This document is the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act of 1958 which provides for the preservation and protection of ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national importance in India. Some key points:
- It declares certain sites as being of national importance and gives the central government power to declare other sites as such.
- It allows for the acquisition and maintenance of protected monuments by the government. Site owners must enter agreements to maintain sites and are bound by the Act.
- It regulates archaeological excavations and protects sculptures, carvings and antiquities. Places of worship cannot be misused or desecrated.
The Ancient Monuments Preservation Act of 1904 was enacted to provide for the preservation of ancient monuments and objects of archaeological, historical, or artistic interest in India. Some key points:
- It defines ancient monuments and antiquities and allows the central government to declare protected monuments.
- It establishes provisions for acquiring guardianship or ownership of protected monuments, and for entering into agreements with owners for preservation.
- The act grants powers to restrict activities like mining near monuments, compel acquisition of endangered monuments, and maintain certain protected monuments.
- It also controls traffic in antiquities by allowing prohibitions on transporting antiquities into or out of territories if deemed detrimental. Strict
The ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains actLeo Lukose
This document is the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act of 1958 which provides for the preservation and protection of ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national importance in India. Some key points:
- It declares certain sites as being of national importance and gives the central government power to declare other sites as such.
- It allows for the acquisition and maintenance of protected monuments by the government. Site owners must enter agreements to maintain sites and are bound by the Act.
- It regulates archaeological excavations and protects sculptures, carvings and antiquities. Places of worship cannot be misused or desecrated.
The Indian Treasure Trove Act of 1878 established procedures for managing treasures found buried in soil in India. It defines treasure as anything valuable hidden in the earth. If a finder discovers over 10 rupees they must notify the collector and deposit or secure the treasure. The collector investigates ownership and can declare it ownerless, giving the finder 3/4 and land owner 1/4. The act aimed to protect archaeological and historically significant items and establish lawful processes for found treasures.
Heritage is the identity of every respective state, and they are putting considerable efforts to preserve and protect their centuries old rich heritage. India is one of the countries possessing rich cultural and natural heritage. In this regard, the preservation of historical structures has to have an objective of safeguarding national cultural identity various policies and laws are framed for preservation, protection and proper management of the cultural heritage at the state and central level in India.
Several laws have been enacted in India since 1810 to preserve cultural heritage and archaeological sites and artifacts. The first were the Bengal Regulation XIX of 1810 and Madras Regulation VII of 1817, which allowed government intervention to protect public buildings. Subsequent acts expanded protections to include private buildings (1863), accidentally discovered treasures (1878), authority over monuments (1904), regulating antiquity exports (1947), and declaring certain sites of national importance (1951, 1958). The 1972 Antiquities and Art Treasures Act aimed to control movable cultural property. Various state laws have also been passed to preserve local cultural heritage.
The Antarctic Treaty was signed in Washington on 1 December 1959 by the twelve countries whose scientists had been active in and around Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957-58. It entered into force in 1961 and has since been acceded to by many other nations. The total number of Parties to the Treaty is now 50.
This document is the introduction to the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act of 1999 in India. It establishes a Registry for Geographical Indications, with the Controller-General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks appointed as the Registrar. The Registrar may appoint other officers to assist with duties related to registering geographical indications. The head office of the Registry will be in a location specified by the Central Government.
Draft #2 FATA Local Government Regulation (August 2012, FATA Secretariat)fatanews
See small font version (25 pages) also with the full text of the regulation at: http://www.slideshare.net/fatanews/fata-local-government-regulation-august-2012-fata-secretariat-14892405
The Ancient Monuments Preservation Act of 1904 was enacted to provide for the preservation of ancient monuments and objects of archaeological, historical, or artistic interest in India. Some key points:
- It defines ancient monuments and antiquities and allows the central government to declare protected monuments.
- It establishes provisions for acquiring guardianship or ownership of protected monuments, and for entering into agreements with owners for preservation.
- The act grants powers to restrict activities like mining near monuments, compel acquisition of endangered monuments, and maintain certain protected monuments.
- It also controls traffic in antiquities by allowing prohibitions on transporting antiquities into or out of territories if deemed detrimental. Strict
The ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains actLeo Lukose
This document is the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act of 1958 which provides for the preservation and protection of ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national importance in India. Some key points:
- It declares certain sites as being of national importance and gives the central government power to declare other sites as such.
- It allows for the acquisition and maintenance of protected monuments by the government. Site owners must enter agreements to maintain sites and are bound by the Act.
- It regulates archaeological excavations and protects sculptures, carvings and antiquities. Places of worship cannot be misused or desecrated.
The Indian Treasure Trove Act of 1878 established procedures for managing treasures found buried in soil in India. It defines treasure as anything valuable hidden in the earth. If a finder discovers over 10 rupees they must notify the collector and deposit or secure the treasure. The collector investigates ownership and can declare it ownerless, giving the finder 3/4 and land owner 1/4. The act aimed to protect archaeological and historically significant items and establish lawful processes for found treasures.
Heritage is the identity of every respective state, and they are putting considerable efforts to preserve and protect their centuries old rich heritage. India is one of the countries possessing rich cultural and natural heritage. In this regard, the preservation of historical structures has to have an objective of safeguarding national cultural identity various policies and laws are framed for preservation, protection and proper management of the cultural heritage at the state and central level in India.
Several laws have been enacted in India since 1810 to preserve cultural heritage and archaeological sites and artifacts. The first were the Bengal Regulation XIX of 1810 and Madras Regulation VII of 1817, which allowed government intervention to protect public buildings. Subsequent acts expanded protections to include private buildings (1863), accidentally discovered treasures (1878), authority over monuments (1904), regulating antiquity exports (1947), and declaring certain sites of national importance (1951, 1958). The 1972 Antiquities and Art Treasures Act aimed to control movable cultural property. Various state laws have also been passed to preserve local cultural heritage.
The Antarctic Treaty was signed in Washington on 1 December 1959 by the twelve countries whose scientists had been active in and around Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957-58. It entered into force in 1961 and has since been acceded to by many other nations. The total number of Parties to the Treaty is now 50.
This document is the introduction to the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act of 1999 in India. It establishes a Registry for Geographical Indications, with the Controller-General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks appointed as the Registrar. The Registrar may appoint other officers to assist with duties related to registering geographical indications. The head office of the Registry will be in a location specified by the Central Government.
Draft #2 FATA Local Government Regulation (August 2012, FATA Secretariat)fatanews
See small font version (25 pages) also with the full text of the regulation at: http://www.slideshare.net/fatanews/fata-local-government-regulation-august-2012-fata-secretariat-14892405
The Central Provinces Laws Act of 1875 aimed to declare and amend certain portions of law in force in the Central Provinces of India. Specifically, it repealed many Bengal Regulations and Acts that did not extend to the Central Provinces. It also deemed certain enactments specified in a schedule to remain in force to the extent indicated. The Act provided that in cases not expressly covered by legislation, the courts would apply principles of justice, equity and good conscience. It also empowered the state government to make rules on various matters and establish penalties for rule violations.
This document outlines the rules for the Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunal (Procedure) in India. Some key points:
- It establishes the rules for filing appeals to the Appellate Tribunal for recovery of debts owed to banks and financial institutions.
- It details requirements for memorandums of appeal such as format, accompanying documents, fees. Appeals must be filed within 15 days of the original ruling.
- Respondents have 1 month to file a reply. The Tribunal can allow late replies.
- It specifies who can represent parties in appeals - legal practitioners, bank/institution officers, or agents with authorization.
- Other procedures covered include language, sittings, notifications of hearings, dress code
This document is the Anti-Hijacking Act of 1982 passed by the Indian Parliament. It aims to give effect to the 1970 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft by defining hijacking and related offenses and establishing India's jurisdiction over such crimes. The Act makes it a punishable offense to hijack an aircraft or commit acts of violence during a hijacking. It allows India to prosecute hijacking offenses that occur outside the country if the aircraft or suspects are later found in India.
The all india institute of medical science act,1956Leo Lukose
The document summarizes the All-India Institute of Medical Sciences Act of 1956, which established the All-India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) in New Delhi. The key points are:
1) The Act provides for the establishment of AIIMS to address issues in medical education and improve professional competence amongst medical practitioners.
2) AIIMS is established as a corporate body with powers to acquire and manage property, and sue and be sued.
3) The Act outlines AIIMS' composition, governance structure, functions, powers to grant degrees and diplomas, budgeting, auditing, and relationship with the central government.
1. The Constitution of India establishes the territory and governance structure of India as a union of states.
2. Parliament has the power to admit new states to the union or establish new states, alter the boundaries or names of existing states, or adjust the areas of states.
