Reflexiones y teorías sobre aspectos políticos de las tecnologías en cuanto a su USO y en cuanto a su NATURALEZA política. Algunos resultados de un estudio de caso. Clase para el curso de Comunicación y Política del Magíster en Comunicación Estratégica de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
#AllermatemeoSAR: social media and emergency communication Francesca Comunello
A presentation of the partial results of our analysis of the Twitter hashtag "allertameteoSAR": networked volunteers and online emergency communication.
Mobile Internet's "Creative Destruction": Implications for Global Mobile PolicyMoving Media
Mobile Internet imbricated in current economic crisis & reshaping of geo-political & communication orders
not just mobiles + Internet, mobile Internet spans a complex assembly of emergent, hybrid media forms. From smartphones, tablets, and the apps phenomena, through new televisual ecologies and locative media, to pervasive computers, connected cars & smart cities.
#AllermatemeoSAR: social media and emergency communication Francesca Comunello
A presentation of the partial results of our analysis of the Twitter hashtag "allertameteoSAR": networked volunteers and online emergency communication.
Mobile Internet's "Creative Destruction": Implications for Global Mobile PolicyMoving Media
Mobile Internet imbricated in current economic crisis & reshaping of geo-political & communication orders
not just mobiles + Internet, mobile Internet spans a complex assembly of emergent, hybrid media forms. From smartphones, tablets, and the apps phenomena, through new televisual ecologies and locative media, to pervasive computers, connected cars & smart cities.
Optimistic interpretations: ignoring social relations that influence the social distribution and impact of the new ICT. The new digital technologies function as commodities, and their distribution – at least initially – tends to follow existing divisions of class, race and gender. Rather than assisting with equalization, the new information and communication technologies tend to reinforce social inequality, and lead to the formation of socially and technologically disadvantaged and excluded individuals (Golding, 1996; Zappala, 2000).
Social Media Week Copenhagen @ UN City: Communication for Development at a Cr...tobiasdenskus
Thomas Tufte, Tobias Denskus and Norbert Wildermuth are some of the leading scholars in Scandinavia in the field of Communication for Development (C4D). They are all part of the bi-national research centre Ørecomm hosted at Roskilde University, Denmark and Malmø University, Sweden. Ørecomm works on exploring the interrelationship between media, communication and glocal change processes and they organize a large yearly festival in the Øresund’s region every September.
Thomas Tufte, Tobias Denskus and Norbert Wildermuth have all agreed to present their latest research regarding role and use of social media amongst social movements, within civil society and amongst established organisations, i.e. the UN. New media developments and massive civic engagement using the social media are sparking new dynamics and new challenges into the way communication for development is conceived and performed. What are the issues in these current developments and where is both the theory and practice of C4D heading?
Besides introducing the challenges and benefits outlined above, the three presenters will together with a representative from United Nations discuss the future role of social media in pursuit of social inclusion, accountability and empowerment.
Exploring the Bi-verse.A trip across the digital and physical ecospheresMarco Brambilla
The Web and social media are the environments where people post their content, opinions, activities, and resources. Therefore, a considerable amount of user-generated content is produced every day for a wide variety of purposes. On the other side, people live their everyday life immersed in the physical world, where society, economy, politics and personal relations continuously evolve. These two opposite and complementary environment are today fully integrated: they reflect each other and they interact with each other in a stronger and stronger way.
Exploring and studying content and data coming from both environments offers a great opportunity to understand the ever evolving modern society, in terms of topics of interest, events, relations, and behaviour.
In this speech I will discuss through business cases and socio-political scenarios how we can extract insights and understand reality by combining and analyzing data from the digital and physical world, so as to reach a better overall picture of reality itself. Along this path, we need to keep into account that reality is complex and varies in time, space and along many other dimensions, including societal and economic variables. The speech highlights the main challenges that need to be addressed and outlines some data science strategies that can be applied to tackle these specific challenges.
This slide deck has been presented as a keynote speech at WISE 2022 in Biarritz, France.
Optimistic interpretations: ignoring social relations that influence the social distribution and impact of the new ICT. The new digital technologies function as commodities, and their distribution – at least initially – tends to follow existing divisions of class, race and gender. Rather than assisting with equalization, the new information and communication technologies tend to reinforce social inequality, and lead to the formation of socially and technologically disadvantaged and excluded individuals (Golding, 1996; Zappala, 2000).
