This document discusses modeling the total cost of preservation (TCP) for digital assets over long periods of time. It presents a framework that breaks preservation activities down into 10 categories that each represent a cost component, such as content owners, submission streams, servers, storage, and more. The framework is based on the OAIS reference model but modified for broader applicability. The document makes assumptions to make the TCP analysis tractable, such as considering only costs of preservation providers. It provides a formula to calculate the TCP that sums the costs of each component category over the life of digital assets.
The document discusses the importance of financial transparency for organizations considering moving IT services to the cloud. It argues that to determine which services can be moved cost-effectively, organizations need to understand the current costs of delivering specific services. A 5-step process is outlined to achieve financial transparency: 1) Inventory services and costs, 2) Build cost models, 3) Identify service utilization, 4) Provide user bills, 5) Analyze cost-benefit of cloud options. Financial transparency is presented as key to making informed decisions about cloud computing cost-effectiveness.
This document discusses costing models for IT services. It provides an overview of why costing IT services is important for transparency, value demonstration, and performance monitoring. It then describes a simple costing model that assigns services to cost centers and allocates staff costs. However, this basic model has limitations and may not capture all costs accurately. The document advocates using the more comprehensive TRAC costing methodology and provides a toolkit for costing IT services that outlines key steps. It also discusses challenges of costing cloud services and provides case studies on costing help desk, email, and data center services to illustrate applying the models.
This document discusses the costs of software assets for organizations. It makes three key points:
1) Software assets represent a higher percentage of IT budgets than typically reported, around 30% on average, as many software costs are hidden in other categories like hardware and personnel costs. Understanding software asset costs is important for controlling them.
2) Software asset costs are growing rapidly, at an average of 9% per year, due to increased software demand from technology shifts and vendors increasing licensing complexity to drive additional revenue.
3) For each euro spent on software licenses, organizations can expect to pay another euro in maintenance costs, as vendors increase maintenance rates and shorten release cycles to boost profits. Unexpected license and compliance costs from aud
This document discusses cost modeling for digital preservation services. It aims to understand costs in order to plan for and implement sustainable preservation over time. Costs are difficult to account for and project given different activities and changing situations. The authors develop an abstract model of a curation system and the activities involved. They also discuss different approaches to cost recovery such as grants, campus funding, and direct billing. Paid-up pricing is proposed to address fluctuating budgets by collecting an endowment to cover future preservation costs over a set term. Various pricing scenarios are provided as examples.
This document discusses how IT chargeback can be leveraged as a cost cutting tool by providing transparency into IT costs and enabling decision making. It proposes collecting detailed usage and performance metrics from various systems and normalizing the data to provide super detailed reporting at the program, user, and server level. This level of transparency allows customers to identify inefficient resources and make decisions that reduce costs, like rightsizing allocations or extending hardware lifecycles. The document also provides examples of how billing methodologies and managed services can be structured to incentivize cost savings.
The document provides an overview of key concepts from ITIL including the ITIL service lifecycle, utilities and warranties, capabilities and resources, objectives and metrics, service level agreements, the service portfolio, benchmarks, governance models, and financial management processes. It also includes sample questions related to ITIL frameworks, processes, roles, and qualifications.
The document summarizes a BMC software solution called BSM for IT Business Management. It provides centralized management of IT finances, projects, suppliers, activities, and compliance to give leadership visibility into costs and improve business alignment. Key features include transparency into IT costs, prioritizing projects based on business goals, managing supplier relationships, automating compliance activities, and improving financial planning. Case studies show customers reducing costs by 50% with improved accuracy and control over their IT operations.
This document discusses automating IT cost transparency using the Apptio software as a service offering. It provides an overview of the benefits of IT cost transparency, such as identifying cost savings opportunities and improving scenario planning and decision making. The Apptio solution allows users to model IT costs and relationships visually, import data from multiple sources, and gain insights through interactive reporting, analytics, and scenario analysis. This helps IT organizations optimize costs and communicate value to the business.
The document discusses the importance of financial transparency for organizations considering moving IT services to the cloud. It argues that to determine which services can be moved cost-effectively, organizations need to understand the current costs of delivering specific services. A 5-step process is outlined to achieve financial transparency: 1) Inventory services and costs, 2) Build cost models, 3) Identify service utilization, 4) Provide user bills, 5) Analyze cost-benefit of cloud options. Financial transparency is presented as key to making informed decisions about cloud computing cost-effectiveness.
This document discusses costing models for IT services. It provides an overview of why costing IT services is important for transparency, value demonstration, and performance monitoring. It then describes a simple costing model that assigns services to cost centers and allocates staff costs. However, this basic model has limitations and may not capture all costs accurately. The document advocates using the more comprehensive TRAC costing methodology and provides a toolkit for costing IT services that outlines key steps. It also discusses challenges of costing cloud services and provides case studies on costing help desk, email, and data center services to illustrate applying the models.
This document discusses the costs of software assets for organizations. It makes three key points:
1) Software assets represent a higher percentage of IT budgets than typically reported, around 30% on average, as many software costs are hidden in other categories like hardware and personnel costs. Understanding software asset costs is important for controlling them.
2) Software asset costs are growing rapidly, at an average of 9% per year, due to increased software demand from technology shifts and vendors increasing licensing complexity to drive additional revenue.
3) For each euro spent on software licenses, organizations can expect to pay another euro in maintenance costs, as vendors increase maintenance rates and shorten release cycles to boost profits. Unexpected license and compliance costs from aud
This document discusses cost modeling for digital preservation services. It aims to understand costs in order to plan for and implement sustainable preservation over time. Costs are difficult to account for and project given different activities and changing situations. The authors develop an abstract model of a curation system and the activities involved. They also discuss different approaches to cost recovery such as grants, campus funding, and direct billing. Paid-up pricing is proposed to address fluctuating budgets by collecting an endowment to cover future preservation costs over a set term. Various pricing scenarios are provided as examples.
This document discusses how IT chargeback can be leveraged as a cost cutting tool by providing transparency into IT costs and enabling decision making. It proposes collecting detailed usage and performance metrics from various systems and normalizing the data to provide super detailed reporting at the program, user, and server level. This level of transparency allows customers to identify inefficient resources and make decisions that reduce costs, like rightsizing allocations or extending hardware lifecycles. The document also provides examples of how billing methodologies and managed services can be structured to incentivize cost savings.
The document provides an overview of key concepts from ITIL including the ITIL service lifecycle, utilities and warranties, capabilities and resources, objectives and metrics, service level agreements, the service portfolio, benchmarks, governance models, and financial management processes. It also includes sample questions related to ITIL frameworks, processes, roles, and qualifications.
The document summarizes a BMC software solution called BSM for IT Business Management. It provides centralized management of IT finances, projects, suppliers, activities, and compliance to give leadership visibility into costs and improve business alignment. Key features include transparency into IT costs, prioritizing projects based on business goals, managing supplier relationships, automating compliance activities, and improving financial planning. Case studies show customers reducing costs by 50% with improved accuracy and control over their IT operations.
This document discusses automating IT cost transparency using the Apptio software as a service offering. It provides an overview of the benefits of IT cost transparency, such as identifying cost savings opportunities and improving scenario planning and decision making. The Apptio solution allows users to model IT costs and relationships visually, import data from multiple sources, and gain insights through interactive reporting, analytics, and scenario analysis. This helps IT organizations optimize costs and communicate value to the business.
