Taxation and Representation - A DebateIn the years between the end.pdf
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Taxation and Representation - A Debate In the years between the end of the French and Indian War and the skirmishes at Lexington and Concord, 1763-1775, the colonies and the mother country debated the right of Parliament to legislate for the colonies. The British claimed that Parliament held this right without question, while the colonies insisted that only a body which they actually elected could tax them. While the British espoused the commonly-held notion that Parliament represented all British possessions virtually, the colonists drew on their experiences with their colonial legislatures, maintaining that the only true representation was actual representation. 1.According to the documents that state the Parliamentary position (those from the Parliamentary Acts and Jenyns), what rights did the mother country have over the colonies? If these documents mention the right to tax, what specifically do they say about this right? Answer in 1 paragraph. Solution Every country posseses and deliver rights to their citizens.The mother country must have the right to tax because the mother company must possess some rights which will help the country to have the things in its own hand hand so that the democracy flows in the country. On the other hand the colonies also must have rights so that they can live freely without any boundation..
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The Impact of the French and Indian WarTo get to the point of .docx
The Impact of the French and Indian War
To get to the point of revolution took a few years and several actions on the part of the British. To begin, we must look back to 1763 and the end of the French and Indian War. This was the first true world war in human history and made England a truly great empire. In truth, the sun never set on the British Empire.
But wars cost money, lots and lots of money. The treasury of Great Britain was in dire need of a large infusion of funds. Since the taxpayers in England thought they were already too burdened to accept more taxes, the only logical place to look for money was in the colonies.
After all, reasoned the governing circles in London, was not this war fought for the benefit of those colonies? They have never been burdened like we have, it is time they pay their fair share of taxes to pay off this huge debt. There is only one hitch in this scenario. The colonists had no representation in Parliament. According to English law and tradition, no one can be taxed unless they have representation in Parliament.
The British government sought to use “virtual representation” to argue that the colonists were indeed represented. Leaders on both sides of the Atlantic knew this fiction for what it was. In 1763, American colonists were proud to call themselves "Englishmen", but as the years rolled by, they began to realize that Englishmen in England did not see them as anything more than subjects of the crown, not brothers in citizenship.
The American colonists continually resisted attempts by the government in London to tax them. They recognized the truth in the words of the Commonwealthmen, that liberty must be zealously guarded and that it can never compromise with power. The acceptance of even one tax, however small and innocuous, would have started them on the dark road to doom. Acceptance of a small tax would make it easier to accept another and another and another until their liberty had been lost to tyranny.
The efforts of the British to enforce payment of taxes only further reinforced the tenets of liberty in the minds of the colonists. The British knew that Boston was the center of resistance so they began stationing regular British troops there after several taxes had been repealed due to colonial boycotts. These troops were quartered in the homes of the colonists. Imagine a situation where three or four or five Redcoats are sent to live in your house. They are armed while you most likely are not. They will sleep in your bed, eat your food, use your facilities, and you will not receive one shilling in compensation. This is a direct assault on liberty.
Formation of the Continental Congress
As events continued, both sides stiffened their necks. The British were determined to put the colonists in their place while the colonists were equally determined to resist. The point-of-no-return loomed ever nearer. In 1774, a Continental Congress met to decide what to do in response to British provocations. Th ...
British ideas and principles
Ideas and priciples brought over from Great Britain to the American colonies.
The American Revolution or the Revolutionary War
This presentation was created to accompany Scott Foresman's Our Nation textbook.
Recommended
The Impact of the French and Indian WarTo get to the point of .docx
The Impact of the French and Indian War
To get to the point of revolution took a few years and several actions on the part of the British. To begin, we must look back to 1763 and the end of the French and Indian War. This was the first true world war in human history and made England a truly great empire. In truth, the sun never set on the British Empire.
But wars cost money, lots and lots of money. The treasury of Great Britain was in dire need of a large infusion of funds. Since the taxpayers in England thought they were already too burdened to accept more taxes, the only logical place to look for money was in the colonies.
After all, reasoned the governing circles in London, was not this war fought for the benefit of those colonies? They have never been burdened like we have, it is time they pay their fair share of taxes to pay off this huge debt. There is only one hitch in this scenario. The colonists had no representation in Parliament. According to English law and tradition, no one can be taxed unless they have representation in Parliament.
The British government sought to use “virtual representation” to argue that the colonists were indeed represented. Leaders on both sides of the Atlantic knew this fiction for what it was. In 1763, American colonists were proud to call themselves "Englishmen", but as the years rolled by, they began to realize that Englishmen in England did not see them as anything more than subjects of the crown, not brothers in citizenship.
The American colonists continually resisted attempts by the government in London to tax them. They recognized the truth in the words of the Commonwealthmen, that liberty must be zealously guarded and that it can never compromise with power. The acceptance of even one tax, however small and innocuous, would have started them on the dark road to doom. Acceptance of a small tax would make it easier to accept another and another and another until their liberty had been lost to tyranny.
The efforts of the British to enforce payment of taxes only further reinforced the tenets of liberty in the minds of the colonists. The British knew that Boston was the center of resistance so they began stationing regular British troops there after several taxes had been repealed due to colonial boycotts. These troops were quartered in the homes of the colonists. Imagine a situation where three or four or five Redcoats are sent to live in your house. They are armed while you most likely are not. They will sleep in your bed, eat your food, use your facilities, and you will not receive one shilling in compensation. This is a direct assault on liberty.