3. The Constitution defines Indian citizenship at the time of commencement, and the rights of citizenship of persons who have migrated from Pakistan or reside outside of India. Parliament has the power to regulate citizenship law.
The bombay re organisation act, 1960 no.11 of 1960Leo Lukose
The document summarizes the Bombay Reorganisation Act of 1960 which reorganized the state of Bombay in India into the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Some key points:
- The state of Bombay was split into the new states of Maharashtra and Gujarat effective May 1, 1960.
- Representation in the national and state legislatures was allocated between the new states based on population ratios. Maharashtra received 44 seats in the Lok Sabha and 264 in the state assembly, while Gujarat received 22 and 132 respectively.
- Sitting members of the legislatures were allocated to the new state assemblies based on the territory of their constituencies. Elections would be held for any new
This document outlines the Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunal (Procedure) Rules, 1994 which establish the procedures for appeals related to recovery of debts in India. Some key points:
- It establishes definitions for terms related to appeals, the appellate tribunal, parties involved, documents required, etc.
- It details requirements for filing an appeal, including the memorandum of appeal, documents to be submitted, fees, timeline for respondent's reply, who can be joined as a respondent, and notification of hearing dates.
- It also covers administrative procedures like dress code, communication of orders, working hours, powers of the Registrar and additional duties, official seal, and the form for the memorandum of appeal.
The Architects Act of 1972 established the Council of Architecture to regulate the profession of architecture in India. Some key points:
- The Act provides for the registration of architects and matters related to it.
- It constitutes the Council of Architecture, which regulates the practice of architecture and maintains the register of architects in India.
- The Council consists of 20 members representing various architectural bodies and organizations. It regulates qualifications, conducts inspections of educational institutions, and oversees the registration of architects.
- The Council is responsible for recognizing architectural qualifications from India and abroad, maintaining the register of architects, and ensuring compliance with standards of practice.
The all india council for technical education act, 1987Leo Lukose
The document outlines the All India Council for Technical Education Act of 1987 which established the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) to regulate and properly maintain technical education in India. The Act provides for the establishment of AICTE to coordinate and promote the development of technical education across different states and union territories of India. It defines the composition and powers of AICTE and establishes various bodies under AICTE to perform related functions.
The cable television networks regulation) act, 1995Leo Lukose
The Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995 regulates the operation of cable television networks in India. Some key points:
1) It requires all cable operators to register with a registering authority and comply with prescribed program and advertisement codes.
2) Registered cable operators must maintain program registers and transmit at least two Doordarshan channels.
3) Equipment not conforming to standards can be seized, and operators risk confiscation and penalties for non-compliance.
4) The act aims to prevent objectionable content while balancing other relevant laws. It establishes rules for cable operations, seizures, offenses and repeals a prior ordinance.
This document outlines the Advocates' Welfare Fund Act which establishes a welfare fund for advocates in India. It constitutes the Advocates' Welfare Fund that is administered by the Advocates' Welfare Fund Trustee Committee. The Trustee Committee is responsible for administering the fund, receiving applications for membership and claims, and paying out benefits to members or their dependents. It also details the sources of money for the fund including contributions from State Bar Councils, interest earned, and insurance payouts. State Bar Councils must pay 20% of enrollment fees received to the welfare fund annually.
The bombay re organisation act, 1960 no.11 of 1960Leo Lukose
The document summarizes the Bombay Reorganisation Act of 1960 which reorganized the state of Bombay into the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Some key points:
- The Act established May 1, 1960 as the appointed day for the formation of the new states.
- It transferred certain districts and villages from Bombay state to form the new state of Gujarat, with the remaining areas becoming the state of Maharashtra.
- It amended the Constitution to replace Bombay with Maharashtra and Gujarat, and allocated seats in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha between the new states.
- It also redistributed and reallocated seats in the legislative assemblies between the new states based
This document outlines the Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act of 1976 in India. The key points are:
- The Act aims to abolish the bonded labour system and prevent economic and physical exploitation of weaker sections of society.
- Under the Act, bonded labour is abolished and bonded labourers are freed from any obligations. Agreements or customs requiring bonded labour are void.
- Bonded debts are extinguished and cannot be recovered through legal means. Property used as collateral for bonded debts is also freed.
- Authorities like District Magistrates have duties to ensure the Act is implemented and bonded labour is not enforced. Vigilance committees are formed to prevent the re-emergence of
The document summarizes rules established by the Central Government of India regarding procedures for the Cyber Regulations Appellate Tribunal. Some key points:
- The rules cover definitions, procedures for filing applications to the Tribunal, requirements for application forms and accompanying documents, service of notices to respondents, filing of replies, notification of hearing dates and locations, and decisions on applications.
- Applications must be filed in six paperback copies with the Registrar, accompanied by a fee of Rs. 2,000, and include certified copies of relevant orders and documents.
- Respondents have one month to file six paperback copies of their reply with supporting documents and proof of service to the applicant.
- Hearing dates
This document outlines the Family Courts Act of 1984 which established Family Courts in India. Some key points:
- Family Courts were established to promote conciliation in disputes related to marriage and family affairs and ensure their speedy resolution.
- The Act defines Family Courts and the jurisdiction granted to them, including over matters related to marriage, divorce, child custody, and maintenance.
- Family Court judges are appointed by state governments in consultation with the High Court. Preference is given to candidates committed to protecting marriage and child welfare.
- Family Courts aim to encourage parties to arrive at an agreement and may delay proceedings for this purpose. Hearings are generally informal and held in private.
- Family Courts are
This document summarizes the key points of The Explosive Act, 1884 in India:
1. The Act regulates the manufacture, possession, use, sale, transport, import and export of explosives in India by establishing rules and licensing requirements. It defines key terms like "explosive", "import", "export", and outlines offenses and penalties.
2. The Central Government is authorized to make rules for licensing requirements for explosives manufacturing, possession, sale, transport, import and export. Licenses may be granted, refused, varied or revoked by the licensing authority.
3. Special provisions prohibit the manufacture, possession or import of extremely dangerous explosives, and prohibit certain people like minors from involvement in explosives
This document summarizes key parts of the Banking Regulation Act of 1949 in India.
The Act establishes regulations for banking companies in India. It defines terms like "banking", "banking company", and sets rules for what kind of business banking companies can engage in, including accepting deposits and making loans.
It also prohibits banking companies from using words like "bank" in their names unless they are actually conducting banking. Companies other than banking companies cannot use words like "banker" or "banking" in their names or businesses.
The Act also restricts banking companies from trading goods, with some exceptions. It requires banking companies to dispose of any non-banking assets like land within 7 years
The Ancient Monuments Preservation Act of 1904 was enacted to provide for the preservation of ancient monuments and objects of archaeological, historical or artistic interest in India. Some key points:
- It defines ancient monuments and antiquities and allows the central government to declare protected monuments.
- It establishes provisions for acquiring guardianship or ownership of protected monuments, and for entering into agreements with owners for the maintenance and preservation of monuments.
- The act grants powers to restrict activities like mining near monuments, compulsory purchase of threatened monuments, and maintenance of acquired monuments.
- It establishes penalties for damaging protected monuments and controls traffic of antiquities in and out of the country
The document summarizes the Public Records Act of 1993 in India. It establishes the National Archives of India as the nodal organization for implementing the Act. The Act covers central government ministries, departments, public sector undertakings, and other agencies. It also establishes rules for managing, preserving, and classifying public records in accordance with the Public Records Rules of 1997. Records officers are nominated by each records creating agency to oversee records management responsibilities as defined in the Act.
Fight against illicit traffic of cultural property in South-East Europe.
Gaziantep, Turkey, 19-21 November 2012.
Link: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/venice/about-this-office/single-view/news/building_capacities_for_the_fight_against_the_illicit_trafficking_of_cultural_property_
in_south_east_europe/
Implementing the 1954 Hague Convention: protecting Cultural PropertyCILIP
The document discusses the implementation of the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property. It provides context on the Blue Shield organization, which works to protect cultural heritage during armed conflicts. It outlines some of Blue Shield's expertise, activities, and partnerships in safeguarding cultural property. The document also discusses the UK's ratification of the 1954 Hague Convention in 2017 and some challenges in implementing its provisions for identifying and protecting cultural property.
This document is the Republic Act No. 10066, also known as the National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009. It aims to protect and conserve the national cultural heritage of the Philippines by strengthening cultural institutions and protecting cultural workers. Some key points:
- It defines various terms related to cultural heritage and categorizes cultural properties.
- It establishes procedures for declaring or removing national cultural treasures and important cultural properties.
- It provides privileges like priority funding and markers for declared cultural properties.
- It requires licensing of cultural property dealers and clearance for dealings in cultural properties.
- It allows for the designation and maintenance of heritage zones to protect historical areas.
