This document provides information about Tehuacan, Mexico. It begins with a dedication and justification for the work from the student. It then presents an overview of Tehuacan, discussing its location, history, industries including soft drinks and poultry, and typical foods like pan de burro and mole hip. The document shares details on Tehuacan's glyph, shield, and springs that supported industries. It provides a brief summary of Tehuacan's history dating back thousands of years.
The document provides background information on Tehuacan, Mexico including:
1) Tehuacan is located in the state of Puebla in central-eastern Mexico and has historically been known as the "City of Gods" or the "First Latin American Hydro mineral Center".
2) The document describes Tehuacan's glyph symbol and shield, which reference its name meaning "Place of the Gods" or "Place of those with God".
3) Information is given on the history of bottling mineral water in Tehuacan dating back to the 1920s as well as some of the company names involved over the decades.
Contributions of south american to civilizationReyesErica1
Latin American contributions to civilizations include agriculture, Christianity, and engineering achievements. South America introduced many important food crops to the world like potatoes, tomatoes, and cocoa. It is now a major agricultural exporter, producing over half the world's coffee. The continent also became strongly Catholic due to Spanish and Portuguese colonization. Clergy have historically championed social causes like indigenous rights and opposing political oppression. Notable engineering feats include the Panama Canal, completed in 1914 to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
The document summarizes key aspects of Mexico, including its history, geography, demographics, culture, and climate. Some of the main points covered are:
- Mexico was home to advanced civilizations like the Maya, Olmec, Toltec, and Aztec before the Spanish arrival in 1519.
- It gained independence from Spain in 1821 but lost northern territory to the US. The PRI party dominated politics for much of the 20th century.
- The population is around 95 million, with most having mixed European-Amerindian descent. Spanish and indigenous languages are widely spoken.
- Catholicism blended with pre-Hispanic religions is the dominant faith. Cultural heritage draws from both Spanish and
Mexico has a rich cultural heritage with influences from both indigenous civilizations like the Aztecs and Mayans as well as Spanish colonizers. It is known for its well-preserved archaeological sites dating back thousands of years, vibrant music and artisanal traditions, and diverse cuisine featuring ingredients native to the country. Tourism is a major industry, with top destinations including Mexico City, Guadalajara, Cancun, and Acapulco, offering visitors opportunities to experience Mexico's history, culture, and natural beauty.
Mexico has a long history as home to many indigenous civilizations like the Aztecs. For thousands of years, these civilizations developed complex cities and societies until the arrival of the Spanish in 1519. Mexico was then colonized by Spain for 300 years, devastating the indigenous population, before gaining independence in 1821. It has since struggled to balance Western influence with its indigenous heritage as a newly formed nation.
History, Introduction, Relationship with India of Mexicoganeshdigitaldutta
Mexico has a long and rich history dating back over 10,000 years to advanced ancient civilizations like the Olmecs, Toltecs, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztecs. In 1521, Spain conquered the Aztec Empire and colonized Mexico for over 300 years. Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821 but then faced internal conflicts and wars with the United States that ceded Mexican territory. The Mexican Revolution in 1910 led to a new constitution in 1917 and established Mexico's current political system. Today, Mexico has a large economy and is a regional power in Latin America.
This document discusses decolonialism and Chicanx identity. It begins by explaining that decolonialism in Chicanx Studies aims to regain indigenous knowledge and history in a non-violent way. It then lists different aspects of coloniality that will be examined, including knowledge, being, politics, religion, gender, ethnicity, and food. The document provides background on prominent decolonial thinkers like Fanon and Perez. It summarizes the histories of indigenous groups in Mexico like the Olmecs, Zapotecs, Toltecs, Aztecs, and concludes with discussions of terms like Mestizx, Chicanx, Latinx, and debates around identity labels.
Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas, covering almost 2 million square kilometers with a population of 111 million people. It is comprised of 31 states and a federal district containing the capital city. While Spanish is the official language, many indigenous languages are still spoken. The majority of Mexicans are Roman Catholic, with one of the highest rates of church attendance in the world. Popular sports include soccer and bullfighting, and music genres vary regionally but include corridos, polka, and banda. Traditional dances showcase Mexico's cultural diversity, and typical foods go beyond tacos to include dishes like ceviche and chicken pibil. The Aztecs founded what is now Mexico City over 700 years ago.
The document provides background information on Tehuacan, Mexico including:
1) Tehuacan is located in the state of Puebla in central-eastern Mexico and has historically been known as the "City of Gods" or the "First Latin American Hydro mineral Center".
2) The document describes Tehuacan's glyph symbol and shield, which reference its name meaning "Place of the Gods" or "Place of those with God".
3) Information is given on the history of bottling mineral water in Tehuacan dating back to the 1920s as well as some of the company names involved over the decades.