Formation of the Continental Congress
As events continued, both sides stiffened their necks. The British were determined to put the colonists in their place while the colonists were equally determined to resist. The point-of-no-return loomed ever nearer. In 1774, a Continental Congress met to decide what to do in response to British provocations. Th ...
British ideas and principles
Ideas and priciples brought over from Great Britain to the American colonies.
The American Revolution or the Revolutionary War
This presentation was created to accompany Scott Foresman's Our Nation textbook.
POD Chapter 2
Fraga, Luis R. (2009). United States Government. Holt/McDougal. PowerPoint Accompaniment to Chapter. **adapted
2 constitution 2 classes
Introduction to American Government. Department of Government and Politics at Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT
Explain the DSM is and how it defines a psychological disorder. P.pdf
Explain the DSM is and how it defines a psychological disorder. ***PSYCHOLOGY
Solution
Diagnostic and statistical manual (DSM) describes about the mental health disorders.
Psychologists differentiate the mental disorders based on the principles of DSM. DSM-V defines
the present condition of psychological, biological dysfunction in an individual is due to
disturbances in emotional, social, behavioural mental functioning/condition of an individual..
Ethical egoism is a form of..benefit-harm theory. divine Command theo.pdf
Ethical egoism is a form of..benefit-harm theory. divine Command theory.. psychological
egoism. subjectivism
Solution
Ans:Ethical egoism is the idea that people have moral obligations only to themselves and that
they ought to pursue their own ends exclusively. An ethical egoist would say that one has no
duty to help others in need unless doing so happens to coincide with one\'s own needs. Because
ethical egoism prescribes actions, it is distinct from psychological egoism (discussed in the
previous selection by Joel Feinberg), which is a descriptive claim about the nature of people\'s
motivations.Rachels provides several arguments both for and against ethical egoism. The first
argument for ethical egoism is that we actually harm other people by looking out for their
interests. For example, we may misinterpret their interests and bungle attempts at help, or we
may intrude on other people\'s lives in ways that they dislike, or we may degrade others by
offering them handouts. But this justification of egoism is premised upon the value of the general
welfare precisely the thing that ethical egoism denies is important. Rather than claiming that only
one\'s own interests matter, this argument states that paying attention to one\'s own interests is
the most effective means to furthering the interests of everyone. It is thus an empirical claim
about the best way to benefit people generally, not a normative claim about whose interests
ought to count. A second argument for ethical egoism is that altruistic ethics (i.e., those that
require one to help others even without benefit to oneself) requires one to sacrifice oneself for
the benefit of others, and that were one to follow altruistic ethics one would have nothing to give
one\'s projects, goals, and relationships. But those things are precisely what make life valuable;
thus, altruistic ethics denies the importance of the very things that are valuable. Rachels
dismisses this argument quickly because it is a false dichotomy; having obligations to others
does not entail that one give up all of one\'s projects.
So,Option A is correct..
Evolutionary theorists believe the need to belong is at the ________.pdf
Evolutionary theorists believe the need to belong is at the _________ level of analysis. a. Human
nature. b. Individual nature. c. Individual differences. d. Sex differences uniqueness.
Solution
Answer:-Optuin A (Human Nature)
Explanation :-Evolutionary theorists believe the need to belong is at the Human Nature evel of
analysis..
Describe the differences among dominance, incomplete dominance, codo.pdf
Describe the differences among dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, and
overdominance.
Solution
Dominant character: A character that expresses itself even in the heterozygous state in F1
generation is known as a dominant character. With such a character, the F2 ratio is a 1:2:1 and
F1 is a 3:1 ratio in case of mono hybrid cross.
Incomplete dominance: It is also known as incomplete or partial or a semi dominant condition ,
where none of the alleles are dominant or recessive over the other. This condition is
characterised where the F1 heterozygous do not show a single colour/ trait relative to one parent,
but express a phenotype that is intermediate to both the parents. For eg: if a red flower plant of
Mirabilis jalapa is crossed with the white ones, then the F1 will not be red or white but pink in
colour. In case where the pink F1 is crossed to obtain F2 a ratio of 1:2:1 is obtained with
red:pink:white in both genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
Codominance : the co dominant alleles do not have a a dominant or recessive effect from one
another. Here, the heterozygous genotype gives rise to a phenotype that is very much different
from either of the parents. This can very well be seen in the ABO blood grouping system . The
chemical glycoproteins are controlled by three alleles out o which two IA and IB are co
dominant where as i is recessive to the other two at the ABO locus. The IAIA and IAi
individuals produce type A blood, and IBIB and IBi individuals produce type B blood, but IAIB
individuals show modifications on their blood cells and thus show type AB blood, so the IA and
IB alleles are said to be co-dominant.
Overdominance : this is the condition where the heterozygote phenotype does not lie in the range
of any of the homozygotes. For eg the sickle cell anaemic condition in humans. The individual
with this effect will have a partial resistance to malaria but the homozygotes do not show any
such kind of effects..
Describe 3 ideas or techniques that describe how to make a web page .pdf
Describe 3 ideas or techniques that describe how to make a web page more accessible.
Solution
Please follow the data and description :
Increase the Accessibility of Various Websites :
In the stream of networking and computers the word accessibility is to be considered so as to
increase the availability. The Internet is an incredible resource and it has opened up exciting new
possibilities.
