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Flavanoids
Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found in plants that act as antioxidants. They have 15 carbon atoms arranged in two benzene rings connected by a 3 carbon chain. There are over 4,000 known flavonoids that are commonly found as flower pigments but also occur in other plant parts. Major classes of flavonoids include flavones, flavonols, flavanones, and isoflavonoids. Flavonoids have important biological functions like repairing damage, protecting plants from toxins and UV radiation, and possess anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antitumor properties in humans.
Flavonoids
This document discusses flavonoids, a class of polyphenolic compounds found in plants. It notes that over 4,000 flavonoids have been identified in foods and beverages, and that they have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Flavonoids are categorized into subclasses including flavonols, flavones, flavanones, and isoflavones. The document explores the antioxidant activities and health benefits of specific flavonoids like quercetin and xanthohumol. High intake of flavonoids from foods is associated with reduced risk of diseases like cancer and heart disease.
Flavonoids classification, isolation and identification
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
Flavonoids
Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites that are classified based on their chemical structure. They are abundant in many plant families and occur as both free compounds and glycosides. Key classes include flavonols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, and anthocyanidins. Flavonoids have a variety of biological effects and are found in several plants that are used medicinally such as orange peel, garcinia, soybean, liquorice, cranberry, and buckwheat.
Phenolic compounds
The document discusses plant phenolic compounds. It notes that thousands of phenolic structures are known, accounting for 40% of organic carbon in the biosphere. Phenolic compounds are primarily derived from the phenylpropanoid and acetate pathways and play important roles in plant cell walls, defense, wood/bark features, and flower color/flavor. Phenolic compounds can be classified into flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Key flavonoids discussed include quercetin, naringenin, and isoflavonoids like genistein and daidzein. Non-flavonoids include hydroxycinnamates, stilbenes like resveratrol, and tannins.
Artemisinin
Malaria is a major public health problem affecting over 2 billion people in 90 countries. Each year there are 300-500 million cases of malaria resulting in 1.5-2.7 million deaths, mostly young children in Africa. Progress made in reducing malaria has been eroding due to factors like land use changes, climate change, conflict, and the development of drug-resistant strains of the malaria parasite. Most malaria-endemic areas now show resistance to chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, and resistance to mefloquine has emerged in Southeast Asia where multi-drug resistance occurs.
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Flavanoids
Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found in plants that act as antioxidants. They have 15 carbon atoms arranged in two benzene rings connected by a 3 carbon chain. There are over 4,000 known flavonoids that are commonly found as flower pigments but also occur in other plant parts. Major classes of flavonoids include flavones, flavonols, flavanones, and isoflavonoids. Flavonoids have important biological functions like repairing damage, protecting plants from toxins and UV radiation, and possess anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antitumor properties in humans.
Flavonoids
This document discusses flavonoids, a class of polyphenolic compounds found in plants. It notes that over 4,000 flavonoids have been identified in foods and beverages, and that they have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Flavonoids are categorized into subclasses including flavonols, flavones, flavanones, and isoflavones. The document explores the antioxidant activities and health benefits of specific flavonoids like quercetin and xanthohumol. High intake of flavonoids from foods is associated with reduced risk of diseases like cancer and heart disease.
Flavonoids classification, isolation and identification
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
Flavonoids
Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites that are classified based on their chemical structure. They are abundant in many plant families and occur as both free compounds and glycosides. Key classes include flavonols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, and anthocyanidins. Flavonoids have a variety of biological effects and are found in several plants that are used medicinally such as orange peel, garcinia, soybean, liquorice, cranberry, and buckwheat.
Phenolic compounds
The document discusses plant phenolic compounds. It notes that thousands of phenolic structures are known, accounting for 40% of organic carbon in the biosphere. Phenolic compounds are primarily derived from the phenylpropanoid and acetate pathways and play important roles in plant cell walls, defense, wood/bark features, and flower color/flavor. Phenolic compounds can be classified into flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Key flavonoids discussed include quercetin, naringenin, and isoflavonoids like genistein and daidzein. Non-flavonoids include hydroxycinnamates, stilbenes like resveratrol, and tannins.
Artemisinin
Malaria is a major public health problem affecting over 2 billion people in 90 countries. Each year there are 300-500 million cases of malaria resulting in 1.5-2.7 million deaths, mostly young children in Africa. Progress made in reducing malaria has been eroding due to factors like land use changes, climate change, conflict, and the development of drug-resistant strains of the malaria parasite. Most malaria-endemic areas now show resistance to chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, and resistance to mefloquine has emerged in Southeast Asia where multi-drug resistance occurs.
Fr182877
This document summarizes a meeting presentation about total syntheses of the natural product FR182877. Key points include:
- FR182877 is a cytotoxic natural product isolated from bacteria in 1998. It poses synthetic challenges due to its large hexacyclic structure containing multiple stereocenters.
- Total syntheses of both enantiomers of FR182877 have been achieved by the Sorensen and Evans groups using Diels-Alder cascades.
- The presentation discusses proposed biogenetic pathways, retrosynthetic analyses, key transformations such as Suzuki couplings and macrocyclization reactions, and studies of the stereoselectivity of the Diels-Alder cascade central to the
Gephyrotoxin
Jonathan R. Scheerer presented on the total synthesis of the alkaloid gephyrotoxin. Gephyrotoxin was first isolated from poison dart frogs and is a potent muscarinic antagonist. Several research groups, including Kishi and Overman, have achieved the total synthesis of both the natural and unnatural enantiomers of gephyrotoxin using retrosynthetic analyses involving aza-Cope rearrangements, Eschenmoser contractions, and stereoselective reductions. The seminar focused on the key steps that these groups used to construct the tricyclic core and install the functionalized enyne portion of the gephyrotoxin molecule.
Gibberellins
The document summarizes research on gibberellins, a class of plant hormones. It outlines the presentation topics, which include the history and discovery of gibberellins, their biosynthesis, the structure and reactivity of gibberellic acid, conversions between gibberellins, and approaches to total and partial synthesis. It then provides highlights on the history of gibberellin research from the initial discovery of the "bakanae" disease in rice to the isolation and structural elucidation of gibberellic acid. Biosynthesis occurs in three stages, and the structures and rearrangements of gibberellic acid under basic and acidic conditions are shown. Methods for oxidizing different carbons on the gibberellin
Camptothecin
1) Camptothecin is a natural alkaloid isolated from the Chinese camptotheca tree that was found to inhibit the enzyme topoisomerase I.
2) Monroe Wall and Mansukh Wani at Research Triangle Institute discovered and developed camptothecin and its analogs as promising anticancer agents in the 1960s-1980s.
3) Since then, over 100 derivatives have been synthesized using modern organic chemistry techniques like Diels-Alder reactions, radical annulations, and asymmetric syntheses.
4) Two FDA-approved camptothecin analogs, irinotecan and topotecan, are now important cancer drugs, with worldwide sales of $800
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