Climate Change Scenarios for Three Provinces

2
MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT
VIET NAM INSTITUTE OF METEOROLOGY, HYDROLOGY
AND ENVIRONMENT
SUMMARY REPORT
SUPPORT TO IMPROVE CAPACITY TO RESPOND
TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN PROVINCES
2013

2
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................3
2 SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES .......................................................................................3
2.1 DEVELOPMENT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND SEA LEVEL RISE SCENARIOS.......3
2.1.1 Climate change scenarios for Binh Dinh .......................................................4
2.1.1.1 Observed climate changes in Binh Dinh in recent decades.................4
2.1.1.2 Climate change scenario for Bình Định...............................................6
2.1.2 Climate change scenario for Bình Thuận.......................................................7
2.1.2.1 Observed climate changes in Binh Thuan in recent decades...............7
2.1.2.2 Climate change scenario for Bình Thuận ............................................9
2.1.3 Climate change scenario for Cần Thơ..........................................................11
2.1.3.1 Observed climate changes in Can Tho in recent decades..................11
2.1.3.2 Climate change scenario for Cần Thơ ...............................................13
2.2 ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND SEA LEVEL RISE
ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PLANS OF THE PROVINCE .................15
2.2.1 Assessment of impacts and risks of climate change in Binh Dinh ..............15
2.2.2 Assessment of impacts and risks of climate change on Binh Thuan
province........................................................................................................19
2.2.3 Assessment of the impact of climate change and sea level rise on
socio-economic development plan in Can Tho............................................24
2.3 IDENTIFICATION OF ADAPTATION MEASURES FOR THE PROVINCES ............27
2.3.1 The adaptation measures to Binh Dinh........................................................28
2.3.2 The adaptation measures for Binh Thuan ....................................................30
2.3.3 The adaptation measures to Can Tho...........................................................32
2.4 CASE STUDY IN THE DISTRICT ........................................................................34
2.4.1 Tây Sơn district [6] ......................................................................................35
2.4.2 Phú Quý Island district [3]...........................................................................36
3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................37
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................40

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1 INTRODUCTION
The project " Strengthening National Capacities to respond to Climate Change in
Viet Nam, reducing vulnerability and controlling GHG emissions " sponsored by UNDP
for Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology
and Environment is assigned to coordinate with line ministries, sectors and localities to
implement the project. The project aims to strengthen the institutional capacity and
policies on climate change, to support the implementation of the National Target
Program to Respond to Climate Change (NTPRCC) from central to local levels. Binh Dinh,
Binh Thuan, Can Tho are the three provinces / cities supported by the project with
activities to strengthen capacity to respond to climate change, including research on the
assessment of climate change impacts over various time frames, including extreme
events for each area. The project developed high resolution climate change scenarios for
the three provinces of Binh Dinh, Binh Thuan, Can Tho, assessments of climate change
impacts, identification and selection of adaptation measures, and developed an Action
Plan to respond to climate change.
Numerous consulting activities for economic sectors within socio-economic
development processes and areas susceptible to climate change have been implemented
to propose measures for adaptation to climate change in Binh Dinh, Binh Thuan, Can Tho
City, Tay Son district (Binh Dinh) and Phu Quy island (Binh Thuan). Detailed climate
change scenarios for local areas have been developed; the pressures and challenges
caused by climate change at local level have been analyzed to propose adaptation
measures such as water resource management in Binh Thuan, groundwater
management in Phu Quy island, urban planning adjustment for An Binh Ward, Ninh Kieu
District, Can Tho City etc. The results from the consultations will provide important
information to help scientists better understand local issues, advantages and challenges
in implementing climate change adaptation activities. Capturing information and lessons
learned from research are essential to support local activities. Parallel to the research
and consultation, the project has implemented various training courses and seminars to
raise awareness, research skills for provincial staff. This report outlines the major
results of the project’s activities in the three provinces.
2 SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES
2.1 Development of climate change and sea level rise scenarios
Climate change scenarios are an important part of climate change study. Climate
change scenarios are the basis for assessing climate change impacts on natural systems
and socio-economic development processes, to develop adaptation and mitigation
strategies.
Climate change scenarios are regarded as reliable and simple tools to project
future climate, based on a set of climatic processes, and to understand the consequences
caused by human-induced climate change; they are usually used as inputs for impact
assessment models1.
Vietnam has developed many climate change scenarios, which consequently have
been applied in studies and implementations of activities to respond to climate change.
Climate change scenarios for Vietnam were first developed in 1994 in a research in the
1
IPCC (2007), The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge University Press