Some of the ideas or the techniques used to increase the accessibility are :
a) Text/Font for the display :
It is to be taken care that the text used is to be legible and can be understandable for every age
group and the people with sight defects.
b) Content :
The author needs to provide a text alternatives for any of the non text content so that it can be
changed into other forms by the people as needed such as large print, Braille, symbols or simpler
language.
c) Links/References :
Many hesitate to provide the links and the references for the data that they share as to make the
blog/site more helpful. But it is a bad idea as the people generally tend to search for knowledge
that are beyond their expectations so as to make the high readability over other sites. So it is a
good idea to make the links and the references available for the readers or the users.
d) Appearance :
To make the site more and more effecttive car needs to ben taken during the selection of the
themes and the colors so that the site looks attractive and makes teh reader to approach the same
link again and again so that they could be comfortable in making the knowledge.
Hope this is helpful..
Consider this C++ BankAccount class with the following public member.pdf
Consider this C++ BankAccount class with the following public member functions.
/* Constructs an object to represent a bank account.
*
* Parameter:
* double initial_balance -- the starting balance of the account
* /
BankAccount(double initial_balance);
/* Adds a certain amount the balance of the account.
*
* Parameter:
* double amount -- the amount to add to the balance
*
* Returns:
* nothing
*/
void deposit(double amount);
/* Subtracts a certain amount from the balance of the account.
*
* Parameter:
* double amount -- the amount to subtract from the balance
*
* Returns:
* nothing
*/
void withdraw(double amount);
/* Gets the balance of the account.
*
* Parameters:
* none
*
* Returns:
* double -- the balance of the account
*/
double get_balance();
(a) Which are the accessor function(s)?
(b) Which are the mutator function(s)?
(c) Create an object to represent a checking account with a starting balance of $1500.
(d) Provide a fragment of C++ code to perform this sequence of actions on the checking
account: deposit $100, print the balance, withdraw $250.
Solution
a) accessors
get_balance()
b) mutators
void deposit(double)
void withdraw(double)
c) BankAccount acc(1500.0);
d) acc.deposit(100.0)
acc.get_balance();
acc.withdraw(250.0).
Compared with the interior, which of the following changes is usually.pdf
Compared with the interior, which of the following changes is usually not associated with
edges? More light increased wind speeds decreased humidity decreased diurnal temperature
fluctuations all of the above are associated with edges of forests.
Solution
A forest edge or woodland edge is the transformation zone (ecotone) from an region of forest or
woodland to meadow or other open capacity is known as forest edges..
Both influenza virus and (IFV), and Measles Virus (MV) are enveloped.pdf
Both influenza virus and (IFV), and Measles Virus (MV) are enveloped viruses with class I
fusion glycoproteins. Experimental exposure to low pH (5.5) buffer will inactivate IFV, but not
MV. Based on this information, What can you infer about the entry pathways and mechanism of
two viruses?
Solution
Entry of virus in the host membrane includes a number of steps.
The entry pathway of Influenza virus is influenced by a fusion protein termed as hemagglutinin.
It is a trimeric glycoprotien present in multiple copies in the membrane envelope of influenza
virus. The structure of hemagglutinin contains a receptor binding sites, fusion peptide, a
metastable structure motif, and the transmembrane domain.
For the entry of IFV the first step involves the recognition of the host cell receptor molecules ,
terminal sialic acid by hemagglutinin. The attachment is multivalent in nature as the multiple
copies of trimetric hemagglutinin gets attached with the receptors on the membrane and triggers
endocytosis of the IFV. The virus is trapped in endosome and moves via a unidirectional
pathway towards nucleus of the host cell. At this position the pH of the endosome become acidic
and induces a dramatic conformational change in hemagglutinin to insert the fusion protein into
the host membrane (nucleus). It induces a juxtaposition of the two membrane and forms a fusion
pore that allows the release of the genome segment in the of the IFV. The genome then
undergoes translation in host cells and thus develop protein and in turns shows symptoms of
disease.
At low pH the hemagglutinin of IFV undergoes a conformational change which results in
exposure of a hydrophobic segment of the molecule which is crucial to expression of viral fusion
activity and thus inactivate the entry of the virus. For optimal expression of fusion activity the
virus must bound to the target membrane before exposure to low pH.
In case of measles virus (MV), like other paramyxoviruses (those which have single stand RNA
which are used as template for mRNA synthesis), for the fusion both the fusion protein (F) and
hemagglutinin (H) are required. These proteins are found on the viral surface in a regular array
of tightly packed spikes H tetramers and F timers. H proteins recognizes the receptors on the
target membrane as well as help the F protein in the fusion process which involves the insertion
of hydrophobic fusion peptide in the cell membrane. Unlike IFV, MV uses single protein , the
regulator of complement activation CD46 as its main receptors. CD46 is a type 1 transmembrane
protein which is expressed in four isoform. MV enters a cell by pH independent membrane
fusion at the cell surface. Binding of the H protein is believed to induce conformational change
of the H protein as well as that of the F proteins. The hydrophobic fusion peptide inside the F
protein is then exposed and inserted into the plasma membrane of the target cell. The structural
changes of the F protein then induce fusion of vir.
Are the structures present in the organisms or not Amswer Yes or No.pdf
Are the structures present in the organisms or not? Amswer Yes or No.
