The document is a chapter from a textbook on human origins and early societies. It contains 34 multiple choice questions about topics covered in Chapter 1, including the earliest evidence of humans in Africa, the migration of humans throughout the world during the Paleolithic era, the agricultural revolution around 10,000 years ago, and social developments among early pastoral and agricultural societies. The questions assess the reader's understanding of key events, migrations, innovations and characteristics of different periods in early human history.
2Part 1 ▪ First Things FirstChapter 1 • First Peoples7.docxrhetttrevannion
2
Part 1 ▪ First Things First
Chapter 1 • First Peoples
7
Part One
First Things First
Beginnings in History, to 500 b.c.e.
Chapter 1—First Peoples: Populating the Planet, to 10,000 b.c.e.
Chapter 2—First Farmers: The Revolutions of Agriculture, 10,000 b.c.e.–3000 b.c.e.
Chapter 3—First Civilizations: Cities, States, and Unequal Societies, 3500 b.c.e.–500 b.c.e.
Outline: The Big Picture: Turning Points in Early World History
I.
The Emergence of Humankind
A.
Most scholars in the post-Darwinian world regard human beginnings in the context of biological change.
1.
archeologists and anthropologists believe that the lines of descent leading to Homo sapiens and chimpanzees diverged around 5 million–6 million years ago
2.
hominid family emerged in eastern and southern Africa, with 20–30 different related species
a.
they were bipedal (walked on two legs)
B.
The hominids developed over time.
1.
brain size increased
2.
around 2.3 million years ago, Homo habilis began to use stone tools
3.
by 1 million years ago, some hominid species, especially Homo erectus, began to migrate from Africa
a.
knew how to use fire
C.
Of the hominid species, only Homo sapiens still survives.
1.
emerged in Africa around 250,000 years ago; around 100,000 years ago began to migrate beyond Africa
II.
The Globalization of Humankind
A.
Initial migrations from Africa took place in the Paleolithic Era.
1.
gatherers and hunters
2.
Paleolithic era continued until around 11,000 years ago
a.
the Paleolithic era accounts for over 90 percent of human time on earth
b.
accounts for about 12 percent of the total number of people who have lived
B.
No other large species created homes in every environmental niche as Homo sapiens did.
1.
slowly developed technology
2.
slowly imposed meaning through art, ritual, and religion
III.
The Revolution of Farming and Herding
A.
6.2 billion people in the world today; almost all live from domesticated plants and animals.
B.
Domestication first occurred in several regions about 11,000 years ago.
1.
it was the most significant and enduring transformation of humankind
2.
provided the foundation for almost all subsequent change
3.
the period from 11,000 years ago to around 1750 c.e. can be regarded as a single age—the age of agriculture
4.
allowed for a large increase in the human population
C.
Food production laid the foundation for enduring divisions within human communities.
1.
some regions were luckier in terms of climate and plants/animals available for domestication
2.
the Americas were disadvantaged by the lack of large animals to be domesticated
3.
in the Afro-Eurasian world, conflicts between agriculturalists and pastoralists became an enduring pattern
IV.
The Turning Point of Civilization
A.
The most prominent human communities that emerged were “civilizations”: societies based in cities and governed by powerful states.
B.
Almost everyone in the world now lives in a state wit.
This document contains a practice exam for a human geography course. It includes 60 multiple choice questions testing various concepts in human geography, including regions, nations, agriculture, population, migration, transportation, and urbanization. An answer key is not provided. The exam is meant for practice purposes only and is not an official test.
Question 1Which of the following is true about the Inuita.docxaudeleypearl
Question 1
Which of the following is true about the Inuit?
a. the aboriginal population was around 500,000
b. they speak several different languages
c. they left artifacts 10,000 years ago
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Question 2
Inuit whale hunters:
a. hunted from kayaks
b. kept a great distance from whales, only shooting when the wind would carry the harpoon
c. ate what they could on the spot and threw the rest of the whale away
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Question 3
In the Inuit world people who were treated like “us” or kin included:
a. blood relatives on father’s and mother’s side
b. trading or hunting partners
c. anyone who spoke an Inuit language
d. all of the above
e. a and b above
Question 4
An Inuit man and wife could build a family sized igloo nine to fifteen feet in diameter in approximately:
a. 3 days
b. 2 days
c. 6 hours
d. an hour or so
e. it couldn’t be done
Question 5
The Inuit religion included:
a. a belief in the relationship between people and animals
b. a belief that a person’s soul could get displaced
c. the reality of demons or evil spirits
d. all of these
e. a and c above
Question 6
Which of the following is true about Eskimo shamans?
a. they could only mend broken bones, not broken hearts
b. they didn’t allow audiences while practicing
c. women were barred from shamanic activity
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Question 7
The Subarctic culture area:
a. is completely covered in permafrost or tundra
b. the only vegetation consists of lichens and mosses
c. people subsist on fishing, gathering berries, and trapping rodents
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Question 8
After contact with Europeans, life in the Subarctic changed significantly because of:
a. the fur trade
b. European genocide
c. the spread of communicable diseases
d. inter-tribal warfare
e. none of the above
Question 9
Subarctic groups are primarily:
a. hunters and gatherers
b. hunters and fishers
c. gatherers and gardeners
d. sea mammal hunters
e. sedentary farmers
Question 10
The Cree, Northern Ojibwa, and Saulteaux tribal people lived year round in:
a. animal hide tipis
b. birch-bark covered wigwams
c. earth and stone houses
d. caves and mud-huts
e. dwellings varied according to seasons
Question 11
Early 18th century saw significant change in the social and economic life of the Plateau groups because of:
a. dramatic climate changes
b. the introduction of the horse
c. the discovery of gold
d. the 1705 smallpox epidemic
e. all of the above
Question 12
The Plateau culture area was:
a. culturally a transition zone
b. characterized by permanent winter villages and roving for wild foods and fish in the summer
c. religious where spirit helpers or guardian spirits acquired through a vision quest were important
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Question 13
A principal economic activity ...