4
Asia - Vietnam component – by the Asian Development Bank. In 2003, the first Vietnam
National Communication to the UNFCCC2 updated and announced the development of
climate change and sea level rise scenarios for Vietnam.
The report "Climate change and sea level rise scenarios for Vietnam" is the most
comprehensive script based on scientific research and practices which can be applied to
the implementation of the National Target Program to Respond to Climate Change. The
report has been mandated to the Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment
by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment to develop, update and announce
scenarios in 2009 and 20123. Two versions have been completed with support from
UNDP, and in cooperation with the Hadley Centre of the UK Met Office, CLIMSystem of
New Zealand and a number of other organizations.
Binh Dinh, Binh Thuan, Can Tho are the three provinces supported by the project
to develop climate change adaptation activities, including development of climate
change scenarios as a priority. Within the project framework, the project has supported
and provided line departments in the provinces of Binh Dinh, Binh Thuan, Can Tho with
the development of detailed "climate change scenarios" for each province to provide the
scientific basis for assessing impacts and vulnerability caused by climate change at
provincial level.
2.1.1 Climate change scenarios for Binh Dinh
2.1.1.1 Observed climate changes in Binh Dinh in recent decades
a) Temperature
According to data analysis, in Binh Dinh, temperature changes, both absolute
values and anomaly reached the highest increase in winter while the increase is lower in
summer; which makes the overall change during the whole year not significant. In the
2
Viet Nam National Initial communication to UNFCCC, 2003
3
Climate change and sea level rise scenarios for Vietnam, 2009 and 2012

5
past 50 years, the average temperature in January increased about 0.8oC, in July
approximately 0,65oC and annual average increase 0.7oC. In Binh Dinh, both highest
maximum temperature and lowest minimum temperature increased in the past 50
years. Similarly, the number of hot days (>35oC) also increased. The number of days
with highest maximum temperature (Tx) more than 35oC in the decade of 1978 to 1987
was 45.9 days; this increased to 61.4 days in the next decade and 53.4 days in the decade
of 1998-2007.
Figure 1. The trend of annual mean temperature anomaly observed in Quy Nhon station
b) Precipitation
In Binh Dinh, in the last 50 years, dry season rainfall increased about 6.7% /
decade; the rainy season precipitation tends to increase with about 5.6% / decade while
the overall annual rainfall increased by 5.8% / decade. The increase of rainfall appeared to
be fairly stable.
The number of days with heavy rainfall increased in recent decades, but not much.
The number of days with rainfall above 50mm during the decade of 1978 to 1987 was 9.1
days; it slightly increased in the decades of 1988 to 1997 and 1998-2007 with an average
of 11 days. The highest and the 5-day rainfall showed no significant change.
Figure 2. Number of days with rainfall more than 50mm
c) Sea level rise
Trung bình 9,1
(1978 – 1987)
Trung bình 11,0
(1998 – 2007)
Trung bình 9,3
(1988 – 1997)

6
From the results of data analysis at Quy Nhon station, sea level in Binh Dinh
province tends to increase at a rate of 2.5 mm / year over the past decade; this is slower
than the average sea level rise across coastal Vietnam [22].
d) Tropical cyclones and low pressure
From 1961 to 2007, there were a total of 38 tropical cyclones affecting Binh Dinh
provinces, including 13 tropical depression and 25 tropical cyclones. On average, each
decade has about 8 tropical cyclone strikes affecting Binh Dinh. The most serious year
experienced 4 strikes (1995).
2.1.1.2 Climate change scenarios for Binh Dinh
a) Temperature
According to the findings of the climate change and sea scenarios: the average air
temperature in Binh Dinh province in the 21st century tends to increase with a higher
degree from March to May compared to other periods of the year; the lowest rise will be
from June to August. By the mid-21st century, the average temperature rise according to
high emission scenario (A2), medium emission scenario (B2) and low emission scenario
(B1) will be 1.3oC, 1.2oC and 1.1oC respectively. By the end of the 21st century, the
increase of the average temperature according to the scenarios will be 2.9oC, 2.3oC and
1.5oC. Geographically, the southwest region of Binh Dinh has a higher increase than the
east and northeast. [22].
Figure 3. The increase in the average
temperature in the mid-21st century compared
to the period 1980 to 1999 in Binh Dinh with
medium emissions scenario (B2)
Figure 4. The change in annual rainfall in mid-
21st century compared to the period 1980 to
1999 in Binh Dinh with medium emissions
scenario (B2)
Similar to the average temperature, the highest maximum and the lowest
minimum temperature tend to increase with the highest rate in the summer (June to
August) while the lowest rate of increase is in the winter (December - February). In the
mid-21st century, the increase will be 1.7oC and 2.7oC by the end of the century.
b) Rainfall
Study results on rainfall changes in dry season, rainy season and annually

