, busy cells, traffic types, and more.
The document presents research on the impact of an adaptive user interface on reducing driver distraction. It discusses (1) how in-car communication systems can distract drivers, (2) the development of an adaptive interface called MIMI, and (3) the results of a user study comparing MIMI's adaptive and non-adaptive versions. The study found that the adaptive interface improved usability, safety, and drivers' perceptions of safety when using in-car communication systems.
The document provides an overview and recommendations for Angel Portfolio's market strategy in September 2010. Key points include:
- The portfolio is overweight on infrastructure stocks due to attractive valuations from recent underperformance and limited downside risk. Execution is expected to pick up due to a robust order backlog, funding in place, and tailwinds from policy changes and economic growth.
- Top infrastructure picks are IVRCL Infra, Nagarjuna Construction and Patel Engineering based on execution capabilities, order books, funding, and valuations.
- The document recommends increasing exposure to infrastructure stocks to capitalize on the opportunity while undervaluation persists. Execution trends are expected to reverse as backlogs are worked through.
This document provides information about the Computer Networks course CS471/CMPE371 taught in the autumn quarter of 2003-2004 at LUMS. It outlines the instructor, Tariq Jadoon, their contact information and office hours. It also lists the TAs, Omer Shakeel and Bilal Javed Bhatti, and their office hours. The course is a 4-unit core course that introduces concepts, technologies and issues of computer networks using the OSI model. Grading will be based on quizzes, homework, programming assignments, a midterm, and final exam. The course will cover topics like the OSI model, physical layer, data link layer, local area networks, routing, TCP/IP,
The document is a thesis submitted by Maryam Hamidirad for the degree of Master of Applied Science. It proposes a cooperative mechanism to reduce energy consumption in the downlink channel of LTE networks for multicast video transmission. The mechanism clusters users based on distance from the base station. A cluster header is chosen using a utility function and receives data directly from the base station. Cluster headers then relay the data to other users in their cluster using WLAN. Simulations show the approach reduces base station power consumption by 5-25% compared to conventional multicast transmission.
The document compares key characteristics of PSTN, Internet, and NGN networks. It shows that NGN networks provide the highest levels of multimedia capability, quality of service, network intelligence, intelligent customer premises equipment, packet transport, distinct architecture, integrated control, service reliability, and evolvability/modularity. NGN also provides the shortest time to market while enabling more systematic service creation and the highest levels of ease of use and architecture openness.
1) Top Chinese ladies view quality living as having a comfortable living environment, safe and convenient transportation, and taking care of themselves and their families.
2) They emphasize comfort, safety, health and education for themselves and their children.
3) Brands represent quality and status to them, and they are increasingly interested in beauty, jewelry and overseas travel.
This document provides an overview and reference for TEC-IT barcode software. It discusses different types of barcodes, including linear 1D barcodes and 2D barcodes. It describes important barcode parameters such as barcode symbology, module width, bar width reduction, quiet zone, print ratio, format, escape sequences, and check digits. Application identifiers are explained with examples. The document also provides details on various 1D and 2D barcode symbologies. It serves as a manual for users of TEC-IT barcode software.
Wireless Radio Frequency Module Using PIC Microcontroller.Abee Sharma
It's An Microcontroller Based DIY Electronics Project. Named Wireless RF Module Using PIC Microcontroller. An RF module is a small electronic circuit used to transmit, receive, or transceive radio waves on one of a number of carrier frequencies. RF modules are widely used in consumer applications such as garage door openers, wireless alarm systems, industrial remote controls, smart sensor applications, weather monitoring system, RFID, wireless mouse technology and wireless home automation systems. They are often used instead of infrared remote controls as they have the advantage of not requiring line-of-sight operation. Stay tuned for Furthur Links, Thanxx.
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Raven Zachary gave a presentation at the Web 2.0 Expo on March 30, 2011 summarizing his experience using the iPad for the past year. Some of the key points from his presentation included:
- The iPad has replaced his laptop for many tasks like email, web browsing, and media consumption due to its portability.
- Developers now have many more competitors for the iPad including Android tablets, the Blackberry Playbook, and potential tablets from Amazon, HP, and others.
- While the iPad is limited in some areas like printing and Flash support, it has expanded his computing needs beyond what he can do with a smartphone.
- In the past year the iPad ecosystem has grown tremendously with
This document provides an overview of the iPad and the tablet market one year after the original iPad was announced. It includes statistics on iPad sales, market share and usage. It also discusses the success of the iPad 2 and compares it to other tablets and devices. Charts show growth in the iOS ecosystem and the app marketplace. While the iPad is currently dominant, the document notes that the tablet wars have only just begun.