The document contains 25 multiple choice questions about history, geography and sustainable development. The questions cover topics like the roles of media in democracy, planets, Ashoka's change in attitude after the Kalinga war, discoveries in South America, British annexation of Awadh, pairs that don't match, the Champaran movement, tribes that moved with cattle, leaders of the 1857 revolt, presidency cities, sustainable practices, soil layers, sources of saline water, stages of mining, primary economic activities, examples of non-metallic minerals, nicknames for resources, suitable soils for crops, raw materials for marine industries, important factors for steel industries, population pyramids, maps of British rule, tribes that rebelled against the
1. Homo heidelbergensis is probably the ancestor of Neandertals. Tru.pdfarihantcomputersddn
1. Homo heidelbergensis is probably the ancestor of Neandertals. True False
2. Island or insular dwarfing has been discussed in relation to Neandertals. True False
3. Neandertal bodies are generally A. stocky with short legs B. tall with long arms C. short but
with relatively long legs D. tall and lean
4. Neandertals improved and elaborated upon the tool-making techniques of their predecessors.
True False
5. Some Neandertal physical characteristics may have arisen as adaptations to a __ environment.
A. cold B. high altitude C. hot D. tropical
6. The Kebara skeleton is the first Neandertal fossil to preserve the __ bone, an indicator of __.
A. coccyx / hunting strategy B. patella / long distance running C. parietal / critical thinking D.
hyoid / speech
7. The Kow Swamp people A. date to 14,000 to 9,000 years ago B. are robust, displaying thick
bones C. exhibit archaic cranial traits such as heavy supraorbital tori D. all of these
8. The Lagar Velho child reveals possible admixture between African migrants and local
populations. True False
9. Upper Paleolithic humans probably did not have language. True False
10. What does Aurignacian refer to? A. a site in Western Spain that yielded ten skeletons B. a
tool assemblage associated with France’s earliest anatomically modern humans C. a tool
tradition associated with premodern humans in western Asia D. an archaeologist who uncovered
a rich site in northern Belgium
11. What happened 10,000 years ago that created selective pressure on early humans? A.
Neanderals went extinct due to was with humans B. artwork began to influence mating patterns
C. oceans began to retreat as ice caps on mountains increased D. temperatures rose perturbing
the climate and animals that they used for prey
12. The earliest sewing needles are associated with A. Homo erectus B. Homo habilis C.
Neanderthals D. Homo sapiens
13. The complete replacement model requires a biological speciation event fro the origin of
modern humans. True False
14. What is the tool industry that is generally associated with Neandertals? A. Mousterian B.
Acheulean C. Oldowan D. Upper Paleolithic
15. During the Upper Paleolithic there was one tool industry that was used by all populations of
humans. True False
16. What type of evidence has confirmed that the Central Asian fossil from Teshik-Tash is
Nandertal? A. Paleostratigraphic data about dating B. genetic evidence from DNA C.
paleoanthropological evidence evidence from anatomy D. paleodemographic evidence of
population size
17. Hunting with spears was revolutionized by the __ invention of __. A. Neanderthal / the
atlatal B. Middle Paleolithic / blades C. Lower Paleolithic / stone points hafted onto wooden
shafts D. Upper Paleolithic / the spear-thrower
18. Where have Neandertal skeletal remains NOT been found? A. China B. Germany C. France
D. Iraq
19. The oldest known cave art consists of charcoal drawings of Neanderthals hunting mammoth
with bows and arrows. True False
20. Venus figurines A. are f.
Ss book chapter2 beginning of civillizationquesoqueen
The document summarizes key aspects of the Neolithic Era and early agriculture. During this time, around 10,000 years ago, humans transitioned from hunter-gatherers to settled farmers as they learned to domesticate plants and animals. This Neolithic Agricultural Revolution enabled people to rely on farming as a stable food source and allowed communities to grow larger as populations increased. One of the earliest known farming villages from this period was Catalhoyuk in Turkey, where several thousand people lived in privately attached dwellings with evidence of shared religious practices.
The document provides an overview of geography and early human history. It discusses the 5 themes of geography including location, place, human-environment interaction, and movement. It then summarizes the Stone Age and the development of farming and early civilizations along major rivers in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China. Specifically, it details the rise and fall of the Sumerian city-states in Mesopotamia followed by the Babylonian and Assyrian empires that fought for control of the region.
2Part 1 ▪ First Things FirstChapter 1 • First Peoples7.docxrhetttrevannion
2
Part 1 ▪ First Things First
Chapter 1 • First Peoples
7
Part One
First Things First
Beginnings in History, to 500 b.c.e.
Chapter 1—First Peoples: Populating the Planet, to 10,000 b.c.e.
Chapter 2—First Farmers: The Revolutions of Agriculture, 10,000 b.c.e.–3000 b.c.e.
Chapter 3—First Civilizations: Cities, States, and Unequal Societies, 3500 b.c.e.–500 b.c.e.
Outline: The Big Picture: Turning Points in Early World History
I.
The Emergence of Humankind
A.
Most scholars in the post-Darwinian world regard human beginnings in the context of biological change.
1.
archeologists and anthropologists believe that the lines of descent leading to Homo sapiens and chimpanzees diverged around 5 million–6 million years ago
2.
hominid family emerged in eastern and southern Africa, with 20–30 different related species
a.
they were bipedal (walked on two legs)
B.
The hominids developed over time.
1.
brain size increased
2.
around 2.3 million years ago, Homo habilis began to use stone tools
3.
by 1 million years ago, some hominid species, especially Homo erectus, began to migrate from Africa
a.
knew how to use fire
C.
Of the hominid species, only Homo sapiens still survives.
1.
emerged in Africa around 250,000 years ago; around 100,000 years ago began to migrate beyond Africa
II.
The Globalization of Humankind
A.
Initial migrations from Africa took place in the Paleolithic Era.
1.
gatherers and hunters
2.
Paleolithic era continued until around 11,000 years ago
a.
the Paleolithic era accounts for over 90 percent of human time on earth
b.
accounts for about 12 percent of the total number of people who have lived
B.
No other large species created homes in every environmental niche as Homo sapiens did.
1.
slowly developed technology
2.
slowly imposed meaning through art, ritual, and religion
III.
The Revolution of Farming and Herding
A.
6.2 billion people in the world today; almost all live from domesticated plants and animals.
B.
Domestication first occurred in several regions about 11,000 years ago.
1.
it was the most significant and enduring transformation of humankind
2.
provided the foundation for almost all subsequent change
3.
the period from 11,000 years ago to around 1750 c.e. can be regarded as a single age—the age of agriculture
4.
allowed for a large increase in the human population
C.
Food production laid the foundation for enduring divisions within human communities.
1.
some regions were luckier in terms of climate and plants/animals available for domestication
2.
the Americas were disadvantaged by the lack of large animals to be domesticated
3.
in the Afro-Eurasian world, conflicts between agriculturalists and pastoralists became an enduring pattern
IV.
The Turning Point of Civilization
A.
The most prominent human communities that emerged were “civilizations”: societies based in cities and governed by powerful states.
B.
Almost everyone in the world now lives in a state wit.
This document contains a practice exam for a human geography course. It includes 60 multiple choice questions testing various concepts in human geography, including regions, nations, agriculture, population, migration, transportation, and urbanization. An answer key is not provided. The exam is meant for practice purposes only and is not an official test.