7
accordingly to scenarios show a decrease in dry season and an increase in the rainy
season; the increase in the rainy season appears to be higher than the decrease in the
dry season. In the mid-21st century, rainfall increase based on the high emissions
scenario will be 3.8%, 3.6% with the medium emission scenario and 3.4% with the low
emission scenario. By the end of the century, the rainfall increase will be 8.9%, 7.0% and
4.6% respectively for the scenarios.
Annual rainfall in Binh Dinh decreases from the east to the west. In the mid-21st
century, the districts of An Lao, Hoai Nhon, Phu My, Phu Cat, An Nhon, Tuy Phuoc and
Quy Nhon city in the east will have a rainfall increase from 3.5 to 4%. Vinh Thach district
and An Lao, Hoai An, Tay Son, Van Canh districts in the west will have an increase of 2.5
to 3%. Other areas of the province will have an increase from 3 to 3.5%.
Maximum daily and 5-day rainfall in most areas of Binh Dinh area will increase
quite significantly, from 75 to 100%.
c) Sea level rise
The highest rise of sea level due to climate change in 2100 in Binh Dinh will be
about 83-97 cm. In the first 50 years of 21st century, the sea level will rise at a slower
rate than the last 50 years4.
2.1.2 Climate change scenarios for Binh Thuan
2.1.2.1 Observed climate changes in Binh Thuan in recent decades
a) Temperature
In Binh Thuan, the degree of temperature changes, both absolute values and
anomaly are relatively high in winter and less in summer and the degree of change
annually is not much. January average temperature (increased about 0.2oC per decade)
tends to increase faster than the average temperature in July (increased about 0.1oC per
decade).
The average temperature of Phu Quy island tends to increase in the last 3
decades and the rate of change observed at the island station is similar to that of Phan
Thiet station.
In the past 35 years, both average high and average low temperature increased.
There are differences in the degree of increase; the lowest minimum temperature
appeared to increase faster, about 0.3oC per decade compared to 0.1 to 0.2oC per decade.
The number of days with pleasant weather (T <20o) will decrease and the
number of days with temperatures above 35oC will increase [23].
4
Scenarios of climate change and sea level rise for Binh Dinh, 2011

8
Figure 5. The trend of annual mean temperature anomaly observed in Phan Thiet station
b) Precipitation
In the past 50 years, dry season rainfall increased about 12.4% per decade, the
rainy season rainfall tends to increase with approximately 4.1% and the annual rainfall
increased approximately 5% per decade. The trend of increase in the dry season is
higher than that of the rainy season.
In Phu Quy island in the past three decades, dry season rainfall increased about
8% per decade, during the rainy season, rainfall increased less, only about 3.6% per
decade and the annual rainfall increased 4.7% per decade.
Maximum daily and 5-day rainfall in most areas of Binh Thuan appeared to
remain stable in recent decades [23].
Figure 6. The number of days with rainfall above 50 mm during the period 1978-2007
c) Sea level rise
The annual average sea level rise in Phu Quy stations tends to increase at a rate of
more than 3 mm per year. The highest average annual sea level rise seems to reduce
while the lowest increases significantly.
d) Tropical cyclones and low pressures
During the period of 1961 – 2007, Binh Thuan province had been effected by
tropical cyclones less than other regions . In total there were 18 strikes of which 7
tropical depressions and 11 tropical cyclones effected Binh Thuan. On average, there are
4 strikes each decade.
e) Drought
Trung bình
2,6
(1978 - 1987)
Trung bình
5,2
(1998 - 2007)
Trung bình
2,8
(1988 -
1997)

