This document discusses sound and acoustics. It explains that sound is air vibration that travels in waves and is measured in decibels. Different rooms have different acoustics depending on surfaces that reflect sound. Absorptive materials are used to control reflections. Microphones come in dynamic and condenser varieties, with dynamics being rugged for live use and condensers more sensitive but requiring power. Proper microphone placement and cables are also discussed to optimize sound recording and pickup patterns.

1. Sound unit

2. Task 1
• What is sound?
• Basic prinsabble of sound
• All sound is vibration moving through the air and gets represented as a sound waves. Sound is measured in decibels and
could be written as (DPU) sound is air moving through variations and every room has different acoustics. Every room
even if it was in your house it would have acoustics. Acoustics is just surfaces in your room in your house car where ever
you are when you are recording sound is reflected through hard surfaces. For example if you go into a certain room you
can clap and you would hear a ping that is the sound reflected of each surface the best thing is absorption. For example
in a music studio you would see panels these are absorb and to break up the sounds it is helping the sound to be dead.
The best place to be is in a close room where it is small and where it doesn’t haven’t a lot of time to reflect. Not only
does this require the enclosure itself to be very absorbent of sound, but sound proofing becomes very important. Reverb
prolongs the sound for example in the mountains if you shout your voice would stop but the sound will carry on it will
reverb onto every reface until the energy dies down. Sound produced by continuous and regular vibrations, as opposed
to noise. You can’t really achieve a good sound outside whereas inside you can if you are recorded outside you would
have to take a wind cover which will stop all of the wind going into the recording. Inside because you are in a room
which is going to be smaller than when you are outside and there are objects such as walls where the sound can bounce
off also in a room there wouldn’t be much noise going on inside whereas outside you have noise such as the wind cars
going past and everything is picked up. Simulating acoustics is the process of modifying your sound in post-production, if
you wanted to portray how you want your sound to actually sound like when you record a sound in a room where your
recording is sound proof where the sound cannot bounce but you want to make is like you are in a big hall or something
you would then have to add rebervitation to make your sound have that effect as if you are in a hall. In acoustics
background noise is any sound other than the sound that you are meant to monitoring. Background noise is a big
problem when recording because it ruins the whole of your sound which is being monitored because it
interrupts/interferes or goes over your monitored sound. Interior acoustics which is that inside a room you can only
impact the sound wave on its reflections on objects or on the walls ;Three things can happen with the incoming sound
energy which is reflection a hard surface like walls which can reflect it. Absorption where it is transformed into heat by
friction A flat glass surface has a very small absorption and scattering, its acoustic characteristics is overlooked by pure
reflection dead rooms are called dead rooms because they have very little reverberation on there own so the room is
mostly silent. If you wanted your recording to be for a serious interview then you would have to chose a room where it is
smaller so there is less time for the sound waves to bounce of the walls ect.so that there isn’t any reverberation also you
will want to use somewhere where people are not passing so that it doesn’t distract or ruin your interview recording.
Exterior acoustics concerns with environmental noises it can create a lot of challenges because of all the environmental
noise can disturb your recordings noises could be things such as cars passing, trains, business. Depending on what you
are recording you can not for example if you wanted to record in a shopping centre to have all the background noise you
couldn’t record it in a silent hall because then it wouldn’t have all the background noise to fit in with what you want your
audience to know where you are. Padding in a room is very useful because then the sound waves wont bounce of a hard
surface giving of that eco/reverb sound. Reverb or reverberation is when the acoustics environment that surround the
sound.

3. • Purposes;
• For your post production to be easier and simpler for you in your
pre-production of sound if you are doing interviews, live
performances and conferences etc. You need to find the right place
to record your sound because anything around you even one little
thing could ruin all of your monitored sound and make it harder for
people to hear the sound that you actually want people to be
hearing also his makes it easier for when you are editing all your
sound in together and you will be able to effects that will sound
better if you was in a small room with not a lot of time the reflect on
rather than being in a big place where sound takes longer to reflect
on to. For interviews the audience do not want to hear distractions
because then it will distract then also the same thing for live
performances ect. Anything even a small noise called ruin or distract
the audience.
•

4. Task 2
• Dynamic microphone
• Dynamic microphone is mostly used in live performances but there is
different versions. A dynamic microphone is very rugy if you was to drop it
wouldn’t break.no matter what you do if you scream shout it wouldn't
break. A dynamic has inside a diaphragm which is tiny piece of plastic inside
the microphone. Speech goes in the direction where the diaphragm and hits
it from the diaphragm there is a coil which is then attached to a magnet the
diaphragm then moves the coil up and the down the magnet then creates its
electrical audio source which is then converted into your sound wave. This
extra weight makes them ideal for taking out on the road. There are way of
holding a microphone cuffing the microphone the proximately effect where
you cuff the micro it adds a lot of base resinense and starts t get muffle and
get feed back where frequency goes everywhere this is not a good way of
holding the microphone because everything will start to sound and be
muddy because they have covered the source where the sound is supposed
to be going into.

