This document appears to be a term paper on organizational structures and processes for a sustainable zero-budget organic agribusiness enterprise. It includes an introduction on how organic agribusiness differs from conventional agribusiness in its sustainability standards and production processes. It then discusses methodology, limitations, sustainability issues including environmental, economic and social aspects, opportunities and constraints of organic agribusiness, and models of organizational structures that could support such an enterprise. The paper aims to explore advantages of organic agriculture over conventional agriculture and identify organizational designs for a sustainable zero-budget organic agribusiness.
Consumer awareness on organic food products in west DelhiDeepanshu Bhatia
This document discusses a study on consumer awareness of organic food products in West Delhi, India. The study found that while consumers were generally aware of organic products and their benefits, they faced several issues that limited consumption. Key findings included irregular availability, limited product varieties, and expensive prices compared to non-organic options. While most consumers believed organic food was important for health, many were not willing to pay higher costs. The study suggests increasing the number of organic retailers, boosting education programs, and improving promotions to help expand the organic market.
This document is a project report on the challenges and opportunities of organic food in India submitted for a master's degree. It provides an overview of the current organic food market in India, including the growth of organic farming and major crops produced. It also discusses challenges such as the need for education and certification, high certification costs, and lack of infrastructure and processing firms. Contract farming is presented as a way to help small farmers commercialize organic production. The report aims to inform on opportunities and challenges in the domestic and international markets for Indian organic products.
Consumer Awareness and Satisfaction towards Organic Products in Palakkad Dist...ijtsrd
- The document discusses organic farming and organic food products. It provides background on organic certification standards and production methods that avoid synthetic chemicals, fertilizers, and GMOs.
- The main objectives of the study presented are to examine consumer awareness and satisfaction regarding organic food products in Palakkad District, Kerala. It aims to analyze factors influencing organic purchases and identify problems consumers face.
- The methodology section outlines that the study uses a sample of 680 respondents surveyed using stratified random sampling in six taluks of Palakkad District. Both primary and secondary data are collected to analyze awareness, attitudes, and consumption of organic products.
Linking Small Farmers To Markets-AARINENA case studies,Dr. S. HabbabAARINENA
The document summarizes 3 case studies from Jordan, Egypt, and Yemen that link small farmers to markets.
Case Study 1 introduces organic olive farming in Jordan, training farmers and certifying their crops and oil. It improved incomes and linked farmers to international markets.
Case Study 2 developed poor desert lands in Egypt for off-season vegetable production. Researchers identified suitable crops and markets, and linked farmers to exporters. It expanded cultivation and farmer incomes.
Case Study 3 revitalized traditional seed systems in Yemen by training farmer groups and cooperatives in production and marketing. It strengthened partnerships and created a local seed market.
The document provides a market assessment and entry strategy for organic foods in India. It discusses the goals of educating consumers about organic foods and becoming a global leader in organics. The domestic organic market in India was valued at 1000 Cr in 2013 and is expected to grow further. It is a competitive market with many producers and promoters. Drivers include the large domestic market and increasing health consciousness, while challenges include high prices and lack of supply chain integration. The document analyzes the organic market size, distribution structure, key players, products and their volumes/values. It also discusses Bangalore market statistics and potential customers including their awareness, purchase behaviors and motivations. Critical aspects like availability, pricing, certification and health benefits are addressed.
Consumer behavior towards Organic food | a study of Bangladesh MarketNishat Sanjida
Basically to know the reason of decrement in sales for organic food products in Bangladesh and To recommend necessary strategies that can be implemented to positively affect a consumer’s buying behavior towards organic food.
This document summarizes research on organic farming practices in India. It finds that traditional organic farming methods offer sustainable solutions to problems caused by conventional chemical-based agriculture, including environmental degradation and health issues. Experiments show that organic methods can equal or exceed chemical yields while improving soil quality over time. Organic crops demonstrated higher quality and profits for farmers. The research validated organic techniques for crop and disease management, improving farmer livelihoods in a sustainable way.
Organic agriculture in India has significant potential due to the traditional farming methods used by many small farmers. Currently, around 2508826 hectares are under certified organic cultivation in India. Major organic products produced include tea, rice, spices, pulses, fruits and vegetables. While export is a major driver, the domestic organic market is growing but still small, estimated at around 1200 tonnes. Some key challenges facing growth of organic agriculture in India include high certification costs, lack of market information and infrastructure for farmers, and limited government support through subsidies and development efforts.
Consumer awareness on organic food products in west DelhiDeepanshu Bhatia
This document discusses a study on consumer awareness of organic food products in West Delhi, India. The study found that while consumers were generally aware of organic products and their benefits, they faced several issues that limited consumption. Key findings included irregular availability, limited product varieties, and expensive prices compared to non-organic options. While most consumers believed organic food was important for health, many were not willing to pay higher costs. The study suggests increasing the number of organic retailers, boosting education programs, and improving promotions to help expand the organic market.
This document is a project report on the challenges and opportunities of organic food in India submitted for a master's degree. It provides an overview of the current organic food market in India, including the growth of organic farming and major crops produced. It also discusses challenges such as the need for education and certification, high certification costs, and lack of infrastructure and processing firms. Contract farming is presented as a way to help small farmers commercialize organic production. The report aims to inform on opportunities and challenges in the domestic and international markets for Indian organic products.
Consumer Awareness and Satisfaction towards Organic Products in Palakkad Dist...ijtsrd
- The document discusses organic farming and organic food products. It provides background on organic certification standards and production methods that avoid synthetic chemicals, fertilizers, and GMOs.
- The main objectives of the study presented are to examine consumer awareness and satisfaction regarding organic food products in Palakkad District, Kerala. It aims to analyze factors influencing organic purchases and identify problems consumers face.
- The methodology section outlines that the study uses a sample of 680 respondents surveyed using stratified random sampling in six taluks of Palakkad District. Both primary and secondary data are collected to analyze awareness, attitudes, and consumption of organic products.
Linking Small Farmers To Markets-AARINENA case studies,Dr. S. HabbabAARINENA
The document summarizes 3 case studies from Jordan, Egypt, and Yemen that link small farmers to markets.
Case Study 1 introduces organic olive farming in Jordan, training farmers and certifying their crops and oil. It improved incomes and linked farmers to international markets.
Case Study 2 developed poor desert lands in Egypt for off-season vegetable production. Researchers identified suitable crops and markets, and linked farmers to exporters. It expanded cultivation and farmer incomes.
Case Study 3 revitalized traditional seed systems in Yemen by training farmer groups and cooperatives in production and marketing. It strengthened partnerships and created a local seed market.
The document provides a market assessment and entry strategy for organic foods in India. It discusses the goals of educating consumers about organic foods and becoming a global leader in organics. The domestic organic market in India was valued at 1000 Cr in 2013 and is expected to grow further. It is a competitive market with many producers and promoters. Drivers include the large domestic market and increasing health consciousness, while challenges include high prices and lack of supply chain integration. The document analyzes the organic market size, distribution structure, key players, products and their volumes/values. It also discusses Bangalore market statistics and potential customers including their awareness, purchase behaviors and motivations. Critical aspects like availability, pricing, certification and health benefits are addressed.
Consumer behavior towards Organic food | a study of Bangladesh MarketNishat Sanjida
Basically to know the reason of decrement in sales for organic food products in Bangladesh and To recommend necessary strategies that can be implemented to positively affect a consumer’s buying behavior towards organic food.
This document summarizes research on organic farming practices in India. It finds that traditional organic farming methods offer sustainable solutions to problems caused by conventional chemical-based agriculture, including environmental degradation and health issues. Experiments show that organic methods can equal or exceed chemical yields while improving soil quality over time. Organic crops demonstrated higher quality and profits for farmers. The research validated organic techniques for crop and disease management, improving farmer livelihoods in a sustainable way.
Organic agriculture in India has significant potential due to the traditional farming methods used by many small farmers. Currently, around 2508826 hectares are under certified organic cultivation in India. Major organic products produced include tea, rice, spices, pulses, fruits and vegetables. While export is a major driver, the domestic organic market is growing but still small, estimated at around 1200 tonnes. Some key challenges facing growth of organic agriculture in India include high certification costs, lack of market information and infrastructure for farmers, and limited government support through subsidies and development efforts.
This document summarizes a study on consumer behavior, attitudes, and perceptions toward organic products in Puducherry, India. The study surveyed 25 consumers at an organic store called Bon Appetit. It found that most consumers agreed organic products are healthy, chemical-free, and environmentally friendly. However, many consumers only purchase organic products occasionally due to higher prices. The study recommends increasing organic production and awareness while lowering prices to encourage more consumers to purchase organic options fully.
Consumer attitude towards organic food in trichy south indiaIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on consumer attitudes toward organic food in Trichy, South India. 300 consumers in Trichy were surveyed about their motivations for purchasing organic food. The study examined consumer attitudes based on three factors: health consciousness, environmental concerns, and safety considerations. The findings indicate that health concerns are the primary motivation for organic food purchases. Demographic variables like education, gender, and income were also found to impact organic food buying intentions. The document provides context on organic food and reviews previous literature on consumer motivations for organic purchases.
CONVERSION OF CONSUMERS TO ORGANIC FOOD IN GENERAL TRADEShubhangi Kumari
This document discusses reasons to eat organic food and provides information about 24 Mantra Organic. Some key reasons to eat organic include that it is more nutritious, reduces health risks like cancer, and supports the environment. 24 Mantra Organic began in India and now provides over 800 organic products. It is certified under various organic standards and works with over 20,000 farmers across 100,000 acres of land. The document also notes findings from a study that found high awareness of organic foods but irregular consumption, with price being a main barrier to purchasing organic options.
