Example of fire design of the industrial building. This is a fully documented calculation example with direct reference to the actual code provisions. It is based on European Standard ENV 1999-2 (Eurocode 9)
TALAT Lecture 2704: Member with Requirement to Fire ResistanceCORE-Materials
This lecture gives an example calculation of the fire resistance of a thermally insulated aluminium I-beam loaded in bending on the basis of a simplified calculation method and of a computer analysis. Basic knowledge of structural engineering is assumed.
This document provides a 3-page design example calculation for fatigue analysis of an aluminum alloy structural component based on the European Standard ENV 1999-2 (Eurocode 9). It summarizes the steps taken, which include: (1) describing the structural detail and loading conditions, (2) developing the stress spectrum from measurements, (3) classifying the structural detail and selecting the appropriate S-N curve, (4) computing the fatigue damage using Miner's rule summation. The calculation shows that the fatigue damage DL is 0.659, indicating a safety margin against the failure criterion of DL = 1.0.
This lecture provides an introduction to factors affecting the quality of molten aluminium. Basic knowledge of foundry practice is assumed. The student should be able to appreciate the differences between good and bad melting practices in a foundry.
This 82-page document provides a static design example of an industrial building with aluminum structural members. It includes an introduction describing the building and references codes and standards. Section 2 describes the aluminum alloy materials. Section 3 defines permanent, imposed, and environmental loads like snow and wind. Section 4 outlines load combinations for the ultimate limit state. Section 5 calculates load effects through finite element analysis. Section 6 checks members against code criteria for strength, buckling, and deflections.
This lecture provides an introduction to solidification theory; it aims at achieving an essential background understanding of solidification and cast structures. Basic knowledge of the solidification of metals is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 1100.01: Introduction: Aluminium, a Light MetalCORE-Materials
This lecture provides basic information about the history of aluminium, the principles behind the production of primary metal, environmental properties, potential applications, areas of application. The lecture is recommended for those situations, where a brief, general background information about aluminium is needed as an introduction of other subject areas of aluminium application technologies. This lecture is part of the self-contained course "Aluminium in Product Development", which is treated under TALAT lectures 2100.
TALAT Lecture 3205: The Fluidity of Molten MetalsCORE-Materials
This document provides an overview of fluidity in molten metals and its influence on casting processes in 3 sentences:
Fluidity refers to the distance molten metal will flow in a test mold before solidifying, and is influenced by factors like alloy composition, section thickness, and heat transfer characteristics; short freezing range alloys solidify from the outside in, while long freezing range alloys form a slurry when the dendrite fraction reaches 25-50%; fluidity maps show how fluidity varies with composition, being highest for pure metals and eutectic compositions.
TALAT Lecture 2704: Member with Requirement to Fire ResistanceCORE-Materials
This lecture gives an example calculation of the fire resistance of a thermally insulated aluminium I-beam loaded in bending on the basis of a simplified calculation method and of a computer analysis. Basic knowledge of structural engineering is assumed.
This document provides a 3-page design example calculation for fatigue analysis of an aluminum alloy structural component based on the European Standard ENV 1999-2 (Eurocode 9). It summarizes the steps taken, which include: (1) describing the structural detail and loading conditions, (2) developing the stress spectrum from measurements, (3) classifying the structural detail and selecting the appropriate S-N curve, (4) computing the fatigue damage using Miner's rule summation. The calculation shows that the fatigue damage DL is 0.659, indicating a safety margin against the failure criterion of DL = 1.0.
This lecture provides an introduction to factors affecting the quality of molten aluminium. Basic knowledge of foundry practice is assumed. The student should be able to appreciate the differences between good and bad melting practices in a foundry.
This 82-page document provides a static design example of an industrial building with aluminum structural members. It includes an introduction describing the building and references codes and standards. Section 2 describes the aluminum alloy materials. Section 3 defines permanent, imposed, and environmental loads like snow and wind. Section 4 outlines load combinations for the ultimate limit state. Section 5 calculates load effects through finite element analysis. Section 6 checks members against code criteria for strength, buckling, and deflections.