Contributions of south american to civilizationReyesErica1
Latin American contributions to civilizations include agriculture, Christianity, and engineering achievements. South America introduced many important food crops to the world like potatoes, tomatoes, and cocoa. It is now a major agricultural exporter, producing over half the world's coffee. The continent also became strongly Catholic due to Spanish and Portuguese colonization. Clergy have historically championed social causes like indigenous rights and opposing political oppression. Notable engineering feats include the Panama Canal, completed in 1914 to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
The document summarizes key aspects of Mexico, including its history, geography, demographics, culture, and climate. Some of the main points covered are:
- Mexico was home to advanced civilizations like the Maya, Olmec, Toltec, and Aztec before the Spanish arrival in 1519.
- It gained independence from Spain in 1821 but lost northern territory to the US. The PRI party dominated politics for much of the 20th century.
- The population is around 95 million, with most having mixed European-Amerindian descent. Spanish and indigenous languages are widely spoken.
- Catholicism blended with pre-Hispanic religions is the dominant faith. Cultural heritage draws from both Spanish and
Mexico has a rich cultural heritage with influences from both indigenous civilizations like the Aztecs and Mayans as well as Spanish colonizers. It is known for its well-preserved archaeological sites dating back thousands of years, vibrant music and artisanal traditions, and diverse cuisine featuring ingredients native to the country. Tourism is a major industry, with top destinations including Mexico City, Guadalajara, Cancun, and Acapulco, offering visitors opportunities to experience Mexico's history, culture, and natural beauty.
Mexico has a long history as home to many indigenous civilizations like the Aztecs. For thousands of years, these civilizations developed complex cities and societies until the arrival of the Spanish in 1519. Mexico was then colonized by Spain for 300 years, devastating the indigenous population, before gaining independence in 1821. It has since struggled to balance Western influence with its indigenous heritage as a newly formed nation.
History, Introduction, Relationship with India of Mexicoganeshdigitaldutta
Mexico has a long and rich history dating back over 10,000 years to advanced ancient civilizations like the Olmecs, Toltecs, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztecs. In 1521, Spain conquered the Aztec Empire and colonized Mexico for over 300 years. Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821 but then faced internal conflicts and wars with the United States that ceded Mexican territory. The Mexican Revolution in 1910 led to a new constitution in 1917 and established Mexico's current political system. Today, Mexico has a large economy and is a regional power in Latin America.
This document discusses decolonialism and Chicanx identity. It begins by explaining that decolonialism in Chicanx Studies aims to regain indigenous knowledge and history in a non-violent way. It then lists different aspects of coloniality that will be examined, including knowledge, being, politics, religion, gender, ethnicity, and food. The document provides background on prominent decolonial thinkers like Fanon and Perez. It summarizes the histories of indigenous groups in Mexico like the Olmecs, Zapotecs, Toltecs, Aztecs, and concludes with discussions of terms like Mestizx, Chicanx, Latinx, and debates around identity labels.
Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas, covering almost 2 million square kilometers with a population of 111 million people. It is comprised of 31 states and a federal district containing the capital city. While Spanish is the official language, many indigenous languages are still spoken. The majority of Mexicans are Roman Catholic, with one of the highest rates of church attendance in the world. Popular sports include soccer and bullfighting, and music genres vary regionally but include corridos, polka, and banda. Traditional dances showcase Mexico's cultural diversity, and typical foods go beyond tacos to include dishes like ceviche and chicken pibil. The Aztecs founded what is now Mexico City over 700 years ago.
Tehuacan is a city located in southwest Puebla, Mexico at an average altitude of 1640 meters above sea level. It has a warm, dry semi-climate with low rainfall in summer. As the capital of the Tehuacan Valley region, it brings together dynamics from other important municipalities across the territory. Some of Tehuacan's main tourist attractions include the City Hall, Museum of Mineralogy, former convent of San Francisco, Cathedral, Temple and Ex Convento del Carmen, and Museum of the Valley of Tehuacan. Local foods include muegano cookies, mole de huevos sauce, and donkey bread. Major products produced in the region include chicken, eggs
This document summarizes several important archaeological zones in Mexico from ancient civilizations like the Toltecs, Aztecs, Mayans, and Olmecs. It provides details on major sites like Chichen Itza, Teotihuacan, Monte Alban, Uxmal, Palenque, and La Venta, describing their cultures, locations, and significance. It also includes graphs showing trends in indigenous language speakers in Mexico over time, indicating a decline. In total, the document outlines key archaeological remains across Mexico that provide insight into the country's rich, ancient civilizations.
The document provides an overview of Mexico City, also known as the City of Palaces. It discusses the city's location in central Mexico, population of over 20 million people, and predominantly Catholic religion. Key attractions highlighted include the Basilica of Guadalupe, Xochimilco canals, UNAM University, Chapultepec Forest, and Historic Center. The document also covers Mexico City's climate, celebrations like Dia de los Muertos, and famous restaurants for sampling Mexican cuisine.
Mexico is a country where people better enjoy their vacations abroad with solid uniqueness of authentic History, Tradition, Ethnicity , way of life and its own Intelligibility.
The Aztecs did trade, built Pyramids, made inventions, and much more. They were a very productive empire. Their religion defined them, and they were very dedicated to pleasing their gods in any way possible.