The document discusses implementing financial transparency and chargeback/showback policies when transitioning to an IT-as-a-Service model. It outlines an eight step process for understanding costs, defining services, allocating costs, determining unit prices, measuring consumption, and invoicing business units. Financial transparency is presented as key for IT to run more like a business, compete with external providers, and ensure efficient service delivery through cost analysis and business collaboration.
- Cost and pricing models for shared IT services across universities must balance financial goals like cost recovery with openness and reasonableness for users.
- Costs are determined on an incremental, partial, or full basis, while price is set based on cost recovery goals and what users will accept.
- Accurately determining costs is challenging, as is estimating usage to set appropriate prices that achieve cost recovery without undue risk. Flexibility in pricing approaches can help manage this risk.
This document describes Links, a Capgemini solution that provides CIOs with a performance dashboard and tools to help transform their IT organizations. It allows CIOs to access key performance data through dynamic visualizations, benchmark reports, and detailed analyses. These help identify areas for improvement, track the effectiveness of transformation actions, and align IT with business priorities. The dashboard is accessed through a cloud-based software and comes with predefined KPIs, benchmarks, and best practices. Capgemini can help set it up and use it to develop an IT transformation plan.
1) The document describes a 6-step approach to conducting service-based IT cost modeling: identify target services, define service levels, calculate service costs, identify cost saving opportunities, review recommendations with customers, and create plans to optimize costs.
2) It involves creating a cost model for each service by determining costs of underlying assets, operations, and labor, then analyzing costs and service levels to identify ways to reduce recurring, on-time, and future costs through means like adjusting service levels or renegotiating contracts.
3) The goal is to provide transparency into IT costs and give businesses leverage to control spending through understanding trade-offs between costs and service quality. Third Sky offers expertise in piloting this approach for
Continual Service Improvement (CSI) focuses on improving IT services and internal processes on an ongoing basis. It combines principles from quality management, change management, and capability improvement. The objectives of CSI include making recommendations for improvements, reviewing service level agreements, and identifying activities to improve services and processes in a cost-effective manner. CSI provides benefits such as increased customer satisfaction, productivity gains, and cost reductions. Key processes for CSI include the seven-step improvement process, service measurement, and service reporting.
The document discusses key concepts in ITIL Service Strategy. It defines Service Strategy as planning and implementing IT service management practices aligned to business needs. It outlines the core processes in Service Strategy: Strategy Generation, Service Portfolio Management, Financial Management, and Demand Management. Strategy Generation focuses on defining the market, developing offerings, strategic assets, and preparing for execution. [END SUMMARY]
The document provides an overview of ITIL (IT Infrastructure Library) best practices. It discusses the origin and history of ITIL, outlines the benefits and risks, and describes the key concepts of ITIL V2 and V3. Specifically, it summarizes the five phases of the ITIL service lifecycle in V3 - service strategy, service design, service transition, service operation, and continual service improvement. It also provides an overview of the incident, problem and change management processes.
The document discusses the ITIL framework for service operation. It focuses on incident management, which aims to restore normal service operation as quickly as possible when incidents disrupt services. The key stages of incident management are incident detection and recording, initial classification and support, investigation and diagnosis, resolution and recovery, and closure. Incidents are prioritized based on urgency and impact to determine the appropriate response and resolution times. Escalation procedures are also described to ensure issues are addressed in a timely manner.
This document proposes a "Consolidate, Virtualize and Energize" project to reduce energy consumption and costs across the 32 colleges and universities in the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system through server virtualization, reducing underutilized computer terminals, incorporating alternative energy sources, expanding online classes, and educating staff on green technologies. The project aims to reduce energy usage by 5% in the first phase and 10% upon completion in 2016. Key steps include consolidating data centers, implementing virtualization, purchasing energy efficient equipment, and raising awareness of energy consumption among students, faculty and staff.
Building Blocks for Eco-efficient Cloud Computing for Higher Learning Institu...Editor IJCATR
Owning and managing a cloud-computing infrastructure, i.e. private data centers (DC), is a feasible way forward for an organization to ensure security of data when opting for cloud computing services. However, the cost associated with operating and managing a DC is a challenge because of the huge amount of power consumed and the carbon dioxide added to the environment. In particular, Higher Learning Institutions in Tanzania (HLIT) are among the institutions which need efficient computing infrastructure. This paper proposes eco-efficient cloud computing building blocks that ensure environment protection and optimal operational costs of a cloud computing framework that suffices HLIT computing needs. The proposed building blocks are in a form of power usage (renewable and nonrenewable); cloud deployment model and data center location; ambient climatic conditions and data center cooling; network coverage; quality of service and HLIT cloud software. The blocks are identified by considering HLIT computing requirements and challenges that exist in managing and operating cloud data centers. Moreover, this work identifies the challenges associated with optimization of resource usage in the proposed approach; and suggests related solutions as future work.
MIGRATING IN-HOUSE DATA CENTER TO PRIVATE CLOUD: A CASE STUDYcseij
This case study summarizes the migration of the University of Hail's in-house data center to a private cloud solution using VCE's Vblock system. The traditional data center was facing challenges of an aging infrastructure with high maintenance costs and inability to scale rapidly enough to meet growing demands. The private cloud solution reduced costs, footprint, and complexity while improving performance, availability, efficiency and time to provision new resources. Key metrics like server count were reduced by 63% while maintaining high service levels for 40,000 users. IT staff time recovered was estimated at 60-70% with more focus now on innovation versus troubleshooting.
MIGRATING IN-HOUSE DATA CENTER TO PRIVATE CLOUD: A CASE STUDYcseij
This case study summarizes the migration of the University of Hail's in-house data center to a private cloud solution using VCE's Vblock system. The traditional data center was facing challenges of an aging infrastructure with high maintenance costs and inability to scale rapidly enough to meet growing demands. The private cloud solution reduced costs, footprint, and complexity while improving performance, availability, efficiency and time to provision new resources. Key metrics like server count were reduced by 63% while maintaining high service levels for 40,000 users. IT staff time recovered was estimated at 60-70% with no increase in staff as the university's data grew from 4-90TB.
Designing and delivering public services on the cloudthreesixty
This document proposes a cloud-based platform called the T-Shaped platform to help public service organizations design and deliver services in a more cost-effective way by reducing complexity. Currently, developing public services requires in-house experts across many domains and technologies, which increases costs significantly. The T-Shaped platform aims to leverage reusability of services and customization through guidelines to allow non-experts to develop services on the cloud and reduce infrastructure costs. It also describes a motivating scenario showing the high costs of traditional in-house development models for public services.
David Czeszewski has over 30 years of experience in information technology leadership roles. He is currently the Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer at Career Education Corporation, a large for-profit education provider, where he oversees a $49 million IT budget. In this role, he has launched new mobile and learning management systems, improved student satisfaction, reduced costs and improved security compliance. Previously, he held other VP and director roles at CEC, managing larger teams and budgets, where he delivered various infrastructure modernization and cost savings projects.
ACHIEVING SEAMLESS MIGRATION TO PRIVATECLOUD INFRASTRUCTURE FOR MULTI-CAMPUS ...ijccsa
This document discusses the challenges faced by multi-campus universities in managing their IT infrastructure and explores how private cloud migration can help address these challenges. It presents a case study of the University of the Aegean's migration to a private cloud. The university faced issues with an inflexible, inefficient and outdated infrastructure across its six island campuses. It evaluated its infrastructure and network connections over time. It then migrated its infrastructure to a private cloud with a new data center and high-speed network connections between campuses, improving flexibility, scalability, reliability and security while reducing costs and redundancy. The document identifies critical success factors for universities considering private cloud migration.