Structure
Claim
Squid
Earthworm
Grasshopper
Starfish
Lamprey
Triploblastic
Eucoelomate
Deuterostome
Limbs
External Ear
Reproduction Dioecious
Lungs
Dorsal Nerve Cord
Amniotic Egg
Placenta
Gall Bladder
Endoskeleton
Lobed Liver
Bony Skeleton
Swim bladder
Metanephric Kidney
3 Semicircular canals
Rectal Gland
Larynx/Syrinx
Tetrapod limbs
Double loop circulatory system
Feathers/hair
Homeothermic
Synapsid skull
Bony Operculum
Muscular Gizzard
Mammary Glands
Waterproof Skin
Closed Circulatory System
Claim
Squid
Earthworm
Grasshopper
Starfish
Lamprey
Ventricles
Keratin on Digits
4 Chambered Heart
Diaphragm
Radial Cleavage
Paired Kidney
Ridges in stomach
Spiral valve
Lungs honeycombed
Bilateral Symmetry
Heterodont Dentition
Vas deferens present
Egg Isolecithal
Rotational Cleavage
Pharyngeal/branchial pouches
Enucleated Red Blood Cells
Calcareous shells
Cranial nerves present
Structure
Claim
Squid
Earthworm
Grasshopper
Starfish
Lamprey
Triploblastic
Eucoelomate
Deuterostome
Limbs
External Ear
Reproduction Dioecious
Lungs
Dorsal Nerve Cord
Amniotic Egg
Placenta
Gall Bladder
Endoskeleton
Lobed Liver
Bony Skeleton
Swim bladder
Metanephric Kidney
3 Semicircular canals
Rectal Gland
Larynx/Syrinx
Tetrapod limbs
Double loop circulatory system
Feathers/hair
Homeothermic
Synapsid skull
Bony Operculum
Muscular Gizzard
Mammary Glands
Waterproof Skin
Closed Circulatory System
Claim
Squid
Earthworm
Grasshopper
Starfish
Lamprey
Ventricles
Keratin on Digits
4 Chambered Heart
Diaphragm
Radial Cleavage
Paired Kidney
Ridges in stomach
Spiral valve
Lungs honeycombed
Bilateral Symmetry
Heterodont Dentition
Vas deferens present
Egg Isolecithal
Rotational Cleavage
Pharyngeal/branchial pouches
Enucleated Red Blood Cells
Calcareous shells
Cranial nerves present
Solution
Structure Clam Squid Earthworm Grasshopper Starfish Lamprey Triploblastic Yes yes Yes
Yes Yes No Eucoelomate Yes Yes Yes No No No Deuterostome No No Yes Yes Yes No.
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Explain the DSM is and how it defines a psychological disorder. P.pdf
Explain the DSM is and how it defines a psychological disorder. ***PSYCHOLOGY
Solution
Diagnostic and statistical manual (DSM) describes about the mental health disorders.
Psychologists differentiate the mental disorders based on the principles of DSM. DSM-V defines
the present condition of psychological, biological dysfunction in an individual is due to
disturbances in emotional, social, behavioural mental functioning/condition of an individual..
Ethical egoism is a form of..benefit-harm theory. divine Command theo.pdf
Ethical egoism is a form of..benefit-harm theory. divine Command theory.. psychological
egoism. subjectivism
Solution
Ans:Ethical egoism is the idea that people have moral obligations only to themselves and that
they ought to pursue their own ends exclusively. An ethical egoist would say that one has no
duty to help others in need unless doing so happens to coincide with one\'s own needs. Because
ethical egoism prescribes actions, it is distinct from psychological egoism (discussed in the
previous selection by Joel Feinberg), which is a descriptive claim about the nature of people\'s
motivations.Rachels provides several arguments both for and against ethical egoism. The first
argument for ethical egoism is that we actually harm other people by looking out for their
interests. For example, we may misinterpret their interests and bungle attempts at help, or we
may intrude on other people\'s lives in ways that they dislike, or we may degrade others by
offering them handouts. But this justification of egoism is premised upon the value of the general
welfare precisely the thing that ethical egoism denies is important. Rather than claiming that only
one\'s own interests matter, this argument states that paying attention to one\'s own interests is
the most effective means to furthering the interests of everyone. It is thus an empirical claim
about the best way to benefit people generally, not a normative claim about whose interests
ought to count. A second argument for ethical egoism is that altruistic ethics (i.e., those that
require one to help others even without benefit to oneself) requires one to sacrifice oneself for
the benefit of others, and that were one to follow altruistic ethics one would have nothing to give
one\'s projects, goals, and relationships. But those things are precisely what make life valuable;
thus, altruistic ethics denies the importance of the very things that are valuable. Rachels
dismisses this argument quickly because it is a false dichotomy; having obligations to others
does not entail that one give up all of one\'s projects.
So,Option A is correct..
Evolutionary theorists believe the need to belong is at the ________.pdf
Evolutionary theorists believe the need to belong is at the _________ level of analysis. a. Human
nature. b. Individual nature. c. Individual differences. d. Sex differences uniqueness.
Solution
Answer:-Optuin A (Human Nature)
Explanation :-Evolutionary theorists believe the need to belong is at the Human Nature evel of
analysis..
Describe the differences among dominance, incomplete dominance, codo.pdf
Describe the differences among dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, and
overdominance.
Solution
Dominant character: A character that expresses itself even in the heterozygous state in F1
generation is known as a dominant character. With such a character, the F2 ratio is a 1:2:1 and
F1 is a 3:1 ratio in case of mono hybrid cross.
