Systemic complications can arise from local anesthetic administration through overdosage, allergy, or idiosyncratic reactions. Overdosage occurs when high blood levels of the drug cause adverse effects in tissues. Allergic reactions are hypersensitive responses acquired through exposure. Idiosyncratic reactions cannot be classified as allergic or toxic. Prevention measures include medical evaluation, supine positioning of patients, and observing for signs of undesirable reactions.
Drug allergy is the term for a group of symptoms caused by an allergic reaction. An allergic reaction occurs when your immune system mistakes the drug for a harmful substance and mounts an inflammatory response that actually harms rather than protects you. Any medication — over-the-counter, prescription or herbal — is capable of inducing a drug allergy. However, a drug allergy is more likely with certain medications
Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS).Pinky Rathee
The presence of altered organ function in a client who is acutely ill such that hemeostasis cannot be maintained without intervention. MODS is present when two or more organs fail .MODS results from SIRS
Screening for the immunological diseasesduresameen24
Immunodeficiency disorders usually result from use of a medication or from a long-lasting serious disorder (such as cancer) but occasionally are inherited.
People usually have frequent, unusual, or unusually severe or prolonged infections and may develop an autoimmune disorder or cancer.
Doctors suspect immunodeficiency based on symptoms and do blood tests to identify the particular disorder.
People may be given antimicrobial drugs (such as antibiotics) to prevent and treat infections.
Immune globulin may be given if there are too few antibodies (immunoglobulins) or they are not functioning normally.
For some severe immunodeficiency disorders, stem cell transplantation is sometimes done.
Immunodeficiency disorders impair the immune system’s ability to defend the body against foreign or abnormal cells that invade or attack it (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and cancer cells). As a result, unusual bacterial, viral, or fungal infections or lymphomas or other cancers may develop.
Another problem is that up to 25% of people who have an immunodeficiency disorder also have an autoimmune disorder (such as immune thrombocytopenia). In an autoimmune disorder, the immune system attacks the body's own tissues. Sometimes the autoimmune disorder develops before the immunodeficiency causes any symptoms.
There are two types of immunodeficiency disorders:
Primary: These disorders are usually present at birth and are genetic disorders that are usually hereditary. They typically become evident during infancy or childhood. However, some primary immunodeficiency disorders (such as common variable immunodeficiency) are not recognized until adulthood. There are more than 100 primary immunodeficiency disorders. All are relatively rare.
Secondary: These disorders generally develop later in life and often result from use of certain medications or from another disorder, such as diabetes or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. They are more common than primary immunodeficiency disorders.
Symptomatology terms
General symptoms
Symptoms related to metabolic
Symptoms related to cardiovascular
Symptoms related to respiratory
Symptoms related to Gastrointestinal
Symptoms related to Dermatology
Symptoms related to neurology
Yoga therapy
Evidences supporting yoga in symptomatology
Precise guide for DGNM, B.Sc Nursing & M.Sc Nursing Students .. regarding shock, types of shock, stages of shock and its management. Highly recommended for II B.Sc Nursing Students.
Drug allergy is the term for a group of symptoms caused by an allergic reaction. An allergic reaction occurs when your immune system mistakes the drug for a harmful substance and mounts an inflammatory response that actually harms rather than protects you. Any medication — over-the-counter, prescription or herbal — is capable of inducing a drug allergy. However, a drug allergy is more likely with certain medications
Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS).Pinky Rathee
The presence of altered organ function in a client who is acutely ill such that hemeostasis cannot be maintained without intervention. MODS is present when two or more organs fail .MODS results from SIRS
Screening for the immunological diseasesduresameen24
Immunodeficiency disorders usually result from use of a medication or from a long-lasting serious disorder (such as cancer) but occasionally are inherited.
People usually have frequent, unusual, or unusually severe or prolonged infections and may develop an autoimmune disorder or cancer.
Doctors suspect immunodeficiency based on symptoms and do blood tests to identify the particular disorder.
