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metal ion catalysis.pptx
Metal ion catalysis involves the use of metal ions like Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Co3+, Ni3+, and Mo6+ to enhance the reactivity of chemical reactions. About 1/3 of all known enzymes use metal ion catalysis. Metal ions act as Lewis acids and form complexes with reactants to facilitate catalysis. Examples include hemoglobin which uses iron to bind oxygen, and carbonic anhydrase which uses zinc to catalyze the hydration of carbon dioxide. Platinum ions can catalyze hydrosilylation reactions but also have disadvantages like side reactions and requiring harsh conditions.
PHOTO-REDUCTION.pptx
The document discusses photoreduction, which is the chemical reduction influenced by light energy. It specifically discusses photoreduction of carbonyl compounds like ketones, where ketones can be reduced by hydrogen atom donors. Nitro compounds also undergo photoreduction with hydrogen donors, otherwise photofragmentation occurs. Aromatic compounds like benzene and naphthalene can be photoreduced through electron transfer from amines. Photoreduction and photodehalogenation involve replacing halogen atoms with hydrogen. Photoreduction is also used in polymerization by producing initiators through reduction that react with monomers.
cyclo addition by photochemical mode.docx
Cyclo-addition reactions involve the conversion of two π-bonds into σ-bonds to form a cyclic product. [2+2] cyclo-addition reactions specifically require photochemical conditions rather than thermal conditions. Under photochemical conditions, symmetry imbalance is resolved by combining the ground state of one alkene with the excited state of another. This allows reactions that are forbidden thermally. Cyclo-addition reactions are useful in organic synthesis as they allow for regio- and stereoselective formation of polycyclic structures.
Pericyclic Reactions_compress60%.pdf
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
Quinine.docx
Quinine is extracted from the bark of the cinchona tree and is used to treat malaria caused by the Plasmodium falciparum parasite. It works by killing the parasite or preventing its growth. Quinine has side effects like blurred vision, nausea, and vomiting. It is administered orally, via intramuscular injection, or intravenously. The structure of quinine contains two tertiary nitrogen atoms and a secondary alcoholic group. It is synthesized through claisen condensation. Quinine treats malaria by inhibiting the parasite's conversion of toxic heme into non-toxic hemozoin, leaving heme at toxic levels that kill the parasite.
cycloaddition by hv.pptx
This document discusses photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition reactions. It begins by explaining that [2+2] cycloadditions can only occur photochemically and not thermally, as they involve a 4 pi electron system. It then covers several theories that describe the orbital symmetry requirements for photochemical cycloadditions to occur, including Frontier Molecular Orbital Theory, the Woodward-Hoffman rules, and the Möbius-Hückel theory. The document provides examples of photochemical cycloadditions and discusses factors like regioselectivity, stereospecificity, and orbital interactions that determine the reaction pathway.
Presentation 5 1 common ion power.pptx
The document discusses the common ion effect, which is when adding a soluble compound containing one of the ions of a precipitate decreases the solubility of the precipitate. It provides examples like adding dilute sulfuric acid (which contains sulfate ions) to a saturated calcium sulfate solution, causing more calcium sulfate to precipitate out. It also discusses how adding sodium chloride to a solution of hydrochloric acid and water, or during soap making, provides more chloride or sodium ions that reduce the solubility of salts through competition.
Recommended
metal ion catalysis.pptx
Metal ion catalysis involves the use of metal ions like Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Co3+, Ni3+, and Mo6+ to enhance the reactivity of chemical reactions. About 1/3 of all known enzymes use metal ion catalysis. Metal ions act as Lewis acids and form complexes with reactants to facilitate catalysis. Examples include hemoglobin which uses iron to bind oxygen, and carbonic anhydrase which uses zinc to catalyze the hydration of carbon dioxide. Platinum ions can catalyze hydrosilylation reactions but also have disadvantages like side reactions and requiring harsh conditions.