Incomplete dominance: It is also known as incomplete or partial or a semi dominant condition ,
where none of the alleles are dominant or recessive over the other. This condition is
characterised where the F1 heterozygous do not show a single colour/ trait relative to one parent,
but express a phenotype that is intermediate to both the parents. For eg: if a red flower plant of
Mirabilis jalapa is crossed with the white ones, then the F1 will not be red or white but pink in
colour. In case where the pink F1 is crossed to obtain F2 a ratio of 1:2:1 is obtained with
red:pink:white in both genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
Codominance : the co dominant alleles do not have a a dominant or recessive effect from one
another. Here, the heterozygous genotype gives rise to a phenotype that is very much different
from either of the parents. This can very well be seen in the ABO blood grouping system . The
chemical glycoproteins are controlled by three alleles out o which two IA and IB are co
dominant where as i is recessive to the other two at the ABO locus. The IAIA and IAi
individuals produce type A blood, and IBIB and IBi individuals produce type B blood, but IAIB
individuals show modifications on their blood cells and thus show type AB blood, so the IA and
IB alleles are said to be co-dominant.
Overdominance : this is the condition where the heterozygote phenotype does not lie in the range
of any of the homozygotes. For eg the sickle cell anaemic condition in humans. The individual
with this effect will have a partial resistance to malaria but the homozygotes do not show any
such kind of effects..
Describe 3 ideas or techniques that describe how to make a web page .pdf
Describe 3 ideas or techniques that describe how to make a web page more accessible.
Solution
Please follow the data and description :
Increase the Accessibility of Various Websites :
In the stream of networking and computers the word accessibility is to be considered so as to
increase the availability. The Internet is an incredible resource and it has opened up exciting new
possibilities.
Some of the ideas or the techniques used to increase the accessibility are :
a) Text/Font for the display :
It is to be taken care that the text used is to be legible and can be understandable for every age
group and the people with sight defects.
b) Content :
The author needs to provide a text alternatives for any of the non text content so that it can be
changed into other forms by the people as needed such as large print, Braille, symbols or simpler
language.
c) Links/References :
Many hesitate to provide the links and the references for the data that they share as to make the
blog/site more helpful. But it is a bad idea as the people generally tend to search for knowledge
that are beyond their expectations so as to make the high readability over other sites. So it is a
good idea to make the links and the references available for the readers or the users.
d) Appearance :
To make the site more and more effecttive car needs to ben taken during the selection of the
themes and the colors so that the site looks attractive and makes teh reader to approach the same
link again and again so that they could be comfortable in making the knowledge.
Hope this is helpful..
Consider this C++ BankAccount class with the following public member.pdf
Consider this C++ BankAccount class with the following public member functions.
/* Constructs an object to represent a bank account.
*
* Parameter:
* double initial_balance -- the starting balance of the account
* /
BankAccount(double initial_balance);
/* Adds a certain amount the balance of the account.
*
* Parameter:
* double amount -- the amount to add to the balance
*
* Returns:
* nothing
*/
void deposit(double amount);
/* Subtracts a certain amount from the balance of the account.
*
* Parameter:
* double amount -- the amount to subtract from the balance
*
* Returns:
* nothing
*/
void withdraw(double amount);
/* Gets the balance of the account.
*
* Parameters:
* none
*
* Returns:
* double -- the balance of the account
*/
double get_balance();
(a) Which are the accessor function(s)?
(b) Which are the mutator function(s)?
(c) Create an object to represent a checking account with a starting balance of $1500.
(d) Provide a fragment of C++ code to perform this sequence of actions on the checking
account: deposit $100, print the balance, withdraw $250.
Solution
a) accessors
get_balance()
b) mutators
void deposit(double)
void withdraw(double)
c) BankAccount acc(1500.0);
d) acc.deposit(100.0)
acc.get_balance();
acc.withdraw(250.0).
Compared with the interior, which of the following changes is usually.pdf
Compared with the interior, which of the following changes is usually not associated with
edges? More light increased wind speeds decreased humidity decreased diurnal temperature
fluctuations all of the above are associated with edges of forests.
Solution
A forest edge or woodland edge is the transformation zone (ecotone) from an region of forest or
woodland to meadow or other open capacity is known as forest edges..
Both influenza virus and (IFV), and Measles Virus (MV) are enveloped.pdf
Both influenza virus and (IFV), and Measles Virus (MV) are enveloped viruses with class I
fusion glycoproteins. Experimental exposure to low pH (5.5) buffer will inactivate IFV, but not
MV. Based on this information, What can you infer about the entry pathways and mechanism of
two viruses?
Solution
Entry of virus in the host membrane includes a number of steps.
The entry pathway of Influenza virus is influenced by a fusion protein termed as hemagglutinin.
It is a trimeric glycoprotien present in multiple copies in the membrane envelope of influenza
virus. The structure of hemagglutinin contains a receptor binding sites, fusion peptide, a
metastable structure motif, and the transmembrane domain.