The ELCC is Egypt's leading e-learning organization that developed a plan to implement green ICT practices. It aims to reduce the environmental impact of ICT through more efficient operations, e-learning courses on green topics, and changing staff behaviors. Key initiatives included optimizing servers and cooling in the data center, enabling remote work and virtual meetings to reduce travel, setting energy saving settings for devices, and training staff on sustainability best practices. Evaluating the results, ELCC found improvements in operational efficiency, cost savings, and reduced power consumption from its green ICT efforts.
The IT&R staff at UCF recognized several employees for excellence. Ryan Seilhamer received the Outstanding Service award for his leadership of the UCF Mobile initiative and emerging as a national leader in mobile learning. Jason Musick received the Outstanding Innovator award for saving the university $260,000 by implementing a new fiber optic technology. Several librarians and IT staff received the Outstanding Collaboration award for creating an online library research course that enrolled over 2,700 students.
The role of the central IT Services organisation in a Web 2.0 world - paperdiharrison
This document summarizes a conceptual framework and model developed to communicate the notion of a 'Modern Working Environment' within Cardiff University. The framework depicts the university as bounded by external third-party services and includes layered internal services to support central operations, teaching/learning, and research. It illustrates how an individual's 'Personal Working Environment' overlaps and extends beyond these layers to incorporate external services. The model helped facilitate discussions around priorities for enabling the modern environment, including balancing new technologies with other support services.
Improved Service Delivery and Cost Effective Framework for e-Governance in IndiaSocial_worker_india
This document presents a framework for improving service delivery and reducing costs for e-governance projects in India. The framework proposes using free and open source software for development, virtualization and consolidation techniques to manage e-services more efficiently, and cloud computing to enhance access to services. Case studies from other countries show how these approaches have reduced infrastructure costs, improved scalability and service delivery, and increased utilization of resources. The framework is intended to help e-governance projects in India be more cost-effective and ensure services can be accessed by marginalized groups.
The document discusses how universities are facing increasing demands on their IT infrastructure due to exponential growth in data and usage of personal devices. This is straining university budgets and capacity. Many universities are adopting cloud computing to gain efficiencies and flexibility without sacrificing performance. Key benefits include cost savings of around 21% on average, increased efficiency and rapid provisioning, and the ability to innovate more easily. However, universities face unique security and compliance challenges that require a customized cloud strategy and transition approach. With expert guidance and proven methodologies, universities can develop a comprehensive cloud strategy and make a smooth transition to the cloud.
This document provides a summary of best practices and architecture for California State University data centers. It was created by a task force to identify effective practices based on their collective experience. The document establishes principles for standards-based, cost-effective solutions that ensure reliability, security, performance and environmental sustainability. It describes components of the data center framework including hardware platforms, server virtualization, storage area networks, software and management disciplines.
Ict applications in school management and record keepingRex Mwamba
This document discusses the prospects and challenges of using information and communication technologies (ICT) for school management and record keeping. It begins by outlining several working objectives, including explaining various viewpoints on school management and the use of technologies like the internet, email, and mobile devices. It then discusses theories of management and emerging areas of focus, like personnel management and financial management. Several modes of technology in service encounters are presented, along with a comparison of virtual versus physical services. The document also covers best practices for record keeping, storage, and retention. Overall, the document analyzes how ICT can make school management more efficient but also notes challenges to adopting new technologies.
The document discusses implementing financial transparency and chargeback/showback policies when transitioning to an IT-as-a-Service model. It outlines an eight step process for understanding costs, defining services, allocating costs, determining unit prices, measuring consumption, and invoicing business units. Financial transparency is presented as key for IT to run more like a business, compete with external providers, and ensure efficient service delivery through cost analysis and business collaboration.
- Cost and pricing models for shared IT services across universities must balance financial goals like cost recovery with openness and reasonableness for users.
- Costs are determined on an incremental, partial, or full basis, while price is set based on cost recovery goals and what users will accept.
- Accurately determining costs is challenging, as is estimating usage to set appropriate prices that achieve cost recovery without undue risk. Flexibility in pricing approaches can help manage this risk.
This document describes Links, a Capgemini solution that provides CIOs with a performance dashboard and tools to help transform their IT organizations. It allows CIOs to access key performance data through dynamic visualizations, benchmark reports, and detailed analyses. These help identify areas for improvement, track the effectiveness of transformation actions, and align IT with business priorities. The dashboard is accessed through a cloud-based software and comes with predefined KPIs, benchmarks, and best practices. Capgemini can help set it up and use it to develop an IT transformation plan.
1) The document describes a 6-step approach to conducting service-based IT cost modeling: identify target services, define service levels, calculate service costs, identify cost saving opportunities, review recommendations with customers, and create plans to optimize costs.
2) It involves creating a cost model for each service by determining costs of underlying assets, operations, and labor, then analyzing costs and service levels to identify ways to reduce recurring, on-time, and future costs through means like adjusting service levels or renegotiating contracts.
3) The goal is to provide transparency into IT costs and give businesses leverage to control spending through understanding trade-offs between costs and service quality. Third Sky offers expertise in piloting this approach for
Continual Service Improvement (CSI) focuses on improving IT services and internal processes on an ongoing basis. It combines principles from quality management, change management, and capability improvement. The objectives of CSI include making recommendations for improvements, reviewing service level agreements, and identifying activities to improve services and processes in a cost-effective manner. CSI provides benefits such as increased customer satisfaction, productivity gains, and cost reductions. Key processes for CSI include the seven-step improvement process, service measurement, and service reporting.
The document discusses key concepts in ITIL Service Strategy. It defines Service Strategy as planning and implementing IT service management practices aligned to business needs. It outlines the core processes in Service Strategy: Strategy Generation, Service Portfolio Management, Financial Management, and Demand Management. Strategy Generation focuses on defining the market, developing offerings, strategic assets, and preparing for execution. [END SUMMARY]
The document provides an overview of ITIL (IT Infrastructure Library) best practices. It discusses the origin and history of ITIL, outlines the benefits and risks, and describes the key concepts of ITIL V2 and V3. Specifically, it summarizes the five phases of the ITIL service lifecycle in V3 - service strategy, service design, service transition, service operation, and continual service improvement. It also provides an overview of the incident, problem and change management processes.
The document discusses the ITIL framework for service operation. It focuses on incident management, which aims to restore normal service operation as quickly as possible when incidents disrupt services. The key stages of incident management are incident detection and recording, initial classification and support, investigation and diagnosis, resolution and recovery, and closure. Incidents are prioritized based on urgency and impact to determine the appropriate response and resolution times. Escalation procedures are also described to ensure issues are addressed in a timely manner.
This document proposes a "Consolidate, Virtualize and Energize" project to reduce energy consumption and costs across the 32 colleges and universities in the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system through server virtualization, reducing underutilized computer terminals, incorporating alternative energy sources, expanding online classes, and educating staff on green technologies. The project aims to reduce energy usage by 5% in the first phase and 10% upon completion in 2016. Key steps include consolidating data centers, implementing virtualization, purchasing energy efficient equipment, and raising awareness of energy consumption among students, faculty and staff.