This lecture provides an introduction to solidification theory; it aims at achieving an essential background understanding of solidification and cast structures. Basic knowledge of the solidification of metals is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 1100.01: Introduction: Aluminium, a Light MetalCORE-Materials
This lecture provides basic information about the history of aluminium, the principles behind the production of primary metal, environmental properties, potential applications, areas of application. The lecture is recommended for those situations, where a brief, general background information about aluminium is needed as an introduction of other subject areas of aluminium application technologies. This lecture is part of the self-contained course "Aluminium in Product Development", which is treated under TALAT lectures 2100.
TALAT Lecture 3205: The Fluidity of Molten MetalsCORE-Materials
This document provides an overview of fluidity in molten metals and its influence on casting processes in 3 sentences:
Fluidity refers to the distance molten metal will flow in a test mold before solidifying, and is influenced by factors like alloy composition, section thickness, and heat transfer characteristics; short freezing range alloys solidify from the outside in, while long freezing range alloys form a slurry when the dendrite fraction reaches 25-50%; fluidity maps show how fluidity varies with composition, being highest for pure metals and eutectic compositions.
This lecture provides an introduction to some of the finer points in the production of high quality castings. The students will be able to understand the various processes for sealing porosity in badly made castings and to appreciate factors influencing the accuracy of castings, including a basic understanding of how to control and measure casting dimensions. Basic understanding of the foundry industry is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 2502: Material Aspects of Fire DesignCORE-Materials
This lecture gives information about characteristic behaviour of aluminium alloys and insulation materials at high temperatures; it describes the philosophy of using aluminium alloy structures under risks of fire; it gives an example of fire risk analysis. General engineering background and some familiarity with TALAT lecture 2501 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 2711: Design of a Helicopter DeckCORE-Materials
This document provides a 3-page summary of the design of an aluminum alloy helicopter deck, including:
1) An overview of the main structural parts, loads, and material properties considered in the design.
2) An analysis of the deck extrusion profile using finite element modeling to check deflections and stresses. The original profile is modified to improve its performance.
3) An analysis of the welded I-beam support structure to check its capacity to resist bending moments from landing loads. Different beam depth options are considered.
4) A brief discussion of a bolted connection design for the support structure.
The document includes calculations to check that structural components satisfy strength and serviceability limit states according
TALAT Lecture 4205: Testing Methods for Welded JointsCORE-Materials
This lecture gives information about the relevant non-destructive and destructive testing methods for aluminium welded joints. Background in production welding and quality assurance is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3503: Finishing and other Supplementary OperationsCORE-Materials
This lecture describes supplementary fabrication measures for impact extruded parts and gives some examples of finished impacts. Basic knowledge about the formability of metals and background in mechanical engineering is assumed.
This lecture describes the factors important for the quality assurance of adhesive joining; it gives information about the destructive and non-destructive testing methods for the quality control of adhesive joining. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of mechanics and polymer science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 5104: Basic Approaches to Prevent Corrosion of AluminiumCORE-Materials
This lecture describes important measures for the prevention of corrosion of unprotected, bare
aluminium. Basic knowledge of corrosion behaviour of aluminium and some knowledge of the electrochemical nature of corrosion is assumed
This lecture describes the processes of self-piercing riveting, which is a relatively new fastening method for sheet metal parts. General mechanical engineering background and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lecture 4101 is assumed.
This lecture describes the fundamentals of bending and folding aluminium sheet; it also describes different methods in design of folding tools. Background in production engineering and sheet metal forming and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 3701- 3705 is assumed.
In general, aluminium alloys have excellent machining properties compared with other common engineering metals.The lecture describes the machinability of aluminium alloys, the necessary tools and equipments in order to obtain optimum results. General background in production engineering and machine tools is assumed.