For the entry of IFV the first step involves the recognition of the host cell receptor molecules ,
terminal sialic acid by hemagglutinin. The attachment is multivalent in nature as the multiple
copies of trimetric hemagglutinin gets attached with the receptors on the membrane and triggers
endocytosis of the IFV. The virus is trapped in endosome and moves via a unidirectional
pathway towards nucleus of the host cell. At this position the pH of the endosome become acidic
and induces a dramatic conformational change in hemagglutinin to insert the fusion protein into
the host membrane (nucleus). It induces a juxtaposition of the two membrane and forms a fusion
pore that allows the release of the genome segment in the of the IFV. The genome then
undergoes translation in host cells and thus develop protein and in turns shows symptoms of
disease.
At low pH the hemagglutinin of IFV undergoes a conformational change which results in
exposure of a hydrophobic segment of the molecule which is crucial to expression of viral fusion
activity and thus inactivate the entry of the virus. For optimal expression of fusion activity the
virus must bound to the target membrane before exposure to low pH.
In case of measles virus (MV), like other paramyxoviruses (those which have single stand RNA
which are used as template for mRNA synthesis), for the fusion both the fusion protein (F) and
hemagglutinin (H) are required. These proteins are found on the viral surface in a regular array
of tightly packed spikes H tetramers and F timers. H proteins recognizes the receptors on the
target membrane as well as help the F protein in the fusion process which involves the insertion
of hydrophobic fusion peptide in the cell membrane. Unlike IFV, MV uses single protein , the
regulator of complement activation CD46 as its main receptors. CD46 is a type 1 transmembrane
protein which is expressed in four isoform. MV enters a cell by pH independent membrane
fusion at the cell surface. Binding of the H protein is believed to induce conformational change
of the H protein as well as that of the F proteins. The hydrophobic fusion peptide inside the F
protein is then exposed and inserted into the plasma membrane of the target cell. The structural
changes of the F protein then induce fusion of vir.
Are the structures present in the organisms or not Amswer Yes or No.pdf
Are the structures present in the organisms or not? Amswer Yes or No.
Structure
Claim
Squid
Earthworm
Grasshopper
Starfish
Lamprey
Triploblastic
Eucoelomate
Deuterostome
Limbs
External Ear
Reproduction Dioecious
Lungs
Dorsal Nerve Cord
Amniotic Egg
Placenta
Gall Bladder
Endoskeleton
Lobed Liver
Bony Skeleton
Swim bladder
Metanephric Kidney
3 Semicircular canals
Rectal Gland
Larynx/Syrinx
Tetrapod limbs
Double loop circulatory system
Feathers/hair
Homeothermic
Synapsid skull
Bony Operculum
Muscular Gizzard
Mammary Glands
Waterproof Skin
Closed Circulatory System
Claim
Squid
Earthworm
Grasshopper
Starfish
Lamprey
Ventricles
Keratin on Digits
4 Chambered Heart
Diaphragm
Radial Cleavage
Paired Kidney
Ridges in stomach
Spiral valve
Lungs honeycombed
Bilateral Symmetry
Heterodont Dentition
Vas deferens present
Egg Isolecithal
Rotational Cleavage
Pharyngeal/branchial pouches
Enucleated Red Blood Cells
Calcareous shells
Cranial nerves present
Structure
Claim
Squid
Earthworm
Grasshopper
Starfish
Lamprey
Triploblastic
Eucoelomate
Deuterostome
Limbs
External Ear
Reproduction Dioecious
Lungs
Dorsal Nerve Cord
Amniotic Egg
Placenta
Gall Bladder
Endoskeleton
Lobed Liver
Bony Skeleton
Swim bladder
Metanephric Kidney
3 Semicircular canals
Rectal Gland
Larynx/Syrinx
Tetrapod limbs
Double loop circulatory system
Feathers/hair
Homeothermic
Synapsid skull
Bony Operculum
Muscular Gizzard
Mammary Glands
Waterproof Skin
Closed Circulatory System
Claim
Squid
Earthworm
Grasshopper
Starfish
Lamprey
Ventricles
Keratin on Digits
4 Chambered Heart
Diaphragm
Radial Cleavage
Paired Kidney
Ridges in stomach
Spiral valve
Lungs honeycombed
Bilateral Symmetry
Heterodont Dentition
Vas deferens present
Egg Isolecithal
Rotational Cleavage
Pharyngeal/branchial pouches
Enucleated Red Blood Cells
Calcareous shells
Cranial nerves present
Solution
Structure Clam Squid Earthworm Grasshopper Starfish Lamprey Triploblastic Yes yes Yes
Yes Yes No Eucoelomate Yes Yes Yes No No No Deuterostome No No Yes Yes Yes No.
3. When and what was the first operating system which integrated sec.pdf
3. When and what was the first operating system which integrated security into its core function?
Solution
1)Multics was the first operating system used to integrate security as its core functions.
2)planning and development for Multics started in 1964, in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
3)In 1970 GE\'s computer business including Multics was taken over by Honeywell.
4)Virtually all modern operating systems are heavily influenced by Multics.
Write an SQL statement to answer the question.Primary keys are( BO.pdf
Write an SQL statement to answer the question.
Primary keys are( BOLD and italicized) and attributes with the same names in different tables
are foreign keys.
Doctors(doctorId, doctorName, specialty)
Patients(patientId, patientName, sex, patientBalance, numberOfVisits)
Records(doctorId, patientId, date, diagnosis, visitCost)
1. For each doctor, list doctor identifier, doctor name and the total number of visits that were
administered by the doctor.
Solution
Answer:
select d.doctorId, d.doctorName, sum(p.numberOfVisits) from Doctors d, Patients p, Records r
where d.doctorId = r.doctorId and r.patientId = p.patientId group by d.doctorId, d.doctorName;.