Question 1Which of the following is true about the Inuita.docxaudeleypearl
Question 1
Which of the following is true about the Inuit?
a. the aboriginal population was around 500,000
b. they speak several different languages
c. they left artifacts 10,000 years ago
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Question 2
Inuit whale hunters:
a. hunted from kayaks
b. kept a great distance from whales, only shooting when the wind would carry the harpoon
c. ate what they could on the spot and threw the rest of the whale away
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Question 3
In the Inuit world people who were treated like “us” or kin included:
a. blood relatives on father’s and mother’s side
b. trading or hunting partners
c. anyone who spoke an Inuit language
d. all of the above
e. a and b above
Question 4
An Inuit man and wife could build a family sized igloo nine to fifteen feet in diameter in approximately:
a. 3 days
b. 2 days
c. 6 hours
d. an hour or so
e. it couldn’t be done
Question 5
The Inuit religion included:
a. a belief in the relationship between people and animals
b. a belief that a person’s soul could get displaced
c. the reality of demons or evil spirits
d. all of these
e. a and c above
Question 6
Which of the following is true about Eskimo shamans?
a. they could only mend broken bones, not broken hearts
b. they didn’t allow audiences while practicing
c. women were barred from shamanic activity
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Question 7
The Subarctic culture area:
a. is completely covered in permafrost or tundra
b. the only vegetation consists of lichens and mosses
c. people subsist on fishing, gathering berries, and trapping rodents
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Question 8
After contact with Europeans, life in the Subarctic changed significantly because of:
a. the fur trade
b. European genocide
c. the spread of communicable diseases
d. inter-tribal warfare
e. none of the above
Question 9
Subarctic groups are primarily:
a. hunters and gatherers
b. hunters and fishers
c. gatherers and gardeners
d. sea mammal hunters
e. sedentary farmers
Question 10
The Cree, Northern Ojibwa, and Saulteaux tribal people lived year round in:
a. animal hide tipis
b. birch-bark covered wigwams
c. earth and stone houses
d. caves and mud-huts
e. dwellings varied according to seasons
Question 11
Early 18th century saw significant change in the social and economic life of the Plateau groups because of:
a. dramatic climate changes
b. the introduction of the horse
c. the discovery of gold
d. the 1705 smallpox epidemic
e. all of the above
Question 12
The Plateau culture area was:
a. culturally a transition zone
b. characterized by permanent winter villages and roving for wild foods and fish in the summer
c. religious where spirit helpers or guardian spirits acquired through a vision quest were important
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Question 13
A principal economic activity ...
The document contains 25 multiple choice questions about history, geography and sustainable development. The questions cover topics like the roles of media in democracy, planets, Ashoka's change in attitude after the Kalinga war, discoveries in South America, British annexation of Awadh, pairs that don't match, the Champaran movement, tribes that moved with cattle, leaders of the 1857 revolt, presidency cities, sustainable practices, soil layers, sources of saline water, stages of mining, primary economic activities, examples of non-metallic minerals, nicknames for resources, suitable soils for crops, raw materials for marine industries, important factors for steel industries, population pyramids, maps of British rule, tribes that rebelled against the
1. Homo heidelbergensis is probably the ancestor of Neandertals. Tru.pdfarihantcomputersddn
1. Homo heidelbergensis is probably the ancestor of Neandertals. True False
2. Island or insular dwarfing has been discussed in relation to Neandertals. True False
3. Neandertal bodies are generally A. stocky with short legs B. tall with long arms C. short but
with relatively long legs D. tall and lean
4. Neandertals improved and elaborated upon the tool-making techniques of their predecessors.
True False
5. Some Neandertal physical characteristics may have arisen as adaptations to a __ environment.
A. cold B. high altitude C. hot D. tropical
6. The Kebara skeleton is the first Neandertal fossil to preserve the __ bone, an indicator of __.
A. coccyx / hunting strategy B. patella / long distance running C. parietal / critical thinking D.
hyoid / speech
7. The Kow Swamp people A. date to 14,000 to 9,000 years ago B. are robust, displaying thick
bones C. exhibit archaic cranial traits such as heavy supraorbital tori D. all of these
8. The Lagar Velho child reveals possible admixture between African migrants and local
populations. True False
9. Upper Paleolithic humans probably did not have language. True False
10. What does Aurignacian refer to? A. a site in Western Spain that yielded ten skeletons B. a
tool assemblage associated with France’s earliest anatomically modern humans C. a tool
tradition associated with premodern humans in western Asia D. an archaeologist who uncovered
a rich site in northern Belgium
11. What happened 10,000 years ago that created selective pressure on early humans? A.
Neanderals went extinct due to was with humans B. artwork began to influence mating patterns
C. oceans began to retreat as ice caps on mountains increased D. temperatures rose perturbing
the climate and animals that they used for prey
12. The earliest sewing needles are associated with A. Homo erectus B. Homo habilis C.
Neanderthals D. Homo sapiens
13. The complete replacement model requires a biological speciation event fro the origin of
modern humans. True False
14. What is the tool industry that is generally associated with Neandertals? A. Mousterian B.
Acheulean C. Oldowan D. Upper Paleolithic
15. During the Upper Paleolithic there was one tool industry that was used by all populations of
humans. True False
16. What type of evidence has confirmed that the Central Asian fossil from Teshik-Tash is
Nandertal? A. Paleostratigraphic data about dating B. genetic evidence from DNA C.
paleoanthropological evidence evidence from anatomy D. paleodemographic evidence of
population size
17. Hunting with spears was revolutionized by the __ invention of __. A. Neanderthal / the
atlatal B. Middle Paleolithic / blades C. Lower Paleolithic / stone points hafted onto wooden
shafts D. Upper Paleolithic / the spear-thrower
18. Where have Neandertal skeletal remains NOT been found? A. China B. Germany C. France
D. Iraq
19. The oldest known cave art consists of charcoal drawings of Neanderthals hunting mammoth
with bows and arrows. True False
20. Venus figurines A. are f.
Ss book chapter2 beginning of civillizationquesoqueen
The document summarizes key aspects of the Neolithic Era and early agriculture. During this time, around 10,000 years ago, humans transitioned from hunter-gatherers to settled farmers as they learned to domesticate plants and animals. This Neolithic Agricultural Revolution enabled people to rely on farming as a stable food source and allowed communities to grow larger as populations increased. One of the earliest known farming villages from this period was Catalhoyuk in Turkey, where several thousand people lived in privately attached dwellings with evidence of shared religious practices.
The document provides an overview of geography and early human history. It discusses the 5 themes of geography including location, place, human-environment interaction, and movement. It then summarizes the Stone Age and the development of farming and early civilizations along major rivers in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China. Specifically, it details the rise and fall of the Sumerian city-states in Mesopotamia followed by the Babylonian and Assyrian empires that fought for control of the region.
The document provides an overview of world history from prehistory to 3000 BC. It discusses how geography is linked to history and how anthropologists and archaeologists study early peoples. It describes advances made in the Old Stone Age and the religious beliefs of early humans. It explains how the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution led to permanent settlements and civilization near rivers. Key features that distinguish civilizations are also outlined, and how cultures spread and changed over time through interactions.