This document provides an overview of application characteristics for rivet and clinch joints. It discusses design considerations such as choosing rivet diameters and distances from edges. It also covers material and tooling parameters that influence joint quality like surface finish. Testing methods are described for shear-tensile, fatigue, and impact tests. Sample geometries and results are shown. Finally, it briefly discusses cost considerations for different joining technologies.
TALAT Lecture 3801: Manufacturing Examples and FundamentalsCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the fundamentals of the superplastic behaviour phenomenon of aluminium alloys and the basic process parameters which govern the manufacturing of superplastic sheet metal parts. General background in production engineering and material science is assumed.
This lecture describes the detailed processes of single-step and multiple-step clinching; it shows the differences of the various clinching methods concerning the amount of shearing; it illustrates the major differences in mechanical properties of clinch joints compared with resistance spot welds. General mechanical engineering background and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lecture 4101 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4601: Introduction to Brazing of Aluminium AlloysCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the characteristics of brazing aluminium and the process involved; it helps to understand the use potential and the limitations of brazing aluminium. Basic knowledge of aluminium alloys designation system, surface treatment and corrosion behaviour is assumed.
The document provides information on impact extrusion processes, including definitions, classifications, process steps, and material flow and deformation characteristics. Impact extrusion involves pressing a workpiece through a die opening using a punch. There are different classifications based on tool type, material flow direction, workpiece geometry, and temperature. Key process variations include solid and hollow, forward and backward extrusion. Material flow is initially non-stationary but transitions to quasi-stationary. Strain is highest near the die opening and decreases radially. Punch and die designs impact stresses and mandrel movement.
This lecture reviews briefly the commercially available superplastic aluminium alloys and gives their processing and service properties. General background in production engineering and material science is assumed.
This lecture provides a background on aluminium alloys suitable for impact extrusion. It draws attention to raw material parameters which may affect the properties of impact extruded parts. Basic knowledge about the formability of metals and background in mechanical engineering is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4107: General Summary and Future TrendsCORE-Materials
This lecture points out the need of data sources for designing mechanical joints; it describes concepts for FEM-Modelling of mechanical joints. General mechanical engineering background and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 4101- 4106 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3805: Combination of Superplastic Forming and Diffusion BondingCORE-Materials
This lecture reviews briefly the principles of diffusion bonding in combination with superplastic forming of aluminium alloys. General background in production engineering and material science is assumed.
Series of powerpoint slides showing three different drawing processes used in the manufacture of wires, rod, tubes and drinks cans. The slides are adapted from the University of Liverpool "Materials Processing" lectures [MATS214] by Dr J. Wilcox.
The document describes several test geometries used to determine the failure strengths of composite materials, including the Double Cantilever Beam test for mode I failure, the End Notch Flexure test for mode II failure, and the Mixed-mode Interlaminar Fracture test for mixed mode I/II failure. It also lists the Single Cantilever Beam test for skin debonding energy in composite sandwiches, the Centre Notch Flexure test for thin skin debonding, and the Interlaminar Shear Strength test, a three point bend test to determine shear strength.
This lecture provides an introduction to some of the finer points in the production of high quality castings. The students will be able to understand the various processes for sealing porosity in badly made castings and to appreciate factors influencing the accuracy of castings, including a basic understanding of how to control and measure casting dimensions. Basic understanding of the foundry industry is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 2502: Material Aspects of Fire DesignCORE-Materials
This lecture gives information about characteristic behaviour of aluminium alloys and insulation materials at high temperatures; it describes the philosophy of using aluminium alloy structures under risks of fire; it gives an example of fire risk analysis. General engineering background and some familiarity with TALAT lecture 2501 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 2711: Design of a Helicopter DeckCORE-Materials
This document provides a 3-page summary of the design of an aluminum alloy helicopter deck, including:
1) An overview of the main structural parts, loads, and material properties considered in the design.