You are running the Windows installation setup for Windows Vista on .pdf
You are running the Windows installation setup for Windows Vista on a computer. When you
are prompted to input username information, what fields are presented? (Choose three.)
A. Username
B. Password
C. Retype password
D. Computer name
Solution
A, B, and C. You are prompted to enter a username, to enter a password, to retype your
password, and to enter an optional password hint..
1.Based on current fossil evidenceSelect onea. whales were lik.pdf
1.Based on current fossil evidence:
Select one:
a. whales were likely fully aquatic before they evolved peg-like teeth or baleen
b. evolution of baleen forced whales to become fully aquatic
d. a and c are correct
e. b and c are correct
2.Evolution occurs when:
Select one:
a. individuals in a population change in response to the environment
b. the average value of trait in a population changes from one generation to the next
d. Neither a or b is correct
3.New mutations:
Select one:
b. are necessary for natural selection to cause evolutionary change
c. are rare in a population
d. a and b are correct
e. all are correct
4.One important feature that links extinct organisms such as Pakicetus and Indohyus to cetaceans
is:
Select one:
a. the shape of a bone in the middle ear
c. the lack of hindlegs
d. peg-like teeth
5.The fluke of a whale and the fluke of a shark:
Select one:
a. are homologous traits
b. arose through convergent evolution
c. are the result of natural selection
d. b and c are correct
Solution
1.(b)evolution of baleen forced whales to become fully aquatic.
2. (b) evolution occurs when 1. Organisms produce more offspring than actually survive.,2.
Every organism must struggle to survive.,3. There is variation within a species.,4. Some
variations allow members of a species to survive and reproduce better than others.,5. Organisms
that survive and reproduce pass their traits to their offspring, and the helpful traits gradually
appear in more and more of the population.
3. (e) mutations are random with respect to their effects on fitness, necessary for natural selection
to cause evolutionary change and are rare in a population.
4..
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the normal probabi.pdf
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the normal probability distribution?
A) Positively-skewed
B) Bell-shaped
C) Symmetrical
D) Mean Mode and median are all equal
Solution
Positively-skewed is NOT a characteristic of the normal probability distribution
A) Positively-skewed
Characteristics of normal probabiity ditribution
1. The mean, median, and the mode are equal
2. It is Symmetrical
3. It is bell shaped.
Which addresses do Physical layer devices—such as repeaters and hubs.pdf
Which addresses do Physical layer devices—such as repeaters and hubs—examine in order to
make forwarding decisions?
A. Physical
B. Logical
C. Host
D. None of the above
Solution
Which addresses do Physical layer devices such as repeaters and hubsexamine in order to make
forwarding decisions?
ans : 4. none of the above.
What structure of the femur fits in the acetabular fossa Which Is s.pdf
What structure of the femur fits in the acetabular fossa? Which Is superior to the other: the
greeter electric notch or the lesser sciatic notch? The distal end of the tibia articulates with
which tarsal? The pelvic outlet spans the distance between the _____ of the left and right os
coxa.
Solution
2. Head of the femur is spherical and articulate with the acetabulum of the pelvic bone. 3. The
sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments links the each pelvic bone to the sacrum and
coccyx.these convert two notches on the pelvic bone into greater and lesser sciatic notches. So
grater sciatic notche is superior and lesser sciatic notche is inferior in position. 4. Lower surface
and medial malleolus of tibia articulates with talus to form a large part of ankle joint. 5. Pelvic
outlet distance between the inferior border of the body of the pubis, and inferior ramus of the
pubis on left and right is coxa..
What is HIPAA Why was it passed What arc the potential benefits to .pdf
What is HIPAA? Why was it passed? What arc the potential benefits to health care
organizations by complying with HIPAA standards? What arc the potential drawbacks?
Solution
HIPAA stands for Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.
It was passed in 1996. It does the following:
Provides the ability to transfer and continue health insurance coverage for millions of American
workers and their families when they change or lose their jobs;
Reduces health care fraud and abuse;
Mandates industry-wide standards for health care information on electronic billing and other
processes; and
Requires the protection and confidential handling of protected health information
HIPAA was passed as it gave Congress a way to mandate the establishment of Federal standards
for the privacy of individually identifiable health information. When it comes to personal
information that moves across hospitals, doctors’ offices, insurers or third party payers, and State
lines, our country has relied on a patchwork of Federal and State laws. Under the patchwork of
laws existing prior to adoption of HIPAA and the Privacy Rule, personal health information
could be distributed—without either notice or authorization—for reasons that had nothing to do
with a patient\'s medical treatment or health care reimbursement. For example, unless otherwise
forbidden by State or local law, without the Privacy Rule patient information held by a health
plan could, without the patient’s permission, be passed on to a lender who could then deny the
patient\'s application for a home mortgage or a credit card, or to an employer who could use it in
personnel decisions. The Privacy Rule establishes a Federal floor of safeguards to protect the
confidentiality of medical information. State laws which provide stronger privacy protections
will continue to apply over and above the new Federal privacy standards.
Health care providers have a strong tradition of safeguarding private health information.
However, in today’s world, the old system of paper records in locked filing cabinets is not
enough. With information broadly held and transmitted electronically, the Rule provides clear
standards for the protection of personal health information.
There are many benefits to healthcare organizations for complying with HIPAA standards.