His 121 chapter 1 outline e companion (5)David Harbin
This document provides an outline for a chapter that will discuss the history of various peoples from around the world prior to 1500 CE. It is divided into multiple sections that will cover: the Cherokee creation myth; early cultures that developed in North America, Mesoamerica, South America, Africa, and Europe; transformations that occurred in Europe between 1400-1600 CE; European exploration and encounters with Native Americans beginning in 1420 CE; and the effects of contact between different populations from across the Atlantic. The conclusion notes that while differences existed, many groups in the Americas had organized societies by 1450 CE, setting the stage for both cultural sharing and conflicts upon meeting Europeans and Africans.
His 121 chapter 1 outline e companion (5)David Harbin
This document provides an outline for a chapter that will discuss the history of various peoples from around the world prior to significant contact between Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans in the Americas. The outline is divided into multiple sections that will cover: the Cherokee creation myth; early North American, Mesoamerican, South American, West African, and traditional European cultures prior to 1500; transformations within Europe from 1400-1600 including the rise of nation-states, Renaissance, and Reformation; European exploration led by the Portuguese, Columbus, Spanish conquistadors, and others from 1420-1600; and the effects of contact between native, African, and European peoples including disease epidemics, the slave trade, and cultural
The document contains a 50-item multiple choice test covering various topics in biology, history, language and literature. The questions test knowledge of topics like bacterial classification, greenhouse gases, genetic inheritance, pre-colonial Filipino ethnic groups, and famous authors and their works. The answer key is provided at the end to check responses to the 50 questions.
The document contains a 50-item multiple choice test covering various topics in biology, history, language and literature. The questions test knowledge of topics like bacterial classification, Philippine history, parts of speech, famous authors and their works. The answer key is provided at the end to check responses to the 50 questions.
The document provides information about various topics related to World History Unit II, including the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations, important figures like Theseus and Agamemnon, locations like Crete and Troy, and the Iliad. It also covers the emergence of Greek civilization centered around the sea, including the polis system and Olympics. Additional sections discuss the rise of Rome near the Tiber River, its republican government and expansion through war, as well as emperors like Augustus and the Pax Romana period of peace.
This document contains 160 multiple choice questions covering a wide range of topics including health, science, history, civics, and literature. The questions assess understanding of concepts like the effects of increased medical knowledge and public health on mortality rates, physical science principles, historical events and figures, constitutional provisions, and analyses of literary works.
1. An example of primary productivity would beA. a wild raspsandibabcock
1. An example of primary productivity would be
A. a wild raspberry plant growing 30 grams of new leaf mass during a day of photosynthesis.
B. a young oriole growing 10 grams of muscle during a feeding trip to a raspberry bush.
C. a young hawk growing 10 more grams of body mass by killing and eating a young oriole.
D. more than one of the above.
2. Diversity refers to
A. number of different species present
B. number of ecological niches
C. amount of genetic diversity
D. all of the above
3. An ecosystem consists of
A. A physical environment within which a biological community lives
B. The species with which a biological community interacts
C. A biological community and its physical environment
D. The primary producers within a biological community
E. All the species in a biological community
4. A keystone species is a species whose presence
A. Is the main reason a community exists
B. Provides food for all other species in a community
C. Is an indicator of environmental health
D. Influences the population size of many other species in its community
E. Is always at the top of the trophic levels as a top predator
5. Biomass includes all
A. Material in an ecosystem
B. Things that are living at a given time
C. Living and nonliving things
D. Matter produced by primary producers
E. Biological material
6. No two species can occupy the same ecological niche as one species will outcompete the other one.
A. True
B. False
7. Succession can produce changes in soil, degree of shade, available moisture, and species membership of a community.
A True
B False
8. Cheetahs can run extremely fast because
A. They need to run extremely fast in order to catch their prey
B. An ancestor that was able to run fast had an advantage and passed those genes on to its offspring
C. Over time they gradually built up speed as they adapted to faster and faster prey species
D. They are competing with stronger lions and hyenas for their food so they need to be fast
E. All of these are reasons cheetahs can run extremely fast
9. Most organisms' niches are controlled by
A. Genetic determinants
B. Lessons learned from parents
C. Behavior learned from others in their social groups
D. Luck
E. The predators and competitors they encounter
10. A biological community's productivity is a measure of
A. Its number of species
B. The number of individuals in the community
C. Available solar energy that can be converted to biomass
D. The amount of biomass produced in the community
E. All of these are combined in measuring a community's productivity
11. Primary succession occurs when a community develops ____________ while secondary succession occurs when one ________.
A. Into a climax community; species replaces another
B. And replaces another; ecosystem becomes stable
C. On unoccupied ground; biological community replaces another
D. And then fails; niche changes
E. Intraspecific competition; experiences inte ...
1. An example of primary productivity would beA. a wild raspberrsandibabcock
1. An example of primary productivity would be
A. a wild raspberry plant growing 30 grams of new leaf mass during a day of photosynthesis.
B. a young oriole growing 10 grams of muscle during a feeding trip to a raspberry bush.
C. a young hawk growing 10 more grams of body mass by killing and eating a young oriole.
D. more than one of the above.
2. Diversity refers to
A. number of different species present
B. number of ecological niches
C. amount of genetic diversity
D. all of the above
3. An ecosystem consists of
A. A physical environment within which a biological community lives
B. The species with which a biological community interacts
C. A biological community and its physical environment
D. The primary producers within a biological community
E. All the species in a biological community
4. A keystone species is a species whose presence
A. Is the main reason a community exists
B. Provides food for all other species in a community
C. Is an indicator of environmental health
D. Influences the population size of many other species in its community
E. Is always at the top of the trophic levels as a top predator
5. Biomass includes all
A. Material in an ecosystem
B. Things that are living at a given time
C. Living and nonliving things
D. Matter produced by primary producers
E. Biological material
6. No two species can occupy the same ecological niche as one species will outcompete the other one.
A. True
B. False
7. Succession can produce changes in soil, degree of shade, available moisture, and species membership of a community.
A True
B False
8. Cheetahs can run extremely fast because
A. They need to run extremely fast in order to catch their prey
B. An ancestor that was able to run fast had an advantage and passed those genes on to its offspring
C. Over time they gradually built up speed as they adapted to faster and faster prey species
D. They are competing with stronger lions and hyenas for their food so they need to be fast
E. All of these are reasons cheetahs can run extremely fast
9. Most organisms' niches are controlled by
A. Genetic determinants
B. Lessons learned from parents
C. Behavior learned from others in their social groups
D. Luck
E. The predators and competitors they encounter
10. A biological community's productivity is a measure of
A. Its number of species
B. The number of individuals in the community
C. Available solar energy that can be converted to biomass
D. The amount of biomass produced in the community
E. All of these are combined in measuring a community's productivity
11. Primary succession occurs when a community develops ____________ while secondary succession occurs when one ________.