9
In Binh Thuan droughts often occur, even during the rainy season. Part of the
area in the east of Phan Thiet city experiences severe droughts while most parts in the
west also experienced droughts. In Tuy Phong and Bac Binh districts, the drought area
expanded to the north and the west.
2.1.2.2 Climate change scenarios for Binh Thuan5
a) Temperature
The findings from the climate change scenarios for Binh Thuan showed: during
the months from December – February, the temperature increase is less than in other
seasons. According to the high emission scenario A2, at the end of the 21st century, the
annual average temperatures are likely to increase with 3.1oC, while with the medium
emission scenario this increase is 2.5oC; that of the low emission scenarios is 1.6oC.
In the mid-21st century, the annual average temperature tends to increase from
north to south and from east to west. The northern districts of Tuy Phong and Bac Binh
have an increase of average temperature from 1.1 to 1.2oC. In Duc Linh, Tanh Linh,
northwest of Ham Thuan Nam district and most parts of the Ham Tan district the
increase is above 1.3oC. Other districts have increases from 1.2 to 1.3oC. By the end of the
21st century, the annual average temperature tends to increase similarly to the mid-
century, with an increase in the range from 2.1 to 2.6oC.
The highest average temperature (Txtb) also increases, with the highest increase
in the fall from June to August, higher than in other seasons of the year. The highest
average temperature increases about 1.8oC in the mid-21st century and about 2.8oC at
the end of the century. Average low temperature tends to increase the most during the
months of September to November. Compared to the period of 1980 - 1999, the average
low temperature may increase 1.7oC in the mid-21st century and about 2.9oC at the end
of the 21st century.
In Phu Quy Island, the average temperature also tends to increase significantly in
the summer, with a lower degree of increase in the spring and autumn and the lowest
increase in the winter. By the mid-21st century, the increase may reach 1.3 ° C and up to
2.4 ° C by the end of the century.
b) Precipitation
Rainfall in the dry season in Binh Thuan has differentiations in the level of
increase or decrease amongst various areas in the province. The average rainfall in the
dry season has a projected increase for the end of the 21st century of 1.4% (B1 scenario),
2.1% (B2 scenario) and 2.7% (A2 scenario). Rainfall during the rainy season across the
province tends to increase, with an increase at the end of the 21st century of 1.9%, 3.0%
and 3.9% respectively for the low, medium and high emission scenarios.
In the mid-21st century, in the south of Tuy Phong, Bac Binh districts, southeast of
Ham Thuan Bac district, Phan Thiet City and the east of Ham Thuan Nam district, the
rainfall increase will be 1.5%. In most parts of Duc Linh, Tanh Linh, northwest of Ham
Thuan Bac district and a small area in the north of Binh Nam district, the rainfall
increase will be below 1%. Other areas of the province will have increases from 1 to
1.5%. By the end of the 21st century, in the south of Tuy Phong district, Bac Binh, Ham
Thuan Bac, Phan Thiet City and most areas of Ham Thuan Nam district, the rainfall
5
Climate change scenarios for Binh Thuan, 2011

10
increase varies from 2.5 to more than 3%; in the north of Duc Linh, Tanh Linh district
and northwest of Ham Thuan Bac district, the increase will be less than 1.5%; other
areas may show increases from 1.5 to 2.5%.
to the period 1980 to 1999 in Binh Thuan with
Figure 8. The change in annual rainfall in the
mid- 21st century compared to the period 1980 to
1999 in Binh Thuan with medium emission
scenario (B2)
In mid-21st century, in the south of Tuy Phong district, Bac Binh, southeast of
Ham Thuan Bac district, Phan Thiet City and the east of Ham Thuan Nam district rainfall
increase will be 1.5%. By the end of the 21st century, most areas of the province will
have a highest daily rainfall increase from 100 to 175%, some areas even will have a
175% increase.
In the mid-21st century, the highest daily rainfall in Binh Thuan during the year
will have increased with 75 to 150%; specifically in the west of Ham Thuan Nam district,
southeast of Tanh Linh districts and the east of Ham Tan district a higher rate of increase
is indicated: from 150 to 175%. By the end of the 21st century, in most areas of the
province, the highest daily rainfall annually will increase from 100 to 175%; some areas
may have a 175% increase.
In Binh Thuan droughts often occur, even during the rainy season. An
assessment, using the drought index in 2020, showed an extended drought area in the
north of Duc Linh and Tanh Linh districts; some communities in the northwest of Ham
Thuan Bac and Ham Thuan Nam district will have serious droughts; most of the Ham
Tan district will also have droughts. In 2050, dominated area of Binh Thuan will be
effected by serious drought.
c) Sea level rise
The highest projected sea level rise due to climate change in Binh Thuan province
by 2100 is of about 84-102 cm according to the high emission scenario, 62-77 cm in the
medium emission scenario and 53-68 in the low emission scenario. In the first 50 years
of the 21st century, sea level will rise at a slower rate (about 20 cm/50 years) than the
last 50 years.