2) An analysis of the deck extrusion profile using finite element modeling to check deflections and stresses. The original profile is modified to improve its performance.
3) An analysis of the welded I-beam support structure to check its capacity to resist bending moments from landing loads. Different beam depth options are considered.
4) A brief discussion of a bolted connection design for the support structure.
The document includes calculations to check that structural components satisfy strength and serviceability limit states according
TALAT Lecture 4205: Testing Methods for Welded JointsCORE-Materials
This lecture gives information about the relevant non-destructive and destructive testing methods for aluminium welded joints. Background in production welding and quality assurance is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3503: Finishing and other Supplementary OperationsCORE-Materials
This lecture describes supplementary fabrication measures for impact extruded parts and gives some examples of finished impacts. Basic knowledge about the formability of metals and background in mechanical engineering is assumed.
This lecture describes the factors important for the quality assurance of adhesive joining; it gives information about the destructive and non-destructive testing methods for the quality control of adhesive joining. General background in production engineering and material science, some knowledge of mechanics and polymer science is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 5104: Basic Approaches to Prevent Corrosion of AluminiumCORE-Materials
This lecture describes important measures for the prevention of corrosion of unprotected, bare
aluminium. Basic knowledge of corrosion behaviour of aluminium and some knowledge of the electrochemical nature of corrosion is assumed
This lecture describes the processes of self-piercing riveting, which is a relatively new fastening method for sheet metal parts. General mechanical engineering background and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lecture 4101 is assumed.
This lecture describes the fundamentals of bending and folding aluminium sheet; it also describes different methods in design of folding tools. Background in production engineering and sheet metal forming and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 3701- 3705 is assumed.
In general, aluminium alloys have excellent machining properties compared with other common engineering metals.The lecture describes the machinability of aluminium alloys, the necessary tools and equipments in order to obtain optimum results. General background in production engineering and machine tools is assumed.
This document provides an overview of application characteristics for rivet and clinch joints. It discusses design considerations such as choosing rivet diameters and distances from edges. It also covers material and tooling parameters that influence joint quality like surface finish. Testing methods are described for shear-tensile, fatigue, and impact tests. Sample geometries and results are shown. Finally, it briefly discusses cost considerations for different joining technologies.
TALAT Lecture 3801: Manufacturing Examples and FundamentalsCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the fundamentals of the superplastic behaviour phenomenon of aluminium alloys and the basic process parameters which govern the manufacturing of superplastic sheet metal parts. General background in production engineering and material science is assumed.
This lecture describes the detailed processes of single-step and multiple-step clinching; it shows the differences of the various clinching methods concerning the amount of shearing; it illustrates the major differences in mechanical properties of clinch joints compared with resistance spot welds. General mechanical engineering background and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lecture 4101 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4601: Introduction to Brazing of Aluminium AlloysCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the characteristics of brazing aluminium and the process involved; it helps to understand the use potential and the limitations of brazing aluminium. Basic knowledge of aluminium alloys designation system, surface treatment and corrosion behaviour is assumed.
The document provides information on impact extrusion processes, including definitions, classifications, process steps, and material flow and deformation characteristics. Impact extrusion involves pressing a workpiece through a die opening using a punch. There are different classifications based on tool type, material flow direction, workpiece geometry, and temperature. Key process variations include solid and hollow, forward and backward extrusion. Material flow is initially non-stationary but transitions to quasi-stationary. Strain is highest near the die opening and decreases radially. Punch and die designs impact stresses and mandrel movement.
This lecture reviews briefly the commercially available superplastic aluminium alloys and gives their processing and service properties. General background in production engineering and material science is assumed.