A. Into a climax community; species replaces another
B. And replaces another; ecosystem becomes stable
C. On unoccupied ground; biological community replaces another
D. And then fails; niche changes
E. Intraspecific competition; experiences interspecific competitio ...
test bank Exploring American Histories, (Volume 1 +2), 4e Nancy Hewitt, Steve...NailBasko
This document contains a chapter from a textbook on ancient American history. It provides sample answers to 22 multiple choice questions about early human migration to the Americas, the development of ancient American civilizations like the Aztecs and Incas, European exploration and colonization, and the exchange of plants, animals and diseases between the connected worlds. The questions cover topics like the population of North America pre-Columbian, the land bridge that connected Asia and North America, why early North American diets changed, and how transportation systems developed in ancient American societies.
Alabama High School Grad Exam (History) ch 1 TestTerron Brooks
This document contains a 15 question graduation exam covering topics in history from the Middle Ages to the colonial period in America. The questions test knowledge about the results of the Crusades, terms for the Crusades, causes of the Protestant Reformation, results of contact between Europeans and Asia, effects of the Columbian Exchange, English settlements in North America, the origins of representative government, people credited with major historical developments, economic systems of the 13 colonies, early Spanish settlements, and contributions to democracy and navigation.
This is dedicated to grade 8 students and it will serve as a guide for their learning and acquisition of knowledge about the subject matter. The innovator create a learning material about early civilizations that will have a significant positive impact and benefit for 8th-grade students in order to reduce the stress of 8th-grade students in finding learning materials.
1. The document discusses how historical events are interconnected and can have unintended consequences. For example, Columbus' voyage hoping to establish trade routes led to large migrations from Europe to the Americas.
2. Environmental factors like climate changes and diseases spreading from introduced livestock had devastating impacts on civilizations, with some evidence suggesting a volcanic eruption in the 6th century contributed to the fall of Rome and disease wiping out large native populations in the Americas.
3. The potato became a staple crop in Europe, especially Ireland, helping populations survive famine after being introduced from the Americas.
1. The document discusses how historical events are interconnected and can have unintended consequences. For example, Columbus' voyage that established trade routes between Europe and the Americas unexpectedly led to large migrations that introduced diseases devastating native populations.
2. Volcanic eruptions in the 6th century disrupted climate patterns in Europe, which may have contributed to the fall of the Roman Empire.
3. When European settlers arrived in the Americas, they found many abandoned villages that had likely been depopulated by disease epidemics that killed large numbers of native peoples who lacked immunity. This dramatically altered the settlement of the Americas.
The document discusses the rise of civilization in Mesopotamia and Sumer. It describes how villages grew into cities as advances in technology allowed for larger harvests and populations. Civilization is defined as having five characteristics: advanced cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology. The Sumerians exemplified these characteristics through their creation of city-states with temples, priests, ziggurats, social classes, and a writing system. Their cities like Ur flourished over 5,000 years ago and influenced later empires through cultural diffusion.
Submit your answers as alphabet of the.pdfsdfghj21
This document contains 10 multiple choice questions about topics related to European expansion, global religious changes between 1450-1750 CE, racial hierarchies that emerged in the Americas after 1500 CE, changes to cultivation and landscapes in Latin America between the 16th-17th centuries, trade patterns shown on a map, mercantilist economic practices leading to a trade system, inferences that can be drawn from a picture of human sacrifice in Mesoamerica, quotes reflecting Renaissance culture, beliefs shared by Renaissance humanist philosophers, and what Botticelli's "The Birth of Venus" portrays about Renaissance painters. The questions are labeled Q1 through Q10 and require answers in alphabet-only format.
The document is a quiz on world history covering topics on ancient Egyptian civilization, religion and society; languages and the status of women; science and technology; the decline of the Old Kingdom; the rule of the Middle Kingdom; the decline of Egyptian civilization; domination by later empires; and the beginnings of Greek civilization. It contains 75 multiple choice questions testing knowledge on these various aspects of ancient Egypt and early Greece.
The document summarizes the migration of early peoples to North and South America from Asia over 15,000 years ago. It describes how during the last ice age, lower sea levels exposed a land bridge called Beringia that connected Asia and Alaska. Many scientists believe the first Americans crossed this land bridge on foot, while others believe they arrived by boat. They hunted large ice age animals and eventually spread throughout the Americas. Around 10,000 years ago, some early Americans in Mexico began farming maize and other crops, leading them to establish permanent settlements and develop unique cultures across the Americas.
This document contains a summary of a 46 question general education exam covering topics like grammar, literature, math, science, and Filipino. The questions test understanding of concepts like parts of speech, figures of literature, slope of a line, chemical processes, and translations between Filipino and English. The summary is limited to 3 sentences as requested.
test bank The Making of the West (Combined Volume) 7e Lynn Hunt, Thomas Marti...NailBasko
Near Eastern peoples believed powerful gods controlled the environment and would send disasters as punishment. They attempted to appease the gods through sacrifices and temples. They also developed irrigation and canal systems to control floods and use water for farming. Slaves came from many backgrounds and had no rights but could sometimes buy freedom. The Epic of Gilgamesh showed humans struggled with divine power and their own, and that civilization required taming human power.
test bank The Making of the West (Volume 1) 7e Lynn Hunt, Thomas Martin, Barb...NailBasko
Near Eastern peoples believed powerful gods controlled the environment and would send disasters as punishment. They attempted to appease the gods through sacrifices and temples. They also developed irrigation and canal systems to control floods and use water for farming. Slaves came from many backgrounds and had no rights but could sometimes earn or be granted freedom. The Epic of Gilgamesh showed Mesopotamians recognized human and divine power could be abused and civilization required taming power.
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1. An example of primary productivity would beA. a wild raspsandibabcock
1. An example of primary productivity would be
A. a wild raspberry plant growing 30 grams of new leaf mass during a day of photosynthesis.
B. a young oriole growing 10 grams of muscle during a feeding trip to a raspberry bush.
C. a young hawk growing 10 more grams of body mass by killing and eating a young oriole.
D. more than one of the above.
2. Diversity refers to
A. number of different species present
B. number of ecological niches
C. amount of genetic diversity
D. all of the above
3. An ecosystem consists of
A. A physical environment within which a biological community lives
B. The species with which a biological community interacts
C. A biological community and its physical environment
D. The primary producers within a biological community
E. All the species in a biological community
4. A keystone species is a species whose presence
A. Is the main reason a community exists
B. Provides food for all other species in a community
C. Is an indicator of environmental health
D. Influences the population size of many other species in its community
E. Is always at the top of the trophic levels as a top predator
5. Biomass includes all
A. Material in an ecosystem
B. Things that are living at a given time
C. Living and nonliving things
D. Matter produced by primary producers
E. Biological material
6. No two species can occupy the same ecological niche as one species will outcompete the other one.
A. True
B. False
7. Succession can produce changes in soil, degree of shade, available moisture, and species membership of a community.
A True
B False
8. Cheetahs can run extremely fast because
A. They need to run extremely fast in order to catch their prey
B. An ancestor that was able to run fast had an advantage and passed those genes on to its offspring
C. Over time they gradually built up speed as they adapted to faster and faster prey species
D. They are competing with stronger lions and hyenas for their food so they need to be fast
E. All of these are reasons cheetahs can run extremely fast
9. Most organisms' niches are controlled by
A. Genetic determinants
B. Lessons learned from parents
C. Behavior learned from others in their social groups
D. Luck
E. The predators and competitors they encounter
10. A biological community's productivity is a measure of
A. Its number of species
B. The number of individuals in the community
C. Available solar energy that can be converted to biomass
D. The amount of biomass produced in the community
E. All of these are combined in measuring a community's productivity
11. Primary succession occurs when a community develops ____________ while secondary succession occurs when one ________.