Building Blocks for Eco-efficient Cloud Computing for Higher Learning Institu...Editor IJCATR
Owning and managing a cloud-computing infrastructure, i.e. private data centers (DC), is a feasible way forward for an organization to ensure security of data when opting for cloud computing services. However, the cost associated with operating and managing a DC is a challenge because of the huge amount of power consumed and the carbon dioxide added to the environment. In particular, Higher Learning Institutions in Tanzania (HLIT) are among the institutions which need efficient computing infrastructure. This paper proposes eco-efficient cloud computing building blocks that ensure environment protection and optimal operational costs of a cloud computing framework that suffices HLIT computing needs. The proposed building blocks are in a form of power usage (renewable and nonrenewable); cloud deployment model and data center location; ambient climatic conditions and data center cooling; network coverage; quality of service and HLIT cloud software. The blocks are identified by considering HLIT computing requirements and challenges that exist in managing and operating cloud data centers. Moreover, this work identifies the challenges associated with optimization of resource usage in the proposed approach; and suggests related solutions as future work.
MIGRATING IN-HOUSE DATA CENTER TO PRIVATE CLOUD: A CASE STUDYcseij
This case study summarizes the migration of the University of Hail's in-house data center to a private cloud solution using VCE's Vblock system. The traditional data center was facing challenges of an aging infrastructure with high maintenance costs and inability to scale rapidly enough to meet growing demands. The private cloud solution reduced costs, footprint, and complexity while improving performance, availability, efficiency and time to provision new resources. Key metrics like server count were reduced by 63% while maintaining high service levels for 40,000 users. IT staff time recovered was estimated at 60-70% with more focus now on innovation versus troubleshooting.
MIGRATING IN-HOUSE DATA CENTER TO PRIVATE CLOUD: A CASE STUDYcseij
This case study summarizes the migration of the University of Hail's in-house data center to a private cloud solution using VCE's Vblock system. The traditional data center was facing challenges of an aging infrastructure with high maintenance costs and inability to scale rapidly enough to meet growing demands. The private cloud solution reduced costs, footprint, and complexity while improving performance, availability, efficiency and time to provision new resources. Key metrics like server count were reduced by 63% while maintaining high service levels for 40,000 users. IT staff time recovered was estimated at 60-70% with no increase in staff as the university's data grew from 4-90TB.
Designing and delivering public services on the cloudthreesixty
This document proposes a cloud-based platform called the T-Shaped platform to help public service organizations design and deliver services in a more cost-effective way by reducing complexity. Currently, developing public services requires in-house experts across many domains and technologies, which increases costs significantly. The T-Shaped platform aims to leverage reusability of services and customization through guidelines to allow non-experts to develop services on the cloud and reduce infrastructure costs. It also describes a motivating scenario showing the high costs of traditional in-house development models for public services.
David Czeszewski has over 30 years of experience in information technology leadership roles. He is currently the Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer at Career Education Corporation, a large for-profit education provider, where he oversees a $49 million IT budget. In this role, he has launched new mobile and learning management systems, improved student satisfaction, reduced costs and improved security compliance. Previously, he held other VP and director roles at CEC, managing larger teams and budgets, where he delivered various infrastructure modernization and cost savings projects.
ACHIEVING SEAMLESS MIGRATION TO PRIVATECLOUD INFRASTRUCTURE FOR MULTI-CAMPUS ...ijccsa
This document discusses the challenges faced by multi-campus universities in managing their IT infrastructure and explores how private cloud migration can help address these challenges. It presents a case study of the University of the Aegean's migration to a private cloud. The university faced issues with an inflexible, inefficient and outdated infrastructure across its six island campuses. It evaluated its infrastructure and network connections over time. It then migrated its infrastructure to a private cloud with a new data center and high-speed network connections between campuses, improving flexibility, scalability, reliability and security while reducing costs and redundancy. The document identifies critical success factors for universities considering private cloud migration.
The ELCC is Egypt's leading e-learning organization that developed a plan to implement green ICT practices. It aims to reduce the environmental impact of ICT through more efficient operations, e-learning courses on green topics, and changing staff behaviors. Key initiatives included optimizing servers and cooling in the data center, enabling remote work and virtual meetings to reduce travel, setting energy saving settings for devices, and training staff on sustainability best practices. Evaluating the results, ELCC found improvements in operational efficiency, cost savings, and reduced power consumption from its green ICT efforts.
The IT&R staff at UCF recognized several employees for excellence. Ryan Seilhamer received the Outstanding Service award for his leadership of the UCF Mobile initiative and emerging as a national leader in mobile learning. Jason Musick received the Outstanding Innovator award for saving the university $260,000 by implementing a new fiber optic technology. Several librarians and IT staff received the Outstanding Collaboration award for creating an online library research course that enrolled over 2,700 students.
The role of the central IT Services organisation in a Web 2.0 world - paperdiharrison
This document summarizes a conceptual framework and model developed to communicate the notion of a 'Modern Working Environment' within Cardiff University. The framework depicts the university as bounded by external third-party services and includes layered internal services to support central operations, teaching/learning, and research. It illustrates how an individual's 'Personal Working Environment' overlaps and extends beyond these layers to incorporate external services. The model helped facilitate discussions around priorities for enabling the modern environment, including balancing new technologies with other support services.
Improved Service Delivery and Cost Effective Framework for e-Governance in IndiaSocial_worker_india
This document presents a framework for improving service delivery and reducing costs for e-governance projects in India. The framework proposes using free and open source software for development, virtualization and consolidation techniques to manage e-services more efficiently, and cloud computing to enhance access to services. Case studies from other countries show how these approaches have reduced infrastructure costs, improved scalability and service delivery, and increased utilization of resources. The framework is intended to help e-governance projects in India be more cost-effective and ensure services can be accessed by marginalized groups.
The document discusses how universities are facing increasing demands on their IT infrastructure due to exponential growth in data and usage of personal devices. This is straining university budgets and capacity. Many universities are adopting cloud computing to gain efficiencies and flexibility without sacrificing performance. Key benefits include cost savings of around 21% on average, increased efficiency and rapid provisioning, and the ability to innovate more easily. However, universities face unique security and compliance challenges that require a customized cloud strategy and transition approach. With expert guidance and proven methodologies, universities can develop a comprehensive cloud strategy and make a smooth transition to the cloud.
This document provides a summary of best practices and architecture for California State University data centers. It was created by a task force to identify effective practices based on their collective experience. The document establishes principles for standards-based, cost-effective solutions that ensure reliability, security, performance and environmental sustainability. It describes components of the data center framework including hardware platforms, server virtualization, storage area networks, software and management disciplines.
Ict applications in school management and record keepingRex Mwamba
This document discusses the prospects and challenges of using information and communication technologies (ICT) for school management and record keeping. It begins by outlining several working objectives, including explaining various viewpoints on school management and the use of technologies like the internet, email, and mobile devices. It then discusses theories of management and emerging areas of focus, like personnel management and financial management. Several modes of technology in service encounters are presented, along with a comparison of virtual versus physical services. The document also covers best practices for record keeping, storage, and retention. Overall, the document analyzes how ICT can make school management more efficient but also notes challenges to adopting new technologies.
JISC and Best Practice E-Learning by Rob Bristow, JISCGoodCampus
JISC's Greening ICT Programme has several key objectives, including promoting sustainability across the higher education sector and developing best practices. The programme has produced research on carbon footprint reduction and case studies on exemplar projects. Current projects under the programme examine issues like cloud computing, video conferencing, scientific computing energy usage, and engaging users in sustainability. The programme also aims to build sustainability capacity in estates management and promote institutional transformation around procurement, curriculum delivery, and academic travel.