5. Condenser
• A condenser is usually used in studios. A condenser is very expensive and very
sensitive if you was to drop it or break it it wouldn’t work.it is very sensitive to
sound to a point if you was to shout into it or do anything it was not capable off the
mechanics inside it will break. often never see beyond the four walls of the studio.
Condenser microphones work by having a little electrical current charging up
its capacitor, and this charge requires it to have its own power with out its own
power the microphone will not work.it has two plates which. Sound it coming in
hits the front plate and its going to sends it current round and hit the back plat but
condensers have a battery because they need power it will then turn it into audio
signle.this is why this is more expensive then the dynamics microphone. Poler
patterns is the direction of where the mic is picking up you have the front back and
side of a condenser. On a condenser is has some 3 patterns it gives you the
opportunity to either record form the front of the microphone and it will cut out
the side noises if you didn’t want any interferences. This is called cardiors hypi
cardio and super cardio. The finegr of either pattern it captures the front and back
but excludes the noise from the sides. Omni means all around which is a serc. This
can also be called a capacita mic.

6. Mounts.
•A microphone stand is a way of standing the microphone freely. It
then allows the microphone to positioned where ever you are needing
to use it and you can adjust it to your height or preference with having
the person to actually hold it.
•Tie clips for condenser microphones is very useful for when you are
presenting such as podcasts, radio shows ect.
•A rifle is a type of gun microphone with a lot of parallel tubes which
are usually not the same lengths in front of the diaphragm to make its
directional focus better and more effective.
•A boom is a microphone placement and it mainly uses a boom pole
which has the microphone attached to the end the reason for a boom
is to hold the microphone as close to the persons or place as possible
without letting the boom or microphone be captured by the camera.
•Handheld is a wireless microphone which you can hold in your hands
and move around this is really good for live performances which you
have to walk around the whole stage for mostly.

7. Cables;
Cable jacks are also used in audio applications
Mono jack would have one ring
The mono jack has a tip and a ring, and where the ring overlaps two of the stereo jack's rings, so then when
plugging a stereo jack into a mono plug excellently shorts your right channel to ground at the source, this then
gives you a left channel only. This is the same as plugging a mono jack into a stereo socket it will then allow you to
hear your left channel only as your right channel in the amp will be grounded.
You'll find a stereo one has one more metal ring than a mono one. The mono jack has a top and a ring, where that
that is crossed together two of the stereo jack's rings, so plugging a stereo jack into a mono plug shorts your right
channel to ground at the source, giving you the left channel only. a stereo one has one more metal rings than a
mono one.
Balanced and unbalanced cables
Balanced Cables and Signals. A balanced cable has three conductors in the connector and three wires in the cable
the two signals wires signals and a separate wire for the ground. the unbalanced cable, the wire on the ground still
surrounds the signals wires and is used as a protector against interference.
Most common cable when it comes to microphones XLR cable which will plug into every and any microphone it has
two ends female and a male end. Most commonly used with microphones.it has one female and one male side and
the male side goes into the female side to work.
Speakon cable or NL 48 USED TO CONNCET PASSIVE SPEAKE on active means there's an amp inside the speaker a
passive doesn’t have an amp it requires a external amplifier this connects the passive speak on to the active speak
on

8. Types of micro
Hand held is a wireless microphone without any cables needed to be able to be connecting it directly to the sound
recording or amplifying equipment.
Lavaliere which you clip it onto your presenter
A lavaliere is a small microphone used for tv’s, theatre, and public speaking to make sure that no one has to hold
the microphone in their hands and to allow people to use it hand free. is ideal for presentations such as a
podcast.to pick up audio from a single direction with little background noise. The positives for using a lavaliere is
that it clips onto shirts and is great for interviews it is best for capturing clean dialogue audio.
A boundary microphone is used for big speeches when you have a discussion it picks up sounds from every
direction. Very flat and very discrete. Boundary mics are mainly put onto the floor of a stage, a table in a
conference room, or a lectern this is because it is hard to find a surface large enough to vibrate to the lowest
frequencies.
A noise cancelling microphone is a microphone which is made to make sure that all the background and unneeded
noise is cancelled out from the noise that you want to be monitoring this is very useful when being in a noisy
environment this is good so that the you wont be able to near the background noise which is very distracted and
frustrating.
Radio microphones is a radio transmitter that the user can then can move around freely. The advantages for radio
microphones is that the artist can move more freely with having to worry about the microphone as much. A
disadvantage can be that it could cause possible interference.
All of these microphones are all used for the same purposes but they all are to be used in specific types of places to
get the right sound for you for example you would chose using a lavaliere microphone when using it outside rather
then the noise cancelling microphone also if you was to be doing a big speech it is better if you was to use the
boundary microphone instead of using the noise cancelling but it could still be used but the specific purpose of a
boundary microphone if for big speeches. Also you would usually use a lavaliere for presentations and podcasts
which picks up sounds from a single direction with a little background noise rather then using a noise cancelling
microphone which cancels out all background noise.