Social Media Week Copenhagen @ UN City: Communication for Development at a Cr...tobiasdenskus
Thomas Tufte, Tobias Denskus and Norbert Wildermuth are some of the leading scholars in Scandinavia in the field of Communication for Development (C4D). They are all part of the bi-national research centre Ørecomm hosted at Roskilde University, Denmark and Malmø University, Sweden. Ørecomm works on exploring the interrelationship between media, communication and glocal change processes and they organize a large yearly festival in the Øresund’s region every September.
Thomas Tufte, Tobias Denskus and Norbert Wildermuth have all agreed to present their latest research regarding role and use of social media amongst social movements, within civil society and amongst established organisations, i.e. the UN. New media developments and massive civic engagement using the social media are sparking new dynamics and new challenges into the way communication for development is conceived and performed. What are the issues in these current developments and where is both the theory and practice of C4D heading?
Besides introducing the challenges and benefits outlined above, the three presenters will together with a representative from United Nations discuss the future role of social media in pursuit of social inclusion, accountability and empowerment.
Exploring the Bi-verse.A trip across the digital and physical ecospheresMarco Brambilla
The Web and social media are the environments where people post their content, opinions, activities, and resources. Therefore, a considerable amount of user-generated content is produced every day for a wide variety of purposes. On the other side, people live their everyday life immersed in the physical world, where society, economy, politics and personal relations continuously evolve. These two opposite and complementary environment are today fully integrated: they reflect each other and they interact with each other in a stronger and stronger way.
Exploring and studying content and data coming from both environments offers a great opportunity to understand the ever evolving modern society, in terms of topics of interest, events, relations, and behaviour.
In this speech I will discuss through business cases and socio-political scenarios how we can extract insights and understand reality by combining and analyzing data from the digital and physical world, so as to reach a better overall picture of reality itself. Along this path, we need to keep into account that reality is complex and varies in time, space and along many other dimensions, including societal and economic variables. The speech highlights the main challenges that need to be addressed and outlines some data science strategies that can be applied to tackle these specific challenges.
This slide deck has been presented as a keynote speech at WISE 2022 in Biarritz, France.
Apresentação da Aula Magna na Faculdade Casper Líbero 17/11/2020: "Entre o sanatório e o manicômio: crises e oportunidades para a pesquisa em comunicação social no Brasil em tempos de pandemia"
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Advantages and Disadvantages of CMS from an SEO Perspective
Tecnopolitica_MCESTR-UC_2018
1. La Tecnopolítica
de los Medios Sociales
Comunicación y Política
Magíster en Comunicación Estratégica
Marcelo Luis B. Santos, profesor invitado
11 de Octubre, 2018
2. PARTE I: EL USO POLÍTICO
Política A TRAVÉS de las plataformas
3. Evolución de la Web
en cuanto a la sociabilidad
1969
ARPANET
• Web Militar
• Seguridad
1990s: Uso
comercial
• Web para
informáticos
• “Catálogos
online”
1999: Blogger
• Autopublicación
• Retroalimentación
• Popularización
2004-6: Facebook,
Flickr, YouTube e
Twitter
•Web Social
•Masificación
•Convergencia digital
4. Fuente: Ortiz, I., Burke, S., Berrada, M., & Cortés, H. (2013). World Protests 2006-2013 (p. 13)
6. Modelos Incorporación TIC
• Difusión (Rogers, 1986)
• Domesticación (Peil & Röser, 2012)
• Innovación, apoyado en Teoría Actor-Red (ANT,
Latour, 2012)
• Apropiación Social (Proulx, 2005; Proulx et al., 2007)
#6
7. Apropiación Social
• Apropiación Social Significativa (Proulx et al., 2007)
1. Acceso
2. Competencias Cognitivas
3. Uso Significativo
4. Uso Creativo
5. Inteligencia Colectiva
6. Incidencia en Políticas Públicas
• Apropiación Social Crítica (Mattelart, 2002)
#7
8. Apropiación Social - Definición
Proceso de internalización progresiva de competencias
técnicas y cognitivas operando entre individuos y
grupos que usan tales tecnologías en sus actividades
cotidianas (Proulx, 2005)
#8
9. Pero… ¿qué es participación política?
• Atributos mínimos de la participación política:
“…any voluntary, non-professional activity
concerning government, politics, or the state is
a specimen – a form – of political participation”
(Theocharis & van Deth, 2018, p. 143).