People may be given antimicrobial drugs (such as antibiotics) to prevent and treat infections.
Immune globulin may be given if there are too few antibodies (immunoglobulins) or they are not functioning normally.
For some severe immunodeficiency disorders, stem cell transplantation is sometimes done.
Immunodeficiency disorders impair the immune system’s ability to defend the body against foreign or abnormal cells that invade or attack it (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and cancer cells). As a result, unusual bacterial, viral, or fungal infections or lymphomas or other cancers may develop.
Another problem is that up to 25% of people who have an immunodeficiency disorder also have an autoimmune disorder (such as immune thrombocytopenia). In an autoimmune disorder, the immune system attacks the body's own tissues. Sometimes the autoimmune disorder develops before the immunodeficiency causes any symptoms.
There are two types of immunodeficiency disorders:
Primary: These disorders are usually present at birth and are genetic disorders that are usually hereditary. They typically become evident during infancy or childhood. However, some primary immunodeficiency disorders (such as common variable immunodeficiency) are not recognized until adulthood. There are more than 100 primary immunodeficiency disorders. All are relatively rare.
Secondary: These disorders generally develop later in life and often result from use of certain medications or from another disorder, such as diabetes or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. They are more common than primary immunodeficiency disorders.
Symptomatology terms
General symptoms
Symptoms related to metabolic
Symptoms related to cardiovascular
Symptoms related to respiratory
Symptoms related to Gastrointestinal
Symptoms related to Dermatology
Symptoms related to neurology
Yoga therapy
Evidences supporting yoga in symptomatology
Precise guide for DGNM, B.Sc Nursing & M.Sc Nursing Students .. regarding shock, types of shock, stages of shock and its management. Highly recommended for II B.Sc Nursing Students.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
3. INTRODUCTION
Drugs have 2 types of effect when administered
Desirable=actions may be sought beneficial
Undesirable =actions may not be beneficial not sought
THREE PRINCIPLES OF DRUG
1. No drug ever exerts a single action
2. No clinically useful drug is entirely devoid of toxicity
3. The potential toxicity of a drug rests in the hand of user
4. SYSTEMIC COMPLICATIONS
The adverse reaction which occurs in the body as a side effect of adverse
experiences , drug induced disease , disease of medical progress , secondary
effects of a drug and intolerance
Three major methods by which drug produce adverse reactions
1. Overdosage
2. Allergy
3. Idiosyncrasy
5. OVERDOSE
A drug overdose reaction is defined as those clinical signs and symptoms that
results from an overly high blood level of a drug in various target organs and
tissues
For an overdose reaction to occur the drug first must gain access to the
circulatory system in quantities sufficient to produce adverse effects on various
tissues of the body
6. PREDISPOSING FACTORS
Patient factors
Age
Weight
Other drugs
Sex
Presence of disease
Genetics
Mental attitude and environment
Drug factors
Vasoactivity
Concentration
Dose
Route of administration
Rate of injection
Vascularity of injection site
Presence of vasoconstrictors
8. MODERATE TO HIGH OVERDOSE
LEVELS
SIGNS
Tonic-clonic seizure activity followed by
generalized central nervous system depression
depressed blood pressure, heart rate , respiratory rate
9. SYMPTOMS ( PROGRESSIVE WITH
INCREASING BLOOD LEVELS)
Lightheadedness
Dizziness
Nervousness
Numbness
Metallic taste
Visual disturbances
Auditory disturbances
Drowsiness and disorientation
Loss of consciousness
10. MAXIMUM RECOMMENDED DOSAGE OF LA
ARTICAINE 7.0
LIDOCAINE PLAIN 4.4
MEPIVACAINE 4.4
PRILOCAINE 6.0
BUPIVACAINE 1.3
LIDOCAINE WITH EPINEPHRINE 7.0
DRUG RECOMMEN
DED mg/kg
11. LOCAL ANESTHETIC BLOOD LEVELS
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
normal blood level after intraoral injection
No cardiovascular actions
1.8-5.0 antidysrhythmic actions , tachycardia
5.0-10.0 ECG alterations , myocardial
depression , peripheral vasodilation
10.0+ massive peripheral vasodilation
Intensive myocardial depression
cardiac arrest
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Normal blood level after intraoral injection
0.5-4.0 ( Anticonvulsant actions)
4.5-7.0 CNS depression manifest as excitation , agitation,
irritability
7.5-10.0 CNS depression manifest as tonic clonic seizures
10.0+ generalized CNS depression
12. BASIC EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
P … POSITION
unconscious - supine with feet elevated
conscious - based on patient comfort
A…. AIRWAY
unconscious -assess and maintain airway
conscious – assess airway
B…..BREATHING
unconscious - assess and ventilate if necessary
conscious - asses breathing
C….CIRCULATION
unconsciouss -external cardiac compression if necessary
conscious -asses circulation
D…..DEFINITE CARE – diagnosis , management (emergency medicines)
13.