PHOTO-REDUCTION.pptx
The document discusses photoreduction, which is the chemical reduction influenced by light energy. It specifically discusses photoreduction of carbonyl compounds like ketones, where ketones can be reduced by hydrogen atom donors. Nitro compounds also undergo photoreduction with hydrogen donors, otherwise photofragmentation occurs. Aromatic compounds like benzene and naphthalene can be photoreduced through electron transfer from amines. Photoreduction and photodehalogenation involve replacing halogen atoms with hydrogen. Photoreduction is also used in polymerization by producing initiators through reduction that react with monomers.
cyclo addition by photochemical mode.docx
Cyclo-addition reactions involve the conversion of two π-bonds into σ-bonds to form a cyclic product. [2+2] cyclo-addition reactions specifically require photochemical conditions rather than thermal conditions. Under photochemical conditions, symmetry imbalance is resolved by combining the ground state of one alkene with the excited state of another. This allows reactions that are forbidden thermally. Cyclo-addition reactions are useful in organic synthesis as they allow for regio- and stereoselective formation of polycyclic structures.
Pericyclic Reactions_compress60%.pdf
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
Quinine.docx
Quinine is extracted from the bark of the cinchona tree and is used to treat malaria caused by the Plasmodium falciparum parasite. It works by killing the parasite or preventing its growth. Quinine has side effects like blurred vision, nausea, and vomiting. It is administered orally, via intramuscular injection, or intravenously. The structure of quinine contains two tertiary nitrogen atoms and a secondary alcoholic group. It is synthesized through claisen condensation. Quinine treats malaria by inhibiting the parasite's conversion of toxic heme into non-toxic hemozoin, leaving heme at toxic levels that kill the parasite.
cycloaddition by hv.pptx
This document discusses photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition reactions. It begins by explaining that [2+2] cycloadditions can only occur photochemically and not thermally, as they involve a 4 pi electron system. It then covers several theories that describe the orbital symmetry requirements for photochemical cycloadditions to occur, including Frontier Molecular Orbital Theory, the Woodward-Hoffman rules, and the Möbius-Hückel theory. The document provides examples of photochemical cycloadditions and discusses factors like regioselectivity, stereospecificity, and orbital interactions that determine the reaction pathway.
Presentation 5 1 common ion power.pptx
The document discusses the common ion effect, which is when adding a soluble compound containing one of the ions of a precipitate decreases the solubility of the precipitate. It provides examples like adding dilute sulfuric acid (which contains sulfate ions) to a saturated calcium sulfate solution, causing more calcium sulfate to precipitate out. It also discusses how adding sodium chloride to a solution of hydrochloric acid and water, or during soap making, provides more chloride or sodium ions that reduce the solubility of salts through competition.
Caustic soda
This document discusses the production of caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) through three main processes: the Castner-Kellner process, the Nelson Diaphragm cell process, and the Member cell process. It provides details on the raw materials, unit operations, and unit processes for each. The raw material is sodium chloride which is mixed with water to form a brine solution. Main unit operations for the Castner-Kellner process include filtration, crystallization, cooling and drying. Key unit processes are electrolysis and decomposition of the sodium amalgam. The document also includes flow sheet diagrams to illustrate each production process.
Classification of fruit and vegetables
The document discusses the classification of common fruits and vegetables in Pakistan according to their scientific names and taxonomic rankings. Several fruits are described, including apple (Malus domestica), mango (Mangifera indica), guava (Psidium guajava), banana (Musa), cherry (Prunus), grapes (Vitis), and kinnow (Citrus aurantium). Common vegetables mentioned include tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), potato (Solanum tuberosum), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), onion (Allium cepa), green chilli (Capsicum annuum), garlic (Allium sativum), and ginger (Zing
Green Chemistry.pptx
This document provides an introduction to green chemistry. It defines green chemistry as using principles to reduce or eliminate hazardous substances in chemical products and processes. It discusses how green chemistry aims to prevent pollution by applying sustainable practices. Examples are given of replacing lead in paint and toxic chemicals in dry cleaning and firefighting foam with safer alternatives to reduce environmental impact.
Schrodinger wave equation.pptx
Schrodinger wave equation and its application
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Learning behavior.
This pdf is about the learning behaviour of living organisms. Moreover, it is a demo presentation pdf for starters to prepare a presentation. This pdf explains the types of learning behaviour. i.e habituation, classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning, latent learning, insight learning.
Common ion effect
This pdf is about the concept of the common ion effect with examples and its precipitation and a flow chart with diagrams.