JISC's Green ICT Programme aims to reduce the environmental impact of the education sector through attitudinal and behavioral change, sustainable procurement, and making sustainability a key driver of sector activities. The programme intends to build a body of knowledge around green ICT, showcase exemplar projects providing best practices, and reduce the sector's carbon footprint and energy costs. Recent projects under the programme have included carbon footprinting tools, research into areas like cloud computing and video conferencing, and technical innovations at various institutions to optimize server energy use, storage, and printing.
IRJET- E-Krisenseva: A Web-App based Portal for Real Time Disaster Manage...IRJET Journal
This document describes a web application called e-KrisenSeva that was created for real-time disaster management. It includes features like shelter navigation and resource allocation, communication tools, and both online and offline capabilities. The app was built using Apache Cordova, which allows web technologies like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to be used to create hybrid mobile apps. It aims to improve disaster response by providing information and reducing delays through its navigation and communication features.
The document outlines a cloud computing strategy for the Irish public service. It notes that cloud computing offers opportunities to reduce costs through shared infrastructure and pay-per-use models. The strategy aims to centralize common ICT needs into shared cloud services, consolidate computer and data centers, and migrate ICT activities to cloud providers over several phases. It also highlights the need to consider new ICT organizational structures to support the strategy's implementation.
Exploring potential of ng cost of infrastructure m skilton sept 23 2014 v1Mark Skilton
Next generation digital ecosystems and the impact of costs and monetization strategies. Part of the Next Generation Infrastructure Forum, Ovumn, London September 23, 2014
Douglas J. Mader is a seasoned executive in the utility industry with over 40 years of experience leading transmission planning, engineering, operations, construction, and IT functions. He has a track record of driving process improvement, safety performance, and cultural change. Most recently, as Director of IT Infrastructure, he reduced operating costs while maintaining customer satisfaction. He also has experience managing large capital programs and projects on time and on budget.
Similar to Tcp cost-price-modeling-for-sustainable-services-v2 2-1 (20)
This document discusses IT financial management (ITFM) and the need for transparency and effective governance. It outlines the information needs of key ITFM stakeholders like IT management, business leaders, and the CFO office. Common flawed ITFM practices that create problems are identified, such as differing accounting methods and a lack of business accountability for IT investments. The document proposes seven best practice principles for ITFM, including enabling transparency through measuring labor/asset usage and forecasting. It describes how HP software and services can help implement these principles to improve IT investment decisions, financial accounting, and resource allocation.
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2. UC Curation Center (UC3) California Digital Library (CDL)
Cost and Price Modeling for Sustainable Service Page 2 of 26
Given the difficulties in accounting for the myriad aspects of preservation activity, and of
projecting the cost of those activities into the indefinite future, any analysis of TCP must
rely on a number of fundamental abstractions and assumptions about those activities and
the environment in which they take place. (See Appendix A for a summary of prior work
on preservation cost analysis.)
2.1 Preservation landscape
The TCP analytical framework abstracts preservation activities and their environment into
the following 10 high‐level categories, each of which is a cost component in TCP
modeling:
1. Content Owners (or Creators or Curators), with primary intellectual and
administrative stewardship responsibility for digital content Collections, use …
2. Submission Streams to send content to a …
3. Preservation System, with a primary technical stewardship responsibility,
composed of Ingest, Data management, and Access service functions, all
running on …
4. Servers and making use of …
5. Storage, to enable discovery and exploitation by …
6. Content Consumers (or Users), with ongoing …
7. Preservation Analysis and planning and …
8. Interventions as necessary to ensure ongoing viability
and accessibility, all subject to …
9. Direct operational Administration and …
10. High‐level Management oversight.
This abstraction (see Figure 1) is based on the ISO 14721 Open Archival Information
System (OAIS) reference mode [18], which is widely used within the digital library and
preservation communities. (More information about OAIS is found in Appendix F.)
However, the model and some of its terminology have been modified slightly in order to
broaden its applicability and facilitate understanding by a non‐specialist audience. (For
example, the OAIS producer entity has been replaced with owner.) With appropriate
definitional adjustment, the TCP model should be applicable to any online information
service.
3. UC Curation Center (UC3) California Digital Library (CDL)
Cost and Price Modeling for Sustainable Service Page 3 of 26
Each of these 10 categories can be further refined into subsidiary costs: capital and
operational expenses (CAPEX/OPEX); fixed and marginal expenses; one‐time, term, and
annual expenses; etc. The full set of hierarchical categories can be examined in the
accompanying spreadsheet that implements the TCP pay‐as‐you‐go and paid‐up price
models [32]. The spreadsheet is fully parameterized to allow other institutions and
service providers to incorporate appropriate assumptions and costs based on local policy
decisions.
Figure 1 – TCP entities and interactions
A content Owner or Curator is an individual or corporate agent with primary intellectual
stewardship responsibility for that body of content; the technical stewardship
responsibility rests with the preservation System.
A submission Stream is the technical mechanism, and its accompanying workflow, used
by Owners to transfer digital content to the preservation System.
A preservation Intervention is a non‐routine, non‐periodic, or unpredictable activity, such
as a format migration, necessary to ensure ongoing access to content managed within the
preservation System.
2.2 Assumptions
Properly accounting for the full economic costs of long‐term preservation is a complicated
4. UC Curation Center (UC3) California Digital Library (CDL)
Cost and Price Modeling for Sustainable Service Page 4 of 26
undertaking. In order to make the analysis tractable, the TCP analysis makes the
following simplifying assumptions:
1. Only the costs pertaining to preservation service providers are considered. In
particular, the costs associated with the local activities of content Owners
(e.g., content creation or acquisition, reformatting, packaging, submission,
etc.) are considered out of scope. On the other hand, the cost of supporting
Owners in making use of preservation System functions is in scope.
2. The primary customers of the preservation service provider are the content
Owners, who are responsible for paying for utilized services and allocated and
consumed resources. In particular, there is no assumption of payment from
content Consumers. This arrangement reflects a common pattern of operation
by cultural and scientific memory organizations and programs, for whom
providing public access to managed content is a primary institutional goal.
3. Individual cost components of the model can be categorized unambiguously as
either fixed, which are incurred regardless of level of use, or marginal, which
scale proportionally with use.
4. Individual cost components can be categorized unambiguously as one‐time,
term, or annual. Term costs are those incurred for an activity or capacity for a
fixed number of years. Term costs can be annualized on an inflation‐adjusted
basis over their effective lifespan. (See Appendix E.)
5. The values defined for individual cost components represent nominal costs,
that is, the costs defined for generic instances of activities or system
capacities. This is reasonable under a further assumption of a policy of
uniformity of preservation effort rather than outcome. For example, on the
basis of its form, structure, accompanying metadata, etc., some digital content
may be more inherently amenable to preservation care and will naturally
receive a higher level of preservation service and outcome.
6. Most routine preservation actions performed on content, e.g.,
characterization, fixity, normalization, etc., are substantially automated or
automatable. Thus, the main costs associated with an action are in the
acquisition and deployment of the implementing software, which is
independent of the number of objects against which the action is performed.
7. The preservation service provider can carry forward budgetary surpluses
across fiscal year boundaries. Furthermore, these surplus funds can be
invested at market rates, with the income further contributing to the surplus.
5. UC Curation Center (UC3) California Digital Library (CDL)
Cost and Price Modeling for Sustainable Service Page 5 of 26
8. The model is ultimately revenue neutral, that is, there should be no surplus (or
deficit) funds remaining at the end of the period under consideration.