#9
10. Individualización de la
participación política
• Logics of Connective Action (Bennett & Segerberg, 2012)
– Marcos de Acción Personales
– Vaciamiento de las demandas (Porto & Brant, 2015)
• Relevancia de los individuos más que organizaciones
– Serial Activists (Bastos & Mercea, 2015)
– Individuos como punto de contacto y difusores en Twitter
(Santos y Condeza, 2017)
#10
11. Nuevos modos de PP (1/2)
• Coreographies of Assembly (Gerbaudo, 2012)
• Coordinación de individuos/organizaciones informales
(lazos débiles) crítica de Gladwell (2010)
• Ad hoc publics (Bruns & Burgess, 2011)
• Transmedia Mobilization (Costanza-Chock, 2011),
Transmedia Testimonio (Zimmerman, 2016)
• Citizen documentary image conlleva a nuevas formas de
videoactivismo: Realidad en Tiempo Real y Registro Factual
(Renó, 2015)
#11
12. Nuevos modos de PP (2/2)
• DNP: Digitally Networked Participation (Theocharis, 2015)
(i) “the act of (digital) communication as a form of mobilization”
(ii) “The frequent embeddedness of self-expressive, identity, and
personalized elements as part of the action”
• E-mobilizations, e-tactics e-movements (Earl y Kimport,
2011) de menos a más según uso de funcionalidades web
• Autocomunicación de masas (Castells, 2009)
• Political UGC (Dylko & McCluskey, 2012)
• tUGC: testimonial User-Generated Content (Santos, 2018)
#12
13. (meta)Estudios de Efectos
Relación positiva entre uso de Medios Sociales y
Movimientos Sociales
• Boulianne (2015): 82% positiva
• Santos (2015): 86% positiva
Es decir, a más uso de medios sociales, más actividad
de movimientos sociales (activismo, protesta etc.)
#13
14. Estudios de Efectos
#14
Fuente: Valenzuela, S. (2013). Unpacking the use of social media for protest behavior: The roles of
information, opinion expression, and activism. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(7), 920-942.
“The analysis indicates that using social media for expressing opinions
and using them for joining causes, but not news consumption, are
important mediating mechanisms” (Valenzuela, 2013, p. 16)
18. Testimonial UGC is
the product of a communicative practice of an ICT user, who
as an ‘ordinary citizen’ being in a privileged time and
place, witnesses an extraordinary event, appropriates socially
and significantly digital communication technologies at hand to
document (recording directly in a media device) and
disseminate (publishing, sharing by own means) such event,
with traces of spontaneity characteristic of an opportunistic
testimony –as opposed to the planned registry.
18
19. Emergent tUGC Patterns
(conjugated attributes)
19
Pattern
Discursive
Function
Media
Standard Obtrusiveness
Constructed-
ness
Political
Stand
Political
tUGC*
Political
Action
Amateur
• 1st person
• 3rd person
• Mediated
Protest
Unedited
For
Journalistic
tUGC
Communi-
cation
• 3rd person
• 1st person
Neutral
Expressive
tUGC
Self-
Expression
• 1st person
• 3rd person
• Mediated
Protest
For
* Originally named “Amateur-like”
20. Issue Mapping: Top 10 hashtags*
20
* #ForaTemer is present in all data so it was disregarded
24. tUGC Definition
• Ordinary citizen is a “role”
• Fluidity of digital environment
• Communication is preceded by…
24
Politics
Fan Commitment
Serving the Good
Justice
Human Rights
Others
25. tUGC is
• Concrete manifestation of Collective Intelligence
• A mode of Digitally Networked Participation
• A form of Connective Action
• A tactic in the digital Repertoire of Contention
• An emancipated form of Connective Witnessing
25
27. tUGC Patterns
• Vary day to day
– Planned x unplanned event
– Recent x assimilated
• Vary across stages
– Different attributes
– Different prominent users: role of alternative media during stages of
repression
• tUGC ≠ non-tUGC testimonials
– Prevalence of Witness (3rd person)
– Professional Media Standard (33% against 10% tUGC)
– Absence of Mediated Protest
27
29. Reach and Amplification (Gatewatching)
• Very small numbers
• Alternative Media such as Mídia NINJA boosts up
testimonial retweeting
• Twitter users seem to engage more with more known
testimonial sources, raising issues of:
– Trust and credibility still an issue for ordinary users
– Algorithmic effects on consumption of information
– Interviews show high value, but numbers deny it…
investigate further?
29
30. Long-Tail of tUGC takeaway
• Though perhaps we live in a digital ubiquity
environment, we haven’t reached a point of image
saturation (perhaps we will?)