The document provides background information on the Aztec civilization. It describes the Aztecs' physical appearance based on Spanish accounts, noting they were described as tall, robust warriors. It discusses Aztec society as both socially docile but also prone to violence and individualism. The summary traces the Aztecs' uncertain origins in northern Mexico and their migration to the Valley of Mexico in the 12th-15th centuries AD. It outlines how the Aztecs built the city of Tenochtitlan on an island in Lake Texcoco and eventually formed a large empire through alliances and conquests by the 15th-early 16th centuries.
Mexico has a rich history dating back thousands of years, with early civilizations like the Olmec establishing cultural traditions. Major cities developed like Teotihuacan, Monte Alban, and Tula, home to the Toltecs. While indigenous religions were prevalent, Catholicism became dominant after the Spanish arrival. Mexico celebrates ancient traditions through festivals like Dia de los Muertos. The country has diverse geography from the Copper Canyon to volcanoes and reefs, and biodiversity with over 1,000 bird and 500 mammal species. Visitors can enjoy the culture but should be aware of safety issues related to drug cartel violence.
This document provides descriptions of various tourist attractions across Peru, including famous sites like Machu Picchu, Lake Titicaca, Lima, the Nazca Lines, and Huascarán National Park. It highlights the diverse natural beauty and cultural heritage found in Peru's mountains, coasts, jungles, and cities. Specific attractions described include ancient ruins, beaches, canyons, desert oases, colonial architecture, and opportunities for activities like hiking, surfing, and wildlife viewing. The document aims to showcase Peru's wide array of destinations for national and international travelers.
Tlaxcalteca Nation and Affiliated Tribes of Texas TlaxcaltecaTed
The document provides a timeline of the Tlaxcalteca and affiliated tribes from the 12th century to present day. It details the origins and migration of the seven tribes from Chicomostoc cave, their alliance with the Spanish conquistadors, and the expansion and settlements of the Tlaxcalteca in northern Mexico and what is now Texas. The timeline follows the cultural traditions, technologies, and governance structure maintained by the Tlaxcalteca nation and affiliated tribes today.
The capital city of the Aztec empire, Tenochtitlan, was built on islets in Lake Texcoco and had a symmetrical layout divided into four sections. The city was interlaced with canals useful for transportation and featured a Great Pyramid. The Aztecs cultivated cocoa beans to make chocolate drinks and spoke the Nahuatl language, while their principal food was a cornmeal pancake called a tlaxcalli.
Top Peru Destinations:
-Lima: The City of Kings
-Arequipa: The White City
-Colca Canyon
-Enigmatic Nazca Lines
-Sacred Valley of the Incas
-Puno and Lake Titicaca: Floating Islands of the Uros
-Puerto Maldonado
-Trujillo
-Iquitos
-Cusco: Historic Inca Capital
-Machu Picchu
Aztec Art, Sculpture And Architecture Finishedguest398d1f
The document provides an overview of Aztec art, sculpture, architecture and other cultural aspects. It describes some key features of Aztec cities like Tenochtitlan, including the main temple and palaces. It also discusses Aztec calendars, writing systems, clothing, jewelry, weapons and the important role of sacrifice and warriors in their society. Human sacrifice was part of their religious practices to appease the gods and ensure prosperity.
The document describes the origins of the Inca civilization, noting that Manco Capac was established as the founder of the city of Cuzco by the Inca people after being created as the first Incan by the sun god Inti and sent on a journey with his unnamed sister to find the sacred place of Cuzco, with Manco being given a golden staff by the sun god for their mission. The city of Cuzco went on to serve as the capital and administrative center of the Inca Empire which came to dominate the Andean region of western South America under Inca rule.
The Aztec civilization originated in Mexico and built the great city of Tenochtitlan in the Valley of Mexico. By the early 1500s, Tenochtitlan had grown to a large urban center and capital city of the powerful Aztec Empire, which controlled most of modern-day Mexico. However, the Aztec Empire began to decline due to factors such as disease, warfare and the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors in the early 16th century.
A description of the Aztec Civilisation, suitable for Year 9 History students. It contains: the Aztec empire, etymology, government, central administration, Templo Mayor, Aztec culture, Spanish conquest, the tribute, mythology and religion, transport, human sacrifices, social classes, education, art, the capital city, the legacy.
Exchange Program Opportunity for Secondary School Educators (T.docxcravennichole326
Exchange Program Opportunity for Secondary School Educators (Teachers).
The U.S. Embassy is pleased to announce the competition to select highly qualified candidates for summer 2019 Study of the United States Institutes (SUSI) for Secondary School Educators. These institutes are for secondary school teachers. Please note that the Institutes for teachers focus on content and materials about the US rather than teaching methods and pedagogy. Prospective applicants are encouraged to visit the link exchanges.state.gov/susi to obtain general information about the Institutes.
The program is designed to provide foreign secondary educators the opportunity to deepen their understanding of U.S. society, culture, values, and institutions. The ultimate goal of these Institutes is to strengthen curricula and to enhance the quality of teaching about the U.S. in secondary schools and other academic institutions abroad.
Candidates are requested to provide in English a curriculum vitae with contact information as well as a one page (250 words) personal statement describing their interest, what they expect to gain from the program, what qualities they bring to the program, and how they plan to use the knowledge acquired.