9. Values can be determined for various annual adjustment factors, such as
inflation, investment rate of return, cost of living adjustments (COLA), merit
pay raises, changes to the per‐unit cost of preservation, etc., which, although
held constant over the full period of TCP consideration, are nevertheless
reliably predictive of long‐term economic, technological, and organizational
trends.
The last assumption, although the mainstay of the standard economic forecasting
technique of discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis [10], can be problematic over extended
time periods.
2.2 Total cost of preservation
The total cost of preservation (TCP) to a preservation service provider across all of its
content Owners is represented numerically as:
· · ℓ · · · · (1)
where:
Total cost of preservation (incurred by the service provider across
all Owners).
Number of content Owners or Creators.
Unit cost of an Owner or Creator.
Number of unique submission Streams.
Unit cost of a Stream.
Fixed cost of the preservation System.
ℓ Number of Servers.
Unit cost of a Server.
Number of units of Storage.
Unit cost of Storage.
Number of content Consumers.
Unit cost of a Consumer.
Fixed cost of Analysis and Planning.
Number of preservation Interventions.
Unit cost of an Intervention.
Fixed cost of Administration.
6. UC Curation Center (UC3) California Digital Library (CDL)
Cost and Price Modeling for Sustainable Service Page 6 of 26
Fixed cost of Management.
The preservation System, Administration, and Management are considered fixed costs, as
they are (essentially) incurred regardless of level of adoption. Thus they are represented
in Eq. (1) by single terms, , , and , respectively. All other components are marginal
costs, which (essentially) scale with use, and thus are each represented by two terms: a
unit cost and the number of units consumed or allocated.
2.3 Pay‐as‐you‐go price model
The pay‐as‐you‐go price is based on an annual billing cycle, 0,1,2, … The per‐unit
Owner, Streams, and actual Storage cost components are specific to a given Owner. All
other cost components – the preservation System, Servers, content Consumers, ongoing
Analysis and planning, Interventions, Administration, and Management – are considered
“common good” costs; that is, they are generally applicable and beneficial to all content
Owners equally, and as such, are properly apportioned across all Owners. In Eq. (2) the
terms for these components are collected together and divided by , the number of
Owners.
ℓ · · ·
· · (2)
where:
Pay‐as‐you‐go price of a given Owner in year .
Number of submission Streams attributable to the Owner.
Number of units of Storage attributable to the Owner.
2.3.1 Cost categories
It may useful to distinguish subsets of costs on the basis of the putative source of funding
for the underlying activity or capacity. This requires splitting some of the terms in Eqs. (1)
and (2) into constituent parts reflecting meaningful administrative distinctions. For
example, the following breakdown of costs may reflect the administrative reality for
many academically‐based preservation service providers.
7. UC Curation Center (UC3) California Digital Library (CDL)
Cost and Price Modeling for Sustainable Service Page 7 of 26
1. Common good.
a. Development. Annualized costs of major technical development of the
preservation System and its subsidiary Services, generally funded through
external grants.
b. Operation. Annual costs of operating the System, supporting content
Consumers, and preservation Administration and Management, generally
funded by central University funds.
c. Infrastructure. Annual costs of operating the Servers underlying the
System, generally funded by central University funds.
d. Intervention. One‐time costs associated with a preservation Intervention
necessary to ensure ongoing viability of and accessibility to managed
content. Due to the irregular necessity for preservation Interventions,
their cost may be best covered through special one‐time subventions.
Note that in the case of UC3, cost categories 1(b) and (c) have essentially been
pre‐paid by the 10 UC campuses as part of the funding for central University
service units such as UC3.
2. Owner‐specific costs.
a. Customer Relations Management (CRM). One‐time costs of accepting and
registering for use a new Owner and the submission Streams used by that
Owner, generally funded by direct billing to the Owner.
b. Dedicated resources. Annual or annualized costs of resources solely
dedicated for use by an Owner, for example, Storage, generally funded by
direct billing to that Owner.
The modified pay‐as‐you‐go formulas for these six cost categories are derived in Appendix
B.
2.4 Paid‐up price model
The paid‐up price model is based on a one‐time, up‐front payment, , sufficiently large to
pay for all subsequent preservation activities over a term of years, assuming an annual
investment rate of return, , applicable to surplus funds and a compounding discount (or
markup) factor, , applicable to the cost of the activities.
·
1 1
1 ·
(3)
8. UC Curation Center (UC3) California Digital Library (CDL)
Cost and Price Modeling for Sustainable Service Page 8 of 26
where:
Paid‐up price for years.
Pay‐as‐you‐go price established for the base year 0.
Investment rate of return, as a decimal (2% = 0.02).
Discount (or markup) factor, as a decimal.
Term, in years.
See Appendix C for the derivation of Eq. (3).
The determination of the annual discount/markup factor, , is highly dependent on the
nature of the underlying cost component. It may be useful to assign a different factor to
each of the cost categories defined in Section § 2.3.1, based on the following
assumptions:
1. The cost of staff‐dependent components, for example, Owner and Consumer CRM
(customer relationship management) and Analysis and planning, tends to increase
over time on the basis of staff cost‐of‐living (COLA) and merit salary increases,
although this increase may be mitigated by increases in staff productivity resulting
from improved tools and techniques.
2. The cost of infrastructure‐dependent components, for example, Servers and
Storage, tends to decrease over time, at least is has historically through steady
increases in semiconductor and storage media density, as expressed through the
well‐known Moore’s law [17] and Kryder’s law [35].
A modification to Eq. (8) incorporating distinct discount factors is derived in Appendix C.
The TCP paid‐up cost model is based on the economic forecasting technique of
discounted cash flow (DCF) [10]. Its predictive reliability is highly dependent on the values
specified for and . In general, the longer the term , the more difficult it is to estimate
values for and that will accurately reflect changing economic and technological trends
over years. In light of this, UC3 uses 10 as the maximum paid‐up term. See [1] and
[28] for alternative stochastic modeling approaches.
It is desirable for an Owner to be able to switch easily between the pay‐as‐you‐go and
paid‐up price basis. The relevant factor in this transition is the “coefficient of
persistence,” the one time premium or multiplier of the then current pay‐as‐you‐go price
to achieve paid‐up persistence for years.
9. UC Curation Center (UC3) California Digital Library (CDL)
Cost and Price Modeling for Sustainable Service Page 9 of 26
1 1
1 ·
(4)
Coefficient of persistence for years.
Assuming that sufficient funds are available for the one‐time payment, the paid‐up price
basis is fiscally more attractive whenever , as that indicates that the paid‐up price
is less than times the pay‐as‐you‐go price.
3 Responding to predictive failure
In the event that revenues are not sufficient to cover expenses, a preservation service
provider can attempt to implement a number of prospective ameliorating strategies.
1. Raise additional revenues through:
a. Permanently increased institutional funding levels.
b. One‐time or time‐limited grant funding or special institutional subventions.
c. Direct or indirect monetization of content consumption.
2. Lower costs through:
a. Reduction in the aggregate complexity of the content under management
through a reduction in any or all of the:
i. Number,
ii. Size, or
iii. Heterogeneity
of the managed content. Note that any decision to deaccession content
may temporarily increase operational costs, especially if manual selection
is necessary.
b. Lower service levels applied to managed content through:
i. Downgrading from on‐line to near‐line or off‐line content access.
ii. Downgrading from bright to dark content access.
iii. Downgrading from functional to bit‐level preservation.
c. Lower technology costs through:
i. Increasing automation of routine procedures. Note that this may
be facilitated through strategy 2(a)(iii), reduction in content
heterogeneity.