This lecture provides a background on aluminium alloys suitable for impact extrusion. It draws attention to raw material parameters which may affect the properties of impact extruded parts. Basic knowledge about the formability of metals and background in mechanical engineering is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 4107: General Summary and Future TrendsCORE-Materials
This lecture points out the need of data sources for designing mechanical joints; it describes concepts for FEM-Modelling of mechanical joints. General mechanical engineering background and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 4101- 4106 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 3805: Combination of Superplastic Forming and Diffusion BondingCORE-Materials
This lecture reviews briefly the principles of diffusion bonding in combination with superplastic forming of aluminium alloys. General background in production engineering and material science is assumed.
Series of powerpoint slides showing three different drawing processes used in the manufacture of wires, rod, tubes and drinks cans. The slides are adapted from the University of Liverpool "Materials Processing" lectures [MATS214] by Dr J. Wilcox.
The document describes several test geometries used to determine the failure strengths of composite materials, including the Double Cantilever Beam test for mode I failure, the End Notch Flexure test for mode II failure, and the Mixed-mode Interlaminar Fracture test for mixed mode I/II failure. It also lists the Single Cantilever Beam test for skin debonding energy in composite sandwiches, the Centre Notch Flexure test for thin skin debonding, and the Interlaminar Shear Strength test, a three point bend test to determine shear strength.
The document describes several common composite manufacturing techniques including wet lay-up, vacuum bagging, compression moulding, filament winding, pultrusion, and resin transfer moulding. Each technique involves different processes for combining fibres and resin such as applying layers by hand, using pressure and heat, winding fibres onto a rotating mandrel, pulling fibres through a resin bath, or injecting resin into a mould containing dry fibres. The techniques are suited for different part geometries and production volumes.
The role of technology in sporting performanceCORE-Materials
The lecture answers the questions of how much effect does engineering technology have on sport, is technology only used to increase performance and what are the "new technologies" being introduced. Courtesy of Prof Claire Davies, School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham.
The chapter describes principles of the chemical analysis in the SEM and TEM. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
The chapter gives insight into the scanning electron microscope technique. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
The chapter gives insight into the transmission electron microscope technique. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
The chapter explains the diffraction of electrons and demonstrates what it can reveal. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
Electrons and their interaction with the specimenCORE-Materials
The chapter explains the behaviour of electrons within a specimen and shows how they interact with the atoms of the sample. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
The chapter gives the comparison of electron microscopy with other imaging and analysis techniques. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
The chapter gives the basic principles of microscopy. From "Electron Microscopy and Analysis" textbook by Peter J. Goodhew, John Humphreys and Richard Beanland. Courtesy of Taylor and Francis Books UK.
TALAT Lecture 5301: The Surface Treatment and Coil Coating of AluminiumCORE-Materials
This lecture describes the continuous coil coating processes for aluminium in sufficient detail in order to understand the industrial coating technology and its application potential. General background in materials engineering and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 5100 and 5200 is assumed.
This lecture describes the processes of electroless, electrolytic, as well as physical and chemical vapour deposition of metals on the aluminium surface in order to achieve variations in its surface properties for functional and decorative purposes. Some knowledge of the surface properties of metals, metallurgy and electrochemistry of aluminium and familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 5101, 5102, 5105 is assumed.
This lecture describes the process of anodic oxidation of aluminium, which is one of the most unique and commonly used surface treatment techniques for aluminium; it illustrates the weathering behaviour of anodized surfaces. Some familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 5101- 5104 is assumed.
This lecture describes the key factors associated with conversion coatings on aluminium can be appreciated, such as general and local behaviour of the aluminium surface, range of conversion coatings and interrelationships, requirements of conversion coating, tailor-making of coatings, current and future issues. Some familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 5101, 5102, 5201 is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 5105: Surface Treatment of AluminiumCORE-Materials
This lecture helps to understand the general principles, methods, properties and applications of plating on aluminium. Some knowledge in general electrochemistry is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 5103: Corrosion Control of Aluminium - Forms of Corrosion and P...CORE-Materials
This document discusses various forms of corrosion that can affect aluminium and aluminium alloys. It describes general corrosion that can occur in acid and neutral solutions. It also covers localized corrosion such as pitting, crevice, filiform, and biological corrosion. Factors influencing galvanic and intergranular corrosion are presented. The document also discusses mechanically assisted degradation like erosion, fretting corrosion, and corrosion fatigue. It concludes with descriptions of stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement.