Page | 368
10The AmericasEugene Berger
10.1 CHRONOLOGY
18,000 – 15,000 BCE First humans migrate to the Americas
c. 13,000 BCE Big game hunters inhabit the Great Plains
c. 10,000 BCE Mesoamericans begin to cultivate squash
10,000 – 3,500 BCE Paleo-Indian Period
5600 – 3000 BCE Early Plains Archaic Period
2000 BCE – 250 CE Preclassic or Formative period in Mesoamerica
c. 1900 BCE Mesoamericans begin to make pottery
1800 – 800 BCE Late Initial Period in Peru
1500 – 400 BCE Middle Formative Period in Mesoamerica. Peak of Olmec statue carving
c. 1000 BCE Maize becomes widespread in North America
400 BCE – 100 CE Late Formative Period in Mesoamerica
200 BCE The Moche begin their conquest of Peru’s north coast
200 BCE – 400 CE The Hopewell culture flourishes in North America
100 BCE – 600 CE The Nazca culture flourishes in Peru
400s CE Tiwankau founded
550 CE Teotihuacán reaches 125,000 residents
700 CE The Huari Empire reaches its height
700 – 1400 CE Cahokia
750 CE Tikal reaches 80,000 residents
800 CE The Toltec city of Tula reaches a population of 35,000
1000 CE The Chimu establish the capital city of Chan Chan
1050 CE The population of Chaco Canyon’s five great pueblos reaches 5,000
inhabitants
1325 CE Tenochtitlán founded
1471 CE Death of Inca Pachacuti
Page | 369
CHAPTER 10: THE AMERICAS
10.2 INTRODUCTION
This city has many public squares, in which are situated the markets and other places
for buying and selling. There is one square twice as large as that of the city of Salamanca,
surrounded by porticoes, where are daily assembled more than sixty thousand souls,
engaged in buying, and selling; and where are found all kinds of merchandise that the
world affords, embracing the necessaries of life, as for instance ar.
The document provides an overview of Aztec history and culture. It describes how the Aztecs migrated to the Valley of Mexico in the late 1200s and founded the city of Tenochtitlan on an island in Lake Texcoco. Through conquest and alliance, they built a large empire across much of Mexico by 1500. When the Spanish arrived led by Hernan Cortes in 1519, they found Tenochtitlan to be a magnificent city with wide avenues, temples, and floating gardens. However, Cortes eventually defeated the Aztecs and destroyed Tenochtitlan, rebuilding it as Mexico City.
Tlaxcalteca and affiliated tribes of texas 2TlaxcaltecaTed
The document provides a timeline and history of the Tlaxcalteca people from the 12th century to present day. It discusses how seven tribes emerged from caves in 1193 and migrated south, establishing four regions in Tlaxcala. In 1519, the Tlaxcalteca formed an alliance with the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes against the Aztecs. Over subsequent centuries, Tlaxcalteca settlers helped establish Mexican states and cities while spreading their culture and agriculture. Today their descendants continue traditions as a distinct indigenous group across Texas.
Tehuacan is a city located in southwest Puebla, Mexico at an average altitude of 1640 meters above sea level. It has a warm, dry semi-climate with low rainfall in summer. As the capital of the Tehuacan Valley region, it brings together dynamics from other important municipalities across the territory. Some of Tehuacan's main tourist attractions include the City Hall, Museum of Mineralogy, former convent of San Francisco, Cathedral, Temple and Ex Convento del Carmen, and Museum of the Valley of Tehuacan. Local foods include muegano cookies, mole de huevos sauce, and donkey bread. Major products produced in the region include chicken, eggs
This document summarizes several important archaeological zones in Mexico from ancient civilizations like the Toltecs, Aztecs, Mayans, and Olmecs. It provides details on major sites like Chichen Itza, Teotihuacan, Monte Alban, Uxmal, Palenque, and La Venta, describing their cultures, locations, and significance. It also includes graphs showing trends in indigenous language speakers in Mexico over time, indicating a decline. In total, the document outlines key archaeological remains across Mexico that provide insight into the country's rich, ancient civilizations.
The document provides an overview of Mexico City, also known as the City of Palaces. It discusses the city's location in central Mexico, population of over 20 million people, and predominantly Catholic religion. Key attractions highlighted include the Basilica of Guadalupe, Xochimilco canals, UNAM University, Chapultepec Forest, and Historic Center. The document also covers Mexico City's climate, celebrations like Dia de los Muertos, and famous restaurants for sampling Mexican cuisine.
Mexico is a country where people better enjoy their vacations abroad with solid uniqueness of authentic History, Tradition, Ethnicity , way of life and its own Intelligibility.
The Aztecs did trade, built Pyramids, made inventions, and much more. They were a very productive empire. Their religion defined them, and they were very dedicated to pleasing their gods in any way possible.
The document provides background information on the Aztec civilization. It describes the Aztecs' physical appearance based on Spanish accounts, noting they were described as tall, robust warriors. It discusses Aztec society as both socially docile but also prone to violence and individualism. The summary traces the Aztecs' uncertain origins in northern Mexico and their migration to the Valley of Mexico in the 12th-15th centuries AD. It outlines how the Aztecs built the city of Tenochtitlan on an island in Lake Texcoco and eventually formed a large empire through alliances and conquests by the 15th-early 16th centuries.