10. UC Curation Center (UC3) California Digital Library (CDL)
Cost and Price Modeling for Sustainable Service Page 10 of 26
ii. Extending the service life of infrastructural components such as
Servers and Storage. Note that this may lead to increased
technology failures with concomitantly increased costs.
iii. Replacing infrastructural components with less expensive
replacements, for example, moving from disk‐based on‐line access
to tape‐based near‐line access. Note that this may necessitate a
concomitant adoption of strategy 2(b), reduction in supported
service level.
iv. Exploitation of infrastructural virtualization under the assumption
that it is less costly than physical Services or Storage.
Note that any infrastructural migration may temporarily increase costs.
d. Lower staff costs through:
i. Staffing reductions through natural attrition or targeted layoffs.
Note that increasing individual staff workloads may be
counterproductive with respect to overall productivity and cost
reduction.
ii. Increasing productivity levels through increased professional
development and training and the use of better tools and greater
automation.
Additionally, a service provider could minimize the likelihood of funding shortfalls by
building in to its price schedule a small contingency surcharge, , for purposes of building
up a reserve, or “rainy day” fund, encumbered for future use in responding to unexpected
conditions. Eqs. (2) and (3) can be rewritten to incorporate the surcharge term as a
percentage of the baseline prices:
1 · (5)
·
1 1
1 ·
(6)
Pay‐as‐you‐go price incorporating contingency surcharge.
Paid‐up price incorporating contingency surcharge.
11. UC Curation Center (UC3) California Digital Library (CDL)
Cost and Price Modeling for Sustainable Service Page 11 of 26
4 Conclusion
An understanding of the full economic costs of offering preservation and curation services
is necessary to the long‐term sustainability of those services and service providers. The
Total Cost of Preservation (TCP) model presented in this paper provides a useful analytical
framework for assessing and accounting for the full range of costs attendant to
preservation and curation services, and has been used to derive two price models: pay‐as‐
you‐go, which is most appropriate for customers with reliable and predictable sources of
continuing funding; and paid‐up, which is most appropriate for customers with term‐
limited funding.
The accompanying spreadsheet developed by UC3 to implement the TCP model is fully
parameterized and can be customized easily by other organizations to reflect local
conditions, assumption, policies, and policies [32].
12. UC Curation Center (UC3) California Digital Library (CDL)
Cost and Price Modeling for Sustainable Service Page 12 of 26
Appendix A Prior work
A number of international efforts have studied the question of long‐term preservation
costs; most notably, the Nationaal Archief of the Netherlands in 2005 [24]; the LIFE2
project (Life Cycle Information for E‐Literature) work on a Generic Preservation Model
(GPM) in 2008 [6][16][21]; the KRDS project (Keeping Research Data Safe) in 2010 [7][9];
the Princeton DataSpace initiative in 2010 [12][27]; the Danish National Archives and
Royal Library CMDP (Cost Model for Digital Preservation) in 2011 [11][19]; the ENSURE
project in 2011 [13]; the APARSEN project [3]; and the 4C project in 2013 [1]. (See [36]
for a summary of these and other relevant activities; see [22][26] for bibliographies of the
cost modeling literature.)
All of these models analyze preservation costs throughout the full lifecycle of preserved
assets. Both the Nationaal Archief and LIFE project work employ very fine‐grained
analysis of cost components and are based on representative actual costs rather than the
nominal costs employed by TCP. The LIFE model includes cost components for content
creation and acquisition, which are considered out of scope in the TCP analysis.
Furthermore, LIFE scales preservation action costs by the number of expected objects.
TCP assumes that there is no per‐object marginal cost; instead, marginal costs are
associated only with the various Content Types of which objects are members. The KRDS
model is specific to the research data lifecycle, but its findings appear to be applicable to
other contexts. Unlike the Nationaal Archief and LIFE models, KRDS assumes a
discounting function that annually decreases the aggregate cost of preservation service.
The DataSpace model is also based on a discounting function, but its analysis covers only
the costs associated with preservation storage, which are defined on a pay once, store
forever (POSF) basis. The OAIS activity‐based CMDP work concentrates on post facto
measuring of preservation costs, rather than on forecasting, although it is possible using
the framework. While DataSpace is explicitly concerned with “forever” pricing, neither it
nor any of the other models assume the benefit of an annual investment return in
offsetting a portion of ongoing costs. Most, if not all, of the individual cost components
of these models can be mapped to OAIS environmental and functional entities or TRAC
criteria [25], facilitating common points of reference and comparison. The APARSEN
project bases its work on the ISO 16363 standard for trusted digital repositories [19], a
formalization of TRAC. The ENSURE project has identified rigorous cost/benefit analysis
as a significant missing factor from most cost modeling efforts [36]. The 4C project has
also completed a comprehensive evaluation of a number of cost models [30] to identify
common characteristics and gaps in preparation of an economic sustainability reference
model [21].
13. UC Curation Center (UC3) California Digital Library (CDL)
Cost and Price Modeling for Sustainable Service Page 13 of 26
A number of institutions, both commercial and non‐profit/academic, now offer long‐term
preservation services. (Or at least persistent storage; the important distinction between
the two is not always apparent from the description of these service offerings.) Carbonite
is representative of commercial preservation service offerings. Its cost is $599/year for
up to 500 GB, with further increments of 100 GB available for $89/year. Amazon S3
pricing is complex, starting at $0.14/GB/month for the first TB with discounts for
additional amounts, and additional transactional charges for access [5]. The Amazon
Glacier service provides near‐line storage at a significantly discounted price of
$0.011/GB/month, with transaction frees being applied when access requests exceed a
5% monthly threshold [3]. The Chronopolis repository charges $1,500/TB/year [29]. The
Princeton DataSpace repository charges a one‐time fee of $0.006/MB [26]. The
DuraCloud service has a variety of price points ranging from $1,500/TB/year to
$6,900/TB/year for basic through enterprise service [12]. Note that these are the
baseline prices for the first TB, with a lesser rate for subsequent use and further price
decreases for content over 10 TB in size. The HathiTrust storage‐based pricing for
content‐contributing partners is $3.29/GB/year plus a one‐time fee of 25% the of the first
year cost [15]. The LifeTime Library at the University of North Carolina offers students
permanent storage “and associated services” for 250 GB, apparently with no associated
fees [33]. The USC Digital Repository offers a paid up license for 20 years of preservation
service for $1,000/TB [34]. In general, however, little information is available explaining
the basis of their business models.
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Appendix B Pay‐as‐you‐go cost categories
It may useful to distinguish subsets of costs on the basis of the putative source of funding
for the underlying activity or capacity. This requires splitting some of the terms in Eqs. (1)
and (2) into constituent parts reflecting meaningful administrative distinctions. For
example, the following breakdown of costs may reflect the administrative reality for
many preservation service providers.
1. Common good.
a. Development. Annualized costs of major technical development of
preservation System and its subsidiary Services, generally funded through
external grants.
b. Operation. Annual costs of operating the System, supporting content
Consumers, and preservation Administration and Management, generally
funded by central University funds.
c. Infrastructure. Annual costs of operating the Servers underlying the
System, generally funded by central University funds.
d. Intervention. One‐time costs associated with a preservation Intervention
necessary to ensure ongoing viability of and accessibility to managed
content, possibly funded by special one‐time subventions or surcharges.