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2.1.3 Climate change scenario for Can Tho
2.1.3.1 Observed climate changes in Can Tho in recent decades
a) Temperature
In Can Tho, the average temperature in January and July and the annual average
temperature tend to increase; both the absolute values and the anomalies show high
increases in winter and lower ones in summer. The annual increase was not significant.
In the past 30 years, the average temperature in January increased about 0.2oC per
decade; that of July was 0.1oC / decade; and the annual average was 0.2oC / decade.
Figure 9. The trend of annual mean temperature anomaly observed in Can Tho stations
The highest maximum temperature increased about 0.4oC / decade and the
lowest minimum temperature about 0.5oC / decade. In the period of 1978 - 2007, the
number of days with temperatures below 20oC decreased; the average during the
decade 1978 to 1987 was 5.9 days; in the next decade this was 3.6 days; and in the
decade of 1998 - 2007 it was 3.0 days. The average number of days with temperatures
above 35oC (Tx) changed slightly and showed no clear trend.
Table 1: Number of days with temperature Tm <20 ° C, Tx> 35 ° C during the period of 1978-2007
The number of days with
temperatures <20 ° C
The number of days with
temperatures >35 ° C
1978-
1987
1988-
1997
1998-
2007
1978-
1987
1988-
1997
1998-
2007
0 5 4 13 3 27
3 3 6 0 1 0
2 0 0 3 4 0
12 0 3 2 2 2
16 4 2 5 1 2
6 7 3 25 0 1
2 9 0 4 0 6
4 4 4 0 0 11
9 4 1 0 0 2
5 0 7 6 0 2

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b) Precipitation
In Can Tho, in the last 40 years dry season rainfall increased with about 25.8%
per decade compared with the period of 1980-1999. In contrast, the rainy season
precipitation tends to decrease, but not significantly, only about 1% per decade. The
annual rainfall increased with 0.5% per decade. The observed increase in the dry season
is much higher than that of the rainy season.
Daily maximum and 5-day rainfalls fluctuated and tend to increase over time. The
highest daily rainfall reached 230.4 mm in 2006 and the 5-day rainfall reached 293.6
mm in 2000 [24].
c) Sea level rise
According to measurements, sea level rise was about 3 mm / year, consistent
with the trend of sea level rise across coastal areas of Vietnam 6.
The highest average sea level rise in this shows a rate of 4.4 mm / year, while the
lowest shows a decrease: -1.5 mm / year. Overall this indicates an increase in sea level
rise in this area.
d) Tropical cyclones and low pressures
Can Tho city is less affected by tropical cyclones and tropical depressions than other
region. During the period of 1961 – 2007, only 9 strikes affected the area. On average,
each decade has three strikes affecting Can Tho. The period from 1961 - 1984 (14 years)
has only 1 strike, the following year the number of tropical cyclones increased slightly
but not more than 1 strike per year. In the 9 strikes, there were 3 tropical depressions
and six tropical cyclones with different magnitude.
6
Kịch bản BĐKH nước biển dâng cho Việt Nam, 2009
Figure 10. The number of days with rainfall above 50mm periods 1978-
2007

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Climate change, sea level rise
scenarios for Can Tho city, 2011
2.1.3.2 Climate change scenarios for Can Tho7
a) Temperature
According to the climate change and sea level rise
scenarios for the city of Can Tho, the average
temperature in Can Tho tends to increase, during the
months of June to August; the temperature may rise
faster than in other periods. In the mid-21st century,
the average emission scenario B2 indicates that the
mean annual temperature will increase 1.2oC and at
the end of the century, in the high-emission scenario
A2, the increase in the average temperature may be up
to 3.0oC.
In Can Tho City in the mid-21st century,
temperature tends to increase from the north to the
south. In the northwest districts of Vinh Thanh, Thot
Not the increase will be less than 1oC. Ninh Kieu, Cai
Rang and Binh Thuy, and Phong Dien districts have an increase of over 1.2 °C. At the end
of the century, average temperature increase will be differentiated clearly between the
districts of the city: it will be the highest in the eastern districts (above 2.2 °C) and the
lowest in the northwest districts (less than 1.8oC).
The highest maximum temperature (Tx) also tends to increase, with the highest
rate in the months of September to November while the lowest increase would occur
during the months of December to February. The lowest minimum temperature will
increase the most in the months of June to August. The increase at the end of the century
will be about 4.4oC. Compared to the period of 1980 – 1999, the annual lowest minimum
temperature may have risen with 4oC at the end of 21st century.
to the period of 1980-1999 in Can Tho with
Figure 12. The change in annual rainfall in the
mid-21st century compared to the period 1980-
1999 in Can Tho with medium emissions scenario
(B2)
b) Precipitation
Study results on the changes in dry, rainy season and annual rainfall show that: in
7
Climate change and sea level rise scenarios for Can Tho city, 2011

