Verbs come in three tenses: past, present, and future. The past is used to describe things that have already happened (e.g., earlier in the day, yesterday, last week, three years ago). The present tense is used to describe things that are happening right now, or things that are continuous.

1. By Nitesh Raj Murarikar

2.  A “Tense” is a form of a verb that shows
“Time of an action”.
 Tenses are divided into ‘Three’ kinds.
1.Present Tense
2. Past Tense
3. Perfect Continuous
 And every tense has “four” forms.
1.Simple
2.Continuous
3.Perfect
4.Perfect Continuous

4.  It refers to “Present Actions”.
Example : 1. I write a letter (simple)
2. I am writing a letter
(Continuous)
3. I have written a letter
(Perfect)
4. I have been writing a letter
(Perfect Continuous)

5.  It refers to “Past actions”.
 Example: 1.I wrote a letter (Simple)
2. I was writing a letter
(Continuous)
3. I had written a letter
(perfect)
4. I had been writing a letter
(perfect Continous)

6.  It refers to “Future actions”.
 Example: 1. I shall write a letter.
(simple)
2. I shall be writing a letter.
(continuous)
3. I shall have been writing a
letter.(Perfect)
4. I shall have been writing
letter.(Perfect Continuous)

7. 1. Simple Present Tense
Formula: V1
Every sub tense has “Four” forms.
They are :- 1. Affirmative.
2. Negative
3. Interrogative
4. Negative Interrogative.
Example: 1. I write a letter (Affirmative)
2. I do not write a letter (Negative)
3. Do I write a letter? (Interrogative)
4. Do I not write a letter? (Negative
(Don’t I ) Interrogative)

8. 2. Present Continuous Tense
Formula: am/is/are+V1+ing
Example: i) I am writing a letter
ii) You are writing a letter
iii) We are writing a letter
iv) They are writing a letter
v) He is writing a letter
vi) She is writing a letter
vii) Ravi/Laxmi is writing a letter.

9.  Present ContinuousTense:
 It can be written into four forms.
 They are: 1. Affirmative, 2. Negative,
3. Interrogative, 4. Negative Interrogative.
 Example: 1) i. He is writing a letter.
(Affirmative)
ii. He is not writing a letter.
(Negative)
iii. Is he writing a letter?
(Interrogative)
iv. Isn’t he writing a letter?
(Is he not) (Negative Interrogative)

10. 3. Present Perfect Tense:
Formula:- (have/has+V3)
 Note:- In present tense, we use “has” when
the subject is in III person and singular
number. In other conditions we use “have”.
 Example:
1. He has written a letter (Affirmative).
2. He has not written a letter (Negative).
3. Has he written a letter? (Interrogative).
4. Hasn’t he written a letter?(Negative
(Has he not) Interrogative)

11. 4. Present perfect Continuous Tense
Formula: (have/has)+been+(V1+ing)
 Note: i)’Since’ is used for ‘Point of time’.
ii) ‘For’ is used for ‘Period of time’.

12. 1.Simple Past Tense:-
Formula: V2
 Simple past tense can be written into four
forms. 1. Affirmative 2. Negative
3. Interrogative 4. Negative Interrogative.
 Example: 1. I wrote a letter (Affirmative)
2. I did not write a letter (Negative)
3. Did I write a letter? (Interrogative)
4. Didn’t I write a letter? (Negative
(Did I not) Interrogative)

13. 2. Past Continuous Tense
Formula: was/were V1+ing
Example: 1. I was writing a letter (Afferent)
2. I was not writing a letter (Negative)
3. Was I writing a letter?
(Interrogative)
4. Wasn’t I writing a letter?
(Was I not) (Negative Interrogative)

14. 3. Past Perfect Tense:
Formula: had+V3
We can write the past perfect tense into ‘four’
forms.
They are: 1. Affirmative, 2. Negative,
3. Interrogative, 4. Negative Interrogative.
Example: 1. I had written a letter (Affirmative)
2. I had not written a letter (Negative)
3. Had I written a letter?
(Interrogative)
4. Hadn’t I written a letter? (Negative
(Had I not) Interrogative)

15. 4. Past perfect Continuous Tense
Formula: had+been+V1+ing
It can be written into ‘four’ forms. They are:
1. Affirmative 2. Negative
3. Interrogative 4. Negative Interrogative.
Examples: 1. I had been writing a letter.
(Affirmative)
2. I had not been writing a letter
(Negative)
3. Had I been writing a letter?
(Interrogative)
4. Hadn’t I been writing a letter?
(Had I not) (Negative Interrogative)

16. 4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Formula: had+been+V1+ing
It can be written into ‘four’ forms. They are:
1. Affirmative 2. Negative
3. Interrogative 4. Negative Interrogative.
Example: i. I had been writing a letter
(Affirmative)
ii. I had not been writing a letter.
(Negative)
iii. Had I been writing a letter?
(Interrogative)
iv. Hadn’t I been writing a letter?
(Had I not) (Negative Interrogative)

17. 1.Simple Future Tense
Formula: Shall/will/can/may+V1
It can be written into ‘four’ forms. They are:
1. Affirmative 2. Negative
3. Interrogative 4. Negative Interrogative.
Example: 1. He will write a letter (Affirmative)
2. He will not write a letter (Negative)
3. Will he write a letter? (Interrogative)
4. Won’t he write a letter?
(Will he not)(Negative Interrogative)

18. 2. Future Continuous Tense
Formula: (will/shall/can/may)+V1+ing
It can be written into ‘four’ forms. They are:
1. Affirmative 2. Negative
3. Interrogative 4. Negative Interrogative.
Example: 1. I shall be writing a
letter.(Affirmative)
2. I shall not be writing a letter
(Negative)
3. Shall I write a letter? (Interrogative)
4. Won’t he write a letter?
(Will he not) (Negative Interrogative).

19. 3. Future Perfect Tense
Formula: (will/shall/can/may)+have+V3
It can be written into ‘four’ forms. They are:
1. Affirmative 2. Negative
3. Interrogative 4. Negative Interrogative.
Example: 1. I shall have written a letter.
(Affirmative)
2. I shall not have written a letter.
(Negative)
3. Shall I have written a letter?
(Interrogative)
4. Shan’t I have written a letter?
(Shall I not ) (Negative Interrogative)

20. 4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Formula: (shall/will/can/may)+have been+V1+ing
It can be written into ‘four’ forms. They are:
1. Affirmative 2. Negative
3. Interrogative 4. Negative Interrogative.
Example:
1.I shall have been writing a letter (Affirmative)
2. I shall not have been writing a letter (Negative)
3. Shall I have been writing a letter?
(Interrogative)
4. Shan’t I have been writing a letter? (Negative
(Shall I not) Interrogative)