This document provides an overview of organic farming and consumer behavior toward organic products in India. It discusses how organic farming is better for small farmers due to lower costs and less dependence on money lenders. The document also examines consumer preference for organic foods due to health concerns, and identifies challenges like high prices, weak marketing and distribution systems. A key challenge is the high cost of organic certification. The document aims to understand factors influencing popularity of organic foods in India and consumers' purchase intentions and behaviors toward organic products.
Linking Farmers and Businesses in Integrated Organic Rice and Shrimp Farming ...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document discusses research on an integrated organic rice and shrimp farming model in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. The model links farmers and businesses through the value chain to improve farmer incomes and promote sustainable agriculture. Research found that organic rice production increased profits by 6-10 million VND per hectare compared to conventional rice farming. Organically produced rice also commands higher prices in domestic and export markets, creating mutual benefits for farmers and businesses. The integrated organic model supports environmental protection, public health, and the local economy.
Organic Mandya was founded in 2015 to help organic farmers in Mandya, Karnataka sell their produce and improve their livelihoods. It established the Mandya Organic Farmers Cooperative Society comprising over 250 farmers. Organic Mandya aims to eliminate middlemen, provide stable prices and incomes for farmers, and create awareness about organic farming. It plans to open an Integrated Organic Zone providing organic products at competitive prices to make organics accessible to the masses. This aims to prevent farmer suicides by supporting sustainable organic agriculture.
Market Research Report: Organic Food Market In India 2010Netscribes, Inc.
For the complete report, get in touch with us at: info@netscribes.com
The organic farming is an old concept in India in terms of the extensive farming carried out in the country. The organic food market is worth USD 129.3 mn and shows huge potential for growth in future. The increasing export market coupled with government’s support has driven the market.
The report begins with an introduction to the organic food products highlighting their benefits over the similar conventional food. The report also provides a detailed overview of the status of organic farming in India and the status of certification process of organic food products in India. The market overview section compares the global and domestic organic food market.
An analysis of the drivers explain the factors for growth of the industry including the huge export market, organized retail enhancing distribution network, government initiatives and increasing health consciousness among consumers. The key challenges identified encompass high prices of organic food, lack of integrated supply chain and difficulties for farmers, certification barriers.
The competition section provides an overview of the competitive landscape including brief profiles of key domestic producers and promoters of organic food products. The key developments section provides an insight on sector related developments in last one year.
This document provides an overview of organic cotton production practices including soil fertility, weed management, insect management, and diseases. Specific practices discussed for soil fertility include crop rotation, cover cropping, animal manure additions, and rock powders. Weed management is accomplished through cultivation and cultural practices. Insect management uses trap cropping, strip cropping, border vegetation, and biopesticides. The document also discusses strategies for specific insect pests and diseases, as well as defoliation, marketing, and economics of organic cotton.
This document presents a vision for organic food and farming research priorities to 2025. It identifies major challenges facing European agriculture like food availability and quality, resource dependency, and rural decline. The strengths of organic systems in addressing these through sustainability, ethics, and local economies are outlined. Three strategic research priorities are proposed: 1) viable rural economies through regional concepts, 2) securing food and ecosystems through eco-functional intensification, and 3) high quality foods for health through nutrition research. Specific research ideas are provided for each priority to contribute to the overall sustainability of European agriculture and food systems by 2025. A Technology Platform will be launched to develop this strategic research agenda.
Research on organic food restaurants in indiaShaurya Garg
The document discusses the potential for organic food restaurants in India. It notes that while 70% of organic agriculture in India is currently exported for higher prices abroad, the domestic organic food market is growing due to increased media attention on the health risks of pesticides, government promotion, and projections that the global organic market will reach $102 billion by 2020. It outlines some existing organic cafes and restaurants in India, the variety of products they offer, and competitors internationally. It concludes that with increased pesticide use, the domestic organic food market is poised to grow substantially in the next 3-4 years, appealing to both domestic health concerns and the preferences of foreign tourists.
Organic Vegetable Production - Purdue ExtensionFaiga64c
This document provides information on organic vegetable production. It discusses soil fertility management using organic amendments like compost and manure. It also covers organic insect, disease, and weed management strategies. The full document includes tables listing organic fertilizers and their nutrient contents, as well as organic management options for common insect pests and diseases.
An understanding of the organic market in India. Very useful for marketeers to get a perspective on insights on retail, consumer, brands, distribution and trends.
Organic farming relies on techniques like crop rotation, green manure, compost, and biological pest control. It has many benefits including healthier soil, respect for water resources, and helping rural communities. Sustainable agriculture aims for profitability, stewardship and quality of life, with organic farming being one approach. To address demand for education and skills training, a new junior high school was established in Cijeruk village with support from foundations. It implements organic farming and teaches practical life skills.
Prayag Mahto is a young farmer in Jharkhand, India who owns 0.75 acres of land. Through the Green College initiative, he learned organic and sustainable farming practices. This year, he grew okra and intercropped with cucumbers using only organic inputs like fish amino acid tonic. This led to increased yields, higher profits, and longer harvest periods compared to previous years when chemical fertilizers were used. He plans to apply these organic techniques to other crops going forward.
Organic Food Industry
Research Objective
Organic Food Category and Products
Contaminants and Pesticides
Regulations and Certifications
Market Size
Market Geography
Market Penetration
Frequency of Purchase – Trends
Perception of Organic Food – Trends
Driving Market Needs
Building on GAPs
SWOT Analysis
Organic farming in Malaysia relies on techniques like crop rotation, composting, and biological pest control. It aims to produce good crop yields while protecting soil and human health. Organic farming has grown in Malaysia since 2001 thanks to NGO and private sector support, though supply still does not meet demand and variety is limited. Key organic farming methods include crop diversity, weed management through tillage and mulching, soil management with green manure and compost, and biological pest control using beneficial organisms. Several organic farms have been established near Kuala Lumpur and in Perak. Overall, organic farming brings advantages to Malaysia like improved soils, yields and livelihoods while presenting challenges around skills, productivity and time requirements.
This document defines good agricultural practices (GAP) and outlines their benefits. GAP are techniques used in agriculture to produce safe food and non-food products while protecting the environment. The key benefits of GAP include promoting sustainable agriculture, improving food safety and quality, and better price realization for farmers. The document then provides a practical approach for small farmers to implement GAP. This involves transitioning from farming to running a farm business, using farm calendars, record keeping, training, and techniques for soil, irrigation, pest and disease management. The overall goal of GAP is to ensure food, social, environmental, and worker safety throughout the agricultural process.
Organic farming is more sustainable and better for the environment and human health compared to conventional farming because it does not use harmful chemical pesticides and fertilizers. However, farmers face challenges in adopting organic farming such as lack of knowledge, lower initial productivity, and higher costs of organic seeds and certification. The study aimed to identify problems farmers face in adopting organic farming through a survey of 50 farmers in each of two villages. The results showed that while farmers understand the health benefits of organic food, they are less likely to adopt organic farming or continue buying organic due to higher prices and initial lower productivity compared to conventional methods.
This document provides an overview of organic farming principles and practices. It discusses key principles like biodiversity, integration, sustainability and natural pest management. It then examines various tools and practices used in organic agriculture, including crop rotation, cover crops, composting, intercropping, biological pest control and record keeping. The document emphasizes that organic farming aims to mimic natural ecosystems and biodiversity to build soil health and manage pests without synthetic chemicals.
Lalit Kumar is seeking an entry-level position with experience in mechanical engineering. He has a diploma in mechanical engineering from Dharam Institute of Polytechnic & Research and one year of experience as a technician apprentice at BHEL Haridwar. His technical skills include CNC operation, maintenance work, and one year of computer diploma. He is proficient in English, Hindi, and has good communication skills.
El documento es una felicitación para el Día de la Madre que incluye poemas y mensajes de amor dedicados a la madre. Resalta lo especial y única que es la madre, lo mucho que la hija la ama y agradece por todo el amor, cariño y enseñanzas que le ha dado. Finaliza deseándole un feliz día de la madre.
This document summarizes a study on consumer behavior, attitudes, and perceptions toward organic products in Puducherry, India. The study surveyed 25 consumers at an organic store called Bon Appetit. It found that most consumers agreed organic products are healthy, chemical-free, and environmentally friendly. However, many consumers only purchase organic products occasionally due to higher prices. The study recommends increasing organic production and awareness while lowering prices to encourage more consumers to purchase organic options fully.
Consumer attitude towards organic food in trichy south indiaIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on consumer attitudes toward organic food in Trichy, South India. 300 consumers in Trichy were surveyed about their motivations for purchasing organic food. The study examined consumer attitudes based on three factors: health consciousness, environmental concerns, and safety considerations. The findings indicate that health concerns are the primary motivation for organic food purchases. Demographic variables like education, gender, and income were also found to impact organic food buying intentions. The document provides context on organic food and reviews previous literature on consumer motivations for organic purchases.
CONVERSION OF CONSUMERS TO ORGANIC FOOD IN GENERAL TRADEShubhangi Kumari
This document discusses reasons to eat organic food and provides information about 24 Mantra Organic. Some key reasons to eat organic include that it is more nutritious, reduces health risks like cancer, and supports the environment. 24 Mantra Organic began in India and now provides over 800 organic products. It is certified under various organic standards and works with over 20,000 farmers across 100,000 acres of land. The document also notes findings from a study that found high awareness of organic foods but irregular consumption, with price being a main barrier to purchasing organic options.