Raven Zachary gave a presentation at the Web 2.0 Expo on March 30, 2011 summarizing his experience using the iPad for the past year. Some of the key points from his presentation included:
- The iPad has replaced his laptop for many tasks like email, web browsing, and media consumption due to its portability. However, it has not replaced his desktop computer.
- Developing apps directly on the iPad poses limitations compared to using a desktop.
- The iPad works well for travel since it is lighter than a laptop and easier to use in airport security lines.
- While the iPad has limitations like lack of Flash support, printing capabilities, and backup options, it fulfills many of his
The document discusses a peer-to-peer (P2P) communication framework for Android devices. It aims to explore alternatives to traditional network architectures and leverage the built-in hardware capabilities of mobile devices (3G, WiFi, Bluetooth) without requiring developers to deal with underlying networking implementations. The framework allows developers to easily build P2P applications on Android to take advantage of growing smartphone usage. It seeks to address limitations of traditional networks that may not support huge numbers of increasingly data-hungry mobile devices.
This document provides an introduction to the 3GPP TS 08.0x and 3GPP TS 08.20 series of specifications, which define the Base Station System (BSS) to Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) interface (A-interface) for the GSM system. It describes the partitioning of specifications covering aspects such as interface principles, layer 1, signalling transport, and layer 3. The document also introduces specifications for supporting data services over this interface.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
This document summarizes the design of a C band heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) differential low noise amplifier (LNA) for active microwave functions. It begins with an introduction to challenges in designing microwave circuits using silicon technologies. It then describes the design of a single-ended LNA followed by a differential LNA using the same design principles. Simulation results using ADS2010 show the differential LNA has a gain of over 10 dB from 2.1-3.7 GHz and a noise figure below 2 dB from 2-3.5 GHz. The differential structure provides advantages of noise and interference insensitivity compared to a single-ended design.
VIVOTEK is a leading manufacturer of IP surveillance products founded in 2000. It specializes in integrating audio-visual components into network operations. Key components of an IP surveillance system include network cameras, video servers, network video recorders, and central management software. Network cameras digitize and transmit video streams over networks allowing remote viewing on devices like PCs. Common network camera types are fixed, pan/tilt/zoom, fixed dome, and speed dome cameras used in various professional and home applications.
RIMS Update - Bridge Data Guidelines for Asset Management of Road BridgesSimon Gough
This document provides guidelines for collecting and managing bridge data to support advanced asset management of road bridges in New Zealand. It notes that close to 18,000 bridges nationally are critical infrastructure, and an aging local bridge stock requires an improved approach. The guidelines recommend collecting core, intermediate, and advanced levels of data to support basic, core, and advanced asset management. Data collection tools and performance criteria are outlined for different bridge types. Strategic application examples illustrate how data can inform assessment and investment decisions to achieve long-term, economically sustainable bridge infrastructure.
CR2 Empreendimentos Imobiliários S/A is a Brazilian real estate developer focused on the low-income housing segment. It uses a partnership model with pure play developers to gain control over individual projects while leveraging their strong project origination platform. As of the second quarter of 2010, the company's largest shareholders were board members and executives (45.3%), with Itaú Unibanco as the largest outside shareholder at 20.6%. The company aims to deliver R$702.5 million of launched projects by the end of 2010, representing 69% of total launched PSV. Net operating revenue for the first half of 2010 was R$231.4 million, with net profit of R$
The document discusses the evolution and performance of WiMAX technology over different releases (Release 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0). Key points include:
- Performance metrics like peak/average spectral efficiency, data rates, and supported mobility increased with each new release through improvements like increased channel bandwidth, advanced antenna techniques, and modulation schemes.
- Release 2.0 supported carrier aggregation up to 100MHz and advanced MIMO techniques like 8x8 MIMO, providing significantly higher peak/average data rates and spectral efficiency compared to previous releases.
- The increased performance allowed supporting more subscribers per sector while maintaining the data rate per user, demonstrating a 642% growth in capacity from 2010 to 2015 through
This PhD thesis presents multi-objective optimization schemes for static and dynamic multicast flows. For static multicast flows, an optimization model called MHDB-S is formulated that combines objectives like maximum link utilization, hop count, bandwidth consumption, and end-to-end delay. An algorithm called MMR-S is also proposed. For dynamic multicast flows where egress nodes can change, a model called MHDB-D is proposed that extends MHDB-S. The thesis also proposes a generalized multi-objective model called GMM and an algorithm using multi-objective evolutionary algorithms to solve it. Simulation results show the proposed schemes improve objectives over simplified models.