A. Into a climax community; species replaces another
B. And replaces another; ecosystem becomes stable
C. On unoccupied ground; biological community replaces another
D. And then fails; niche changes
E. Intraspecific competition; experiences inte ...
1. An example of primary productivity would beA. a wild raspberrsandibabcock
1. An example of primary productivity would be
A. a wild raspberry plant growing 30 grams of new leaf mass during a day of photosynthesis.
B. a young oriole growing 10 grams of muscle during a feeding trip to a raspberry bush.
C. a young hawk growing 10 more grams of body mass by killing and eating a young oriole.
D. more than one of the above.
2. Diversity refers to
A. number of different species present
B. number of ecological niches
C. amount of genetic diversity
D. all of the above
3. An ecosystem consists of
A. A physical environment within which a biological community lives
B. The species with which a biological community interacts
C. A biological community and its physical environment
D. The primary producers within a biological community
E. All the species in a biological community
4. A keystone species is a species whose presence
A. Is the main reason a community exists
B. Provides food for all other species in a community
C. Is an indicator of environmental health
D. Influences the population size of many other species in its community
E. Is always at the top of the trophic levels as a top predator
5. Biomass includes all
A. Material in an ecosystem
B. Things that are living at a given time
C. Living and nonliving things
D. Matter produced by primary producers
E. Biological material
6. No two species can occupy the same ecological niche as one species will outcompete the other one.
A. True
B. False
7. Succession can produce changes in soil, degree of shade, available moisture, and species membership of a community.
A True
B False
8. Cheetahs can run extremely fast because
A. They need to run extremely fast in order to catch their prey
B. An ancestor that was able to run fast had an advantage and passed those genes on to its offspring
C. Over time they gradually built up speed as they adapted to faster and faster prey species
D. They are competing with stronger lions and hyenas for their food so they need to be fast
E. All of these are reasons cheetahs can run extremely fast
9. Most organisms' niches are controlled by
A. Genetic determinants
B. Lessons learned from parents
C. Behavior learned from others in their social groups
D. Luck
E. The predators and competitors they encounter
10. A biological community's productivity is a measure of
A. Its number of species
B. The number of individuals in the community
C. Available solar energy that can be converted to biomass
D. The amount of biomass produced in the community
E. All of these are combined in measuring a community's productivity
11. Primary succession occurs when a community develops ____________ while secondary succession occurs when one ________.
A. Into a climax community; species replaces another
B. And replaces another; ecosystem becomes stable
C. On unoccupied ground; biological community replaces another
D. And then fails; niche changes
E. Intraspecific competition; experiences interspecific competitio ...
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In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
test bank Ways of the World A Brief Global History with Sources (Combined Volume), 5e Robert Strayer, Eric Nelson.pdf
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1. Which piece of evidence confirms that the earliest humans first emerged in Africa?
a. Cave paintings
b. Domestication of plants
c. Processing of ochre
d. Shrine-like buildings
ANSWER: c
2. Which social development emerged during the Paleolithic period?
a. Humankind created the first alphabet.
b. Humankind migrated to different parts of the world.
c. Humankind established the First Civilizations.
d. Humankind developed ironworking technologies.
ANSWER: b
3. How did the last Ice Age affect Paleolithic people?
a. Ice served as an important preservative for food, making it possible for them to settle in the same
place for extended periods.
b. The cold weather killed off most large mammals that had preyed on early human beings.
c. As the glaciers advanced, humans could easily move into new regions because humankind had
originated in cold climates.
d. The lower sea levels associated with the Ice Age created land bridges, allowing human beings to
travel to many regions of the earth.
ANSWER: d
4. According to Map 1.1, "The Global Dispersion of Humankind," which continent was mostly covered in ice
20,000 years ago?
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a. Asia
b. North America
c. Australia
d. South America
ANSWER: b
5. According to Map 1.1, "The Global Dispersion of Humankind," which region of the world is the origin of
humanity?
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a. Asia
b. Europe
c. North America
d. Africa
ANSWER: d
6. Which of the following was the point of departure for migration to the Americas?
a. New Guinea
b. Eastern Siberia
c. Aotearoa
d. Easter Island
ANSWER: b
7. The Clovis culture of North America provides evidence of
a. the beginning of the last Ice Age.
b. warfare between rival tribes.
c. cultural diffusion over a large area.
d. the domestication of animals.
ANSWER: c
8. What did migrants to Australia and the Pacific islands use to get to their destinations?
a. Clovis points
b. Mammoths
c. Land bridges
d. Boats
ANSWER: d
9. According to Map 1.2, "Migration of Austronesian-Speaking Peoples," the exploration of Micronesia spans
from ______ in the west to ______ in the east.
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a. Madagascar; Easter Island (Rapa Nui)
b. Philippines; Hawaii
c. New Zealand; Indonesia
d. Polynesia; Indonesia
ANSWER: a
10. In contrast to the people who migrated to the Americas, the Austronesian migrants to the Pacific islands
a. brought domesticated plants and animals with them.
b. crossed the Bering Strait.
c. returned to their places of origin every year.
d. left their new environments mostly unchanged.
ANSWER: a
11. Which of the following describes a development associated with the migration of Austronesian-speaking
peoples throughout the Pacific?
a. The dependence on ice bridges to reach their destinations
b. The emergence of chiefdoms in the regions where they settled
c. The preservation of the ecosystem and natural habitats
d. The egalitarianism of the societies that emerged
ANSWER: b
12. What was a feature of society during the Paleolithic era?
a. High population density
b. Relative egalitarianism
c. Class conflict
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d. Widespread slavery
ANSWER: b
13. Which statement describes how Paleolithic humans shaped their environment?
a. They deliberately set fires to encourage the growth of particular plants.
b. They regulated their hunting to avoid the extinction of various large animals.
c. They drove wild animals into new regions to increase their numbers.
d. They regulated the human population to avoid overtaxing the environment.