- It establishes a Philippine Registry of Cultural Property
The Central Provinces Laws Act of 1875 aimed to declare and amend certain portions of law in force in the Central Provinces of India. Specifically, it repealed many Bengal Regulations and Acts that did not extend to the Central Provinces. It also deemed certain enactments specified in a schedule to remain in force to the extent indicated. The Act provided that in cases not expressly covered by legislation, the courts would apply principles of justice, equity and good conscience. It also empowered the state government to make rules on various matters and establish penalties for rule violations.
This document outlines the rules for the Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunal (Procedure) in India. Some key points:
- It establishes the rules for filing appeals to the Appellate Tribunal for recovery of debts owed to banks and financial institutions.
- It details requirements for memorandums of appeal such as format, accompanying documents, fees. Appeals must be filed within 15 days of the original ruling.
- Respondents have 1 month to file a reply. The Tribunal can allow late replies.
- It specifies who can represent parties in appeals - legal practitioners, bank/institution officers, or agents with authorization.
- Other procedures covered include language, sittings, notifications of hearings, dress code
This document is the Anti-Hijacking Act of 1982 passed by the Indian Parliament. It aims to give effect to the 1970 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft by defining hijacking and related offenses and establishing India's jurisdiction over such crimes. The Act makes it a punishable offense to hijack an aircraft or commit acts of violence during a hijacking. It allows India to prosecute hijacking offenses that occur outside the country if the aircraft or suspects are later found in India.
The all india institute of medical science act,1956Leo Lukose
The document summarizes the All-India Institute of Medical Sciences Act of 1956, which established the All-India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) in New Delhi. The key points are:
1) The Act provides for the establishment of AIIMS to address issues in medical education and improve professional competence amongst medical practitioners.
2) AIIMS is established as a corporate body with powers to acquire and manage property, and sue and be sued.
3) The Act outlines AIIMS' composition, governance structure, functions, powers to grant degrees and diplomas, budgeting, auditing, and relationship with the central government.
1. The Constitution of India establishes the territory and governance structure of India as a union of states.
2. Parliament has the power to admit new states to the union or establish new states, alter the boundaries or names of existing states, or adjust the areas of states.
3. The Constitution defines Indian citizenship at the time of commencement, and the rights of citizenship of persons who have migrated from Pakistan or reside outside of India. Parliament has the power to regulate citizenship law.
The bombay re organisation act, 1960 no.11 of 1960Leo Lukose
The document summarizes the Bombay Reorganisation Act of 1960 which reorganized the state of Bombay in India into the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Some key points:
- The state of Bombay was split into the new states of Maharashtra and Gujarat effective May 1, 1960.
- Representation in the national and state legislatures was allocated between the new states based on population ratios. Maharashtra received 44 seats in the Lok Sabha and 264 in the state assembly, while Gujarat received 22 and 132 respectively.
- Sitting members of the legislatures were allocated to the new state assemblies based on the territory of their constituencies. Elections would be held for any new
This document outlines the Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunal (Procedure) Rules, 1994 which establish the procedures for appeals related to recovery of debts in India. Some key points:
- It establishes definitions for terms related to appeals, the appellate tribunal, parties involved, documents required, etc.
- It details requirements for filing an appeal, including the memorandum of appeal, documents to be submitted, fees, timeline for respondent's reply, who can be joined as a respondent, and notification of hearing dates.
- It also covers administrative procedures like dress code, communication of orders, working hours, powers of the Registrar and additional duties, official seal, and the form for the memorandum of appeal.
The Architects Act of 1972 established the Council of Architecture to regulate the profession of architecture in India. Some key points:
- The Act provides for the registration of architects and matters related to it.
- It constitutes the Council of Architecture, which regulates the practice of architecture and maintains the register of architects in India.
- The Council consists of 20 members representing various architectural bodies and organizations. It regulates qualifications, conducts inspections of educational institutions, and oversees the registration of architects.
- The Council is responsible for recognizing architectural qualifications from India and abroad, maintaining the register of architects, and ensuring compliance with standards of practice.
The all india council for technical education act, 1987Leo Lukose
The document outlines the All India Council for Technical Education Act of 1987 which established the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) to regulate and properly maintain technical education in India. The Act provides for the establishment of AICTE to coordinate and promote the development of technical education across different states and union territories of India. It defines the composition and powers of AICTE and establishes various bodies under AICTE to perform related functions.
The cable television networks regulation) act, 1995Leo Lukose
The Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995 regulates the operation of cable television networks in India. Some key points:
1) It requires all cable operators to register with a registering authority and comply with prescribed program and advertisement codes.
2) Registered cable operators must maintain program registers and transmit at least two Doordarshan channels.
3) Equipment not conforming to standards can be seized, and operators risk confiscation and penalties for non-compliance.
4) The act aims to prevent objectionable content while balancing other relevant laws. It establishes rules for cable operations, seizures, offenses and repeals a prior ordinance.
This document outlines the Advocates' Welfare Fund Act which establishes a welfare fund for advocates in India. It constitutes the Advocates' Welfare Fund that is administered by the Advocates' Welfare Fund Trustee Committee. The Trustee Committee is responsible for administering the fund, receiving applications for membership and claims, and paying out benefits to members or their dependents. It also details the sources of money for the fund including contributions from State Bar Councils, interest earned, and insurance payouts. State Bar Councils must pay 20% of enrollment fees received to the welfare fund annually.
The bombay re organisation act, 1960 no.11 of 1960Leo Lukose
The document summarizes the Bombay Reorganisation Act of 1960 which reorganized the state of Bombay into the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Some key points:
- The Act established May 1, 1960 as the appointed day for the formation of the new states.
- It transferred certain districts and villages from Bombay state to form the new state of Gujarat, with the remaining areas becoming the state of Maharashtra.
- It amended the Constitution to replace Bombay with Maharashtra and Gujarat, and allocated seats in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha between the new states.
- It also redistributed and reallocated seats in the legislative assemblies between the new states based
This document outlines the Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act of 1976 in India. The key points are:
- The Act aims to abolish the bonded labour system and prevent economic and physical exploitation of weaker sections of society.
- Under the Act, bonded labour is abolished and bonded labourers are freed from any obligations. Agreements or customs requiring bonded labour are void.
- Bonded debts are extinguished and cannot be recovered through legal means. Property used as collateral for bonded debts is also freed.
- Authorities like District Magistrates have duties to ensure the Act is implemented and bonded labour is not enforced. Vigilance committees are formed to prevent the re-emergence of
The document summarizes rules established by the Central Government of India regarding procedures for the Cyber Regulations Appellate Tribunal. Some key points:
- The rules cover definitions, procedures for filing applications to the Tribunal, requirements for application forms and accompanying documents, service of notices to respondents, filing of replies, notification of hearing dates and locations, and decisions on applications.
- Applications must be filed in six paperback copies with the Registrar, accompanied by a fee of Rs. 2,000, and include certified copies of relevant orders and documents.
- Respondents have one month to file six paperback copies of their reply with supporting documents and proof of service to the applicant.
- Hearing dates
This document outlines the Family Courts Act of 1984 which established Family Courts in India. Some key points:
- Family Courts were established to promote conciliation in disputes related to marriage and family affairs and ensure their speedy resolution.
- The Act defines Family Courts and the jurisdiction granted to them, including over matters related to marriage, divorce, child custody, and maintenance.
- Family Court judges are appointed by state governments in consultation with the High Court. Preference is given to candidates committed to protecting marriage and child welfare.
- Family Courts aim to encourage parties to arrive at an agreement and may delay proceedings for this purpose. Hearings are generally informal and held in private.
- Family Courts are
This document summarizes the key points of The Explosive Act, 1884 in India:
1. The Act regulates the manufacture, possession, use, sale, transport, import and export of explosives in India by establishing rules and licensing requirements. It defines key terms like "explosive", "import", "export", and outlines offenses and penalties.
2. The Central Government is authorized to make rules for licensing requirements for explosives manufacturing, possession, sale, transport, import and export. Licenses may be granted, refused, varied or revoked by the licensing authority.
3. Special provisions prohibit the manufacture, possession or import of extremely dangerous explosives, and prohibit certain people like minors from involvement in explosives
This document summarizes key parts of the Banking Regulation Act of 1949 in India.
The Act establishes regulations for banking companies in India. It defines terms like "banking", "banking company", and sets rules for what kind of business banking companies can engage in, including accepting deposits and making loans.
It also prohibits banking companies from using words like "bank" in their names unless they are actually conducting banking. Companies other than banking companies cannot use words like "banker" or "banking" in their names or businesses.