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The document presents research on the impact of an adaptive user interface on reducing driver distraction. It discusses (1) how in-car communication systems can distract drivers, (2) the development of an adaptive interface called MIMI, and (3) the results of a user study comparing MIMI's adaptive and non-adaptive versions. The study found that the adaptive interface improved usability, safety, and drivers' perceptions of safety when using in-car communication systems.
The document provides an overview and recommendations for Angel Portfolio's market strategy in September 2010. Key points include:
- The portfolio is overweight on infrastructure stocks due to attractive valuations from recent underperformance and limited downside risk. Execution is expected to pick up due to a robust order backlog, funding in place, and tailwinds from policy changes and economic growth.
- Top infrastructure picks are IVRCL Infra, Nagarjuna Construction and Patel Engineering based on execution capabilities, order books, funding, and valuations.
- The document recommends increasing exposure to infrastructure stocks to capitalize on the opportunity while undervaluation persists. Execution trends are expected to reverse as backlogs are worked through.
This document provides information about the Computer Networks course CS471/CMPE371 taught in the autumn quarter of 2003-2004 at LUMS. It outlines the instructor, Tariq Jadoon, their contact information and office hours. It also lists the TAs, Omer Shakeel and Bilal Javed Bhatti, and their office hours. The course is a 4-unit core course that introduces concepts, technologies and issues of computer networks using the OSI model. Grading will be based on quizzes, homework, programming assignments, a midterm, and final exam. The course will cover topics like the OSI model, physical layer, data link layer, local area networks, routing, TCP/IP,
The document is a thesis submitted by Maryam Hamidirad for the degree of Master of Applied Science. It proposes a cooperative mechanism to reduce energy consumption in the downlink channel of LTE networks for multicast video transmission. The mechanism clusters users based on distance from the base station. A cluster header is chosen using a utility function and receives data directly from the base station. Cluster headers then relay the data to other users in their cluster using WLAN. Simulations show the approach reduces base station power consumption by 5-25% compared to conventional multicast transmission.
The document compares key characteristics of PSTN, Internet, and NGN networks. It shows that NGN networks provide the highest levels of multimedia capability, quality of service, network intelligence, intelligent customer premises equipment, packet transport, distinct architecture, integrated control, service reliability, and evolvability/modularity. NGN also provides the shortest time to market while enabling more systematic service creation and the highest levels of ease of use and architecture openness.
1) Top Chinese ladies view quality living as having a comfortable living environment, safe and convenient transportation, and taking care of themselves and their families.
2) They emphasize comfort, safety, health and education for themselves and their children.
3) Brands represent quality and status to them, and they are increasingly interested in beauty, jewelry and overseas travel.
This document provides an overview and reference for TEC-IT barcode software. It discusses different types of barcodes, including linear 1D barcodes and 2D barcodes. It describes important barcode parameters such as barcode symbology, module width, bar width reduction, quiet zone, print ratio, format, escape sequences, and check digits. Application identifiers are explained with examples. The document also provides details on various 1D and 2D barcode symbologies. It serves as a manual for users of TEC-IT barcode software.
Wireless Radio Frequency Module Using PIC Microcontroller.Abee Sharma
It's An Microcontroller Based DIY Electronics Project. Named Wireless RF Module Using PIC Microcontroller. An RF module is a small electronic circuit used to transmit, receive, or transceive radio waves on one of a number of carrier frequencies. RF modules are widely used in consumer applications such as garage door openers, wireless alarm systems, industrial remote controls, smart sensor applications, weather monitoring system, RFID, wireless mouse technology and wireless home automation systems. They are often used instead of infrared remote controls as they have the advantage of not requiring line-of-sight operation. Stay tuned for Furthur Links, Thanxx.
