We introduce T9+HUD, a text entry method designed to de- crease visual distraction while driving and typing. T9+HUD combines a physical 3x4 keypad on the steering wheel with a head-up-display (HUD) for projecting output on the wind- shield. Previous work suggests this may be a visually less demanding way to type while driving than the popular case which requires shifts of visual attention away from the road. We present a prototype design and report first results from a controlled evaluation in a driving simulator. While driving, the T9+HUD text entry rate was equal compared to a dashboard- mounted touchscreen device, but it reduced lane deviations by 70%. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between T9+HUD and baseline driving in lane-keeping performance. T9+HUD decreased glance time off road by 64% in compari- son to the touchscreen QWERTY. We conclude that the data are favorable and warrant more research on attention-reducing text input methods for driving. Proceeding: https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3005453 www.gvillaloboz.com

1. T9+HUD: Physical Keypad and HUD can
Improve Driving Performance while
Typing and Driving
GabrielaVillalobos-Zúñiga,Tuomo Kujala,Antti Oulasvirta
Aalto University and University of Jyväskylä, Finland

2. Photo by: nymag.com

3. Photo by: forbes.com

4. 341,000
ANUALTRAFFIC INJURIES IN USA
61,000,000
SALES OFVEHICLES WITH
TOUCH SCREEN INTERFACES
BY 2021
SCALE
[National Safety Council. 2013.Annual Estimate of Cell Phone Crashes 2013. (2013)]
[IHS. 2015. IHS Automotive Forecasts 20 Percent Growth in Automotive HMI Components. (2015)]

5. PREVIOUS WORK ON
IN-CARTEXT ENTRY

6. BMW iDrive
Mercedes-Benz COMANDAudi MMI

7. Kern et al., CHI 2009 González et al., Graphics Interface 2007

8. Wilfinger, 2012
Murer, 2012

10. HUDVS. HDD

11. HUDVS. HDD
Ablaßmeier et al. ICME 2007 Liu,Y. C. (2003), Displays, 24

12. HUDVS. HDD
Ablaßmeier et al. ICME 2007 Liu,Y. C. (2003), Displays, 24
HUD allows drivers to react faster to an abrupt event

13. HUDVS. HDD
Ablaßmeier et al. ICME 2007 Liu,Y. C. (2003), Displays, 24
HUD allows drivers to react faster to an abrupt event
Support more consistent speed control and causes less mental stress

14. HUDVS. HDD
Ablaßmeier et al. ICME 2007 Liu,Y. C. (2003), Displays, 24
HUD allows drivers to react faster to an abrupt event
Support more consistent speed control and causes less mental stress
Could result in attention capture and increased reaction times to sudden events

15. T9 KEYBOARD
D.L. Groverer et al., Patent 5,818,437 Christina L James et al., 2001

16. T9 KEYBOARD
D.L. Groverer et al., Patent 5,818,437 Christina L James et al., 2001

17. T9 KEYBOARD
D.L. Groverer et al., Patent 5,818,437 Christina L James et al., 2001
10.98 WPM
to
25.68 WPM

18. HYPOTHESIS

19. T9 + HUD

20. METHOD

21. Experimental study using driving simulator

22. Experimental study using driving simulator

23. Experimental study using driving simulator
Speech synthesizer sentences
Typing while driving and stationary

24. Baseline design

25. 16 participants
21- 48 years old
normal, corrected-to-normal
intermediate, experienced
advanced, very advanced English
right-handed

26. METHOD
Experimental Design and DependentVariables

28. 2 x 2 within-subject design

29. 2 x 2 within-subject design
2 tasks(Driving, Stationary)

30. 2 x 2 within-subject design
2 tasks(Driving, Stationary)
2 input methods (touch screen QWERTY, T9) as Independent
variables, counter balanced order

31. 2 x 2 within-subject design
2 tasks(Driving, Stationary)
2 input methods (touch screen QWERTY, T9) as Independent
variables, counter balanced order
Order of sentences was randomized

32. Words per minute (WPM)
Error rate
Lane deviations
Glance time off road(%)
Experienced task workload
DependentVariables
Touch Screen QWERTY
T9
IndependentVariables

33. METHOD
Task and Procedure

34. TASK AND PROCEDURE
Play sentence(Enron Mobile Email Dataset), repeated it.
Type words to form a sentence.
Input the sentence (30 sentences per condition)
Goal: input as correctly as possible at the same time keeping a fast
typing pace. Keep their own lane and speed below 60 km/h.

35. RESULTS

36. Words per Minute Error Rate

37. Lane Deviations Glance time off road(%)

38. Workload(0-100)

39. DISCUSSION

40. T9+HUD allows drivers to maintain more visual
attention on the road and have less lane deviations
than a QWERTY touchscreen design.

42. DashboardTouchscreen T9+HUD

43. DashboardTouchscreen T9+HUD

44. text entry rates ~ error rates ~ experienced workload
when driving
DashboardTouchscreen T9+HUD

45. T9+HUD
Reduced lane deviations by 70%
Lane-keeping performance was not statistically significant from baseline
driving
Reduced glance time off road by 64%

46. T9+HUD - CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
1. Keyboard (T9 vs. QWERTY on touchscreen)
2. Output (HUD vs. Center console touchscreen)
3. Hand position: both hands vs. one hand on the steering wheel.

47. LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE WORK

48. LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE WORK
Replication of results with larger and more representative driver
samples.
T9+HUD benefits and possible downsides should be studied with
more realistic typing tasks and driving environments.

49. LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE WORK
Study does not reveal if typing withT9+HUD is safe while driving in
real traffic conditions.
It indicates only that typing harmful effects on the measured variables
are significantly smaller than while typing with a touchscreen
QWERTY keyboard.

50. LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE WORK
Gaze on the HUD does not necessarily mean that the driver’s
attention is on the road.
Detection response tasks should be considered for future experiment
replications.

51. FINALTAKEAWAY
To reduce distraction, one needs to design for human multitasking
and attention and take into account not only the act of pushing buttons
but that of monitoring output (display).

52. T9+HUD: Physical Keypad and HUD can
Improve Driving Performance while
Typing and Driving
GabrielaVillalobos-Zúñiga,Tuomo Kujala,Antti Oulasvirta
Aalto University and University of Jyväskylä, Finland