TALAT Lecture 5102: Reactivity of the Aluminium Surface in Aqueous SolutionsCORE-Materials
This lecture provides better understanding of the electrochemistry of aluminium; it gives an introduction to the other lectures. Some knowledge in aluminium metallurgy, simple chemistry (thermodynamics and kinetics), electricity and general electrochemistry is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 5101: Surface Characteristics of Aluminium and Aluminium AlloysCORE-Materials
This lecture provides a realistic view of the aluminium surface in order to understand the need for "effective" surface treatment. Some knowledge in aluminium metallurgy is assumed.
TALAT Lecture 5101: Surface Characteristics of Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys
TALAT Lecture 2713: Fire Design Example
1. TALAT Lecture 2713
Fire Design Example
Based on European Standard ENV 1999-2
(Eurocode 9)
27 pages
Advanced Level
Updated from the TAS Project :
TAS Leonardo da Vinci program
Training in Aluminium Alloy Structural Design
Date of Issue: 1999
EAA - European Aluminium Association
TALAT 2713 1
2. 2505 Fire Design Example.
(26 pages)
Table of Contents
2505 Fire Design Example. ..............................................................................................2
1.0 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................3
1.1 Description............................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Sketches. .................................................................................................................. 3
1.3 References................................................................................................................ 3
2.0 MATERIALS.............................................................................................................4
2.1 Aluminium. .............................................................................................................. 4
3.0 LOADS. ......................................................................................................................4
3.1 Static loads. .............................................................................................................. 4
3.2 Fire loads.................................................................................................................. 4
4.0 STATIC DESIGN......................................................................................................5
4.1 Results from the normal temperature design. .......................................................... 5
4.2 Load effects in fire design........................................................................................ 5
4.2.1 Beam F. ............................................................................................................. 6
4.2.2 Column B........................................................................................................... 6
5. THERMAL CALCULATIONS. .................................................................................6
5.1 General. ................................................................................................................ 6
5.2 Beam F. .................................................................................................................... 8
5.3 Column B. ................................................................................................................ 9
6.0 CODE CHECKING. ...............................................................................................10
6.1 Beam F. .................................................................................................................. 10
6.2 Column B. .............................................................................................................. 10
7 APPENDIX. ........................................................................................................10
TALAT 2713 2
3. 1.0 INTRODUCTION.
In the fire design example, the structure used in design example for static design is used.
1.1 Description.
The industrial building contain an administration part with offices, wardrobe, meeting
rooms etc and a fabrication hall. The load bearing system consists of frames standing at a
distance of 5000 mm.
In serviceability limit state the max. allowable deflection is 1/250 of span.
The load bearing structure has the following requirement to fire endurance: R60.
1.2 Sketches.
A section of one load bearing frame.
1.3 References.
|1|: ENV 1999. Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures. Part 1.1.
General rules.
|2|: ENV 1999. Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures. Part 1.2.
Structural fire design. February 1998.
|3|: TALAT. 2700 Design Example No. 1.
|4|: ENV 1991. Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures. Part 2-2:
Actions on structures – Actions on structures exposed to fire. February 1995.
TALAT 2713 3
4. 2.0 MATERIALS.
2.1 Aluminium.
|1|, 3.2.2 The extrusions are alloy EN AW-6082, temper T6, the plates are EN AW-5083 temper
H24.
Table 2.1 Strength of aluminium alloys.
Alloy f0,2 fu
EN AW-6082 T6 260 MPa 310 MPa
EN AW-5083 H24 250 MPa 340 MPa
|1|, 5.1.1 The partial safety factor for the members: γM1 = 1,10
γM2 = 1,25
|1|, 6.1.1 The partial safety factor for welded connections: γMw = 1,25
|2|, 2.3 The partial safety factor for fire design: γM,fi = 1,0
Table 2.2 Design values of material coefficients.