ANSWER: a
14. Which describes a religious or spiritual aspect of Paleolithic culture?
a. An outlook that sharply distinguished between the material and spiritual worlds
b. A single belief system based on monotheism and animism
c. A cyclical view of time that emphasized regeneration and disintegration
d. The worship of masculinity, as reflected in universally male images and statues
ANSWER: c
15. Humans in the Paleolithic era already had the knowledge to do which of the following?
a. Make pottery
b. Harvest wool
c. Ride horses
d. Make wine
ANSWER: a
16. What is another name for the Agricultural Revolution?
a. Fertile Crescent
b. Neolithic Revolution
c. Secondary products revolution
d. Mesoamerica
ANSWER: b
17. The Agricultural Revolution occurred independently in various parts of the world between
a. 250,000 and 300,000 years ago.
b. 60,000 and 100,000 years ago.
c. 30,000 and 45,000 years ago.
d. 4,000 and 12,000 years ago.
ANSWER: d
18. According to Map 1.3, "The Global Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism," which continent remained a
hunting and gathering society until the modern era?
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a. North America
b. Asia
c. Australia
d. South America
ANSWER: c
19. Which factor contributed to the Agricultural Revolution?
a. A sharp decline in population
b. An increase in the number of large mammals
c. A need for additional food
d. The rise of chiefdoms
ANSWER: c
20. According to Map 1.4, "The Fertile Crescent," which major rivers run directly through the middle of the
Fertile Crescent?
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a. Nile and Jordan rivers
b. Halys and Araxes rivers
c. Caspian and Red seas
d. Tigris and Euphrates rivers
ANSWER: d
21. Which piece of evidence demonstrates how Paleolithic peoples were shifting from a nomadic way of life to
a more settled lifestyle?
a. Extinction of large mammals
b. Increase in the size of tools
c. Elaborate burial sites
d. Global warming
ANSWER: c
22. Which of the following is the earliest evidence that gathering and hunting peoples were starting to make the
transition to agriculture?
a. Maize
b. Sickles
c. Canoes
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d. Milk
ANSWER: b
23. What made the Agricultural Revolution in the Americas different from the Agricultural Revolution
elsewhere?
a. The scarcity of animals that could be domesticated
b. A common climatic and vegetation zone
c. High agricultural yields and population density
d. Uniformity of farming practices and techniques
ANSWER: a
24. How did the north/south orientation of the Americas affect the unfolding of the Agricultural Revolution in
that part of the world?
a. Farmers in the Americas developed no grain crop that could sustain large populations.
b. The successful domestication of large mammals by people in the Americas made crop domestication
less important.
c. Agricultural practices had to adapt to different climatic and vegetation zones.
d. Agricultural innovations developed first in Mesoamerica and then spread north and south.
ANSWER: c
25. What was the result of the spread of agriculture through diffusion and migration?
a. The spread of language groups
b. The creation of gathering and hunting societies
c. The strengthening of maritime empires
d. The extinction of pastoral societies
ANSWER: a
26. Which of the following explains why some regions did not make the transition to an agricultural way of
life?
a. There were not enough people to do all the work involved with farming.
b. Farming was considered socially demeaning.
c. Knowledge about farming did not spread beyond the core areas where the Agricultural Revolution
had taken place.
d. Environmental conditions were not suitable for farming.
ANSWER: d
27. Which of the following was a result of the Agricultural Revolution?
a. The initial human settlement of the earth
b. The invention of the plow
c. Higher risk of disease and famine
d. The decline of trade
ANSWER: c
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28. Which feature of pastoral societies distinguishes them from others?
a. Village-based horticulture
b. Animal husbandry
c. Intensification of land use
d. Oppression of women
ANSWER: b
29. Why was conflict frequent between pastoral societies and agricultural societies?
a. Pastoral societies wanted the food crops and manufactured goods produced by agricultural societies.
b. Agricultural societies domesticated animals, but pastoral societies domesticated plants.
c. Agricultural societies sought access to the richer grazing lands controlled by pastoral societies.
d. The animals herded by pastoral societies could be found only in land controlled by agricultural
societies.
ANSWER: a
30. What role did women play in agricultural village societies?
a. Women led important rituals and ceremonies.
b. Women rode horses and fought in battles.
c. Women participated in farming and textile work.
d. Women organized irrigation systems and controlled trade.
ANSWER: c
31. Which characteristic do the Paleolithic era and the age of agriculture have in common?
a. The prevalence of female imagery
b. The power of priests
c. The modification of the genetic composition of plants
d. The spread of permanent settlements
ANSWER: a
32. What common feature did pastoral and agricultural societies share?
a. Organization of society based on kinship
b. Systems of labor based on slavery
c. Preference for male children
d. Inherited positions of power and privilege
ANSWER: a
33. Which statement describes both pastoral and agricultural village societies?
a. Both were made up of mobile populations that moved frequently.
b. Both were made up of bands of twenty-five to fifty people.
c. Both possessed relatively egalitarian social structures with few social distinctions.
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d. Both possessed permanent settlements near the sea.
ANSWER: c
34. Which form of society during the age of agriculture is considered to have a distinct element of inequality?
a. Paleolithic societies
b. Pastoral societies
c. Gathering and hunting societies
d. Chiefdoms
ANSWER: d
35. Which observance is a characteristic of chiefdoms?
a. The use of force to ensure obedience from subjects
b. The absence of centralized authority
c. The collection of tribute from commoners
d. The separation of religious and secular power
ANSWER: c
36. What kinds of uniquely human activities show up early in the African archeological record, supporting the
theory that humans originated on that continent?
ANSWER: Answer would ideally include the following: Human remains found in Africa have been dated back
to around 300,000 years ago. Furthermore, these ancient humans created technological innovations
such as stone blades and points fastened to shafts, tools made from bone, and grindstones.
Settlements were planned around the seasonal movement of game and fish. Patterns of exchange
over a distance of almost 200 miles indicate larger networks of communication. Finally, the use of
body ornaments, beads, and pigments such as ochre, as well as possible planned burials, suggests
social and symbolic behavior characteristic of human activity throughout the subsequent millennia.
37. What commonalities existed between the first Paleolithic societies?
ANSWER: Answer would ideally include the following: Early Paleolithic bands were small and based upon
intensely personal relationships. Technology limited the population density and growth of the
various bands. Paleolithic bands were seasonally mobile and moved in regular patterns. They lived
in highly egalitarian societies where many people shared the same skill sets due to the absence of
specialists. Males and females enjoyed a relatively equal existence yet were responsible for largely
different tasks: men were the hunters and women were the gatherers. Despite the absence of
permanent leaders, rules existed that governed economic and sexual behavior.
38. What does the surviving evidence reveal about the religious beliefs and practices of Paleolithic humans?
ANSWER: Answer would ideally include the following: Our understanding of Paleolithic religious beliefs is
somewhat limited because bones and stones tell us little about what Paleolithic peoples thought and
because the art they left behind is subject to many interpretations. However, as can be seen in their
cave paintings and burials, Paleolithic peoples possessed a rich ceremonial life. No full-time
religious specialists existed, but part-time shamans with special skills in dealing with the spirit
world emerged as the need arose. Some Paleolithic societies were monotheistic; others worshipped
several levels of supernatural beings. Others believed in an impersonal force suffused throughout the
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natural order that could be accessed by shamans during a trance dance. The prevalence of Venus
figurines and other symbols all across Europe has convinced some scholars, but not all, that
Paleolithic religious thought had a strongly feminine dimension related to the regeneration and
renewal of life, derived from recurring natural cycles.