2. Owner‐specific costs.
a. Customer Relations Management (CRM). One‐time costs of accepting and
registering for use a new Owner and the submission Streams used by the
Owner, generally funded by direct billing to the Owner.
b. Dedicated resources. Annual or annualized costs of resources solely
dedicated for use by an Owner, for example, Storage, generally funded by
direct billing to that Owner.
(B.1)
·
(B.2)
ℓ ·
(B.3)
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·
(B.4)
· (B.5)
· (B.6)
where:
Pay‐as‐you‐go common good development cost.
Pay‐as‐you‐go common good Archive development cost.
Pay‐as‐you‐go common good operational cost.
Pay‐as‐you‐go common good Archive operational cost
Pay‐as‐you‐go common good infrastructure cost.
Pay‐as‐you‐go common good Intervention cost.
Pay‐as‐you‐go Producer CRM cost.
Pay‐as‐you‐go Producer dedicated resource cost.
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Appendix C Paid‐up price model derivation
The paid‐up price model is based on a one‐time, up‐front payment, , sufficiently large
to pay for all subsequent preservation activities over a term of years, assuming an
annual investment rate of return, , or surplus funds and a compounding discount (or
markup) factor, , applicable to the cost of the activities. This can be illustrated by the
cash flow diagram (CFD) in Figure 4.
Income ·
· 1 ·
1 ·
· 1 · 1 ·
1 ·
1 ^2 ·
0
1 2 3
Expense 1 · 1 · 1 ·
Figure C.1 – TCP paid‐up price cash flow diagram
At beginning of the base year ( 0) there is the one‐time payment and expense
. At year end there is the additional income generated by investing the surplus funds,
0, with a return rate of , and the following years expenses, which is the initial year
cost adjusted by the compounding discount factor, .
Since the paid‐up price model is intended to be ultimately revenue neutral, at the end of
the term the net financial position, equal to the previous year’s net plus the current
year’s income minus expenses, should be 0. Thus, at the end of year :
0 1 · 1 · 1 · · 1 · 0 1 · 0
1 · 0 1 · 0
(C.1)
Solving Eq. (C.1) for gives the one‐time price.
0 1 · 0 1 · 1 · 0 1 · 1
· 0 1 · 1 · 0
(C.2)
1 · 0 1 · 1 · 0 1 · 1 · 0
1 · 1 · 0
(C.3)
1 · 1 · 0 1 · 1 · 0 1
· 1 · 0 1 · 1 · 0
(C.4)
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1 · 1 · 1 · 0 (C.5)
0 ·
1 · 1
1
(C.6)
0 ·
1
1
(C.7)
An equation of the form of Eq. (C.7) is known as a power series and has the general
solution derived in Appendix D.
0 ·
1
1
1
1
1
1
(C.8)
0 ·
1 1
1 ·
(C.9)
As discussed in Section § 2.3.1, distinct discount factors should be determined for the six
cost categories: development, operations, infrastructure, intervention, CRM, and storage.
Thus, a more accurate formulation for the paid‐up price is:
·
1 1
1 ·
·
1 1
1 ·
·
1 1
1 ·
·
1 1
1 ·
·
1 1
1 ·
·
1 1
1 ·
(C.10)
where:
Pay‐as‐you‐go development cost established for the base year
0.
Annual development discount (or markup) factor, as a decimal.
Pay‐as‐you‐go operational cost for the base year.
Annual operational discount factor.
Pay‐as‐you‐go infrastructure cost for the base year.
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Annual infrastructure discount factor.
Pay‐as‐you‐go intervention cost for the base year.
Annual intervention discount factor.
Pay‐as‐you‐go CRM cost for the base year.
Annual CRM discount factor.
Pay‐as‐you‐go storage cost for the base year.
Annual storage discount factor.
The revenue neutrality of the paid‐up pricing is illustrated in the example in Table C.1,
with a ten year term ( 10), an initial pay‐as‐you‐go cost of $390 ( $390), an
annual investment return of 2% ( 0.02), an annual aggregate discount in providing
preservation service of 5% ( 0.05), and a paid‐up price of $2,892 ( $2,892). As
shown, at the end of the 10th year ( 9), the pricing yields a surplus of $0. (All figures
rounded to the nearest dollar).
Year ( ) Income Expense Surplus
0 $ 2,892 $ 390 $ 2,502
1 $ 50 $ 371 $ 2,182
2 $ 44 $ 352 $ 1,873
3 $ 37 $ 334 $ 1,576
4 $ 32 $ 318 $ 1,290
5 $ 26 $ 302 $ 1,014
6 $ 20 $ 287 $ 748
7 $ 15 $ 272 $ 490
8 $ 10 $ 259 $ 241
9 $ 5 $ 246 $ 0
Table C.1 – Paid‐up price model revenue neutrality example
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Appendix D Power series
An equation of the form:
, · · · (D.1)
which can be represented in compact form as:
, · (D.2)
is known as a power series. Its general solution is derived as follows: Eq. (D.1) can be
scaled by a factor of :
· , · · · · (D.3)
Subtracting Eq. (D.3) from (D.1) yields:
. · , · · · ·
· · ·
(D.4)
Most of the terms cancel, leaving:
. · , · (D.5)
which can be rearranged to form the general power series solution:
1 · . · (D.6)
.
·
1
(D.7)
. · for 0 1 (D.8)
An infinite power series, one for which ∞ can be solved by observing that 0 as
∞ so long as satisfies the convergence criterion 0 1. Thus:
, ∞ lim , · for 0 1 (D.9)
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Appendix E Annualizing term costs
Many preservation costs are incurred for an activity or capacity with an effective lifespan
of more than one year, for example, preservation analysis or servers or storage. In the
TCP model these costs are annualized on an inflation‐adjusted basis over their effective
lifespan. For example, suppose a preservation service provider procures a Server for
$5,000 with the intention of replacing it after five years. The nominal annualized cost is
$5,000/5 years = $1,000/year. But this does not take into account the inflationary effect
on the annualized cost, since future dollars are worth less than current dollars. The net
present value, , of series of nominally‐equal annual cash flow amounts, , subject
to an inflation rate, , is:
1 1 1
(E.1)
Eq. (E.1) is a power series that can be solved by substituting c for , 1 for , and for
in Eq. (D.8) of Appendix D.
·
1
1
1
1
1
1
(E.2)
which can be simplified to:
·
1 1
1
1
(E.3)
·
1 1
1
·
1
(E.4)
·
1 1
· 1
(E.5)
In the TCP case the NPV amount is known for the base year 0, so Eq. (D.5) can be
solved for the unknown adjusted annualized cost .
·
· 1
1 1
(E.6)
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Appendix F Open Archival Information System (OAIS)
The ISO 14721 Open Archival Information System (OAIS) reference model provides a
useful reference for the development of a comprehensive archives “consisting of an
organization of people and systems that has accepted the responsibility to preserve
information and make it available for a Designated Community” [18].
The simplified OAIS entities and interactions used by TCP are depicted in Figures F.1 and
F.2.
Figure F.1 – High‐level OAIS entities and interactions
Figure F.2 – Intermediate OAIS entities and interactions
For purposes of accounting for and allocating the full economic cost of long‐term
preservation, the TCP model (see Figure 1) distinguishes between a narrowed System
entity, composed of the Ingest, Data management, and Access services, and the Servers
or infrastructural platform on which the System operates and the Storage that the
preserved content occupies.
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