Mexico has a rich history dating back thousands of years, with early civilizations like the Olmec establishing cultural traditions. Major cities developed like Teotihuacan, Monte Alban, and Tula, home to the Toltecs. While indigenous religions were prevalent, Catholicism became dominant after the Spanish arrival. Mexico celebrates ancient traditions through festivals like Dia de los Muertos. The country has diverse geography from the Copper Canyon to volcanoes and reefs, and biodiversity with over 1,000 bird and 500 mammal species. Visitors can enjoy the culture but should be aware of safety issues related to drug cartel violence.
This document provides descriptions of various tourist attractions across Peru, including famous sites like Machu Picchu, Lake Titicaca, Lima, the Nazca Lines, and Huascarán National Park. It highlights the diverse natural beauty and cultural heritage found in Peru's mountains, coasts, jungles, and cities. Specific attractions described include ancient ruins, beaches, canyons, desert oases, colonial architecture, and opportunities for activities like hiking, surfing, and wildlife viewing. The document aims to showcase Peru's wide array of destinations for national and international travelers.
Tlaxcalteca Nation and Affiliated Tribes of Texas TlaxcaltecaTed
The document provides a timeline of the Tlaxcalteca and affiliated tribes from the 12th century to present day. It details the origins and migration of the seven tribes from Chicomostoc cave, their alliance with the Spanish conquistadors, and the expansion and settlements of the Tlaxcalteca in northern Mexico and what is now Texas. The timeline follows the cultural traditions, technologies, and governance structure maintained by the Tlaxcalteca nation and affiliated tribes today.
The capital city of the Aztec empire, Tenochtitlan, was built on islets in Lake Texcoco and had a symmetrical layout divided into four sections. The city was interlaced with canals useful for transportation and featured a Great Pyramid. The Aztecs cultivated cocoa beans to make chocolate drinks and spoke the Nahuatl language, while their principal food was a cornmeal pancake called a tlaxcalli.
Top Peru Destinations:
-Lima: The City of Kings
-Arequipa: The White City
-Colca Canyon
-Enigmatic Nazca Lines
-Sacred Valley of the Incas
-Puno and Lake Titicaca: Floating Islands of the Uros
-Puerto Maldonado
-Trujillo
-Iquitos
-Cusco: Historic Inca Capital
-Machu Picchu
Aztec Art, Sculpture And Architecture Finishedguest398d1f
The document provides an overview of Aztec art, sculpture, architecture and other cultural aspects. It describes some key features of Aztec cities like Tenochtitlan, including the main temple and palaces. It also discusses Aztec calendars, writing systems, clothing, jewelry, weapons and the important role of sacrifice and warriors in their society. Human sacrifice was part of their religious practices to appease the gods and ensure prosperity.
The document describes the origins of the Inca civilization, noting that Manco Capac was established as the founder of the city of Cuzco by the Inca people after being created as the first Incan by the sun god Inti and sent on a journey with his unnamed sister to find the sacred place of Cuzco, with Manco being given a golden staff by the sun god for their mission. The city of Cuzco went on to serve as the capital and administrative center of the Inca Empire which came to dominate the Andean region of western South America under Inca rule.
The Aztec civilization originated in Mexico and built the great city of Tenochtitlan in the Valley of Mexico. By the early 1500s, Tenochtitlan had grown to a large urban center and capital city of the powerful Aztec Empire, which controlled most of modern-day Mexico. However, the Aztec Empire began to decline due to factors such as disease, warfare and the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors in the early 16th century.
A description of the Aztec Civilisation, suitable for Year 9 History students. It contains: the Aztec empire, etymology, government, central administration, Templo Mayor, Aztec culture, Spanish conquest, the tribute, mythology and religion, transport, human sacrifices, social classes, education, art, the capital city, the legacy.
Exchange Program Opportunity for Secondary School Educators (T.docxcravennichole326
Exchange Program Opportunity for Secondary School Educators (Teachers).
The U.S. Embassy is pleased to announce the competition to select highly qualified candidates for summer 2019 Study of the United States Institutes (SUSI) for Secondary School Educators. These institutes are for secondary school teachers. Please note that the Institutes for teachers focus on content and materials about the US rather than teaching methods and pedagogy. Prospective applicants are encouraged to visit the link exchanges.state.gov/susi to obtain general information about the Institutes.
The program is designed to provide foreign secondary educators the opportunity to deepen their understanding of U.S. society, culture, values, and institutions. The ultimate goal of these Institutes is to strengthen curricula and to enhance the quality of teaching about the U.S. in secondary schools and other academic institutions abroad.
Candidates are requested to provide in English a curriculum vitae with contact information as well as a one page (250 words) personal statement describing their interest, what they expect to gain from the program, what qualities they bring to the program, and how they plan to use the knowledge acquired.