Modulus of elasticity E = 70 000 MPa
Shear modulus G = 27 000 MPa
Poisson’s ratio ν = 0,3
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion α = 23 x 10-6 per °C
Density ρ = 2 700 kg/m3
3.0 LOADS.
3.1 Static loads.
The static loads are described in static design example.
3.2 Fire loads.
The thermal load is the standard fire curve, which is described as:
|4|, 4.2.2 Θg = 20 + 345 ⋅ log10 (8t + 1)
where: Θg = fire temperature
t = duration in min.
TALAT 2713 4
5. 4.0 STATIC DESIGN.
4.1 Results from the normal temperature design.
The load bearing frame is calculated in static design example. In this example one
column (Column B) and one beam (Beam F) are chosen as example for fire design.
Beam F, (I 570 x 160 x 5 x 15,4). Values from the static design:
MRd = 341 kNm
VRd = 223,5 kN
Column B, (I 200 x 160 x 7 x 16). Values from the static design:
Max utilisation for flexural buckling – HAZ at column base (combination of compression
and bending): U = 0,952
4.2 Load effects in fire design.
The combination rule for actions in fire design is:
∑γ GA ⋅ Gk + ψ 1,1 ⋅ Qk ,1 + ∑ψ 2,i ⋅ Qk ,i + ∑ Ad (t )
where: Gk = characteristic values of permanent actions
Qk,1 = characteristic value of one (the main) variable action
Qk,i = characteristic values of the other variable actions
Ad(t) = design values from actions from fire exposure
γGA = 1,0
ψ1,1 = 0,5
ψ2,i = 0,3
TALAT 2713 5
6. 4.2.1 Beam F.
The critical criteria for Beam F is the bending moment in the middle of the beam. The
load from the crane is the main variable action. The beam is calculated as pinned in both
ends. This will account for some internal actions due to constrained expansion and
deformation.
Gk = 2,75 kN/m
Qk,1 = 50 kN (load from crane)
Qk,2 = 4,125 kN/m (imposed load on roof)
Qk,3 = 11 kN/m (snow load)
Windload gives only suction to the roof, and will for that reason not be included in the
load combination.
1
M fi , Ed = 1,0 ⋅ ⋅ 2,75
kN
(10m )2 + 0,5 ⋅ 50kN ⋅ 10m + 0,3 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 4,125 kN (10m )2
8 m 4 8 m
⋅ (10m ) = 139,8kNm
1 kN
+ 0,2 ⋅ ⋅ 11
2
8 m
4.2.2 Column B.
Column B is calculated with use of the MathCad spread sheet from normal temperature
design. In this spread sheet the partial factors from the combination rule given in 4.2 is
used. In addition a factor of 1.2 is used on the axial load (according to 2, 4.2.2.4).
Max utilisation for flexural buckling – HAZ at column base (combination of compression
and bending): U = 0,39
5. THERMAL CALCULATIONS.
5.1 General.
Comment: To perform the thermal calculations according to |2|, it is need for some tests
values for insulation materials used on aluminium structures. These test values don’t
exist. The calculations may, however, be performed with the available thermal properties
for insulation materials.
In this example Rockwool with a density of 300 kg/m3 is used. The thermal properties
vary with the temperature. This is handle as linear equations for the thermal properties
for the insulation materials.
Thermal conductivity for Rockwool 300 kg/m3:
θ t + θ al
λ p = 0,000215 + 0,035 (W/m°C)
4
TALAT 2713 6
7. Specific heat for Rockwool 300 kg/m3:
θ + θ al
c p = 0,75 ⋅ t + 800 (J/kg°C)
4
Specific heat for aluminium:
|4|, 3.3.2 c al = 0,41 ⋅ θ al + 903 (J/kg°C)
The temperatur rise in an insulated aluminium member can be calculated according to the
following equation. This may easily be done in a spread sheet.