The Act also restricts banking companies from trading goods, with some exceptions. It requires banking companies to dispose of any non-banking assets like land within 7 years
The Ancient Monuments Preservation Act of 1904 was enacted to provide for the preservation of ancient monuments and objects of archaeological, historical or artistic interest in India. Some key points:
- It defines ancient monuments and antiquities and allows the central government to declare protected monuments.
- It establishes provisions for acquiring guardianship or ownership of protected monuments, and for entering into agreements with owners for the maintenance and preservation of monuments.
- The act grants powers to restrict activities like mining near monuments, compulsory purchase of threatened monuments, and maintenance of acquired monuments.
- It establishes penalties for damaging protected monuments and controls traffic of antiquities in and out of the country
The document summarizes the Public Records Act of 1993 in India. It establishes the National Archives of India as the nodal organization for implementing the Act. The Act covers central government ministries, departments, public sector undertakings, and other agencies. It also establishes rules for managing, preserving, and classifying public records in accordance with the Public Records Rules of 1997. Records officers are nominated by each records creating agency to oversee records management responsibilities as defined in the Act.
Fight against illicit traffic of cultural property in South-East Europe.
Gaziantep, Turkey, 19-21 November 2012.
Link: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/venice/about-this-office/single-view/news/building_capacities_for_the_fight_against_the_illicit_trafficking_of_cultural_property_
in_south_east_europe/
Implementing the 1954 Hague Convention: protecting Cultural PropertyCILIP
The document discusses the implementation of the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property. It provides context on the Blue Shield organization, which works to protect cultural heritage during armed conflicts. It outlines some of Blue Shield's expertise, activities, and partnerships in safeguarding cultural property. The document also discusses the UK's ratification of the 1954 Hague Convention in 2017 and some challenges in implementing its provisions for identifying and protecting cultural property.
This document is the Republic Act No. 10066, also known as the National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009. It aims to protect and conserve the national cultural heritage of the Philippines by strengthening cultural institutions and protecting cultural workers. Some key points:
- It defines various terms related to cultural heritage and categorizes cultural properties.
- It establishes procedures for declaring or removing national cultural treasures and important cultural properties.
- It provides privileges like priority funding and markers for declared cultural properties.
- It requires licensing of cultural property dealers and clearance for dealings in cultural properties.
- It allows for the designation and maintenance of heritage zones to protect historical areas.
- It establishes a Philippine Registry of Cultural Property
This document is the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage adopted by the UNESCO General Conference in 1972. It establishes an international cooperative system to protect cultural and natural heritage around the world. Key points include:
- It defines cultural and natural heritage and calls for countries to identify sites within their own territories.
- Countries have the primary duty to identify, protect, conserve and present the cultural and natural heritage within their own borders using their own resources with international assistance as needed.
- An Intergovernmental Committee is established to provide international cooperation and support to help countries conserve their world heritage sites.
- Countries agree to not take deliberate measures that could damage cultural and natural heritage
UNESCO - Fighting against the illicit trafficking of cultural property - Cros...UNESCO Venice Office
The document discusses conventions and protocols related to protecting cultural property during armed conflict. It summarizes key elements of the 1954 Hague Convention and its 1954 and 1999 Protocols. It also summarizes the 1970 UNESCO Convention on preventing illicit trafficking of cultural property. The conventions establish frameworks for preventative safeguarding measures, respect during armed conflicts, restitution provisions, and international cooperation to protect cultural heritage.
Perlindungan Benda Budaya dalam Waktu Konflik Bersenjata.pdfarlinapermanasari1
The document discusses the protection of cultural property during armed conflict under international humanitarian law. It provides definitions of cultural property and outlines the legal framework for protection, including the 1954 Hague Convention and its protocols. The convention defines cultural property and establishes the protective emblem. It requires parties to respect and protect cultural property and restricts attacks on specially protected cultural property unless required by military necessity. The 1999 second protocol supplements the convention and applies to both international and non-international armed conflicts. It establishes a system of enhanced protection for cultural property.
1. The Kerala Survey and Boundaries Act of 1961 consolidates, amends, and unifies the laws relating to land surveys and settlement of boundary disputes in Kerala.
2. The Act allows the government or authorized officers to order surveys of any land or boundary. It provides procedures for notifying interested parties, conducting surveys, resolving disputes, and maintaining survey marks.
3. The Act establishes the roles and powers of survey officers. It allows for appeals of survey decisions, resolution of disputes through courts or arbitration, and recovery of expenses from landowners.
The document discusses laws and regulations in India concerning archaeological sites, monuments, and antiquities. It notes that according to the Indian Constitution, archaeology is a concurrent subject, with the central government overseeing nationally important sites and monuments and state governments handling sites of local importance. It provides a chronological overview of the development of conservation laws in India from the British period to modern times, including the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act of 1904 and the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act of 1958.
Marina Schneider - Model provisions on State Ownership of Undiscovered Cultur...UNESCO Venice Office
Fight against illicit traffic of cultural property in South-East Europe.
Gaziantep, Turkey, 19-21 November 2012.
Link: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/venice/about-this-office/single-view/news/building_capacities_for_the_fight_against_the_illicit_trafficking_of_cultural_property_
in_south_east_europe/
The document is an act passed by the Indian Parliament to regulate major ports in India. Some key points:
- It establishes a Board of Major Port Authority for each of the 12 major ports in India to administer, control and manage operations.
- The board will consist of a Chairperson, Deputy Chairperson and various members representing central/state governments, railways, defense, customs and port employees. It will replace the existing Board of Trustees.
- It outlines qualifications, terms, code of conduct and removal procedures for the chairperson, deputy chairperson and board members to ensure independence and avoid conflicts of interest.
- The act defines various terms related to port operations and devolves administration of the
This document summarizes the Major Port Authorities Act of 2021 which establishes Boards of Major Port Authorities to regulate, operate and plan major ports in India. Some key points:
- It establishes a Board for each major port to replace the Board of Trustees, consisting of a Chairperson, Deputy Chairperson, members from central/state govts, independent members, and employee representatives.
- The Board is a permanent body with perpetual succession responsible for administration, control and management of the major port.
- It defines various terms related to major ports and port operations. It also outlines qualifications and appointment process for Board members.
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Local Government Act (May 2012)fatanews
This document is the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Local Government Act of 2012 which establishes local councils in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and consolidates laws related to local government institutions. It defines key terms, establishes different types of local councils including district, municipal, and union councils. It also repeals the previous local government law and transitions existing local governments to the new system established in this Act.
Edouard Planche - International Legislation: Update, Assessment and Way ForwardUNESCO Venice Office
The document discusses UNESCO's efforts to protect cultural property from illicit trafficking through international conventions and cooperation between states. It summarizes key international agreements for preventing trafficking of cultural objects during armed conflicts and returning illegally exported cultural property. The document outlines UNESCO's definition of cultural property and the main risks such as theft, looting, and removal from archaeological sites. It also discusses states' obligations under the conventions to establish export controls and impose penalties for illicit trafficking.
This document summarizes the Antiquities and Art Treasures Act of 1972 in India. The key points are:
1) The Act regulates the export of antiquities and art treasures from India and prevents smuggling and fraudulent dealings of antiquities.
2) It allows for the compulsory acquisition of antiquities and art treasures by the government to preserve them for public places.
3) Licenses are required to sell antiquities, and licensing officers are appointed to oversee licensing. Registration of specified antiquities is also required.
4) The Central Government can declare that only it can carry out the business of selling antiquities if needed for conservation or public interest.
This document summarizes the Antiquities and Art Treasures Act of 1972 in India. The key points are:
1) The Act regulates the export of antiquities and art treasures from India and prevents smuggling and fraudulent dealings of antiquities.
2) It allows for the compulsory acquisition of antiquities and art treasures by the government to preserve them for public places.
3) Licenses are required to sell antiquities, and licensing officers are appointed to issue licenses and enforce the Act's provisions. Certain antiquities must also be registered.
Cultural heritage and the public domain - A review of the Italian situationFederico Morando
The document summarizes Italian cultural heritage law and how it relates to the public domain. It outlines that most old and culturally significant objects are considered cultural heritage goods under law. This requires authorization for any reproduction and limits creative reuse, even of derivative works like photographs over 50 years old. The law and its interpretation by ministerial decree potentially create new quasi-property rights over material that should be in the public domain.
The document is the Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 of India. It establishes the Real Estate Regulatory Authority to regulate and promote the real estate sector and protect consumer interests. Key points:
- It establishes the Real Estate Regulatory Authority and an adjudicating mechanism for speedy dispute resolution.
- It also establishes an Appellate Tribunal to hear appeals on decisions of the Authority and adjudicating officer.
- The Act defines various terms related to real estate such as promoter, allottee, apartment, common areas, etc. to bring transparency in the sector.