Page | 368
10The AmericasEugene Berger
10.1 CHRONOLOGY
18,000 – 15,000 BCE First humans migrate to the Americas
c. 13,000 BCE Big game hunters inhabit the Great Plains
c. 10,000 BCE Mesoamericans begin to cultivate squash
10,000 – 3,500 BCE Paleo-Indian Period
5600 – 3000 BCE Early Plains Archaic Period
2000 BCE – 250 CE Preclassic or Formative period in Mesoamerica
c. 1900 BCE Mesoamericans begin to make pottery
1800 – 800 BCE Late Initial Period in Peru
1500 – 400 BCE Middle Formative Period in Mesoamerica. Peak of Olmec statue carving
c. 1000 BCE Maize becomes widespread in North America
400 BCE – 100 CE Late Formative Period in Mesoamerica
200 BCE The Moche begin their conquest of Peru’s north coast
200 BCE – 400 CE The Hopewell culture flourishes in North America
100 BCE – 600 CE The Nazca culture flourishes in Peru
400s CE Tiwankau founded
550 CE Teotihuacán reaches 125,000 residents
700 CE The Huari Empire reaches its height
700 – 1400 CE Cahokia
750 CE Tikal reaches 80,000 residents
800 CE The Toltec city of Tula reaches a population of 35,000
1000 CE The Chimu establish the capital city of Chan Chan
1050 CE The population of Chaco Canyon’s five great pueblos reaches 5,000
inhabitants
1325 CE Tenochtitlán founded
1471 CE Death of Inca Pachacuti
Page | 369
CHAPTER 10: THE AMERICAS
10.2 INTRODUCTION
This city has many public squares, in which are situated the markets and other places
for buying and selling. There is one square twice as large as that of the city of Salamanca,
surrounded by porticoes, where are daily assembled more than sixty thousand souls,
engaged in buying, and selling; and where are found all kinds of merchandise that the
world affords, embracing the necessaries of life, as for instance ar.
The document provides an overview of Aztec history and culture. It describes how the Aztecs migrated to the Valley of Mexico in the late 1200s and founded the city of Tenochtitlan on an island in Lake Texcoco. Through conquest and alliance, they built a large empire across much of Mexico by 1500. When the Spanish arrived led by Hernan Cortes in 1519, they found Tenochtitlan to be a magnificent city with wide avenues, temples, and floating gardens. However, Cortes eventually defeated the Aztecs and destroyed Tenochtitlan, rebuilding it as Mexico City.
Tlaxcalteca and affiliated tribes of texas 2TlaxcaltecaTed
The document provides a timeline and history of the Tlaxcalteca people from the 12th century to present day. It discusses how seven tribes emerged from caves in 1193 and migrated south, establishing four regions in Tlaxcala. In 1519, the Tlaxcalteca formed an alliance with the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes against the Aztecs. Over subsequent centuries, Tlaxcalteca settlers helped establish Mexican states and cities while spreading their culture and agriculture. Today their descendants continue traditions as a distinct indigenous group across Texas.
1. School: Ing: Jorge L. Tamayo.
Student Name: Larissa Janeth Martinez
Fiscal.
Teacher: Brenda Yamel Zenteno Buitron.
Grade and Group: 3° “A” Morning.
“Tehuacan”
1
2. Dedication:
I dedicate this work to my parents because they did the best to me to study in this
school and my dependent only I succeed and they also make me to be a better
person every day.
2
3. Justification:
I made this work in order to make known Tehuacan as a magical and beautiful not
only for its scenery if not also for its traditions, its history, its culture, its gastronomy
industries entre other things.
3
4. Presentation
This paper presents the Tehuacán its location, geography, industries, history
tehuacan meaning "place of Gods" meaning concerning the popolocas, the first
known inhabitants here are surprised tehuacan and its natural .
4
6. Tehuacan and 5 regions:
Tehuacan:
Tehuacán is the second largest city in the Mexican state of Puebla, nestled in the
Southeast Valley of Tehuacán, bordering the states of Oaxacaand Veracruz. The
2010 census reported a population of 248,716 in the city and 274,906 in its
surrounding municipality of the same name, of which it serves as municipal seat.
The municipality has an area of 390.36 km² (150.72 sq mi).[1]
Originally a Native American settlement, it became officially a city in the Viceroyalty
of New Spain in 1660. According to the archaeologist Richard Stockton MacNeish,
the Valley of Tehuacán is the first place maize was ever cultivated by humankind.
He arrived at this conclusion when he found over 10,000 teoscintle cobs in what is
now known as the Cave of Coxcatlan.
In the late nineteenth century, the city was well known for its mineral springs. In
fact, Peñafiel (now owned by Cadbury Schweppes), a well knownsoft
drinks manufacturer, extracts water from these wells for use in their products.
Tehuacán also has an important cluster of poultry producers, making the city and
its surroundings one of the most important egg producing regions in Mexico. [2]
After the NAFTA agreement had been signed, Tehuacán saw a flood of
textile maquiladoras established in the city and surrounding areas. These textile
factories principally put together blue jeans for export to companies such as The
Gap, Guess, Old Navy, and JC Penney. At the height of the maquila (short for
maquiladora) boom, there were an estimated number of more than 700 maquilas in
town, including those that were operating from homes, often in secret. While this
6
7. situation created a negative unemployment (zero unemployment) and the maquilas
sought workers as far away as Orizaba and Córdoba in the neighboring state
of Veracruz, it also created an urban and environmental nightmare. In one decade,
Tehuacán went from being a town of 150,000 inhabitants to a city of 360,000.