• “Future reversed panopticon” is still a theoretical
possibility
• Currently, tUGC as a communicative practice is not a
guarantee that relevant in fraganti will happen
• “Contagion” and “Spontaneity” (Tilly, 1977)
30
31. Social Movements
• People Image Events (Santos after Delicath & Deluca,
2003): higher levels of coordination, or better
“choreographies of assembly” (Gerbaudo, 2012) to
pursue the mosaic of images
• Pseudo-events (Boorstin, 1961): depend on media
(or more prominent actors in case of Twitter)
• Political jiu-jitsu (Gene Sharp, 2003) against
repression: no evidence of abundant tUGC, but
testimonials from alternative media (who are
prepared for the clash)
31
32. Media Interplay
• Media as conversation primers/triggers
– 40 persons-protest
– Golpista, golpisto
– Temers’ broadcasted national TV speech
• Plenty of reaction from media events
32
33. Individual vs Organization
• Twitter Users predict retweets, not Organizational
Channel (or networks) individualisation (Verweij &
van Noort, 2014) beyond news realm
• Other research points to the centrality of such actors
in activism (Bastos & Mercea, 2015; Condeza, Santos,
Lizama & Vásquez, 2016; Santos & Condeza, 2017)
#33
35. Who creates tUGC?
• Research doesn’t show demographics of Brazilian
twittersphere
• Instead, it shows that those who produce tUGC seem
to be formally educated, politicized citizens
• Not necessarily partisan, motives are related to
– Do the public a service
– Compensate biased media narratives
35
36. Creation and consumption
• Not necessarily planned, but definitely political
• Media norms seem to prevail, despite value assigned
to tUGC assessed on the interviews
– Production: journalistic discourse emulation, as “random
acts of journalism” (Lasica, 2003)
– Consumption: retweeting behaviour is similar, as “random
acts of gatewatching” (Bruns, 2018)
• Innovative fuzzy area: “Political-Aesthetical didactics”
by Mídia NINJA
• Use of multiple platforms: difficult to grasp
36
37. Self-expression
• Self-expression seems to be relevant for constituents
– “Publicity of participation” (Dencik & Leistert, 2015) turns
mediated protest into a legitimate form of political
participation
– Personalisation of political activity during protest: selfies,
videos, all with the public figure as protagonist inflate the
data (outliers)
• Network logics
– Self-expression makes more sense in a network where
family and/or friends are connected (thus, more applicable
to Facebook and Instagram)
37
38. Spontaneity
• Double-edged sword:
– Effect of reality and authenticity of the amateur aesthetics
(Polydoro, 2016)
– Due to little organic amplification, vast mobilization of
constituents would be necessary to populate the media
with tUGC.
• Examples: Witness (HR Organization) and No Alto Maipo
pamphlets
38
40. Value of tUGC
• tUGC is valuable against biased media, but was
not effective on short term
• Personal satisfaction, perception of political
participation
• No greater consequences due to political
polarization
– Personal
– Professional
40
41. PARTE I: LA NATURALEZA POLÍTICA
Política DE las plataformas
42. Cambios de paradigma
• Público x Privado
• Público x Privatizado
• Transparencia radical x Opacidad tecnológica
(contenido) (plataformas)
#42
44. Política de las plataformas
“The term [platform]… fits their efforts to shape
information policy, where they seek protection for
facilitating user expression, yet also seek limited
liability for what those users say”
(Gillespie, 2010, p. 347)
#44
45. Ausencia de regulación
• Términos de Uso y políticas de privacidad = visión
corporativa
• Autonomía de regulación + automación de monitoreo:
– Uso/contenido: p. ej. desnudo, “hate speech”, derechos de
autor etc.)
– Usuarios: p. ej. Amazon rechazando WikiLeaks como cliente
– Inteligencia Artificial es el fiscal
#45
“the state outsources interventions into citizens’ communication to these
platforms” (Hintz, 2015, p. 110).
47. El poder de las funcionalidades
¿Por qué hacer visible una funcionalidad invisible?
1. Guerrilla de Relaciones Públicas
2. Un juego de fuerzas contra los Estados
3. Tradeoff masividad comercial versus utopía tech
#47
Ad impossibilita
nemo tenetur.