These PPT is for international school competition . These PPT make your agenda more attractive during online talk show . It will lead the higher impression in the talk show . These is only an idea which will make you to win the online talk show and debate . Title of PPT is conservation of heritage sites in India and role of government in conservation . #india #school #education #students #highereducation #conservation #heritagebuildings #saveheritage #talkshow
Similar to The ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains act (20)
This document summarizes the key points of The Essential Commodities Act, 1955 in India. The act provides for the control of the production, supply, and distribution of certain commodities deemed essential. It gives the Central Government the power to regulate or prohibit the production, supply, and distribution of essential commodities to maintain adequate supplies, ensure equitable distribution, and control prices. The act defines essential commodities and provides details on the powers of the Central Government to issue orders to control essential commodities, including orders related to production, pricing, licensing, and requisitioning supplies from producers. It also covers payment for requisitioned supplies and the establishment of authorized controllers. State amendments to the act are also noted.
This document summarizes the key points of the Indian Electricity Act of 1910.
The Act establishes the legal framework for the supply and use of electricity in India. It defines important terms related to electricity supply and distribution. It requires licenses from state governments for the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity within specified areas. The licenses define the limits and conditions of electricity supply. The Act also establishes the rights and responsibilities of electricity providers and consumers.
This document summarizes the key points of The Drugs (Control) Act, 1950:
1. The Act provides for the control of the sale, supply, and distribution of drugs in India. It gives powers to state governments and central authorities to regulate drugs and impose restrictions.
2. Key powers include declaring drugs that fall under the Act, fixing maximum prices and quantities of drugs that can be held or sold, imposing restrictions on sale and possession where maximums are exceeded, and regulating the disposal of drugs.
3. Offences under the Act are punishable with imprisonment up to 3 years or fines. Courts can also order the forfeiture of drug stocks involved in offences. The Act provides search and
This document summarizes the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961 in India, which aims to prohibit the practice of dowry. Some key points:
- It defines dowry as any property or valuable security given by one party to a marriage to the other party, before, during or after the marriage. This does not include customary gifts or dower/mahr for Muslims.
- Giving or taking dowry is punishable by imprisonment of at least 5 years and a fine. Demanding dowry is punishable by 6 months to 2 years imprisonment and a fine.
- Advertising property/money shares for marriage is punishable by 6 months to 5 years imprisonment and a fine.
The dowry prohibition (maintenance of lists of presents to the bride and brid...Leo Lukose
THE DOWRY PROHIBITION (MAINTENANCE OF LISTS OF PRESENTS TO THE BRIDE AND BRIDEGROOM) RULES, 1985]
G.S.R. 664 (E). ? In exercise of the powers conferred by Section 9 of the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 (28 of 1961), the Central Government hereby make the following rules, namely: ?
1. Short title and commencement. ? (1) These rules may be called the Dowry Prohibition (Maintenance of Lists of Presents to the Bride and Bridegroom) Rules, 1985.
(2) They shall come into force on the 2nd day of October, 1985 being the date appointed for the coming into force of the Dowry prohibition (Amendment) Act, 1984 (63 of 1984).
2. Rules in accordance with which lists of presents are to be maintained ? ?(1) The list of presents which are given at the time of the marriage to the bride shall be maintained by the bride.
(2) The list of presents which are given at the time of the marriage to the bridegroom shall be maintained by the bridegroom.
(3) Every list of presents referred to in sub-rule (1) or sub-rule (2) ?
(a) shall be prepared at the time of the marriage or as soon as possible after the marriage;
(b) shall be in writing;
(c) shall contain:
(i) a brief description of each present;
(ii) the approximate value of the present;
(iii) the name of the person who has given the present; and
(iv) where the person giving the present is related to the bride or bridegroom, a description of such relationship;
(d) shall be signed by both the bride and the bridegroom.
Explanation 1. Where the bride is unable to sign, she may affix her thumb impression in lieu of her signature after having the list read out to her and obtaining signature on the list of, the person who has so read out the particulars contained in the list.
Explanation 2. ? Where the bridegroom is unable to sign, he may affix his thumb impression in lieu of his signature after having the list read out to him and obtaining the signature on the list, of the person who has so read out the particulars contained in the list.
(4) The bride or the bridegroom may, if she or he so desires, obtained on either or both of the lists referred to in sub-rule (1) or sub-section (2) the signature or signatures of any relations of the bride or the bridegroom or of any other person or persons present at the time of the marriage.
This document is the Depositories Act of 1996 which establishes a legal framework for regulation of depositories in India. Some key points:
- It defines important terms related to depositories like depository, participant, beneficial owner, etc.
- It provides for regulation and oversight of depositories by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). Depositories must be registered and obtain a certificate to operate.
- It specifies the rights and obligations of depositories, participants, issuers and beneficial owners when dealing with securities held in depositories. Securities are to be in dematerialized fungible form.
- Depositories must maintain records of beneficial owners and are responsible for indemnifying
This document establishes the Delhi High Court Act of 1966 which created a new High Court for the Union Territory of Delhi. Some key points:
- It establishes the Delhi High Court and sets its principal seat in Delhi.
- It extends the jurisdiction of the Delhi High Court to the Union Territory of Himachal Pradesh.
- It outlines exceptions and modifications to how certain constitutional provisions will apply to the Delhi High Court compared to other state High Courts.
- It transfers jurisdiction and pending cases from the Punjab High Court to the new Delhi High Court, while allowing the Punjab High Court to retain jurisdiction over appeals and cases decided prior to the appointed date.
This document is the Delhi Apartment Ownership Act of 1986, which provides for individual ownership of apartments in multi-story buildings as well as shared ownership of common areas. It establishes that any person allotted an apartment by the developer is entitled to exclusive ownership and possession of that apartment, as well as an undivided interest in common areas proportional to the value of their apartment. The Act defines terms like "apartment", "common areas", establishes apartment owner associations, and provides a framework for ownership, inheritance and transfer of apartments.
The criminal law amendment ordinance, 1944Leo Lukose
This document outlines The Criminal Law Amendment Ordinance of 1944 in India. Some key points:
- It allows the government to apply to attach property of those believed to have committed scheduled offenses, even if charges haven't been filed yet.
- Upon receiving an application, the district judge can pass an interim attachment order unless they believe there is no evidence the offense occurred.
- A notice is issued to the property owner calling them to show cause why the attachment should be withdrawn. Notices are also issued to other interested parties.
- After investigating any objections, the judge will make the interim attachment absolute, vary it by releasing some property, or withdraw the order entirely if they believe no offense was committed
This document summarizes the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1908 in India. The act aimed to provide for more speedy trials of certain offenses and prohibit associations dangerous to public peace. It established that associations that encourage violence or whose members commit violent acts could be declared unlawful by state governments. The act gave powers to state governments to notify places being used by unlawful associations and allow authorities to take possession of such places and belongings found within. It established penalties for membership in unlawful associations or assisting their operations. Several state governments have since amended sections of the act.
This document outlines the Contempt of Courts Act of 1971 in India. It defines contempt of court as either civil contempt, which includes willful disobedience of a court order, or criminal contempt, which includes acts that scandalize or interfere with the court. It establishes that publishing a fair report of judicial proceedings is not contempt, nor is fair criticism of a judicial act after it is decided. It also provides exceptions for innocent publication of matters not known to interfere with proceedings, and allows complaints about lower court judges to higher courts.
The conservation of foreign exchange and prevention of smuggling activities a...Leo Lukose
This document is the Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act of 1974. Some key points:
- It allows for preventative detention of persons to conserve foreign exchange and prevent smuggling activities that negatively impact the national economy and security.
- Detention orders can be issued by central or state governments if satisfied a person's actions are prejudicial to exchange/smuggling prevention. Detentions can occur anywhere in India.
- Detainees are subject to conditions set by the appropriate government and can be moved between places of detention.
- Advisory boards must review detentions and report within 11 weeks, except some smuggling-related cases can be detained up to 6 months without review.
The commission of sati (prevention) act, 1987Leo Lukose
This document is the Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act of 1987, which aims to more effectively prevent the practice of Sati. Some key points:
- Sati, the burning or burying alive of widows or women, is considered revolting and is not enjoined by any Indian religion.
- The Act defines and prohibits the acts of Sati, abetment of Sati, attempts to commit Sati, and the glorification of Sati.
- It establishes Special Courts to try offenses related to Sati and sets punishments such as imprisonment or fines.
- The Collector or District Magistrate are given powers to prohibit acts related to Sati and remove temples
This document summarizes the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 which consolidates and amends laws relating to civil procedure in courts of civil judicature in India. Some key points:
- It extends to the whole of India except Jammu and Kashmir, Nagaland, and some tribal areas. State governments can extend its provisions to excluded areas.