Resolution of racemic mixture
1. Enantiomers are chiral isomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. A racemic mixture contains equal amounts of both enantiomers.
2. Resolution is the separation of a racemic mixture into its individual enantiomers. This can be done using mechanical, biochemical, chemical, or enzymatic methods.
3. Chemical resolution involves converting the racemic mixture into diastereomers using an optically pure resolving agent. The diastereomers have different properties and can be separated.
Organic chemistry practical's.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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The document discusses how textbooks serve as learning tools or devices. It defines different types of textbooks and explains their importance. Textbooks help structure learning, guide the learning process, and provide organized units of work. They present information in bite-sized chunks to reinforce concepts. Textbooks are viewed as reliable sources of information that support student understanding. They are important resources for students, teachers, and governments in planning curricula and assessing learning. While the internet provides information, textbooks remain more reliable sources of vetted content.
N butane and cyclohexane
1) n-Butane has different conformations depending on the dihedral angle between its carbons. The most stable conformation, called the anti conformation, has the two methyl groups as far apart as possible to minimize interactions.
2) Cyclohexane prefers the chair conformation, where steric strain is minimized. Less stable boat and twist-boat conformations are higher in energy due to eclipsed bonds and interactions between hydrogens.
3) The document discusses the different conformations of n-butane and cyclohexane, explaining that the most stable structures minimize steric strain and eclipsed interactions between groups.
Mcqs analytical chemistry
The document contains questions about error analysis and types of errors in experimental measurements. It asks about systematic errors, random errors, and mistakes. Systematic errors are errors that are consistently in the same direction due to issues like faulty instruments. Random errors are due to natural fluctuations and cannot be predicted. The document also contains questions about sampling methods, including probability and non-probability sampling. It asks about simple random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and other techniques.
Analytical ques..
Analytical chemistry involves determining the composition and structure of matter. Examples of analytical chemistry techniques include various types of chromatography and spectroscopy. Quality control ensures product quality is maintained through testing units, while quality assurance refers to practices that ensure reliable laboratory results such as documenting procedures. There are different types of burettes and pipettes that are used to accurately measure and transfer small volumes of liquids in analytical processes like filtration, precipitation, and chromatography. Accuracy describes closeness to a specific value while precision describes closeness of repeated measurements.
Aps quote.
The document reflects on how an individual was unable to do what they wanted to do for their country but believes their martyrdom will inspire thousands of Pakistani soldiers. It pays tribute to the Army Public School that was attacked in Peshawar, Pakistan in 2014 where over 140 people, mostly children, were killed by Taliban gunmen.
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This short document recommends attaching oneself to positivity and habits of giving to others which can transform one's world and elevate them. It also notes that following goodness and being virtuous will help one maintain inner calmness and peace of mind.
Stereoisomerism
This document discusses stereoisomerism in coordination compounds. It defines stereoisomers as compounds that have the same ligands coordinated to the same metal ion but differ in the spatial arrangement of ligands. There are two types of stereoisomerism: geometrical isomerism, where ligands occupy different positions around the metal ion (e.g. cis and trans isomers), and optical isomerism, where compounds are non-superimposable mirror images (e.g. dextro and levo isomers). The document discusses various examples of coordination complexes that exhibit these two types of stereoisomerism based on their coordination number and ligand structure.
Types of software
This document defines and provides examples of four major types of software: system software, application software, programming software, and driver software. System software runs a computer's hardware and applications, acting as an interface between hardware and user programs. Application software enables users to complete tasks like creating documents. Programming software assists developers in creating, debugging, and maintaining other programs. Driver software provides interfaces to control and manage specific hardware or low-level services. Examples of each type are then given.
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This document discusses the production of caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) through three main processes: the Castner-Kellner process, the Nelson Diaphragm cell process, and the Member cell process. It provides details on the raw materials, unit operations, and unit processes for each. The raw material is sodium chloride which is mixed with water to form a brine solution. Main unit operations for the Castner-Kellner process include filtration, crystallization, cooling and drying. Key unit processes are electrolysis and decomposition of the sodium amalgam. The document also includes flow sheet diagrams to illustrate each production process.