This document provides an overview of organic farming and consumer behavior toward organic products in India. It discusses how organic farming is better for small farmers due to lower costs and less dependence on money lenders. The document also examines consumer preference for organic foods due to health concerns, and identifies challenges like high prices, weak marketing and distribution systems. A key challenge is the high cost of organic certification. The document aims to understand factors influencing popularity of organic foods in India and consumers' purchase intentions and behaviors toward organic products.
Linking Farmers and Businesses in Integrated Organic Rice and Shrimp Farming ...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document discusses research on an integrated organic rice and shrimp farming model in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. The model links farmers and businesses through the value chain to improve farmer incomes and promote sustainable agriculture. Research found that organic rice production increased profits by 6-10 million VND per hectare compared to conventional rice farming. Organically produced rice also commands higher prices in domestic and export markets, creating mutual benefits for farmers and businesses. The integrated organic model supports environmental protection, public health, and the local economy.
Organic Mandya was founded in 2015 to help organic farmers in Mandya, Karnataka sell their produce and improve their livelihoods. It established the Mandya Organic Farmers Cooperative Society comprising over 250 farmers. Organic Mandya aims to eliminate middlemen, provide stable prices and incomes for farmers, and create awareness about organic farming. It plans to open an Integrated Organic Zone providing organic products at competitive prices to make organics accessible to the masses. This aims to prevent farmer suicides by supporting sustainable organic agriculture.
Market Research Report: Organic Food Market In India 2010Netscribes, Inc.
For the complete report, get in touch with us at: info@netscribes.com
The organic farming is an old concept in India in terms of the extensive farming carried out in the country. The organic food market is worth USD 129.3 mn and shows huge potential for growth in future. The increasing export market coupled with government’s support has driven the market.
The report begins with an introduction to the organic food products highlighting their benefits over the similar conventional food. The report also provides a detailed overview of the status of organic farming in India and the status of certification process of organic food products in India. The market overview section compares the global and domestic organic food market.
An analysis of the drivers explain the factors for growth of the industry including the huge export market, organized retail enhancing distribution network, government initiatives and increasing health consciousness among consumers. The key challenges identified encompass high prices of organic food, lack of integrated supply chain and difficulties for farmers, certification barriers.
The competition section provides an overview of the competitive landscape including brief profiles of key domestic producers and promoters of organic food products. The key developments section provides an insight on sector related developments in last one year.
This document provides an overview of organic cotton production practices including soil fertility, weed management, insect management, and diseases. Specific practices discussed for soil fertility include crop rotation, cover cropping, animal manure additions, and rock powders. Weed management is accomplished through cultivation and cultural practices. Insect management uses trap cropping, strip cropping, border vegetation, and biopesticides. The document also discusses strategies for specific insect pests and diseases, as well as defoliation, marketing, and economics of organic cotton.
This document presents a vision for organic food and farming research priorities to 2025. It identifies major challenges facing European agriculture like food availability and quality, resource dependency, and rural decline. The strengths of organic systems in addressing these through sustainability, ethics, and local economies are outlined. Three strategic research priorities are proposed: 1) viable rural economies through regional concepts, 2) securing food and ecosystems through eco-functional intensification, and 3) high quality foods for health through nutrition research. Specific research ideas are provided for each priority to contribute to the overall sustainability of European agriculture and food systems by 2025. A Technology Platform will be launched to develop this strategic research agenda.
Research on organic food restaurants in indiaShaurya Garg
The document discusses the potential for organic food restaurants in India. It notes that while 70% of organic agriculture in India is currently exported for higher prices abroad, the domestic organic food market is growing due to increased media attention on the health risks of pesticides, government promotion, and projections that the global organic market will reach $102 billion by 2020. It outlines some existing organic cafes and restaurants in India, the variety of products they offer, and competitors internationally. It concludes that with increased pesticide use, the domestic organic food market is poised to grow substantially in the next 3-4 years, appealing to both domestic health concerns and the preferences of foreign tourists.
Organic Vegetable Production - Purdue ExtensionFaiga64c
This document provides information on organic vegetable production. It discusses soil fertility management using organic amendments like compost and manure. It also covers organic insect, disease, and weed management strategies. The full document includes tables listing organic fertilizers and their nutrient contents, as well as organic management options for common insect pests and diseases.
An understanding of the organic market in India. Very useful for marketeers to get a perspective on insights on retail, consumer, brands, distribution and trends.
Organic farming relies on techniques like crop rotation, green manure, compost, and biological pest control. It has many benefits including healthier soil, respect for water resources, and helping rural communities. Sustainable agriculture aims for profitability, stewardship and quality of life, with organic farming being one approach. To address demand for education and skills training, a new junior high school was established in Cijeruk village with support from foundations. It implements organic farming and teaches practical life skills.
Prayag Mahto is a young farmer in Jharkhand, India who owns 0.75 acres of land. Through the Green College initiative, he learned organic and sustainable farming practices. This year, he grew okra and intercropped with cucumbers using only organic inputs like fish amino acid tonic. This led to increased yields, higher profits, and longer harvest periods compared to previous years when chemical fertilizers were used. He plans to apply these organic techniques to other crops going forward.
Organic Food Industry
Research Objective
Organic Food Category and Products
Contaminants and Pesticides
Regulations and Certifications
Market Size
Market Geography
Market Penetration
Frequency of Purchase – Trends
Perception of Organic Food – Trends
Driving Market Needs
Building on GAPs
SWOT Analysis
Organic farming in Malaysia relies on techniques like crop rotation, composting, and biological pest control. It aims to produce good crop yields while protecting soil and human health. Organic farming has grown in Malaysia since 2001 thanks to NGO and private sector support, though supply still does not meet demand and variety is limited. Key organic farming methods include crop diversity, weed management through tillage and mulching, soil management with green manure and compost, and biological pest control using beneficial organisms. Several organic farms have been established near Kuala Lumpur and in Perak. Overall, organic farming brings advantages to Malaysia like improved soils, yields and livelihoods while presenting challenges around skills, productivity and time requirements.
This document defines good agricultural practices (GAP) and outlines their benefits. GAP are techniques used in agriculture to produce safe food and non-food products while protecting the environment. The key benefits of GAP include promoting sustainable agriculture, improving food safety and quality, and better price realization for farmers. The document then provides a practical approach for small farmers to implement GAP. This involves transitioning from farming to running a farm business, using farm calendars, record keeping, training, and techniques for soil, irrigation, pest and disease management. The overall goal of GAP is to ensure food, social, environmental, and worker safety throughout the agricultural process.
Organic farming is more sustainable and better for the environment and human health compared to conventional farming because it does not use harmful chemical pesticides and fertilizers. However, farmers face challenges in adopting organic farming such as lack of knowledge, lower initial productivity, and higher costs of organic seeds and certification. The study aimed to identify problems farmers face in adopting organic farming through a survey of 50 farmers in each of two villages. The results showed that while farmers understand the health benefits of organic food, they are less likely to adopt organic farming or continue buying organic due to higher prices and initial lower productivity compared to conventional methods.
This document provides an overview of organic farming principles and practices. It discusses key principles like biodiversity, integration, sustainability and natural pest management. It then examines various tools and practices used in organic agriculture, including crop rotation, cover crops, composting, intercropping, biological pest control and record keeping. The document emphasizes that organic farming aims to mimic natural ecosystems and biodiversity to build soil health and manage pests without synthetic chemicals.
Lalit Kumar is seeking an entry-level position with experience in mechanical engineering. He has a diploma in mechanical engineering from Dharam Institute of Polytechnic & Research and one year of experience as a technician apprentice at BHEL Haridwar. His technical skills include CNC operation, maintenance work, and one year of computer diploma. He is proficient in English, Hindi, and has good communication skills.
El documento es una felicitación para el Día de la Madre que incluye poemas y mensajes de amor dedicados a la madre. Resalta lo especial y única que es la madre, lo mucho que la hija la ama y agradece por todo el amor, cariño y enseñanzas que le ha dado. Finaliza deseándole un feliz día de la madre.
Los parques nacionales de Canarias protegen ecosistemas únicos y frágiles que albergan una gran biodiversidad, pero también enfrentan presiones debido al turismo y el desarrollo. Se necesitan esfuerzos continuos para equilibrar la conservación con el crecimiento económico a través de una gestión sostenible de los recursos naturales y el fomento de una economía verde.
Cam nang ho tro nguoi lao dong viet nam thi truong macao( macau)nguyenhung84vn
Cẩm nang hỗ trợ người lao động việt nam ở thị trường Macau .
trang bị một cách hệ thống và đầy đủ những thông tin cơ bản cho người lao động, bao gồm tổng quan về đất nước, con người, những thuật ngữ bổ ích thường dùng, hướng dẫn giao tiếp và phát âm các chủ đề thông dụng, các địa chỉ liên hệ khi cần thiết.
Tablets the second screen estuardo robles expotecEstuardo Robles
El documento habla sobre el uso de tabletas como una segunda pantalla. Explica que las tabletas no son teléfonos móviles sino que son usadas para sesiones más largas pero con menor frecuencia. También discute cómo las aplicaciones preinstaladas en tabletas Android son valiosas para las empresas para promocionar sus marcas y contenido. Finalmente, proporciona ejemplos de cómo algunas empresas en Guatemala usan esta estrategia y anima a las personas a hacer preguntas al final de la presentación.