39. How did different environmental conditions influence the emergence of agriculture in different parts of the
world?
ANSWER: Answer would ideally address the emergence of agriculture in the following regions: the Fertile
Crescent, Northeast Africa, and the Americas. In the Fertile Crescent, a cold and dry spell
diminished the food supply, leading to the domestication of plants and animals. In Northeast Africa,
grassland vegetation and rainfall created good conditions for farming. Both the Fertile Crescent and
Northeast Africa had an east/west orientation that facilitated the rapid spread of agricultural
practices across similar environments. In the Americas, agriculture developed in separate locations
and there were no animals to be domesticated. Furthermore, the north/south orientation and the
relative isolation of agricultural regions led to a slower and less successful spread of agricultural
practices.
40. Why did some areas of the world not experience the Agricultural Revolution?
ANSWER: Answer would ideally include the following: Some regions had unfavorable conditions for farming
(desert and arctic environments). In other regions, nature provided abundant food sources so there
was no incentive to farm. Some areas were distant from agricultural societies. Finally, some people
deliberately chose not to farm, preferring the lifestyle of hunting and gathering.
41. How did the Agricultural Revolution affect the environment?
ANSWER: Answer would ideally include the following: Forests and grasslands came under cultivation. Soil
erosion and deforestation made the land unsuitable for farming. Human selection changed the
genetic makeup of plants and animals.
42. What was the relationship between pastoral societies and agricultural village societies?
ANSWER: Answer would ideally include the following: There was frequent conflict between pastoral and
agricultural societies. Pastoralists were attracted to the wealth and sophistication of agricultural
societies, desiring the food crops and manufactured goods produced by them. Pastoralists also
wanted access to the richer grazing lands controlled by agricultural societies. However, there was
also peaceful exchange of technologies, ideas, products, and people between pastoral and
agricultural societies.
43. In what ways were chiefdoms different from agricultural village societies?
ANSWER: Answer would ideally include the following: Agricultural village societies conducted their affairs
without full-time rulers and had less defined social and economic inequalities than did chiefdoms.
Furthermore, these inequalities were not hereditary. Agricultural village societies were also often
organized in terms of kinship groups or lineages, which provided a framework for order. In
chiefdoms, power and privilege were inherited by chiefs who were rulers. Chiefdoms also required
commoners to pay tribute.
44. What did all Paleolithic peoples have in common, and what differences subdivided them?
ANSWER: Answer would ideally include the following: For much of the period, Paleolithic societies shared a
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number of important features, including life in bands of twenty-five to fifty people, a gathering and
hunting lifestyle, a mobile lifestyle, a relatively egalitarian social structure, and relatively equal
gender relations. Population density was low, and the population grew slowly. Relationships were
understood in kinship terms. There were no formal chiefs, kings, bureaucrats, soldiers, nobles, or
priests. Rituals, particularly those associated with burial, were important. Some societies were
monotheistic; others believed in various spirits. Religion had a strong feminine dimension (Venus
figurines, Great Goddess). Many subscribed to a cyclical view of time. However, varied
environments and food supplies did create differences between groups that became increasingly
pronounced as humankind spread around the globe. For instance, the spread of humans into the
Pacific islands required the development of seaworthy canoe technologies that other Paleolithic
groups did not develop, and the cold weather in parts of Eastern Europe, along with the lack of
caves, spurred the development of multilayered clothing and partially underground dwellings
constructed from the bones and tusks of mammoths. Another key differentiation occurred between
10,000 and 16,000 years ago, after the end of the last Ice Age. As plants and animals thrived,
making a larger and more secure food source, some Paleolithic groups were able to settle down in
more permanent settlements or villages. Others continued their nomadic existences. Those societies
that settled down became larger and more complex. Settlement also meant that households could
store and accumulate goods to a greater degree than their nomadic ancestors. This accumulation of
goods led to inequality and a wearing away of the egalitarianism found in more nomadic Paleolithic
communities.
45. How did the migrations into the Pacific Ocean differ from other early human migrations?
ANSWER: Answer would ideally include the following: Most early human migrations occurred much earlier
and involved hunting and gathering people: Middle East and Asia about 70,000 years ago, Europe
45,000 years ago, Australia 60,000 years ago, and the Americas 15,000 to 30,000 years ago. These
early migrations were a mix of land and boat migrations that took place over thousands of years.
The migrations to the Pacific Ocean occurred only 3,500 years ago. They were primarily waterborne
migrations that took place very quickly and were undertaken by agricultural people who deliberately
brought domesticated plants and animals with them. Two developments of this migration followed:
highly stratified societies or chiefdoms and extensive deforestation and the quick extinction of many
species of animals.
46. What were the key changes in human society that came with the Agricultural Revolution?
ANSWER: Answer would ideally include the following: The Agricultural Revolution created a new relationship
between humankind and other living things. Men and women no longer simply used what they
found in nature but actively changed it. Population increased, and societies became larger and more
densely populated. Permanent settlement allowed households to store and accumulate goods to a
greater degree than their nomadic ancestors. People were able to accumulate more personal
possessions. More sophisticated techniques were developed in pottery making, textile weaving, and
metallurgy. Humans secured more food resources from a much smaller area of land than was
possible in gathering and hunting societies, starting a process of intensification. In many cases, a
poorer diet and more disease were the results. Settlement led to greater social inequality, which ran
counter to the egalitarianism of Paleolithic communities. More elaborate functions of government
emerged, whether through formal leaders or informal lineage systems. Chiefdoms developed, with
positions of power and privilege becoming inherited. The possibility of economic surplus opened
the door to growing populations, specialization, and inequality. In addition to experiencing the
changes brought about by the Agricultural Revolution, some agricultural societies supplemented
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their food supplies by gathering, hunting, and fishing.
47. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of living in a Paleolithic society, a pastoral society, an
agricultural village society, and a chiefdom.
ANSWER: Answer would ideally include the following: A Paleolithic society had a more egalitarian social
structure, without great differences in wealth and power. There was more equality in gender and
social relations in a Paleolithic society, a pastoral society, and an agricultural village society
compared to a chiefdom. People spent fewer hours working in a Paleolithic society, with greater
leisure time than in later societies. Agricultural diets were often less nutritious than those of
Paleolithic societies, and agricultural societies were often more vulnerable to famine should their
crops fail. Agricultural societies were larger and more densely populated than Paleolithic societies.
Agricultural societies developed more advanced technologies than Paleolithic societies, including
techniques for making pottery, weaving textiles, and metallurgy. A pastoral society allowed for
greater mobility. An agricultural village society provided more stability and protection. Chiefdoms
mostly benefited those who inherited positions of power. Commoners in chiefdoms had to pay
tribute to the chief.