Classification of fruit and vegetables
The document discusses the classification of common fruits and vegetables in Pakistan according to their scientific names and taxonomic rankings. Several fruits are described, including apple (Malus domestica), mango (Mangifera indica), guava (Psidium guajava), banana (Musa), cherry (Prunus), grapes (Vitis), and kinnow (Citrus aurantium). Common vegetables mentioned include tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), potato (Solanum tuberosum), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), onion (Allium cepa), green chilli (Capsicum annuum), garlic (Allium sativum), and ginger (Zing
Green Chemistry.pptx
This document provides an introduction to green chemistry. It defines green chemistry as using principles to reduce or eliminate hazardous substances in chemical products and processes. It discusses how green chemistry aims to prevent pollution by applying sustainable practices. Examples are given of replacing lead in paint and toxic chemicals in dry cleaning and firefighting foam with safer alternatives to reduce environmental impact.
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This pdf is about the learning behaviour of living organisms. Moreover, it is a demo presentation pdf for starters to prepare a presentation. This pdf explains the types of learning behaviour. i.e habituation, classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning, latent learning, insight learning.
Common ion effect
This pdf is about the concept of the common ion effect with examples and its precipitation and a flow chart with diagrams.
Resolution of racemic mixture
1. Enantiomers are chiral isomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. A racemic mixture contains equal amounts of both enantiomers.
2. Resolution is the separation of a racemic mixture into its individual enantiomers. This can be done using mechanical, biochemical, chemical, or enzymatic methods.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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The document discusses how textbooks serve as learning tools or devices. It defines different types of textbooks and explains their importance. Textbooks help structure learning, guide the learning process, and provide organized units of work. They present information in bite-sized chunks to reinforce concepts. Textbooks are viewed as reliable sources of information that support student understanding. They are important resources for students, teachers, and governments in planning curricula and assessing learning. While the internet provides information, textbooks remain more reliable sources of vetted content.
N butane and cyclohexane
1) n-Butane has different conformations depending on the dihedral angle between its carbons. The most stable conformation, called the anti conformation, has the two methyl groups as far apart as possible to minimize interactions.
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Mcqs analytical chemistry
The document contains questions about error analysis and types of errors in experimental measurements. It asks about systematic errors, random errors, and mistakes. Systematic errors are errors that are consistently in the same direction due to issues like faulty instruments. Random errors are due to natural fluctuations and cannot be predicted. The document also contains questions about sampling methods, including probability and non-probability sampling. It asks about simple random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and other techniques.
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Analytical chemistry involves determining the composition and structure of matter. Examples of analytical chemistry techniques include various types of chromatography and spectroscopy. Quality control ensures product quality is maintained through testing units, while quality assurance refers to practices that ensure reliable laboratory results such as documenting procedures. There are different types of burettes and pipettes that are used to accurately measure and transfer small volumes of liquids in analytical processes like filtration, precipitation, and chromatography. Accuracy describes closeness to a specific value while precision describes closeness of repeated measurements.
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The document reflects on how an individual was unable to do what they wanted to do for their country but believes their martyrdom will inspire thousands of Pakistani soldiers. It pays tribute to the Army Public School that was attacked in Peshawar, Pakistan in 2014 where over 140 people, mostly children, were killed by Taliban gunmen.
Best Quotes
This short document recommends attaching oneself to positivity and habits of giving to others which can transform one's world and elevate them. It also notes that following goodness and being virtuous will help one maintain inner calmness and peace of mind.
Stereoisomerism
This document discusses stereoisomerism in coordination compounds. It defines stereoisomers as compounds that have the same ligands coordinated to the same metal ion but differ in the spatial arrangement of ligands. There are two types of stereoisomerism: geometrical isomerism, where ligands occupy different positions around the metal ion (e.g. cis and trans isomers), and optical isomerism, where compounds are non-superimposable mirror images (e.g. dextro and levo isomers). The document discusses various examples of coordination complexes that exhibit these two types of stereoisomerism based on their coordination number and ligand structure.
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This document defines and provides examples of four major types of software: system software, application software, programming software, and driver software. System software runs a computer's hardware and applications, acting as an interface between hardware and user programs. Application software enables users to complete tasks like creating documents. Programming software assists developers in creating, debugging, and maintaining other programs. Driver software provides interfaces to control and manage specific hardware or low-level services. Examples of each type are then given.
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