La ley regula el régimen jurídico de los canes en Perú. Prohíbe peleas de canes y adiestramientos que aumenten la agresividad. Solo se permiten canes potencialmente peligrosos bajo estrictos requisitos para los propietarios como certificado psicológico y licencia. Las municipalidades deben llevar registros de canes y tienen competencia para supervisar el cumplimiento de la ley e imponer sanciones.
5 Tips for a Social Media Report Your C-Suite Will LoveMohamed Mahdy
1) The document provides 5 tips for creating social media reports that will be well-received by executive leadership or the C-suite.
2) It advises focusing reports on key business goals, using metrics that directly relate to those goals, keeping reports concise and visual, and tailoring the format and delivery to each executive's preferences and schedule.
3) The tips are based on the author's experience helping numerous large companies develop effective executive reporting programs for social media.
Tatuajes han pasado de ser un marcador de criminales y miembros de subculturas a ser una forma de arte y expresión personal. Ahora, tatuajes son usados para honrar la herencia familiar, mejorar la autoestima, y despertar el espíritu. Con el tiempo, tatuajes han evolucionado para transmitir significados más profundos e individuales en lugar de seguir modas pasajeras.
This document outlines different types of adverbs in Spanish categorized by their function: manner (de modo), place (de lugar), time (de tiempo), duration (de duración), frequency (de frecuencia), order (de orden), degree (de grado), and certainty (de certeza). It provides examples of common Spanish adverbs that modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs within each category.
This document discusses the need for investor protection reform in Mongolia to increase foreign investment. It notes that political risk is a major constraint according to investor surveys. Specifically, political risk can result in lost investment, opportunity costs from risk premiums, and costly disputes between investors and states. Mongolia faces issues like adverse regulatory changes, breach of contracts, and expropriation that have reduced FDI. The proposed IFC project would help by tracking investment grievances, establishing a grievance management mechanism, and resolving issues early to prevent escalation into costly legal disputes. The overall goal is to increase investment retention, reduce disputes, and improve Mongolia's investment climate and reputation.
La Ordenanza No67 de la Municipalidad de La Florida regula la tenencia responsable de animales y el control de perros vagos en la comuna. Establece normas para la protección de los animales, las obligaciones de los propietarios y la prohibición del maltrato. También regula aspectos como la identificación de perros, su circulación en espacios públicos, la prohibición de abandono de animales y peleas entre ellos.
Learn the importance of content marketing in an ecommerce retailer's search strategy along with best practices and activities to prioritize. As presented at PM Digital's 2013 Retail Forum in Minneapolis, MN on 07/25/2013.
Consumer Behavior - Organic Food in IndiaKriti Singhal
This document provides an overview and analysis of the organic food industry in India. It acknowledges those who contributed to the project and includes a table of contents. The main sections analyze the market size and growth of the organic food industry in India, certification regulations, key drivers and challenges, competition in the market, and conclusions and recommendations. Major findings include that the market size was valued at $129.3 million in 2008 and is growing due to factors like increasing export markets, organized retail, and consumer health awareness. However, high prices, lack of supply chain integration, and certification barriers pose challenges. The document presents research on consumer perceptions and popularity of organic food in India.
article 3 o i i r j . o r g- 3 An Analysis of Socio.pdfEducational
Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, {Bi-Monthly}, ISSN 2249-9598, Volume-08, Issue-04, July-Aug 2018 Issue
w w w . o i i r j . o r g I S S N 2 2 4 9 - 9 5 9 8 Page 358
An Analysis of Socio Economic Background of Organic Farmers: A Study with
Special References to Mandya District
aUma .K,
Article 3 An Analysis of Socio Economic Background of Organic Farmers A Study...Dr UMA K
This document analyzes the socioeconomic backgrounds of organic farmers in Mandya District, India. It finds that demographic factors like gender, family type, income, education, farm size, and number of dependents influence farmers' adoption of organic farming. The study surveyed 100 organic farmers and found that landholding patterns, major crops grown organically, awareness levels, and years of experience with organic farming also significantly impacted adoption. The document reviews previous literature on factors driving conversion to organic practices and outlines the objectives, hypotheses, methodology, and key findings of the study regarding the profiles and perceptions of organic farmers in Mandya District.
This document provides an overview of organic food consumption in India. It discusses the growing organic food market in India, which is currently worth USD 129.3 million. The demand for organic food is increasing rapidly in India, driven by factors like the growing export market, government support, organized retail expansion, and rising health consciousness among consumers. However, high organic food prices, lack of supply chain infrastructure, and certification barriers pose challenges to the industry's growth. The document also reviews literature on consumer behavior and values related to organic food purchases.
1) The document discusses a study on farmers' attitudes towards organic farming in India. It analyzes the demand for organic products among urban consumers in Ludhiana city and examines farmers' perceptions of and knowledge about organic farming practices and certification.
2) The study found that while consumers have a high demand for organic products due to health benefits, the high cost is a barrier. It also found that most farmers have good awareness of organic farming techniques and certification.
3) The document concludes that organic farming has significant potential in India but challenges remain around labor shortages, marketing, and coordination between different supporting organizations. Increased collaboration and implementation of projects could help scale up the organic sector.
The growing Demand for Essential Oils for Agricultural ApplicationsMurray Hunter
The document discusses the growing demand for natural products in agricultural applications. It outlines three main factors driving changes in agriculture: 1) consumers demanding chemical-free food, 2) contamination of water and soil from conventional farming, and 3) unsustainability of current practices. This is leading to a shift towards more organic and sustainable farming using natural products like essential oils, plant extracts, and enzymes. Specific examples discussed include using essential oils and betaines to reduce crop stress, neem-based insecticides, and farmers producing their own fertilizers and pesticides through fermentation.
Organic farming has the potential to improve livelihoods for small farmers in Asia, but its impacts depend on conditions. Transitioning from traditional to organic methods tends to increase incomes despite initial yield losses. Transitioning from intensive conventional farming sees higher costs initially as yields stabilize in years 2-3, but overall incomes increase due to lower inputs and premium prices for organic crops. While organic methods require more labor, they can be suitable for areas with abundant labor or land degradation where conventional farming is impractical. Widespread adoption faces challenges including a lack of technical support and strong farmer organizations needed to access growing local and international organic markets.
Organic Farming as a Tool for Productivity and Poverty Reduction in Asiax3G9
This document summarizes a study on the potential for organic farming to improve livelihoods for small farmers in Asia. The study found that transitioning to organic methods from traditional farming can increase yields and profits due to higher premium prices, though there may be initial yield losses. Transitioning from intensive conventional farming increases labor costs but lowers input costs over time. Small farmers often lack technical assistance and access to markets, posing challenges. While organic exports from Asia have grown, small farmers may struggle meeting demands of mainstream markets like supermarkets without support for certification and organization. Overall, organic agriculture could benefit small Asian farmers but support is needed for the transition process and market access.
This document summarizes the findings of a review of scientific literature on the benefits of organic farming. It finds that organic farming practices improve soil and water quality, enhance biodiversity, sequester more carbon to slow climate change, reduce toxic chemical exposure, and can help feed the world. Organically grown food is also an important economic sector that increases farmers' sales and profits while strengthening job growth. The report recommends policies like increased organic research funding, risk management support, and conservation programs to promote further expansion of organic agriculture in the United States.
This document summarizes the findings of a review of scientific literature on the benefits of organic farming. It finds that organic farming practices improve soil and water quality, enhance biodiversity, sequester more carbon to slow climate change, reduce toxic chemical exposure, and can help feed the world. Organically grown food is also an important economic sector that increases farmers' sales and profits while strengthening job growth. The report recommends policies like increased organic research funding, risk management support, and conservation programs to promote further expansion of organic agriculture in the United States.
This document summarizes the findings of a review of scientific literature on the benefits of organic farming. It finds that organic farming practices improve soil and water quality, enhance biodiversity, sequester more carbon to slow climate change, reduce toxic chemical exposure, and can help feed the world. Organically grown food is also an important economic sector that increases farmers' sales and profits while strengthening job growth. The report recommends policies like increased organic research funding, risk management support, and conservation programs to promote further expansion of organic agriculture in the United States.
The extensive management of livestock, paying full regard to their evolutionary adaptations, behavioral needs and animal welfare issues with respect to nutrition, housing, health, breeding and rearing.
Careful attention to the impact of the farming system on the wider environment and the conservation of wildlife and natural habitats.
Organic farming is a system that avoids the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, relying mainly on crop rotation, animal manures, and biological pest control. It aims to protect soil fertility and biodiversity. The key principles of organic farming are health, ecology, fairness, and care. Organic farming has advantages like reducing production costs, improving soil and plant health, and producing pesticide-free foods. However, it also has disadvantages like higher production costs, lower yields, and difficulties with marketing and distribution.
Organic farming is a system that avoids the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, relying mainly on crop rotation, animal manures, and biological pest control. It aims to sustain soil health and biodiversity. The key principles of organic farming are health, ecology, fairness, and care. Organic farming has advantages like reduced costs, healthier workers and environment, and consumer demand for organic foods. However, organic foods can be more expensive to produce and market.
Organic farming is a system that avoids the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, relying mainly on crop rotation, animal manures, and biological pest control. It aims to sustain soil health and biodiversity. The key principles of organic farming are health, ecology, fairness, and care. Organic farming has advantages like reduced costs, healthier workers and environment, and consumer demand for organic foods. However, organic foods can be more expensive to produce and market.
