This document discusses various tools used in research including questionnaires, interviews, observations, tests, scales, and document analysis. It provides details on types of tests like achievement tests, aptitude tests, and intelligence tests. It also describes different types of scales such as nominal scales, ordinal scales, interval scales, and ratio scales. Specific examples are given to illustrate different tools like Likert scales and rating scales. The document concludes with references used in preparing the content.

2. Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem Raza 2
TOOLS OF
RESEARCH
Group No. 2
1.Hayat Qadir
2.Shakeel Hassan
3.Jahangir Khalid
4.Naeem Raza
Submitted to Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt

3. Most Commonly used tools
3
 Questionnaires
 Interviews
 Observations
 Tests ( achievement, aptitude, personality)
 Scales
 Document Analysis
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Raza

4. Tools………
4
 Group No. 2
1. Hayat Qadir - Questionnaires
2.Shakeel Hassan - Interviews
3.Jahangir Khalid - Observation
4.Naeem Raza - Tests, Scales, Document
Analysis
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Raza

5. 5
1. Tests,
2. Scales,
3. Document Analysis,
4. Common Rules for Constructing the Tools,
5. References
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Raza

6. Tools of Research TESTS
6
 Tests
 Tests are measurement tools which are
employed to measure the performance of an
individual in some specific area of interest.
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Raza

7. Tools of Research TESTS
7
Types
There are Two main types
 Norm referenced /Standardized Tests
 Criterion Referenced Tests
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Raza

8. Tools of Research TESTS
8
 Norm Referenced Tests
 These are used relatively to measure the
performance of some individual
 Norm is basically the standard to compare the
performance with.
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Raza

9. Tools of Research TESTS>
9
Types
 Types of Norm referenced Tests
 The most commonly exploited types are;
1. Achievement Test
2. Aptitude Test
3. Intelligence Test
4. Personality Test
5. Vocational /Career Test
6. Sensory Motor Test
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Raza

10. Tools of Research
10
TESTS>Types…
1. Achievement Test
“An instrument that measures an individual’s
current proficiency in given areas of
knowledge or skill.”
(Educational Research-Competence for
Analysis and Application by I.R.Gay,
Geoffery E. Mills and Peter Airasian)
The performance is interpreted in the form of
grades to compare with the performance and
learning of others. Presenter: M Naeem
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt
Raza

11. Tools of Research
11
TESTS>Types…
2. Aptitude Test
“A measure of potential used to predict how
well an individual is likely to perform in a
future situation.”
Such test measures the potential of some
individual in learning about what they can
learn not about what they have already
learned.
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Raza

12. Tools of Research
12
TESTS>Types…
3. Intelligence Test
Such a test is used to measure the mental
abilities i.e.
• to analyze the situations,
• to create meaning,
• to organize the ideas and
• to measure the abstract intelligence of an
individual
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Raza

13. Tools of Research
13
TESTS>Types…
4. Personality Test
This type of test is resorted to
• measuring the types or characteristics of the
personality and
• measuring the human behaviours, their skills
and their needs etc
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Raza

14. Tools of Research
14
TESTS>Types…
5. Vocational/Career Test
This sort of test is utilized to measure the
ability and suitability of some person in taking
up some profession and career.
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Raza

15. Tools of Research
15
TESTS>Types…
6. Sensory Motor Test
This test is used:
• to measure an individual’s sensory
capabilities and motor abilities
• to measure the sensory coordination
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Raza

16. Tools of Research
16
TESTS>Types…
 Criterion Referenced Test
• This type of tests interprets an individual’s
performance on the basis of an absolute
criteria.
• Criterion is basically some specific subject or
skill
• Main purpose of this test is to measure some
specific objectives which are pre-defined
operationally Iqbal Buttbehaviourally.
Supervisor Dr Muhammad and Presenter: M Naeem
Raza