λ p d p Ap 1
(θ − θ al )∆t − (e − 1)∆θ ( t )
φ 10
|4|, 4.2.3.2 ∆θ al ( t ) = ⋅
cal ⋅ ρ al V 1 + φ 3 t
but ∆θ al ( t ) ≥ 0
in which:
c pρ p Ap
φ= dp
calρal V
where: Ap V is the section factor for aluminium alloy members insulated by
fire protection material (m-1)
Ap is the area of the inner surface of the fire protection material,
per unit length of the member (m²/m)
V is the volume of the member per unit length (m³/m)
cal is the specific heat of aluminium alloys (J/kg ºC)
cp is the specific heat of the fire protection material (J/kg ºC)
dp is the thickness of the fire protection material (m)
∆t is the time interval (seconds)
θ(t ) is the ambient gas temperature at time t (ºC)
θ al ( t ) is the aluminium temperature at time t (ºC)
∆θ ( t ) is the increase of the ambient temperature during the time
interval ∆t (ºC)
λp is the thermal conductivity of the fire protection material
(W/m ºC)
ρal is the unit mass of aluminium alloys (kg/m³)
ρp is the unit mass of the fire protection material (kg/m³)
TALAT 2713 7
8. 5.2 Beam F.
Beam F is a roof beam supporting an insulated roof. The size of the beam is
I 570 x 160 x 5 x 15,4. The insulation layer follow the surface of the beam. A Rockwool
insulation with a density of 300 kg/m3 and with a thickness of 60 mm is used.
The results of a step by step calculation with time steps of 30 sec give the following
result:
Temperature analysis of Beam F
1000
900
800
Temperature in deg. C
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Time in min
The upper curve shows the thermal exposure and the lower curve shows the temperature
development in the aluminium beam. Max. temperature after 60 mins exposure is
calculated to 231 °C.
TALAT 2713 8
9. 5.3 Column B.
Column B is a partly freestanding column which may be exposed by a fire from four
sides. The size of the column is I 200 x 160 x 7 x 16. The insulation is boxed around the
column. The insulation is Rockwool with density 300 kg/m3 and the thickness is 40 mm.
The results of a step by step calculation with time steps of 30 sec give the following
result:
Temperature analysis of Column B
1000,00
900,00
800,00
Temperature in deg. C
700,00
600,00
500,00
Column B
400,00
300,00
200,00
100,00
0,00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Time in min
The upper curve shows the thermal exposure and the lower curve shows the temperature
development in the aluminium beam. Max. temperature after 60 mins exposure is
calculated to 225 °C.
TALAT 2713 9
10. 6.0 CODE CHECKING.
6.1 Beam F.
The temperature of Beam F is 232 °C. The alloy is EN-AW 6082 temper T6.
0,65 − 0,38
k 0, 2,θ = 0,65 − ⋅ 32 = 0,48
50
γ M1 1,10
M fi ,t , Rd = k 0, 2,θ ⋅ M Rd ⋅ = 0,48 ⋅ 341kNm ⋅ = 180,0kNm
γ M , fi 1,0
M fi , Ed = 139,8kNm ≤ M fi ,t , Rd = 180,0kNm
6.2 Column B.
The temperature of Colum B is 225 °C. The alloy is EN-AW 6082 temper T6.
0,65 − 0,38
k 0, 2,θ = 0,65 − ⋅ 25 = 0,515
50
U fi ,t , Rd = k 0.2,θ max ⋅ U = 0,515 ⋅ 0,952 = 0,49 ≥ U fi , Ed = 0,39
7 APPENDIX.
6.2 Column B – Appendix to Fire Design. (MathCad 7.0 Pro)
Thermal calculations for Beam F and Column B. (Microsoft Excel 97)
TALAT 2713 10