- It defines various terms used in civil procedure like "decree", "pleader", "judgment-debtor" etc.
- District courts are subordinate to high courts. Civil courts of lower grade are subordinate to district and high courts.
- It contains provisions around jurisdiction of courts, res judicata, bar on further suits, when foreign judgments
The Citizenship Act of 1955 provides the framework for acquiring and determining Indian citizenship. Key provisions include:
- Citizenship by birth within India on or after January 26, 1950 (Section 3)
- Citizenship by descent if one parent is an Indian citizen at time of birth outside India. Registration requirements apply if the parent is a citizen by descent only. (Section 4)
- Citizenship by registration for persons of Indian origin residing in India or abroad, or those married to Indian citizens. (Section 5)
- Citizenship by naturalization if certain qualifications are met. (Section 6)
- Renunciation of citizenship if a declaration is made and registered by a citizen who possesses citizenship of
This document summarizes the key points of The Cinematograph Act of 1952 in India. The act established the Board of Film Certification to examine and certify films for public exhibition. The board can sanction films as unrestricted for all ages, restricted to adults only, or restricted to certain professions. It can also direct filmmakers to make edits before certification. The act created advisory panels to assist the board and defined various terms. The goal of the act was to regulate the public exhibition of films in India through a centralized certification process.
The cigarettes (regulations of production, supply and distribution), act, 1975Leo Lukose
This Act provides restrictions on the production, supply, and distribution of cigarettes in India. It mandates that all cigarette packages and advertisements contain a specified warning that "cigarette smoking is injurious to health". The warning must be clear, prominent, and in the appropriate language(s). It establishes penalties for non-compliance and provides powers to search, seize, and confiscate non-compliant packages. The Act aims to inform consumers about the health risks of smoking through statutory warnings on cigarette packaging and advertisements in India.
This document is an Act passed by the Indian Parliament to regulate chit funds. Some key points:
- It defines important terms related to chit funds such as foreman, subscriber, chit amount, prize amount, etc.
- It requires all chits to be sanctioned by the state government and registered according to this Act in order to be commenced or conducted legally.
- It prohibits the invitation of subscriptions without meeting certain conditions like obtaining required sanctions.
- It specifies the necessary particulars that must be included in the chit agreement document signed by subscribers and foreman, such as subscriber details, installment amounts, manner of determining prized subscriber, etc.
The child labour (prohibition and regulation) act, 1986Leo Lukose
This document is the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act of 1986 from India. It aims to prohibit child labor for certain occupations and processes and regulate working conditions for children in other jobs. Some key points:
- It bans employment of children below 14 years old in occupations and processes listed in Schedules A and B, which include hazardous jobs.
- It regulates the working hours, holidays and health/safety conditions for children employed in other establishments not involving banned jobs. For example, it limits the daily and weekly working hours for children.
- It requires establishments to maintain records of child workers and display notices about prohibitions. Disputes over a child's age must be referred to medical authorities.
The Charitable Endowments Act of 1890 provides for the vesting and administration of property held in trust for charitable purposes in India. It establishes the role of a Treasurer of Charitable Endowments, who is a corporation sole that can hold property for charitable trusts. The appropriate government can issue orders to vest property in the Treasurer and settle schemes for how the property will be administered. The Act defines charitable purposes, sets rules for vesting and transferring property held by the Treasurer, and provides legal protections for the government and Treasurer when acting in accordance with the Act.
Safeguarding Against Financial Crime: AML Compliance Regulations DemystifiedPROF. PAUL ALLIEU KAMARA
To ensure the integrity of financial systems and combat illicit financial activities, understanding AML (Anti-Money Laundering) compliance regulations is crucial for financial institutions and businesses. AML compliance regulations are designed to prevent money laundering and the financing of terrorist activities by imposing specific requirements on financial institutions, including customer due diligence, monitoring, and reporting of suspicious activities (GitHub Docs).
Business law for the students of undergraduate level. The presentation contains the summary of all the chapters under the syllabus of State University, Contract Act, Sale of Goods Act, Negotiable Instrument Act, Partnership Act, Limited Liability Act, Consumer Protection Act.
Receivership and liquidation Accounts
Being a Paper Presented at Business Recovery and Insolvency Practitioners Association of Nigeria (BRIPAN) on Friday, August 18, 2023.
Genocide in International Criminal Law.pptxMasoudZamani13
Excited to share insights from my recent presentation on genocide! 💡 In light of ongoing debates, it's crucial to delve into the nuances of this grave crime.
सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने यह भी माना था कि मजिस्ट्रेट का यह कर्तव्य है कि वह सुनिश्चित करे कि अधिकारी पीएमएलए के तहत निर्धारित प्रक्रिया के साथ-साथ संवैधानिक सुरक्षा उपायों का भी उचित रूप से पालन करें।
The Future of Criminal Defense Lawyer in India.pdfveteranlegal
https://veteranlegal.in/defense-lawyer-in-india/ | Criminal defense Lawyer in India has always been a vital aspect of the country's legal system. As defenders of justice, criminal Defense Lawyer play a critical role in ensuring that individuals accused of crimes receive a fair trial and that their constitutional rights are protected. As India evolves socially, economically, and technologically, the role and future of criminal Defense Lawyer are also undergoing significant changes. This comprehensive blog explores the current landscape, challenges, technological advancements, and prospects for criminal Defense Lawyer in India.
Sangyun Lee, 'Why Korea's Merger Control Occasionally Fails: A Public Choice ...Sangyun Lee
Presentation slides for a session held on June 4, 2024, at Kyoto University. This presentation is based on the presenter’s recent paper, coauthored with Hwang Lee, Professor, Korea University, with the same title, published in the Journal of Business Administration & Law, Volume 34, No. 2 (April 2024). The paper, written in Korean, is available at <https://shorturl.at/GCWcI>.
Corporate Governance : Scope and Legal Frameworkdevaki57
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
MEANING
Corporate Governance refers to the way in which companies are governed and to what purpose. It identifies who has power and accountability, and who makes decisions. It is, in essence, a toolkit that enables management and the board to deal more effectively with the challenges of running a company.
The Work Permit for Self-Employed Persons in Italy
The ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains act
1. THE ANCIENT MONUMENTS AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND
REMAINS ACT, 1958
NO.24 OF 1958
[28th August, 1958]
An Act to provide for the preservation of ancient and historical monuments and archaeological
site and remains of national importance, for the regulation of archaeological excavations and for
the protection of sculptures, carvings and other like objects.
Comment: We avail this opportunity to direct the Government of India to maintain all national
monuments under the respective Acts referred to above and to ensure that all of them are
properly maintained so that the cultural and historical heritage of India and the beauty and
grandeur of the monuments, sculptures secured through breathless and passionate labour
workmenship, craftsmanship and the skills of the Indian architects, artists and masons is
continued to be preserved. Rajeev Mankotia v. Secretary to the President of India, AIR 1997
SUPREME COURT 2766
BE it enacted by Parliament in the Ninth Year of the Republic of India as follows:-
PRELIMINARY
1.Short title, extent and commencement.- (1) This Act may be called the Ancient Monuments
and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958.
(2) It extends to the whole of India, but sections 22, 24, 25 and 26 shall not apply to the State of
Jammu and Kashmir.
(3) It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by notification in the
Official Gazette, appoint.
2.Definitions.- In this Act unless the context otherwise requires-,
(a) "ancient monuments" means any structure, erection or monument, or any tumulus or place of
interment, or any cave, rock-sculpture, inscription or monolith, which is of historical,
archaeological or artistic interest and which has been in existence for not less than one hundred
years, and includes-
(i) the remains of an ancient monument.
(ii) the site of an ancient monument,
(iii) such portion of land adjoining the site of an ancient monument as may be required for fencing
or covering in or otherwise preserving such monument, and
(iv) the means of access to, and convenient inspection of, an ancient monument;
(b) "antiquity" includes-
(i) any coin, sculpture , manuscript, epigraph, or other work of art or craftsmanship.