14. MANAGEMENT
MILD OVERDOSE REACTION
Slow onset (>5minutes after administration) - slow absorption and rapid absorption
Slower onset (>15minutes after administration) - abnormal biotranformation & renal dysfunction
P – A – B – C – D for all medical emergency
Definitive care
1. Reassure the patient
2. Administer oxygen
3. Monitor vital signs
4. Administer anticonvulsant(midazolam)
15. Severe overdose reactions
Rapid onset(within 1 minute)-loss of consciousness with or without convulsion
severe onset( 5 to 15 minutes)-rapid absorption , biotransformation , renal dysfunction
P – A – B – C
Definitive care
1. Protect the patient arms , legs, head
2. Immediately call emergency medical assistance
3. BLS
4. Maintain airway ventilation
5. Administer anticonvulsant
6. IM OR IV administration
16. ALLERGY
Allergy is a hypersensitive state acquired through a exposure of a
particular allergen it long lasts for 48 hours from immediate to life
threatening reactions developing within seconds of exposure
22. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
SKIN REACTIONS
Itching (pruritis)
Flushing (erythema)
Urticaria
Nausea and vomiting
Conjunctivitis
rhinitis
SKIN RESPONSE TO SMOOTH
MUSCLE SPASM
Abdominal cramps
Diarrhoea
Urinary incontinence
Nausea and vomiting
23. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Substernal tightness or pain in chest
Cough
Bronchospasm
Dyspnea
Cyanosis
Laryngeal edema
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Pallor
Lightheadedness
Tachycardia
Hypotension
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Unconsciousness
Cardiac arrest
24. MANAGEMENT
Delayed skin reaction
Immediate skin reaction
Respiratory reactions
Generalized anaphylaxis
P – A – B - C
25. DEFINITIVE CARE
Administer oral histamine blockers
IM IV
Monitor vital signs
Administer oxygen(bronchospasm)
Cricothyrotomy(laryngeal edema)
Activate EMS(emergency medical service)
administer epinephrine
26. IDIOSYNCRASY
Any reaction to a LA agent or any other drug that cannot be classified as allergic or
toxic reaction is often called as idiosyncrasy
Also used to describe a qualitatively abnormal unexpected response to a drug
differing from its pharmacological actions and thus resembling hypersensitivity
PREVENTION
Pre anesthetic evaluation
Precautions to the patients from injury
Psychotherapy
Pre medication
27. MANAGEMENT
Supine position with legs slightly elevated
Maintainence of airway
Adequate O2 supply
Evaluate circulation
Administer parenteral fluids
28. CONCLUSION
Systemic complication associated with LA drug administration can be prevented by
Medical evaluation should be done before administering LA
All dental injections should be administered in patients supine position
Topical anesthetic should be applied before injections for a minimum of 1minute
Vasoconstrictors should be included in all local anesthetics
Observe the patient during and after anesthetic administration for signs and symptoms of
undesirable reaction
The anesthetic solution selected should be appropriate for particular dental
treatment(duration of action)