Created By: Abhi Sharma
Similar to The BU-LRIC model and S/W system developed in Korea (20)
3. Introduction
Principles of BU‐LRIC
Competitive market
Long‐run costs: include all the costs that will ever be
incurred in supporting the relevant service demand
Incremental costs: incurred in the support of the
increment of demand; avoidable costs in case not
supporting the increment
Efficiently incurred costs
Costs of supply using modern technology: choice of
network technology (e.g. 2G, 3G); capacity of equipment;
purchasing price and operating cost; maintenance cost
[Source: Analysys Mason]
ITU-T SG3RG-AO 3
4. Introduction
Conceptual issues for BU‐LRIC
• Type: actual, average, hypothetical
• Footprint: national, sub‐national
• Scale: market share
• Service set supported
• traffic volume
• wholesale cost, retail cost
• network architecture issues
• adjustment of nodes: scorched‐
node or scorched‐earth
• cost increments
• depreciation method
• weighted average cost of capital
[Source: Analysys Mason]
ITU-T SG3RG-AO 4
6. LRIC in Korea: Overview
Interconnection regulation in Korea
1998~1999 (Revenue Sharing)
Zero‐Payment Settlement between Mobile Operators
2000~2001 (Representative Cost System)
Introduction and Application of Cost‐based Pricing
2002~2003 (Individual Rate System)
Fully Distributed Costs (FDC)
2004~present (Individual Rate System)
Introduction and Application of LRIC
Elaboration of both BU‐ and TD‐LRIC models
Stepwise extension of models and applications
ITU-T SG3RG-AO 6
7. LRIC in Korea: Overview
Changes of termination rates in Korea
100.0
92.0
90.0
86.0
80.0
73.6
70.0 68.9
65.7
63.6
60.0 59.0 58.5
55.0 LGT
53.5 52.9
KRW 50.0
48.0
KTF
47.7 46.7 47.0
/min 45.7 45.1 SKT
40.0 41.0 40.1 39.6 KT
39.1
38.7 38.5
38.0
33.1 32.8 33.4 32.9 33.6
33.4
31.8 31.2 31.4 31.9
31.8
30.5
30.0
20.0 18.7 19.5 19.5 19.3 19.2
18.2 18.5 18.6
16.7 16.6 16.6 16.7 15.5
10.0
0.0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Note: Single MTR is to be applied from the year 2013
ITU-T SG3RG-AO 7
8. LRIC in Korea: Overview
BU‐LRIC system in Korea
Input Data Components of BU process Output
• Location and Traffic data of BTS’s • Interconnection tariff for
• Location of switching stations fixed and mobile operators
• Topography, roads, building data Depreciation
• Interconnection tariff for
Fixed
network elements
Design of Operating cost
Mobile hypothetical
Network Access Cost of
• Specifications of equipments Charges for Capital
• Unit prices of equipments Network
CAPEX for Elements
Network
Elements
• KT: D. nodes, LE, TE; LL, LE-LE,
Investment
• Asset lifetime quantity LE-TE, TE-TE
• Operating cost Conversion factor Investment • SKT/KTF/LGT: BTS, BTS Sites,
• Cost of capital Cost
BSC, MSC, CGS, HLR, BS-MSC,
MSC-MSCLL: Local loop
LE: local exchange
TE: toll exchange
ITU-T SG3RG-AO 8
9. LRIC in Korea: Overview
Extension of BU‐LRIC applications
2004‐2005
Sample districts: Mobile 2, Fixed 12
Partial redesign of backbone network
Reflect operator’s network topology
2006‐2007
Sample districts : Mobile 8, Fixed 12
Full redesign of backbone network
Allow operator’s existing point of interconnection
Forward‐looking technology
2008‐2009
Samples districts : Mobile 16 (including Seoul metro), Fixed 20
Elaboration of algorithms for optimizing mobile and fixed networks
Re‐design of 3G network
2009‐present
Migration into new BU‐LRIC S/W system
Ready to simulate all districts (Mobile 164; Fixed 259)
Started to consider 4G network
ITU-T SG3RG-AO 9
11. LRIC in Korea: Overview
Features of BU‐LRIC model in Korea
Practical and detailed approach
Actual traffic volumes of each BTS are collected from operators
Utilization of detailed geodata: topography, roads, buildings,
etc.