There are huge benefits of reducing paper in health care. There are alo benefits of standardizing
data, especially for the coordination of insurance benefits and payments. Also, this will make
health plan–specific reporting and filing requirements for hospitals and health care providers
unnecessary. Easier to maintain patients\' personal health information in a secure and
confidential manner.
HIPAA privacy rule also has a lot of benefits.
The HIPAA Privacy Rule has helped to create a culture of compliance within many healthcare
organizations. With the ever-changing environment of healthcare regulations, compliance is
imperative. This enabled different organizations to buil.
what are the similarties and difference between bacterial growth .pdf
what are the similarties and difference between bacterial growth and apical growth of
microorganisms
what are the similarties and difference between bacterial growth and apical growth of
microorganisms
Solution
Bacteria multiply by way of binary fission;it is a process in which each parent bacterium divides
into two daughter cells of same sizes.Bacteria growth follows in three phases,the lag phase when
cells adapt to new environment,log phase marking exponential growth and stationary phase when
nutrients get depleted.
Fungi,are capable of reproducing both sexually and asexually.They develop by branching and
fragmentation,while yeasts replicate through budding.Sexual reproduction happens when
specialized cells,gametes,unite to form a unique spore.Spores may also be produced on the tip of
hyphae asexually.Fragmentation takes place when cells of the hyphae split off to form a different
fungus.A single fungus cell may divide in two to form a new fungus in a process termed as
budding.Fungal hyphae extend continuously at their extreme tips, where enzymes are released
into the environment and where new wall materials are synthesised.The rate of tip extension can
be extremely rapid up to 40 micrometres per minute.It is supported by the continuous movement
of materials into the tip from older regions of the hyphae.So,fungal hypha is a continuously
moving mass of protoplasm in a continuously extending tube.This unique mode of growth -
apical growth which is the hallmark of fungi,and it accounts for much of their environmental and
economic significance.Apical growth enables fungi to extend into fresh zones of substrate.This is
especially important for growth on complex,insoluble polymers such as cellulose,because the
enzymes released from hyphae have a limited rate of diffusion.These enzymes create zones of
substrate erosion around the hyphae,but the tips can grow continuously out of these nutrient-
exhausted zones.For this reason,fungi are the major decomposers of organic matter and also are
efficient in capturing mineral nutrients in mycorrhizal associations.Apical growth gives
penetrating power.Hyphal tips can penetrate plant cell walls and insect cuticle,making fungi
important as plant and insect pathogens,and as the major degraders of physically hard materials
such as wood..
What are some examples of analog data What about digital dataS.pdf
What are some examples of analog data? What about digital data?
Solution
Analogue data use values that change very smoothly.
A good example of this is an analog clock. An analogue clock shows the time with a smoothly
moving seconds hand. The change is continuous.
Sound is also a good example of analog data.
Also, the electrical signal wave through a wire is an example of analog data.
Digital data is discrete data that is used to handle all sorts of digital media, including text,
graphics and audio. It only exists in two forms:
Some example of digital data:.
This problem is about Lebesgue Integration problem. Thank you fo.pdf
This problem is about \'Lebesgue Integration\' problem. Thank you for solving this problem..
Thanks a lot.. If lambda and mu are sigma-infinite and lambda
Solution
In mathematics, the integral of a non-negative function of a single variable can be regarded, in
the simplest case, as thearea between the graph of that function and the x-axis. The Lebesgue
integral extends the integral to a larger class of functions. It also extends the domains on which
these functions can be defined.
Mathematicians had long understood that for non-negative functions with a smooth enough
graph—such ascontinuous functions on closed bounded intervals—the area under the curve
could be defined as the integral, and computed using approximation techniques on the region by
polygons. However, as the need to consider more irregular functions arose—e.g., as a result of
the limiting processes of mathematical analysis and the mathematical theory of probability—it
became clear that more careful approximation techniques were needed to define a suitable
integral. Also, one might wish to integrate on spaces more general than the real line. The
Lebesgue integral provides the right abstractions needed to do this important job.
The Lebesgue integral plays an important role in the branch of mathematics called real analysis
and in many other mathematical sciences fields. It is named after Henri Lebesgue (1875–1941),
who introduced the integral (Lebesgue 1904). It is also a pivotal part of the axiomatic theory of
probability.
The term Lebesgue integration can mean either the general theory of integration of a function
with respect to a general measure, as introduced by Lebesgue, or the specific case of integration
of a function defined on a sub-domain of the real line with respect to Lebesgue measure.
The integral of a function f between limits a and b can be interpreted as the area under the graph
of f. This is easy to understand for familiar functions such aspolynomials, but what does it mean
for more exotic functions? In general, for which class of functions does \"area under the curve\"
make sense? The answer to this question has great theoretical and practical importance.
As part of a general movement toward rigour in mathematics in the nineteenth century,
mathematicians attempted to put integral calculus on a firm foundation. The Riemann
integral—proposed by Bernhard Riemann (1826–1866)—is a broadly successful attempt to
provide such a foundation. Riemann\'s definition starts with the construction of a sequence of
easily calculated areas that converge to the integral of a given function. This definition is
successful in the sense that it gives the expected answer for many already-solved problems, and
gives useful results for many other problems.
However, Riemann integration does not interact well with taking limits of sequences of
functions, making such limiting processes difficult to analyze. This is important, for instance, in
the study of Fourier series, Fourier transforms, a.
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