(ii) any article, object or thing detached from a building or cave,
(iii) any article, object or thing illustrative of science, art, crafts, literature, religion, customs,
morals or politics in bygone ages,
2. (iv) any article, object or thing of historical interest, and
(v) any article, object or thing declared by the Central Government, by notification in the Official
Gazette, to be an antiquity for the purposes of this Act.
which has been in existence for not less than one hundred years;
(c) "archaeological officer" means an officer of the Department of Archaeology of the Government
of India not lower in rank than Assistant Superintendent of Archaeology;
(d) "archaeological site and remains" means any area which contains or is reasonably believed to
contain ruins or relics of historical or archaeological importance which have been in existence for
not less than one hundred years, and includes-
(i) such portion of land adjoining the area as may be required for fencing or covering in or
otherwise preserving it, and
(ii) the means of access to, and convenient inspection of, the area;
(e) "Director-General" means the Director-General of Archaeology, and includes any officer
authorised by the Central Government to perform the duties of the Director-General;
(f) "maintain, with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, includes the fencing,
covering in, repairing, restoring and cleansing of a protected monument, and the doing of any act
which may be necessary for the porpoise of preserving a protected monument or of securing
convenient access thereto;
(g) "owner" includes-
(i) a joint owner invested with powers of management on behalf of himself and other joint owners
and the successor-in-title of any such owner; and
(ii) any manager or trustee exercising powers of management and the successor-in-office of any
such manager or trustee;
(h) "prescribed" means prescribed by rules made under this Act;
(i) "protected area" means any archaeological site and remains which is declared to be of national
importance by or under this Act;
(j) "protected monument" means an ancient monument which is declared to be of national
importance by or under this Act.
ANCIENT MONUMENTS AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND REMAINS
OF NATIONAL IMPORTANCE
3.Certain ancient monuments, etc., deemed to be of national importance.- All ancient and
historical monuments and all archaeological sites and remains which have been declared by the
Ancient and Historical Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Declaration of
National Importance) Act, 1951 (71 of 1951), or by section 126 of the States Reorganisation Act,
1956 (37 of 1956), to be of national importance shall be deemed to be ancient and historical
monuments or archaeological sites and remains declared to be of national importance for the
purposes of this Act.
4.Power of Central Government to declare ancient monuments, etc., to be of national
importance.- (1) Where the Central Government is of opinion that any ancient monument or
3. archaeological site and remains not included in section 3 is of national importance, it may, by
notification in the official Gazette, give two months' notice of its intention to declare such ancient
monument or archaeological site and remains to be of national importance; and a copy of every
such notification shall be affixed in a conspicuous place near the monument or site and remains,
as the case may be.
(2) Any person interested in any such ancient monument or archaeological site and remains may,
within two months after the issue of the notification, object to the declaration of the monument, or
the archaeological site and remains, to be of national importance.
(3) On the expiry of the said period of two months, the Central Government may after considering
the objections, if any, received by it, declare by notification in the Official Gazette, the ancient
monument or the archaeological site and remains, as the case may be, to be of national
importance.
(4) A notification published under sub-section (3) shall, unless and until it is withdrawn, be
conclusive evidence of the fact that the ancient monument or the archaeological site and remains
to which it relates is of national importance for the purposes of this Act.
PROTECTED MONUMENTS
5.Acquisition of rights in a protected monument.- (1) The Director-General may, with the
sanction of the Central Government, purchase, or take a lease of, or accept a gift or bequest of,
any protected monument.
(2) Where a protected monument is without an owner, the Director-General may, by notification in
the Official Gazette, assume the guardianship of the monument.
(3) The owner of any protected monument may, by written instrument, constitute the Director-
General the guardian of the monument, and the Director-General the guardian of the monument,
and the Director-General may, with the sanction of the Central Government, accept such
guardianship.
(4) When the Director-General has accepted the guardianship of a monument under sub-section
(3), the owner shall, except as expressly provided in this Act, have the same estate, right, title
and interest in and to the monument as if the Director-General had not been constituted a
guardian thereof.
(5) When the Director-General has accepted the guardianship of a monument under sub-section
(3), the provisions of this Act relating to agreements executed under section 6 shall apply to the
written to agreements executed under the said sub-section.
(6) Nothing in this section shall affect the use of any protected monument for customary religious
observations.
6.Preservation of protected monument by agreement.- (1) the Collector, when so directed by
the Central Government, shall propose to the owner of a protected monument to enter into an
agreement with the Central Government within a specified period for the maintenance of the
monument.
(2) An agreement under this section may provide for all or any of the following matters, namely:-
(a) the maintenance of the monument:
(b) the custody of the monument and the duties of any person who may be employed to watch it;
4. (c) the restriction of the owner's right-
(i) to use the monument for any purpose,
(ii) to charge any fee for entry into, or inspection of, the monument,
(iii) to destroy, remove, alter or deface the monument, or
(iv) to build on or near the site of the monument;
(d) the facilitates of access to be permitted to the public or any section thereof or to
archaeological officers or to persons deputed by the owner or any archaeological officer or the
Collector to inspect or maintain the monument;
(e) the notice to be given to the Central Government in case the land on which the monument is
situated or any adjoining land is offered for sale by the owner, and the right to be reserved to the
Central Government to purchase such land, or any specified portion of such land, at its market
value;
(f) the payment of any expenses incurred by the owner or by the Central Government in
connection with the maintenance of the monument;
(g) the proprietary or other rights which are to vest in the Central Government in respect of the
monument when any expenses are incurred by the Central Government in connection with the
maintenance of the monument;
(h) the appointment of an authority to decide any dispute arising out of the agreement; and
(i) any matter connected with the maintenance of the monument which is a proper subject of
agreement between the owner and the Central Government.
(3) The Central Government or the owner may, at any time after the expiration of three years from
the date of execution of an agreement under this section, terminate it on giving six months' notice
in writing to the other party:
Provided that where the agreement is terminated by the owner, he shall pay to the Central
Government the expenses, if any, incurred by it on the maintenance of the monument during the
five years immediately preceding the termination of the agreement or, if the agreement has been
in force for a shorter period, during the period the agreement was in force.
(4) An agreement under this section shall be binding on any person claiming to be the owner of
the monument to which it relates, from, through or under a party by whom or on whose behalf the
agreement was executed.
7.Owners under disability or not in possession.- (1) If the owner of a protected monument is
unable, by reason of infancy or other disability, to act for himself, the person legally competent to
act on his behalf may exercise the powers conferred upon an owner by section 6.
(2) In the case of village property, the headman other village-officer exercising powers of
management over such property may exercise the powers conferred upon an owner by section 6.
(3) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to empower any person not being of the same religion
as the person on whose behalf he is acting to make or execute an agreement relating to a
protected monument which or any part of which is periodically used for the religious worship or
observances of that religion.
5. 8.Application of endowment to repair a protected monument.- (1) If any owner or other
person competent to enter into an agreement under section 6 for the maintenance of a protected
monument refuses or fails to enter into such an agreement, and if any endowment has been
created for the purpose of keeping such monument in repair or for that purpose among other, the
Central Government may institute a suit in the court of the district judge, or, if the estimated cost
of repairing the monument does not exceed one thousand rupees, may make an application to
the district judge, for the proper application of such endowment or part thereof.
(2) On the hearing of an application under sub-section (1), the district judge may summon and
examine the owner and any person whose evidence appears to him necessary and may pass an
order for the proper application of the endowment or of any part thereof, and any such order may
be executed as if it were a decree of a civil court.
9.Failure or refusal to enter into an agreement.- (1) If any owner or other person competent to
enter into an agreement under section 6 for the maintenance of a protected monument refuses or
fails to enter into such an agreement, the Central Government may make an order providing for
all or any of the matters specified in sub-section (2) of section 6 and such order shall be binding
on the owner or such other person and on every person claiming title to the monument from,
through or under, the owner or such other person.
(2) Where an order made under sub-section (1) provides that the monument shall be maintained
by the owner or other person competent to enter into an agreement all reasonable expenses for
the maintenance of the monument shall be payable by the Central Government.
(3) No order under sub-section (1) shall be made unless the owner or other person has been
given an opportunity of making a representation in writing against the proposed order.
10.Power to make order prohibiting contravention of agreement under section 6.- (1) If the
Director-General apprehends that the owner or occupier of a protected monument intends to
destroy, remove, alter, deface, imperil or misuse the monument or to build on or near the site
thereof in contravention of the terms of an agreement under section 6, the Director-General may,
after giving the owner or occupier an opportunity of making a representation in writing, make an
order prohibiting any such contravention of the agreement:
Provided that no such opportunity may be given in any case where the Director-General, for
reasons to be recorded, is satisfied that it is not expedient or practicable to do so.
(2) Any person aggrieved by an order under this section may appeal to the Central Government
within such time and in such manner as may be prescribed and the decision of the Central
Government shall be final.
11.Enforcement of agreements.- (1) If an owner or other person who is bound by an agreement
for the maintenance of a monument under section 6 refuses or fails within such reasonable time
as the Director-General may fix, to do any act which in the opinion of the Director-General is
necessary for the maintenance of the monument, the Director-General may authorise any person
to do any such act, and the owner or other person shall be liable to pay the expenses of doing
any such act or such portion of the expenses as the owner may be liable to pay under the
agreement.
(2) If any dispute arises regarding the amount of expenses payable by the owner or other person
under sub-section (1), it shall be referred to the Central Government whose decision shall be
final.