Phased approach
Preprocessing of Input data (Traffic volume & Geodata)
Network design and CAPEX calculation
Visual display network elements on electronic map: helps
validating the efficiency of designed network
Calculation of BU‐LRIC
Flexible S/W systems
Various parameters are easily handled with data tables
Easy customization due to stepwise modularized S/W systems
ITU-T SG3RG-AO 11
13. Mobile BU‐LRIC
Steps for mobile network
Radio Propagation Backbone Other Elements
Coverage analysis Optimized backbone
/ Distribution of traffic network topology
Calculation of
Grid segmentation for Demanding Line and
candidate BTS sites Traffic Volume
Quantity of
Final BTS sites w/ Required floorage of
Switch/(transmission
propagation analysis Central Office
equipment/Cables
Investment Cost for Investment Cost for Investment Cost for
Base Station Backbone network Central Office
Depreciation, Cost of Capital, Operating cost
Interconnection tariff
ITU-T SG3RG-AO 13
14. Mobile BU‐LRIC
Input geodata
DEM (Digital Elevation Model)
: Global DEM is available
: Scale used: 10 10 meters (pixel)
Buildings (height & floorage
by pixel): Not used, if n/a
ITU-T SG3RG-AO 14
16. Mobile BU‐LRIC
Terminology used
District
Target area of simulation; same with administrative districts
Cell
Area served by each (existing) BTS by coverage analysis
Grid
Square area as a candidate BTS site (highest pixel in the grid)
Grid size varies depending on the traffic volume around
Pixel
Square area: scale of 10 10 meters used
Most of analysis unit: coverage analysis, traffic volume
distribution, capacity‐based radio propagation analysis, etc
ITU-T SG3RG-AO 16
22. Mobile BU‐LRIC
Spreadsheet output: volume
and CAPEX of network elements
Summary of simulation (for each simulation plan)
District, Operator, Traffic volume, Network type, Target Year
Total costs
Categorized details (each subcategorized by network types)
BTS: FA, Threshold; # of BTS, unit cost (by # of sectors); sum of BTS costs
BTS site (default option: rent): # of site; Deposit, Rental fee (monthly)
BSC: Unit cost (min, max); # of BSC, # of BTS, CH; sum of BSC costs
BTS‐BSC network (default option: rent): type of cable; distance; sum of
BTS‐BSC network costs
Ancillary equipment: Air‐conditioning, fire extinguisher, QDF
Powersource equipment: Rectifier, Storage battery, Cabinet panel
Radio mast (6M or 40M): # of masts; unit cost; sum of mast costs
ITU-T SG3RG-AO 22
26. Fixed BU‐LRIC
Steps for fixed network
Local loop Backbone Other Elements
Subscriber clustering Optimized backbone
network topology
Optimized locations of Calculation of
LL nodes Demanding Line and
Traffic Volume
Optimized routing of Quantity of
Required floorage of
LL along roads Switch/(transmission
Central Office
equipment/Cables
Volume and Cost for Investment Cost for Investment Cost for
LL elements Backbone network Central Office
Depreciation, Cost of Capital, Operating cost
Interconnection tariff
ITU-T SG3RG-AO 26
27. Fixed BU‐LRIC
Cost elements of fixed networks
RSS Network Feeder Network Distribution Network
RSS
10km
Distribution nodes
12km 12km
Stn. A
F. Node a
10km 10km 10km 20km 20km
100회선
i) ii) iii)
15km
F. Node b
20km
50km 200회선
Switching
Network id From / To Type Total distance Non‐overlapped Overlapped
1 Stn. A / Stn. B S. Net 10+50+10 = 70 50+10 = 60 i) 10km 1, 2, 4
2 Stn. A / RSS RSS Net 10+10+12+10 = 42 12+10 = 22 ii) 10km 2, 4
Stn. B 3 RSS / Node a F. Net 12+20+20 = 52 12+20 = 32 iii) 20km 3, 4
4 Stn. A / Node b F. Net 10+10+10+20+15+20 = 85 10+15+20 = 45
10km
ITU-T SG3RG-AO 27
28. Fixed BU‐LRIC
Spreadsheet output: Volume and
CAPEX of network elements
Summary of simulation (for each simulation plan)
District, Operator, Target Year, Total costs
Categorized details (e.g., local loop case)
RSS network: # of RSS, length of duct, # of manholes, length of
Fiber cable, # of equipments (Switching / Transmission); Costs
Feeder Network: # of Feeder nodes, length of Duct, # of Manhole,
length of cable (each Cooper or Fiber); # of equipment (Switching /
Transmission); Costs
Distribution Network: # of distribution nodes, length of Duct, # of
Manhole, length of cable, # of poles; Costs
Additionally, details of overlapped sections are provided
ITU-T SG3RG-AO 28
35. Sharing of experiences
Willing to provide our experiences
We are willing to provide our experiences and
developed S/W systems non‐commercially
Customization will be required due to diversity of
options and differences of requirements granularity
Modularized systems will not ask much effort for
customization
Member states can develop their own modules of
BU‐LRIC systems
ITU-T SG3RG-AO 35