Although many maquilas have closed today, in 2007 there were still over 700 of
them found in Tehuacán.[3] Due to the poverty of the families living in Tehuacán,
child labour in the maquilas is common, and worker's rights are often exploited
there. Additionally, chemicals such as caustic soda, chlorine, peroxide, oxalic
acid, sodium bisulphate, potassium permanganate, and sodium
hexametaphosphate are being discharged into the freshwater supplies by the jean
laundries. Despite having new purifying technologies available at certain large
facilities, they are still not being used the majority of the time. The water, which
contains heavy metals such as mercury, lead, copper, zinc, chrome, cadmium and
selenium is then used by the farmers to irrigate their land. The cost of
environmental deterioration in 2002 was estimated to be $63 billion per year.
7
8. Tehuacán glyph
This is the currently accepted glyph city of Tehuacán.
It is based on the work of Felipe Franco's 1946
Geographic Indonimia Puebla State, same as inferred
from the word Teohuacan, ie instead of gods or the
sun.
(From "La Fortaleza del Cerro Colorado Tehuacan
Puebla," Galvez Mauricio Rosales)
The glyph is interpreted as follows: At the bottom you
can see a gum with teeth, which means "place". The
album is a solar symbol, or sacred. Hence, to be known as Tehuacán "City of
Gods", "Place of those gods", "Place of those with God" or more currently "Sun
City".
Tehuacan Shield
He Shield of Tehuacán is made up of four quarters:
In the first quarter there is a black eagle on the nopal with two arrows in its right
claw and another crossed by its legs, on the left side of the quarter are three maize
with spikes of gold which the Indians call "Miahuatl", in a blue field.
In the second quarter it shows a Black Eagle in white with a
golden beak putting one leg on ateponaxtle and the other
lifting two clasped arrows. At the right side of the eagle an
ayacaxtle or sonaja is playing an
instrument and dancing with the
Indians. Just below is a drum, on the left side are
two teponaxcle and below sits aQuetzal feather.
In the third quarter there is a bush with a red flower on
its outspread branches; in the native
language the flower is called a
"tlaxochitl". Below the tree is a bird
digging up a flower, the tree is called
a Mezquite. On the right side is a castle on a hill and
near it there are white and colored stones, below the
castle is a cave.
In the fourth quarter there is a decapitated head which is
held up by a hand that is reaching out from the right side
8
9. and is holding the head up by its hair, the left hand is also in the picture and is
grasping an arc. In the midst of the four quarters the head of Chimalpopoca and as
Cimera, the Virgin of the Conception.
History of Tehuacan:
Tehuacán was part of the royal road that communicated to the port of Veracruz toTenochtitlan.
Historical past dates back to 8500 BC. The choco-popolocas tribefrom Coapan,
was established in Tehuacán Viejo.The history of the region dates back to ancient years before
it was a stretch of seacurrently leaves its trail in San Juan Raya with an immense amount of
fossil,
dinosaur footprints; in the city of Tehuacán there streets with ridges formedlimestone named
“Tecuate”
that were once sea corals.
During pre-Columbian timesis noteworthy that the Tehuacan Valley was crib corn and avocado.
The earlycivilizations were popolocas who built the city of the sun "Tehuacan old",unfortunately
not much is known of this archaeological zone, even have beenfound vases and ceramic.The
city at the time of the insurgents served as a strategic point for location givingasylum to the
troops of Morelos.In the early twentieth century due to its famous waters springs the city will
becomean international tourist center filling of large luxury hotels at the time.Tehuacan is also
known for its fairs, the best known is the the fair of pomegranates, that's why Tehuacan is
known as the city of pomegranates.
Inwhich it presented a bit of what is Tehuacan, with a mixture of customs andtraditions
originating indigenous and Spanish architecture, culture and cuisine
9
10. Tehuacan soft drink industry
The existence of springs that have healing properties allowed Tehuacán was
recognized as the first American hydromineral center under the slogan "Tehuacán,
health city". His fame transcended borders and hundreds of people came from
several states and abroad to consume natural or bottled water and thus cure their
illnesses.
The abundance of water in various parts of the municipality came eight bottling of
mineral water and refreshing flavor that had great height in the domestic market,
where consumers by saying "give me a Tehuacán" knew distributors related to
product is bottled at this place.
The boom in the soft drink industry was from the forties and continued until the
eighties, when the bottlers, mostly local and national entrepreneurs, became the
main source of employment for male workers, achieving some nearby towns
inhabitants emigrated to what was used in one of the highest paid activities and
better employment benefits.