48. Diagnóstico Tim Berners-Lee (2017)
1. We’ve lost control of our personal data
2. It’s too easy for misinformation to spread on the
web
3. Political advertising online needs transparency and
understanding
49. Medios Sociales en Chile
(enero 2017)
• Conocimiento de RRSS
• WhatsApp y FB: 83%
• Linkedin: 69% vs 12% según clase social (26% promedio)
• Principal fuente de información
1. TV: 54%
2. RRSS: 23%
3. Diario (impreso o digital): 7%
• Nivel de Confianza
• + Radio: 44% (algo o mucha confianza)
• + Twitter: 40% (primera vez que tiene lucro 4Q/2017))
• - Diario: 38% (poca o nada de confianza)
• - FB/TV: 37%
51. Finanzas de Twitter
• Ingresos según Último Balance:
• Publicidad: USD 601mi (+23%)
• Venta de datos: USD 109mi (+29%)
•DATOS = 15% total ingresos
52. Capitalismo de Plataforma
• “Plataformización” de los negocios
• Datos son el alma del negocio: datificación de la
sociedad
• Advertising Platforms: Google, Facebook
• Cloud Platforms: AWS (Amazon Web Services)
• Industrial Platforms: GE
• Product Platforms: Spotify
• Lean Platforms: Uber
53. Cambridge Analytica
‘technological fascination’ Pavlíčková (2012):
“media historians have shown that the introduction and
spread of every new medium in society has always been
accompanied by the tendency to see the technology as
an agent of social change” (p. 39).
#53
54. Cambridge Analytica
Efecto (o más bien oportunidad): cierre sustancial del API
At a time of heightened concerns about user privacy,
substantial API-based access to public communication on
these platforms is crucial for scholars precisely because it is
only such research that can provide a transparent and
independent assessment of the problems that the social
media platforms are facing. Unlike the platforms and
commercial research companies, universities can be trusted
to take an independent perspective and to manage research
ethics with great care and nuance: incorrect assessments,
overt bias towards the platforms, and unethical engagement
with social media data would seriously damage their public
standing and destroy future careers. (Bruns, 2018a)
55. Colonialismo digital
• Control de la plataforma x control de la tecnología
• Facebook ‘Free Basics’
• si es gratis, tu eres el
producto
• Zuckerberg:
“mejor que nada”
#55
56. ¿De quién son los datos?
Dilemas y conflictos de interés:
• Movimiento “gobierno abierto” Datos abiertos
• Datos de interés público privados
• Datos privados “inc.”
• Política editorial versus opacidad algorítmica
#56
“The media are inside society and form an integral part of virtually all institutions and organizations, which adjust to and incorporate media technologies and logics in their production, organization, and communication” (Mortensen, 2015c, p.6).
Gerbaudo (2012): Twitter was used “to give a shape to the way in which people come together and act together” (p. 3). It could be read, then, that Twitter was a form of bringing together those loose networks, mostly connected by nothing or little more than political affinity, as “in the absence of a formal organisational structure, collective action is always structured by the forms of communication responsible for ‘setting the scene’ for its display” (Gerbaudo, 2012, p. 21).
Earl and Kimport (2011) divide online activism into e-mobilizations, e-tactics and e-movements, in a continuum that goes, respectively, from low to varying and high leveraging on affordances of the web.
Pero… cualquier uso?
Embedded
Photo
Individual Channel
Ordinary User
From Ventilation (#lutarsempre, 3.4 times more than 2nd place; #impeachmentday; #golpista; #golpe…) to Persuasion (#diretasjá, 10x more than 2nd place)
Levy, 2004
Theocharis, 2015
Bennet & Segerberg
Tilly (1977); Costanza-Chock (2001): electronic repertoire of contention
Mortensen (2015): differentiates for tUGC must be by own means otherwise it is no different than “more of the same” for news; her example being iReport on CNN. tUGC is more SPECIFIC and at the same time broader since it captures the whole communicative practice, not only in Politics or protests.
In common: personalized political participation
Mediated Protest: non tUGC 2,6% (N=4) against 21,7% tUGC (N=192)
Dependable on media or other agents yet (Pseudo-events – Daniel Boorstin, 1961) or as a plan FOR the media (image events – Delicath & Deluca, 2003)
Dependable on media or other agents yet (Pseudo-events – Daniel Boorstin, 1961) or as a plan FOR the media (image events – Delicath & Deluca, 2003)
Example of girl who lost one eye just after the data collected
Dependable on media or other agents yet (Pseudo-events – Daniel Boorstin, 1961) or as a plan FOR the media (image events – Delicath & Deluca, 2003)
Individualisation: “trend towards the recognition of such actors as themselves, rather than as representatives of a larger news organisation” (Bruns, 2018, p. 99)
Public Figures count for 7% (8) of the Identity/Selfie tweets, but 63% (689) of the retweets.
https://iabtrends.cl/2017/01/09/redes-sociales-en-chile-2016-un-analisis-de-uso-y-relevancia/
TW: ultimo quarter de 2017
https://iabtrends.cl/2017/10/17/conoce-las-nuevas-estimaciones-de-gastos-publicitarios-2017-a-nivel-mundial/
Comentario: las start-ups y los medios no pueden contar con la plata de avisaje