A Study on Consumers Behavior towards Organic Food Products in Coimbatore Cityijtsrd
This study examined consumers' behavior toward organic food products in Coimbatore City, India. A survey of 60 consumers found that 52% had a moderate level of behavior toward organic products, 35% had a high level, and 13% had a low level. The majority of consumers were aged 25-35, female, professionals, from nuclear families earning Rs. 35,001-45,000 annually. Most purchased fruits and vegetables, citing health as the main factor, and learned about organic products from friends/family. There was a significant difference found between consumers' behavior and their age, family income, occupation, and perception of product quality. The study recommends increasing awareness, training farmers, improving infrastructure, packaging, marketing,
BENEFICIAL AND EFFECTIVE MICROORGANISM FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRO...Ayda.N Mazlan
This document introduces the concept of Effective Microorganisms (EM) as developed by Dr. Teruo Higa for sustainable agriculture and environment protection. EM consists of naturally occurring beneficial microbes that improve soil quality, enhance crop growth and yields, and provide an alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The document discusses how EM technology can help farmers transition to more sustainable systems by improving soil, optimizing crop and livestock production, and controlling soil microflora.
Article 1 A CONCEPTUAL STUDY ON GREEN MARKETING TOWARDS ORGANIC PRODUCTS Dr...Dr UMA K
Dr. UMA. K
Assistant Professor in Commerce
Reference: UMA K (2017) “A CONCEPTUAL STUDY ON GREEN MARKETING TOWARDS ORGANIC PRODUCTS”, (IJMSRR) International Journal of Management and Social Science Research Review, Peer Reviewed & Indexed Journal, Impact Factor: 4. 695, E- ISSN - 2349-6746, ISSN -2349-6738, Vol-1, Issue – 37, Page No 112-118.
article 1 July -2017 A conceptual study on geen marketing towars organic prod...Educational
Research Paper
Impact Factor: 4. 695
Peer Reviewed & Indexed Journal
IJMSRR
E- ISSN - 2349-6746
ISSN -2349-6738
International Journal of Management and Social Science Research Review, Vol-1, Issue – 37, July -2017 Page 112
A CONCEPTUAL STUDY ON GREEN MARKETING TOWARDS ORGANIC PRODUCTS
Uma K
Protecting Organic Seed Integrity: The Organic Farmer’s Handbook to GE Avoida...Seeds
This document provides an overview of the risks of genetic contamination to organic agriculture from genetically engineered crops. It notes that GE crops now make up the majority of certain commodity crops grown in the US, posing risks of contamination to organic and non-GE crops through cross-pollination and seed mixing. Evidence of past contamination events is discussed. The importance of maintaining the integrity of organic seed is outlined, as contaminated seed would compromise the entire organic system. Guidelines for avoidance and testing of at-risk crops are provided to help organic farmers minimize risks of GE contamination.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
2. ACNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to Professor Nimruji Prasad J. for
providing me with this opportunity and helped me in doing this term paper.
It was her able guidance and constant appraisal of the paper that led me to have holistic view
of the subject and improvise the paper.
3. Table of Contents
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... 3
INTRODUCTION: ............................................................................................ 4
ORGANIC AGRI-BUSINESS: HOW IS IT DIFFERENT?............................ 4
METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................ 5
LIMITATIONS OF THE METHODOLOGY .................................................... 5
SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES IN ORGANIC AGRIBUSINESS ........................ 5
ENVIRONMENTAL/ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY ........................... 5
ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY: ................................................................. 6
SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY: ....................................................................... 7
OPPORTUNITIES & CONSTRAINTS IN ORGANIC AGRIBUSINESS ........ 7
OPPORTUNITIES ......................................................................................... 7
CONSTRAINTS ............................................................................................. 8
SUSTAINABLE PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC INTEGRATED
AGRIBUSINESS – GOALS/KEY FEATURES OF THE ORGANISATION . 10
DESIGNING THE ORGANIC PRODUCTION SYSTEM .............................. 12
MANAGING THE CONVERSION TO ORGANIC FARMING.................. 13
CHALLENGES IN CONVERSION PROCESS ........................................... 14
VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS OF A TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE
SYSTEM ......................................................................................................... 16
PLANNING AND MANAGING ORGANIC AGRIBUSINESS ..................... 16
MODEL 1: ....................................................................................................... 19
MODEL 2 ........................................................................................................ 21
MODEL 3 ........................................................................................................ 23
ORGANISTIONAL FIELD ANALYSIS......................................................... 24
REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 26
4. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE AND PROCESSES
AMENABLE FOR A SUSTAINABLE ZERO BUDGET
ORGANIC AGRIBUSINESS ENTERPRISE
ABSTRACT
In today’s world of rapid industrialisation and aggressive growth, sustainable practices
become extremely important in all fields. Modern industrial agriculture may yield excellent
results in short term but they raise the question of sustainability from both the human and
environmental perspective.
“Organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems
and people. It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local
conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects. Organic agriculture
combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the shared environment and promote
fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved.”1
This paper tries to explore the advantages and sustainability standards of organic agriculture
over conventional agriculture. It also focusses on the design of an integrated organic
agriculture system and tries to identify the different models of organisational structure and
processes that are amenable for a sustainable zero budget organic agribusiness enterprise.
The paper limits the types of organisational design to three basic models, farmer entrepreneur
owned organisation model, farmer producer organisation model (cooperative model),
individual entrepreneur (non-farmer) owned organisation model.
1
Source : IFOAM
5. INTRODUCTION:
ORGANIC AGRI-BUSINESS: HOW IS IT DIFFERENT?
An organic agri-business shares many features of modern/industrial agri-business. Its
production processes should be efficiently managed, it is competitive, and financials and risks
should be under control. Yet, there are few aspects that are specific to organic agri-business.
Sustainability Standards
Organic agribusiness incorporates principles of sustainability in each of its business
decisions. It integrates environmental considerations into its business planning and
decision making processes.
It supplies environment friendly products that can replace the demand for non-green
products. It decreases the environmental harm caused due to the production and
consumption of its products. It also decreases the carbon foot print in the
environment.
It identifies, assesses and manages environmental risks associated with its operations
and products throughout their life cycle, to reduce or eliminate adverse consequences.
It complies with all applicable legal and regulatory requirements
Changes in primary production
The main differences from modern agri-businesses at the farmer level are the following:
The producer base is a fixed group of farmers who are certified organic farmers. The
produce can be bought only from the approved farmers, and from no one else. So
there is a mutual interdependence between farmers and sellers.
The farmers need to be trained in organic practices, about the inputs they are allowed/
not allowed to use. The training is a prerequisite for certification.
The farms and the farmer groups need to be certified by an approved certification
body. Once certified there is a need to maintain certification. So an organic agribusiness must be closely involved with the primary production.
Different buying, storage, packaging requirements
The produce must be bought from same farmers (as the farmer base that practice
organic agriculture is small).
The traditional middle men cannot cope with this change. There should be a high
level of transparency.
The organic products must be kept separately and identified as organic in a clean store
which should not be fumigated against storage pests (fumigation requires usage of
chemicals).
There are some specific requirements for packaging and correct labelling.
6. Different business model
An organic agribusiness is more complex than a normal buying and selling operation.
It requires a higher management capacity to deal with farmers, the certification body,
and the consumers.
Different markets, different exposure
In organic markets quality is a more important issue than in conventional markets. As
organic products command a premium price2 in the market, consumers expect a
higher quality product.
The organic premium is for the combination of certification and for having a good
quality product.
A firm involved in organic production will be always under scrutiny. Inspection from
the certification body can happen unannounced any time.
METHODOLOGY
To get insights about Organic farming and present trends in it, I worked on the resources
available from the secondary sources.
Secondary research was conducted using published reports from FiBL survey The World of
Organic Agriculture Government of India, Centre for Science and Environment Green
Farming etc. I have also used sources available on the internet and the Library e-resources.
Apart from these secondary resources I also studied the organisational structures of various
sustainable start-ups and tried to incorporate the features of the start-up in the report.
LIMITATIONS OF THE METHODOLOGY
The major limitation was I did not have any access to primary data. All the interpretations are
based on the secondary sources, so the validity of these cannot be explicitly verified.
Another major limitation was the inability to find any model agricultural start-up
organisational structures. This is due to the reason that, organic agribusiness is done in an
informal manner in most parts of the world rather than in an organised formal structure.
SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES IN ORGANIC AGRIBUSINESS
ENVIRONMENTAL/ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY
Most of the conventional farm practices are ecologically unsustainable for natural resources
and soil fertility. They enhance soil erosion and increase the greenhouse effect.
Sustainable agricultural practices are closely linked with ecological sustainability in terms of:
2
Source: ICAR
7. improved soil fertility
increased ability of top soil to retain organic matter, nutrients and water
increased diversity of crops, microbes and other plants and animals in and around
the field,
reduced use of hazardous chemicals including pesticides
minimized soil erosion, landslides and improved green cover to conserve soil
increased carbon sequestration
Reduced energy demand.
Soil Fertility Stability
In agriculture, soil fertility declines over time due to continuous extraction of nutrients with
crop harvest and soil acidification and when the replenishment with fresh nutrients is
inadequate, over application is inevitable. Global fertilizer consumption has drastically
increased over the years. However, despite use of new and improved crop varieties and
chemical fertilizers, crop yield began to slow down from an average of 2.2 percent in the
1970s to 1.1 percent in the 2010s3.In many parts of the developing world sufficient
availability of inorganic fertilizers is an important constrain for food production and farm
income
Nutrient management through organic farming helps stabilizing soil fertility via improving
nitrogen fixation. Soil microbes are among the most important components to regulate soil
organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Organic supplements are easily recycled
by microbes and increase other soil properties maintaining fertility stability.
ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY:
Agriculture can be sustainable only if it has a long-term economic viability. Conventional
agriculture, which follows the principle of diminishing return, poses long-term economic
risks than sustainable agriculture.
Debt: The green revolution raised India’s grain production by many folds. At the
same time, a large number of small-scale farmers got trapped into debt. They took
loans to raise production and on failure in re-paying, about 40,000 farmers4
committed suicide.
Market risk: Concentrating on specific commodities in conventional agriculture is
vulnerable to market risks. Market fluctuates quickly and an increase of low priced
international agricultural produce into the national market, increase farmers risk.
Employment: Agriculture is the main source of employment for rural people.
Specialized and mechanized practices reduce rural employment. Sustainable
agriculture, as witnessed through organic farming system, being labour-intensive
helps overcome such problems.
3
4
Source: FiBL Survey
Source: Wikipedia
8. Export Orientation: From economic perspective, an export-oriented production
system is considered more important than those that supply domestic demands. The
Indian organic produce market is mainly export oriented.
SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY:
The social sustainability of farming techniques focuses on social acceptability and justice.
The issues that concern include:
Inclusiveness: Development cannot be sustainable unless it is inclusive reducing
poverty for the broad masses of people. This is particularly important for a country
like India having very large gap between rich and poor. Sustainable agriculture
explores ways to enable rural poor to get benefit from agricultural development.
Local acceptance: Sustainable agricultural practices consider local social customs,
traditions and norms. This local acceptance enhances harmony, fulfil needs and
promote sustained growth and yield.
Indigenous knowledge: Sustainable agriculture often focuses on the use of traditional
knowledge and local innovation. Locally adapted breeds and crop varieties strengthen
stability in agriculture in India.
Gender: In modern conventional farming men often benefit the most by controlling
what to grow and how to spend the resulting income. Sustainable agriculture ensures
that the benefits are shared equitably between men and women.
Food security: Modern farming approaches in India consider few crops only and fail
to provide variety and a balanced diet. Sustainable agriculture ensures food security
by improving the quality and nutritional value of food with greater range of crop
varieties and produce.
OPPORTUNITIES & CONSTRAINTS IN ORGANIC AGRIBUSINESS
OPPORTUNITIES
Cost-benefit Issues
Agriculture is the major driver of national economic growth and poverty alleviation in a
developing country like India. The industrial agriculture that increased grain production and
farmers profit by a large margin is driven by significant externalities with hidden cost such as
loss of natural resources, effects on human health and on agriculture itself.
Organic farming has become important for not only minimizing externalities but also for its
cost effectiveness. Organic methods have the potential to produce enough food to sustain
current human population and an even a larger population without increasing the agricultural
land area while reducing the detrimental effects of conventional agriculture .Organic farming
9. can reduce pesticide use by 50% to 65%5 without sacrificing crop yields and quality along
with 50%6 lower expenditure on fertilizer and energy use.
Cost-benefit analysis compares the total expected costs of each option against the total
expected benefits, to asses if the benefits outweigh the costs and with what margin.
For agriculture sector, the component of cost estimate includes fixed costs, variable cost and
other costs.
Fixed cost includes land, land revenue, depreciation of farm implements and interest
on fixed capital.
Variable cost includes cost of planting materials, organic inputs, pesticides, irrigation,
bullock, tractor and cost of labour and irrigation
Other costs include cost of marketing, power consumption, storage and packing.
In organic farm, although the average cost of cultivation per acre is lower only marginally,
the net return increases by over 40% which suggests that a properly planed organic farming is
beneficial not only from environmental point of view but also from economic margin.
The cost of cultivation under organic farm is about 21 %7 lower than that under conventional
farm mainly due to no use of chemical fertilizers and insecticides. An increase in price
margin subject to market demand of organic produce status further substantiates total
benefits.
Employment Opportunities
Organic farming requires over 15% more labour than traditional farming and therefore
provides rural job opportunities. Some of the commonly used organic farming techniques
such as strip farming, non-chemical weeding, and production, collection and transportation of
organic supplements all requires significant labour.
Organic farming can generate employment opportunity for a vast section of rural
communities. In India, women constitute an important component of labour work force in
agriculture.
Thus, the variations in nature of works and in planting and harvesting schedules may provide
more work opportunities for rural women and a more evenly distributed and stabilized
employment opportunity for male labour.
5
Source: Organic Certification Directory
Source: Organic Certification Directory
7
Source: Organic Certification Directory
6
10. CONSTRAINTS
Environmental Constraints
Our country supports approximately 16%8 of the world’s human population and 20% 9of the
world’s livestock population on merely 2.5%10 of the world’s geographical area. The steady
growth of human population and developmental activities exerts heavy pressure on India’s
limited land resource and has caused severe land degradation.
Due to the overuse of synthetic fertilizer and pesticides, the agricultural productivity in our
country reduced from 234.5 million tons in 2008-09 to 218.2 million tons in 2011-1211 due to
soil quality degradation and nutrient mining. Conversion to organic agriculture will require a
minimum period of three years to due this environmental impact caused over the years.
Certification
Access to certification, cost involved therein and a time lag of three years (conversion stage)
often constrain farmers especially small land holders in India from adopting organic farming.
Organic produce needs certification to ensure that all synthetic inputs are prohibited and soil
building approaches are followed.
Certification authenticates organic produce for consumers and validate price margin of the
product in the market. The certification process aims at converting the growing area to
comply with requirements of standard within a period of 3 years. For this reason, farmers
who adopt organic management need to wait for up to three years under certification
procedures that requires purging of chemical residues.
In India, the export of organic produce is permitted only with a valid organic certificate
issued by a certification agency accredited by an accreditation agency designated by the
Government of India.
However, lack of knowledge, rationale capital and access to certification discourage small
farm holders in India. To overcome these constraints the government of India is providing
extension services, training and institutional demonstration, fiscal incentives to encourage
organic farm sector to strengthen nation’s economy and sustainability.
Social acceptance
Indian agriculture system is under a transition stage. The increasing demand for organic
produce has created new opportunities and a small sector of farm holders are aspiring
economic boom with lucrative export markets.
On the other hand, majority of small farm holders are still dependent on government
incentives to meet the cost of input and are striving for a profit margin for their produce in
8
Source : Organic Agri consortium
Source : Malarum Bhoomi
10
Source : Malarum Bhoomi
11
Source : FiBL Survey
9
11. indigenous market. Small farm holders in India therefore, are unwilling in adopting this
agricultural practice.
Other constraints
Major issues that constrains farmer’s acceptance in India include: cost benefit
anomalies, access to certification, non - availability of organic supplements and lack
of appropriate knowledge.
Our country lack indigenous lucrative market for locally grown organic produce.
Further, under conversion stage, economic viability depends on the status of the farm.
Yield declines during first year of conversion and steadily increases in subsequent
crop cycle. Once the farm is established organic, the yield enhances and the cost of
production declines. Accordingly, there may be a deficit in net income under organic
farming compared to conventional one up to third year. The three initial year deficit
coupled with certification associated constraints often make small farm holders
apprehensive.
One other major constraint is the availability of labour. In India after the introduction
of MGNREGA, availability of farm labour has considerably decreased. Being a
labour intensive work, organic farming faces this important constraint.
Major issues that need to be considered to resolve farmers’ apprehension in India
include: to distinguish the benefit-cost ratio of different crops in organic and chemical
farming practice, to understand the difference of production cost under organic and
chemical farming, to assess whether net profits are higher in organic farming system
and with what margin for considering conversion of conventional land to organic land
and, to enhance appropriate government incentives and extension services to support
farmers capital input and knowledge base and to ease certification access.
SUSTAINABLE
PRINCIPLES
OF
ORGANIC
INTEGRATED
AGRIBUSINESS – GOALS/KEY FEATURES OF THE ORGANISATION
PRINCIPLE OF HEALTH: Organic Agriculture sustains and enhances the health of
soil, plant, animal, human and planet as one and indivisible.
The role of organic agriculture, whether in farming, processing, distribution, or
consumption, is to sustain and enhance the health of ecosystems and organisms from
the smallest in the soil to human beings.
Organic agriculture intends to produce high quality, nutritious food that contributes to
preventive health care and well-being. It avoids the use of fertilizers, pesticides,
animal drugs and food additives that have adverse health effects
PRINCIPLE OF FAIRNESS: Organic Agriculture should build on relationships that
ensure fairness with regard to the common environment and life opportunities.
12. It emphasizes that the organization involved in organic agriculture should conduct
human relationships in a manner that ensures fairness at all levels and to all parties –
farmers, workers, processors, distributors, traders and consumers.
Organic agriculture should provide everyone involved with a good quality of life, and
contribute to food sovereignty and reduction of poverty. It aims to produce a
sufficient supply of good quality food and other products.
This principle insists that animals should be provided with the conditions and
opportunities of life that accord with their physiology, natural behaviour and wellbeing.
Natural and environmental resources that are used for production and consumption
should be managed in a way that is socially and ecologically just and should be held
in trust for future generations. Fairness requires systems of production, distribution
and trade that are open and equitable and account for real environmental and social
costs.
PRINCIPLE OF ECOLOGY: Organic Agriculture should be based on living ecological
systems and cycles, work with them, emulate them and help sustain them
This principle roots organic agriculture within living ecological systems. It states that
production is to be based on ecological processes, and recycling. Nourishment and
well-being are achieved through the ecology of the specific production environment.