Spring “El Riego”
Located at the foot of the plateau “El Riego”. In the middle of the seventeenth
century had a great flow, as supplied the extensive grounds of the estate of the
same name, which was adjacent to the Auxiliary Board of St. Mary Coapan. A half
of the nineteenth century this property was the family Acquire Mont.This source is
10
11. considered to be the cradle of the bottling industry in
Tehuacán in 1901 as Mr. Joaquín Pita's first factory installed
same year produced two thousand boxes of mineral water
brand diamond with the help of a steam-engine of 15
horsepower. A year later Mr. Pita was associated with
Anacharsis Peralta Requena to produce the brand Red Cross.
This company was sold in 1903 to Mr. Lucindo Carriles from
1924 who joined forces with Joaquin Cordoba to produce the
brand Covadonga. In 1933, this source would industrialize its
waters under the signature of Arturo and Andrés de la Llave
Zaplana, after the company was able to Tehuacán “El Riego”
springs.
Spring of "San Lorenzo"
The ejido uses water from the springs
to offer two very popular resorts: the
one in the center of town south of
Highway 150 that comes from Puebla,
and known by the name of Sport
Fishing with facilities modern family to
spend a Sunday happy.
They are a source of employment for
its residents several embotalladoras
as maquiladoras and Bright Water.
Spring "Peñafiel"
It is fed by an underground stream that originates in the Pico de Orizaba or
Citlaltépetl (Cerro de la Estrella) due to the melting glaciers of snow, another
wonder hydrological arid valley Tehuacan and is the work of infiltration galleries
dating from colonial times and even today
some still producing water.
LOCATION: Avenida José Garci-Crespo
federal highway Tehuacán – Orizaba.
11
12. Poultry industry:
With a daily production, approximately, 45 thousand boxes of eggs, Tehuacán is
the second national poultry production, which has led the industry to seek cost
reductions in areas such as poultry feed, as currently several farms have their own
feed mills.
Romero Consortium, founded several decades ago by Socorro Romero Bringas, is
the strongest in poultry production in Tehuacán, but in recent years the local
market is held with industry Bachoco Sonora, who came to racing you in your own
house.
There are a total of 13 farms that concentrate the production of 45 thousand boxes
of egg per day, according to Jorge Cadena Romero, president of the Union of
Poultry Farmers of Tehuacán, but it should be noted that there are small farms that
make their own efforts, some of which are derived from the same extended family.
Since 1993, poultry farmers maintain a sanitary cordon against diseases such as
avian influenza, so several of them explained that there is no risk that the disease
could affect local farms.
12
13. Typical Food Tehuacan:
PAN of DONKEY
Water bread or white bread (pan de burro, represents the purity of the soul) is used
as offerings for the day of the Dead. It is made in
San Gabriel Chilac, San Sebastian and San Jose
Zinacatepec Miahuatlán and is so named because
the baskets before they were brought to the bread
were transported on donkeys, currently decoraos
with a drawing of it.
Ingredients:
* 3 cups white bread flour
* 2 1 / 2 (0.25 ounce) packages dry yeast
1 tablespoon salt
* 1 cup warm water
Preparation:
1. Dissolve yeast in warm water. Mix flour and
salt. Add yeast and mix with a spatula until well
blended. Cover with flour a clean surface. Knead
at least ten minutes, until smooth and elastic
(the consistency and texture of the dough).
2. Wrapped in a plastic sheet and leave in a
warm place until doubled (about an hour). Put
the dough on a lightly floured surface crushed to
eliminate bubbles. Cut into 8 pieces. Form rolls
make a slit lengthwise with a knife. Place on an
oiled sheet and let double in size.
3. Bake for 15 to 20 minutes or until golden.
MUEGANO
Ingredients:
1 kilo of flour
1 egg
¼ liter of water
50 grs. of brown sugar
400 grs. butter
Sal
FOR HONEY:
½ kilo of brown sugar
¼ liter of water
1 cinnamon stick
Procedure:
13
14. Mash well the brown sugar and dissolved in water.
Mix the flour, egg, brown sugar dissolved in water and a teaspoon of salt. Knead
the dough well so that is consistent and extends through the roller to leave quite
thin.
Cut dough into squares, fried in butter. Allowed to cool and get into the honey
syrup.
To make honey, put water in a saucepan, brown sugar and cinnamon crushed,
letting it boil until it holds strong ball.
Stick the cubes in groups of five, to form muéganos, which is left to dry on the
table.
MOLE HIP
This delicious dish originating in the Mixtec Oaxaca and Puebla share is the result
of a ritual that goes from pasture to slaughter the goats.
Ingredients:
1 set of hips and spine killing goat
1.5 kg. tomatillo or miltomate
Chile Costeño to taste
Onion to taste
Garlic
3 bunches of Colorado Guaje
1 bunch Pepicha
10 dried avocado leaves
Salt to taste
Oil to taste
Oil to taste
Preparation:
Boil the meat with garlic, onion and salt for three to four hours until meat is tender.
Was withdrawn and reserved broth.
Apart little water is boiled in tomatoes
with chilies and garlic to taste. Strain
and reserve.
In a pan heat a little oil or a little fat
from the broth, add the blended with a
little broth and allowed to season, add
the meat with the rest of broth,
avocado leaves and the pepicha boil.
Peel the gourd and blended with a
little broth and poured into the
pan. Mole boil two minutes and serve
hot.
14