17. Cont’d…
17
• Content validity of these tests is required.
• E.g. There is no restriction about the number
of individual s falling in pass marks criterion.
• The cut off or the passing marks criteria is set
by either the subject teacher or by the
researcher.
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Raza

18. Tools of Research > Scales
18
 Scales
 Here scales mean “Measurement Scales”
 These are used to collect the different forms of
data and quantify the response of the
respondents to measure the variables.
 Type of data determines the type of
measurement scale i.e. nominal, ordinal,
interval and ratio….
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Raza

19. Types of Scales
19
 Nominal scales
 Ordinal scales
 Interval scales
 Ratio scales
 Likert scales
 Rating scales
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Raza

20. Nominal scales
20
• The term means “to name”
• The categories differ in quality rather than quantity
• Each value belongs to only its own category but
can be more or less than the other
• Nominal scales are based on categories which
must be mutually exclusive, exhaustive and uni-
dimensional
• Most elaborating Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal
scale Raza

21. Cont’d…
21
• There are no chance of addition,
multiplication, subtraction or other
mathematical operations with the categories
• It provides
• The ratio or the frequency and the definite
information
• Can be used to measure Gender or
preferences of respondents
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Raza

22. Nominal scale example
22
Please, verify your discipline: Gender:
 Arts  Male
 Humanities  Female
 Pure Sciences
 Social Sciences
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Raza

23. Ordinal scale
23
 The term means “to order”
 In ordinal scale the idea is organized in some
order (high-low or low-high)
 This scale does not specify how much different
the categories are from each other
 Categories can be presented in the form of a
continuum
 Categories are given in a logical or a rank order
 Height, weight, income and the ranks can be
measured
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Raza

24. Ordinal scale example
24
 Your income is:
 Below 50,000
 50,100 to 60,000
 60,100 to 70,000
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Raza

25. Interval scale
25
 It is used to tell the order of the objects
 It shows how much distant the categories are
from each other
 All types of mathematical operations can be
performed on this data
 Rating scales are ed as the interval scales
also
 The difference between the ages of people
can be identified with the help of this scale
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Raza

26. Interval scale example
26
 Kindly mention the number of employees at your firm from year 2000
to 2010:
Year Number of Employees
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
5006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Raza

27. Ratio scale
27
 It is a scale with true value “0”
 Used to get quantitative data
 Salary quantities purchased and market share
are all expressed on a ratio scale
 most sophisticated scale of all
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Raza

28. Likert Scale
28
 A uni-dimensional scale usually with five
points
 All the points are of equal interval between
each other
 Records the agreements or disagreement of
respondent about some particular variable
 Options are pre-coded
 Options are
Strongly agree agree undecided disagree strongly disagree
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Raza

29. Rating Scales
29
 It is a scale used in observational studies
 It is used to record the behaviour or activity of
the respondents
 Descriptive statements are used with infinite
points on a line
 Points or line to record the behaviour is
termed as RATER.
 It can be subjected to human error
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Raza

30. Rating scale example
30
Rating scale
5 4 3 2 1
Students used
Students did not
teaching aids
usd teaching
aids
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Raza

31. Tools of Research > Document
31
Analysis
 Interpretation and analysis of already recorded
material
 Data are interpreted in its original context
 Sample of the content /document analysis is :text”
 It is done to determine the authenticity and validity
of the recorded material and the data are
interpreted according to a pre-specified criterion.
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Raza

32. Document analysis….
32
 Text books analysis and the historical
research are it most commonly used
applicatios
 Analysis is done through the worksheets
prepared for this purpose.
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Raza

33. References:
1. Educational Research-Competence for Analysis and Application by
I.R.Gay, Geoffery E. Mills and Peter Airasian
2. Research Methodology by Ranjit Kumar.
3. “Tools of Research” Hand out by Dr .Muhammad Iqbal Butt.
4. Internet sources

34. 34
Supervisor Dr Muhammad Iqbal Butt Presenter: M Naeem
Raza