9. design limitations
Proximity sensors capture things that are actually there and things that
are not of objects this uses something called electromagnetic fields,
light, and sound. They are each suited each to specific environments.
Proximity effect is when the change of the frequency response of a
pattern microphone that results in an importance on lower
frequencies. It is created and cause when using ports to create
directional polar pickup patterns.
Polar pattern of a microphone is how sensitive the sound which the
sound arrives to, how well the microphone “hears“ sound from
different directions. A cardioid is the best sensitivity at the back.it
takes its self away form the ambient sound that isn’t wanted and is so
much more unaffected.
Inverse square law is used for setting up a microphone or speaker the
inverse law says that ‘’in a free field the intensity of sound drops by
6db for each doubling of distance from the object'. The inverse square
law is a law saying that the physical quantity or intensity is the same to
the square of the distance from the distance of the object.

10. Task 3:
Recording equipment
Multi track records are multiple sounds being recorded at once for example at a performance
Multi track recording was made when sound recording developed that makes sure that you can separate recordings of multiple sound
sources or recorded at different times for example live performances. it allowed people to record all of the instruments and vocals for a
piece of music separately.so that is you wanted to add in background music to your interview you could easily do it making the interview
sound better .
Mono recording is recording that is done as a single. This is in contrast to stereo recording, which is recording done on twos that are
separate putting together left and right inputs.an easy way to see if a sound is mono recording is through headphones.mono recording
was used they created stereo. Mono file sizes are usually very small.it is very easy to mix mono sounds.it is impossible to tell if the sound
has been recorded form a distance.
Stereo recording is recording onto two different channels, on one channel for the left sound input and the other channel for the right sound
input.
There are ,many recording devices such as, Audacity (freeware), Bias Peak, Adobe®
Audition, Pro Tools, Cubase, Audiodesk. These are
the software's that are being used to edit the sound of your recordings these allow you to edit your recording and make the sound louder
or quitter and to put recordings together.
handheld and portable digital audio recorders Usually is made up of two condenser microphones. This usually used for sound designvocal
recordings, and can for recording instruments like drum overheads. There are recorders such as . Zoom, Olympus®
, Alesis, Tascam,
Yamaha®
, Roland, Sony®
, Fostex, Marantz
There are many types of desktop recorders such as; Ice-cream Screen Recorder which can record your entire computer screen also
there is, Ezvid Video Maker which is screen recording software ,Atomi Active Presenter. Screen presso Bandicam Screen Recorder.
Sound in-camera is an imaging device used to locate sound sources and to identify them. It is a group of that are simultaneously needed
to make a representation of the location of the sound sources. Cameras don’t always sound very good they often pick up a lot of handling
noise from the camera itself which then ruins the whole of the recording. Handheld audio recorders are to offer a portable solution for
location recording purposes. This usually consists of two consender microphones which I examples before they are used and really good
and capable of producing fidelity stereo recordings. They are most known and most commonly used for things such as vocal recordings
and sound design and can be used for recording instruments such as drums.
Solid state recorders is a rerecording device that uses solid state technology to store recorded audio data. It is used to store data in a
digital format.
Logic pro recorders is a digital audio. It was originally made in the early 1990s.It became an apple product eventually known as Logic Pro.
this allows you to change the sound of your audio recording for example if you wanted your sound to sound like in was in a big hall then
you could change it to sound like that also if you wanted your recording to sound like it was a phone-in you could also change it instead of
actually having to do it.

11. Information on techniques and
procedures
• You should look at the equipment also risk assessment is very helpful you should record your inspection. You do not
need to write up your record you could also do it e.g. on a computer these should be held securely and made available
upon request by any enforcing authority. This is important because then you know that everything is going o be working
and will save you time instead of doing it before recording. You should not use your equipment unless and before you
have done your inspection.
• Monitoring of record levels prior to and during the recording process is important so that you don't get it too high where
you can hear distortion and that it is too quiet that you can't work with it.
• Monitoring of the record signal microphone placement to enable the best compromise between signal to be recorded
and ambient background noise. This is so that you get a recording where you can hear your actors clearly.
• To monitor the amplitude of incoming and outgoing signals during recording you would use something called level
meters.’’ The Waveform Editor provides these meters only in the Levels panel’’. The Multitrack Editor offers them both
the Levels panel, which you can then see that the amplitude of the Master output, and track meters, then it shows the
amplitude of individual tracks.
• Lavalier microphones are known as one of the best ways of close-miking when recording dialogue. This proximity to the
sound source cuts out a lot of the guesswork necessary in achieving good signal-to-noise ratio ‘’via shotgun or on-camera
mic placement’’.
• procedure for ensuring that the recording starts and ends at appropriate times with respect to signal being recorded so
that you record all the right things that you need without some dialogue being missed out.
• Clapper boards is used for when stopping one of the scenes an starting of the scenes this is o that the actors know when
to start and when to stop. Every scene, shot), take and roll is written onto the board to signify the part of the production
that is being captured.
• timing of recordings to enable appropriate amount of recorded audio to be available for future editing and remixing.
This so that in case you may need to edit some of the dialogue in post-production.
• sound log (to enable recordings to be monitored accurately for duration). You should have a list of sounds so that you
know that you have all the sounds and recordings that you need for your product.