12.Purchasers at certain sales and persons claiming through owner bound by instrument
executed by owner.- Every person who purchases, at a sale for arrears of land revenue or any
other public demand, any land on which is situated a monument in respect of which any
6. instrument has been executed by the owner for the time being under section 5 or section 6, and
every person claiming any title to a monument from, through or under, an owner who executed
any such instrument, shall be bound by such instrument.
13.Acquisition of protected monuments.- If the Central Government apprehends that a
protected monument is in anger of being destroyed, insured, misused, or allowed to fall into
decay, it may acquire the protected monument under the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act,
1894 (1 of 1894), as if the maintenance of the protected monument were a public purpose within
the meaning of that Act.
14.Maintenance of certain protected monuments.- (1) The Central Government shall maintain
every monument which has been acquired under section 13 or in respect of which any of the
rights mentioned in section 5 have been acquired.
(2) When the Director-General has assumed the guardianship of a monument under section 5, he
shall, for the purpose, of maintaining such monument, have access to the monument at all
reasonable times, by himself and by his agents, subordinates and workmen, for the purpose of
inspecting the monument and for the purpose of bringing such materials and doing such acts as
he may consider necessary or desirable for the maintenance thereof.
15.Voluntary contributions.- The Director-General may receive voluntary contributions towards
the cost of maintaining a protected monument and may give orders as to the management and
application of any funds so received by him;
Provided that no contribution received under this section shall be applied to any purpose other
than the purpose for which it was contributed.
16.Protection of place of worship from misuse, pollution or desecration.- (1) A protected
monument maintain by the Central Government under this Act which is a place of worship or
shrine shall not be used for any purpose inconsistent with its character.
(2) Where the Central Government has acquired a protected monument under section 13, or
where the Director-General has purchased, or taken a lease or accepted a gift or bequest or
assumed guardianship of, a protected monument under section 5, and such monument or any
part the derives used for religious worship or observances by any community, the Collector hall
make due provisions for the protection of such monument or part thereof, from pollution or
desecration-
(a) by prohibiting the entry therein, except in accordance with the conditions prescribed with the
concurrence of the persons, if any, in religious charge of the said monument or part thereof, of
any person not entitled so to enter by the religious usages of the community by which the
monument or part thereof is used, or
(b) by taking such other action as he may think necessary in this behalf.
17.Relinquishment of Government rights in a monument.- With the sanction of the Central
Government, the Director-General may,-
(a) where rights have been acquired by the Director-General in respect of any monument under
this Act by virtue of any sale, lease, gift or will, relinquish, by notification in the Official Gazette,
the rights so acquired to the person who would for the time being be the owner of the monument
if such rights had not been acquired; or
(b) relinquish any guardianship of a monument which he has assumed under this Act.
18.Right of access to protected monuments.- Subject to any rules made under this Act, the
7. public shall have a right of access to any protected monument.
PROTECTED AREAS
19.Restrictions on enjoyment of property rights in protected areas.- (1) No person, including
the owner or occupier of a protected area, shall construct any building within the protected area
or carry on any mining quarrying, excavating, blasting or any operation of a like nature in such
area, or utilise such area or any part thereof in any other manner without the permission of the
Central Government:
Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall be deemed to prohibit the use of any such area or
part thereof for purposes of cultivation if such cultivation does not involve the digging of not more
than one foot of soil from the surface.
(2) The Central Government may, by order, direct that any building constructed by any person
within a protected area in contravention of the provisions of sub-section (1) shall be removed
within a specified period and, if the person refuses or fails to comply with the order, the Collector
may cause the building to be removed and the person shall be liable to pay the cost of such
removal.
20.Power to acquire protected area.- If the Central Government is of opinion that any protected
area contains an ancient monument or antiquities of national interest and value, it may acquire
such area under the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (1 of 1894), as if the acquisition
were for a public purpose within the meaning of that Act.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS
21.Excavations in protected areas.- An archaeological officer or an officer authorised by him in
this behalf or any person holding a licence granted in this behalf under this Act (hereinafter
referred to as the licensee) may, after giving notice in writing to the Collector and the owner, enter
upon and make excavations in any protected area.
22.Excavations in areas other than protected areas.- Where an archaeological officer has
reason to believe that any area not being a protected area contains ruins or relies of historical or
archaeological importance, he or an officer authorised by him in this behalf may, after giving
notice in writing to the Collector and the owner, enter upon and make excavations in the area.
23.Compulsory purchase of antiquities, etc., discovered during excavation operations.- (1)
Where, as a result of any excavations made in any area under section 21 or section 22, any
antiquities are discovered, the archaeological officer or the licensee, as the case may be, shall,-
(a) as soon as practicable, examine such antiquities and submit a report to the Central
Government in such manner and containing such particulars as may be prescribed;
(b) at the conclusion of the excavation operations, give notice in writing to the owner of the land
from which such antiquities have been discovered, of the nature of such antiquities.
(2) Until an orders for the compulsory purchase of any such antiquities is made under sub-section
(3), the archaeological officer or the licensee, as the case may be, shall keep them in such safe
custody as he may deem fit.
(3) On receipt of a report under sub-section (1), the Central Government may make an order for
the compulsory purchase of any such antiquities at their market value.
(4) When an order for the compulsory purchase of any antiquities is made under sub-section (3),
such antiquities shall rest in the Central Government with effect from the date of the order.
8. 24.Excavations, etc., for archaeological purposes.- No State Government shall undertake or
authorise any person to undertake any excavation or other like operation for archaeological
purposes in any area which is not a protected area except with the previous approval of the
Central Government and in accordance with such rules or directions, if any, as the Central
Government may make or give in this behalf.
PROTECTION OF ANTIQUITIES
25.Power of Central Government to control moving of antiquities.- (1) If the Central
Government considers that any antiquities or class of antiquities ought not to be moved from the
place where they are without the sanction of the Central Government, the Central Government
may, by notification in the Official Gazette, direct that any such antiquity or any class of such
antiquities shall not be moved except with the written permission of the Director-General.
(2) Every application for permission under sub-section (1) Shall be in such form and contain such
particulars as may be prescribed.
(3) Any person aggrieved by an order refusing permission may appeal t the Central Government
whose decision shall be final.
26.Purchase of antiquities by Central Government.- (1) If the Central Government apprehends
that any antiquity mentioned in a notification issued under sub-section (1) of section 25 is in
danger of being destroyed, removed, injured, misused or allowed to fall into decay or is of opinion
that, by reason of its historical or archaeological importance, it is desirable to preserve such
antiquity in a public place, the Central Government may make an order for the compulsory
purchase of such antiquity at its market value and the Collector shall thereupon give notice to the
owner of the antiquity to be purchased.
(2) Where a notice of compulsory purchase is issued under sub-section (1) in respect of any
antiquity, such antiquity shall vest in the Central Government with effect from the date of the
notice.
(3) The power of compulsory purchase given by this section shall not extend to any image or
symbol actually used for bona fide religious observations.
PRINCIPLES OF COMPENSATION
27.Compensation for loss or damage.- Any owner or occupier of land who has sustained any
loss or damage or any diminution of profits from the land by reason of any entry on, or
excavations in, such land or the exercise of any other power conferred by this Act shall be paid
compensation by the Central Government for such loss, damage or diminution of profits.
28.Assessment of market value or compensation.- (1) The market value of any property which
the Central Government is empowered to purchase at such value under this Act or the
compensation to be packed by the Central Government in respect of anything done under this Act
shall, where any dispute arises in respect of such market value or compensation, be ascertained
in the manner provided in sections, 3, 5, 8 to 34, 45 to 47, 51 and 52 of the Land Acquisition Act,
1894 (1 of 1894), so far as they can be made applicable:
Provided that, when making an enquiry under the said Land Acquisition Act, the Collector shall be
assisted by two assessors, one of whom shall be a competent person nominated by the Central
Government and one a person nominate by the owner, or, in case the owner fails to nominate an
assessor within such reasonable time as may be fixed by the Collector in this behalf, by the
Collector.
9. (2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1) or in the Land Acquisition Act.1894 (1
of 1894), in determining the market value of any antiquity in respect of which an order for
compulsory purchase is made under sub-section (3) of section 23 or under quite by reason of its
being of historical or archaeological importance shall not be taken into consideration.
29.Delegation of powers.- The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette ,
direct that
10. (2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1) or in the Land Acquisition Act.1894 (1
of 1894), in determining the market value of any antiquity in respect of which an order for
compulsory purchase is made under sub-section (3) of section 23 or under quite by reason of its
being of historical or archaeological importance shall not be taken into consideration.
29.Delegation of powers.- The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette ,
direct that