For example, in the case of crops this is the living soil; for animals it is the farm
ecosystem; for fish and marine organisms, the aquatic environment.
Organic farming should fit the cycles and ecological balances in nature. These cycles
are universal but their operation is site-specific. Organic management must be adapted
to local conditions, ecology, culture and scale. Inputs should be reduced by reuse,
recycling and efficient management of materials and energy in order to maintain and
improve environmental quality and conserve resources.
Organic agriculture should attain ecological balance through the design of farming
systems, establishment of habitats and maintenance of genetic and agricultural
diversity. The organization which produce, process, trade, or consume organic
products should protect and benefit the common environment including landscapes,
climate, habitats, biodiversity, air and water.
PRINCIPLE OF CARE: Organic Agriculture should be managed in a precautionary
and responsible manner to protect the health and well-being of current and future
generations and the environment
Organic agriculture can enhance efficiency and increase productivity, but this should
not be at the risk of jeopardizing health and well-being. Precaution and responsibility
are the key concerns in management, development and technology choices in organic
agriculture.
13. Scientific knowledge is necessary to ensure that organic agriculture is healthy, safe
and ecologically sound. Practical experience, accumulated wisdom and traditional and
indigenous knowledge offer valid solutions, tested by time.
DESIGNING THE ORGANIC PRODUCTION SYSTEM
The basis of organic agribusiness is the farmers, and their production. The farmers use
fertilisers and pesticides for the reason that it would increase the yield. But the money they
get from possibly increased yields hardly covers the costs of the inputs, and there is a risk that
they will lose more money or become indebted in case the crop fails.
In organic farming, farmers get the organic premium precisely because they are not using
agrochemicals. They need to find organic ways to increase and maintain their yields. An
“organic by default” approach ( non-usage of fertilisers due to lack of availability), without
training farmers on how to improve their (organic) farming practices, is thus not very likely
to succeed in the long run. If farmers stop using chemical inputs, without proper organic
management yields are likely to remain low.
Sustainable farming systems
Without proper organic management that enhances improvement of soil fertility and ecosystem stability, an “organic by default” production is not sustainable. Organic farming
involves more intensive farming (active soil fertility management and pest management,
application of manures etc.). So farmers must get appropriate training and technical advice on
how to do productive organic farming.
Although an organic business may start from an “organic by default” situation, within two to
three years it is crucial to shift to active sustainable organic farming. Otherwise organic
certification will make poor farmers only more susceptible.
Commodity approach versus crop diversity
Many organic farming initiatives start with a focus on one commodity or value chain. This
seems correct from a specialisation point of view – having a focus on being efficient,
knowing the production technology, the business, the market. On the other hand, there are
several reasons why organic projects should think of crop diversification from the beginning:
Crop rotation and intercropping are important strategies in an organic farming system
to keep soils fertile and prevent pest populations from building up.
Crop diversity helps farmers to reduce risk - if one crop fails or market prices drop,
other crops can compensate for the loss.
Crop diversity is an important factor in improving food security.
If the business can sell several crops, the overhead cost share (for extension,
certification, management etc.) for each crop is reduced, making the products more
competitive in the market.
Even if the project is built around one lead crop, it is important to include suitable
rotation or associated crops that can ideally be marketed as organic.
14. Ways to good organic farming
Some common features of good organic farming systems
Crop diversity in time (crop rotation) or space (intercropping), involving leguminous
plants. An important issue to note in this aspect is the different marketing chains for
the selling of different crops. This may prove as a major constraint.
Use of sufficient volumes of organic manure such as farm yard manure, compost or
green manure, ideally produced on the farm itself
Integration of animal husbandry in the farming system
Recycling of all kinds of biomass and crop residues, instead of burning it
Careful soil cultivation that does not lead to soil erosion and that preserves soil
moisture
Preventive measures to manage pests, diseases and weeds
Absence of any synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators and GMO
MANAGING THE CONVERSION TO ORGANIC FARMING
While beginning an organic production initiative, the most important challenges is to
motivate farmers to convert their farms to organic management. They positive benefits for the
farmers are organic premium for not using chemicals, the benefits for soil fertility, health and
environment, advantage of lower input costs. But the farmers will have to put in some work
to improve their system and to maintain soil fertility, and therefore will have to change their
way of farming. The main question for the farmers will be whether the conversion is
economically viable, in the short and in the long term.
Working on sustainable soil fertility and nutrient management is the biggest challenge for any
organic farmer, bigger than the challenge of crop protection. During the conversion period,
technical advice is needed for farmers to adapt their farming system. Bottlenecks like the
availability of organic manures, and leguminous crops in the rotation, need to be addressed
Coping with initial drop in yields
When farmers convert from intensive conventional farming in which fertilizers and pesticides
are frequently used, yields are initially likely to be lower, at least during the first 2-3 years of
the conversion process.
Soils need time to re-build fertility, diverse agro-ecosystems need to be established, and
farmers need to gain know-how and experiment with organic farming methods. Over time,
yields usually increase in organic farming systems. Whether they are eventually lower than,
on par with or even higher than in the conventional system depends on the intensity of the
production system.
When there is a drop in yields, this is a severe obstacle to conversion, especially for resourcepoor farmers. During the conversion period usually only a small organic premium can be
obtained. There is not much of a market for in-conversion products. The early availability of
an organic premium is a stimulus to pay more attention to farming.
15. Reducing the conversion period
For organic certification, the conversion period is between one and three years. Most
standards require that crops have been under organic management and monitored by a
certification body before the harvest can be sold. Some certification bodies consider the
starting point of the organic management the moment farmers register with a project or
company, others from the time farmers sign a contract, again others from the first inspection.
Many certification bodies require two inspections before the first certification, one at the
beginning of the cropping cycle and one before the first harvest. Choosing plots that have not
received fertilisers or pesticides for some years has the advantage that the production can
sometimes be certified organic from the first harvest onwards. Initiatives pursuing a quickconversion strategy risk ending up with comparatively low yields. Farmers may then drop out
if yields continue to decline. It therefore pays off in the long term to engage in real
conversion of formerly conventionally farmed land.
Success factors in the conversion process
Adequate training in organic agriculture and organic production methods
Develop strategies to cope with initial drop in yields and higher labour requirement
Competent and timely advice on organic crop management
Regular exchanges with experienced organic farmers (role models) adapting the
production system:
Try out organic technologies on small plots to gain experience
Identify suitable crop rotation and intercrops
Ensure sufficient input of organic manure (if necessary from outside the farm) or
other materials (like oil cakes)
Gradual conversion
Organic farming initiatives should make farmers to convert gradually to organic farming,
enabling them to reduce the risk involved in conversion. New farmers could, for example, be
encouraged to try out organic methods on part of their land before registering with the
certification agencies. Although this will prolong the period until the farm can be certified
organic, it might be more feasible and sustainable than converting in one single step.
CHALLENGES IN CONVERSION PROCESS
Organic production may face a number of challenges that need to be addressed. Conversion
to organic farming requires extra effort, and so working with the available labour can also be
difficult.
Access to farm inputs and equipment
Organic production initiatives need to ensure that farmers get access to appropriate
production inputs like seeds, pest management items and fertilisers that are permitted
in organic production. It can be difficult for farmers to obtain seeds that are suitable
for organic production.
16. For soil fertility management, sufficient application of organic matter is crucial,
especially for achieving satisfying yields and good product quality. Many organic
businesses therefore require farmers to produce the inputs on-farm.
Input supply should ensure that farmers receive the inputs in time and at an affordable
price. The farmers need to know how to use them in the most efficient way. Extension
services therefore need to train and advice farmers on when and how to apply the
respective inputs.
Farmers may also need specific equipment for successful organic production, like
sprayers for bio pesticides, carts to transport organic manure, or infrastructure to
produce good quality compost
Organised supply of inputs and equipment may keep farmers from trying out new
techniques on their own. Support should be designed in a way that farmers still have
options from which they can choose, and should stimulate innovation.
Financial services for farmers
Costs for inputs in organic farming may be lower than in conventional farming, but
many farmers find it difficult to pay for inputs at the beginning of the cropping
season.
So organic businesses can therefore provide inputs on a loan basis. They can deduct
the value of the input at the time when the farmers deliver the product.
Organic business can provide micro-credit to farmers for buying inputs, seeds,
equipment or animals, or for paying hired labour.
The organic business can be involved in linking farmers with micro-credit schemes,
and negotiate favourable conditions for them.
Managing co-existence with conventional farming
In locations where organic farms are located amidst conventional farms that use
pesticides, fertilisers the organic farming initiative needs to take precautionary
measures to avoid contamination from neighbouring farms.
Contamination can be in the form of surface irrigation water passing through
conventional fields and thus potentially carrying fertilisers or pesticides, wind drift
from spraying pesticides, or pollen carried by wind or insects from genetically
modified organisms to organic crops. According to organic regulations, operators
need to ensure that there is no contamination..
Different certifiers handle this in different ways. Most require that irrigation water
shall not have passed through conventional farm land on which fertilisers have been
used. In order to prevent contamination from the drift of pesticide sprays, usually
buffer zones of some metres are required. However, selling off part of the crop as
non-organic is a painful exercise. It is better to work with a buffer crop or hedge.
Agreements with neighbours or within communities for not spraying the areas
adjacent to organic plots, or only when wind is away from organic land are also
options to solve the problem.
17. VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS OF A TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE SYSTEM
In the traditional agricultural practice the small producer has minimal sources to sell his
produce. In India he is majorly dependent on primary cooperatives or the local middlemen.
The produce is usually sold in the local market. Much of it is also used for domestic
consumption. All the process costs of storage transport, processing and grading is usually
incurred by the farmer. So the margins the farmer gains are very less.
This becomes important when the farmer practices commodity agriculture when he is fully
dependent on the middlemen for selling the produce. This problem can be overcome by using
the integrated approach.
Only in case of large farmers, they have the ability to negotiate with the traders. The value
chain can be broadly divided as Input Supply, Production, Collection, Processing and
retailing. In the traditional method the farmer is involved only in the first three steps. But in
Organic integrated Agriculture he is involved in all the steps.
19. Developing an organisational model
Elements of the organic business
Element
Functions
Farms/Farmer
• Active organic agricultural production
• Participation in extension, ICS and quality management
• Responsible for organic quality
Extension system
• Awareness, training of farmers, information sharing
• Technical advice, experimentation with farmers
• Develop extension tools, incentives
Inspection system
• Internal control -> managing group certification
• Separation, traceability
• Quality management in primary production
Trade
• Providing inputs to farmers (optional)
• Selling / marketing the produce
Finance
• Organising trade finance
• Buying raw material from farmers
Logistics
• Logistics, storage
Processing
• Cleaning, grading
• First level processing (e.g. drying, grinding, pulping)
• Quality management in processing
• Packaging
Administration
• Accounting
• • Human resource development
Management
• Strategic development
• Financial management
• Representation, networking
20. MODEL 1:
STRUCTURE OF
AGRIBUSINESS
A
FARMER
ENTREPRENEUR
OWNED
ORGANIC
SWOT Analysis of the model
STRENGTHS
Land Access
Own capital
Experience in Innovation
Absence of middlemen
Increased value addition
Low cost of production
Absence of seasonality
WEAKNESSES
Availability of market
Government regulations
Increased time of conversion to
organic land
Increased marketing costs
Availability of capital
Increased labour costs
OPPORTUNITIES
THREATS
Increased market
Increased risk
Premium price
Dependent on weather
Consumer awareness
Government regulations like
APMC Act
Export opportunities
Less availability of labour force
due to MGNREGA
FARMER ENTREPRENEUR MODEL
In case of a farmer entrepreneur model, most important functional unit is the farm labourers.
They usually perform all the semi-skilled jobs of dairying, agricultural activities, aquaculture,
packaging, grading etc. The farmer is responsible for all the logistics and distribution and
quality control. As there is absence of middle men he must also take care of the sales and
marketing .So there must be a sales and marketing team which may be store operated or door
to door sales. There must be an accountant/ IT professional that can keep track of the records.
21. As the model is owned by the farmer, financing becomes an important issue. So it may be
self-financed or capital may be raised through microcredits and banks.
There must be a operations team comprised of farm labourers itself who can help in input and
output logistics.
A farmer entrepreneur model is mostly family operated and the farm labourers are used
interchangeably for different jobs.
A model of the integrated organic system model is depicted below.
A INTEGRATED ORGANIC SYSTEM MODEL
22. MODEL 2
STRUCTURE OF AN ENTREPRENEUR OWNED BUSINESS (NON FARMER)
The core of an organic business is the buying of raw materials from approved farmers on the
one side, and the selling on of that product after some cleaning, processing and packaging on
the other. In addition to dealing with the product, some businessmen also provide inputs to
the farmers, such as seeds, natural fertilizers. The buying and selling activities include
securing trade finance, logistics and storage.
Most organic businesses also engage in some kind of processing of the raw product as
delivered by the farmers. This may range from simple cleaning and grading, up to the
production of finished products. Proper quality management at this level is crucial for being
successful. Processing also includes the packaging of the product into units for sale (bags,
containers, boxes etc.).
The activities and transactions within the above mentioned business elements require
administration and management. An organic business requires a higher level of management
than in a conventional agri-business of the same type and size. There is a lot more to manage
as there is an annual inspection for certification.
The management has responsibility to ensure that the system works; the plan is implemented
and is also responsible for the enterprise’s strategic development. The management also
23. represents the business to the outside world, and develops linkages and alliances with other
stakeholders
STRENGTHS
Less capital
Non dependence on land
facilities
No direct involvement in agri
practices
Economies of scale
Premium price
OPPORTUNITIES
Increased market
Premium price
Consumer awareness
Export opportunities
WEAKNESSES
Absence of Supply chain
efficiency
Convincing farmers
Less farmers involved in organic
agriculture
Providing credit facilities
THREATS
Government regulations
Risk due to climate conditions
Initial certification
Niche market
Less availability of labour force
due to MGNREGA
24. A detailed structure of the above specifying the roles is given below.
MODEL 3
STRUCTURE FOR
(cooperative model)
A
FARMER
PRODUCER
ORGANISATION
STRENGTHS
WEAKNESSES
Economies of scale and
scope
Coordination of farmers
Collective effort
Unwilling farmers
Premium price
Credit availability
Easy to mobilise inputs
Market availability
Bigger market
Certification issues
Absence of middlemen
OPPORTUNITIES
THREATS
Premium price
Weather dependent
Increased consumer
awareness
Government regulations
Govt.schemes
Less availability of labour
force due to MGNREGA
Increased value addition
Small size of the market
MODEL
25. ORGANISTIONAL FIELD ANALYSIS
Organizational field are those organizations that in aggregate constitute a recognized area of
institutional life: key suppliers, resource and product consumers, regulatory agencies, and
other organizations that produce similar services or products.
Once disparate organizations in the same line of business are structured into an actual field,
powerful forces emerge that lead them to become more similar to one another. Organizations
may change their goals or develop new practices and new organizations enter the field.
In case of organic agriculture the farmer groups/ individual farmers, the certification agencies
and the niche market consumers become the major players in the organizational field.
26. ALTERNATIVE MARKET STRATEGY
It takes at least 3 years by government/external agencies to provide organic certification for
farmers who practice organic farming. This process of certification is an external looking
strategy and the two prime players involved are the certification body and the niche market
that drives a demand for the organic products.
The farmers undertake organic farming for the price premium offered by the niche market.
The underlying factor in this practice is the major part of the risk factor is borne by the
farmers. As conversion takes 3 years and continuous monitoring by the agency after
certification is necessary to continue this practice, the farmers re under constant pressure and
a higher risk. The benefits of the premium price are subjected to the external niche market
conditions which increase the risk further.
One of the alternative strategies the farmer could implement low cost mass market strategy
for organic production systems rather than the niche market strategy. The way by which the
farmer entrepreneur or the producer organisations can go about doing this is by taking the
certification agency out of the value chain. The farmers can sell the organic produce at mass
market low cost price than at premium price.
ADVANTAGES
The farmer can focus on the cost reduction by lowering the input costs (Fertiliser and
pesticide)
The price premium can be substituted by the low input cost for production and thus
the system becomes sustainable.
The farmer can reduce the risk as the control shifts out from the certification agency
directly to the farmers
It leads to crowding of the market from the farmers perspective and the farmer will
not be at the whims and fancies of the niche market consumers.
27. REFERENCES
FiBL survey The World of Organic Agriculture – Statistics and Emerging Trends , Published
by IFOAM
Government of India, (2001) National Programme for Organic Production: Accreditation
Regulations (New Delhi)
A Survey of Sustainable Development – Social and Economic Dimensions (2001) (Eds.)
Jonathan M.H, Timothy A.W, Kevin P.G and Neva R.G, ISLAND Press, Washington D.C
Centre for Science and Environment Green Farming: A directory of individuals and
organizations, involved in sustainable agriculture in India, New Delhi
Government of India, National Programme for Organic Production: Procedures for
Accreditation (New Delhi)
Government of India, National Programme for Organic Production: Formats and
Application Forms (New Delhi)
Government of India, National Programme for Organic Production: Accreditation Criteria
for Inspection & Certification Agencies (New Delhi)
Government of India, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, “National Programme for
Organic Production” containing the standards for organic products, New Delhi.
IFOAM Criticisms and Frequent misconceptions about Organic Agriculture: The counter
Arguments, IFOAM publication.
ILEIA/ETC-India, ILEIA/LEISA Network in India: A Register of Indian Organizations
Indebtedness of Farm household Survey in India, NSSO 59th Round, 2013
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Handbook of Agriculture, (New Delhi)
Report of Task Force on Organic Farming, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation,
Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India
Report of the Need Assessment of Indian Organic Agriculture State Secretary for Economic
Affairs (SECO) Publication
Gustavo Esteva, Madhu Suri Prakash: Grassroots post modernism
Greiner: Evolution and Revolution as organisations Grow, HBR.
Organisational Design of Owner Managed Companies
Dean Tjosvold, Barbara Wisse : Power and interdependence in organisations
Jos’e Perez Rios: Design & Diagnosis for sustainable organisations: The viable system
method
28. Uvin, P., Jain, P. S., & Brown, L. D. (2000). Think large and act small: Toward a new
paradigm for NGO scaling up. World Development, 28(8), 1409–1419.
Gene W. Dalton, Paul R. Lawrence : Organizational structure and design
Helmy H.Baligh : Organization Structures: Theory and Design, Analysis and Prescription
Peter V.Fossel : Organic farming, Practices and Sustainability
Paul Kristiansen, Acram M. Taji, John P. Reganold - 2006: Organic Farming, A global
perspective.
.