14
the coming decades rainfall during the dry season tends to decrease, while it will
increase in the rainy season. The increase rate in the rainy season is faster than the
decrease in the dry season. According to the medium emissions scenario, in the mid-21st
century, the annual rainfall increases approximately with 3.2% and by the end of the
century, the rate would be 6.1%.
In Can Tho, the increase of annual rainfall tends to decrease gradually from the
east to the west and in some areas of the Thot Not and O Mon districts. In most areas of
the Binh Thuy district the annual rainfall in mid-century increases with 3.2%. The west
of Vinh Thanh district and an area of Co Do district have an increase of less than 3%
[24]. At the end of the 21st century, the annual rainfall in the eastern area of the province
will increase over 6%; the districts in the west will have an increase below 6%.
c) Sea level rise
Sea level rise scenarios for Can Tho were developed for the coast of the Mekong
Delta with three scenarios A1FI (high emission scenario), B2 (medium emission
scenario), and B1 (low emission scenario).
In the first 50 years of the 21st century, sea level will rise at a slower rate (20-25
cm/50 years) compared with the last 50 years. According to the high emission scenario,
sea levels tend to rise faster than in the medium and low scenarios. By the mid-21st
century, sea level will have risen about 22-30 cm. At the end of the century, sea level rise
attributed to climate change in the Mekong Delta will be about 79-99 cm in the high
emission scenario, 59-75 cm in the medium emission scenario and 51-66 cm in the low
emission scenario. At the end of the 21st century, in the high emission scenario, the
majority of Can Tho city area will be at risk of flooding if there is no timely response.
2.1.4. In summary
Study results and analyses of provincial climate change scenarios presented
above show that the changes in temperature are similar. The temperature in hot season
(summer) increases faster than in winter. The average temperature, highest maximum
and lowest minimum temperature tend to increase with a high rate in summer (June to
August) and lower in winter (December - February). Geographically, the southwest
region of Binh Dinh has a higher rate of increase than the northeast and the east of the
province. In Binh Thuan, similar to Binh Dinh, the period of December - February will
have a lower temperature increase than other seasons. The annual average temperature
tends to increase from the north to the south and from the east to the west. In Phu Quy
Island, the average temperature also tends to increase with a high rate in summer,
followed by spring, fall and winter with the lowest increase rate. In Can Tho, the average
temperature during the period of June to August may rise faster than in other periods.
The areas with the highest increase are the eastern districts, while the lowest rate of
increase will occur in the north-western districts of the city.
Rainfall: In Binh Dinh and Can Tho, dry season rainfall tends to decrease, the
rainy season tends to increase, and the increase rate in rainy season is faster than the
decrease in dry season. Maximum daily and 5-day rainfall in most of Binh Dinh increase
significantly, from 75 to 100%
Particularly in Binh Thuan, rainfall in both dry and rainy seasons across the
province tends to increase. The maximum daily rainfall per year in Binh Thuan
increased from 75 to 150%, even to 175% in some places. However, Binh Thuan
frequently experiences droughts.
Rising sea levels caused by climate change in 2100 will be highest in Binh Dinh,

15
reaching 83-97 cm; in Binh Thuan this is 84-102 cm; and in the Mekong Delta and Can
Tho it will be about 79-99 cm.
Details are presented in the specialized report: climate change and sea level rise
scenarios for Binh Thuan, Binh Dinh and Can Tho city. The detailed scenarios are the
basis for the assessment for the provinces of impacts and vulnerability caused by
climate change.
2.2 Assessment of the impacts of climate change and sea level rise on
socio-economic development plans of the provinces
An assessment of climate change impacts is to identify the effects caused by
climate change. The effects can either be adverse or beneficial. Impact assessment
should first be done for the present situation (in the context of economic, social,
environmental conditions); then an evaluation of impacts of climate change can be done
for the future (with the climate change scenarios and economic, social and
environmental conditions in the future – according to the time frame of the assessment).
Assessment of future climate change impacts are based on climate change and sea level
rise scenarios and socio-economic development plans and or when there are significant
adjustments in strategy, policy, development planning and socio-economic development
[26]. Impact assessment of climate change can be done by sectors, areas, ecosystems
boundary or river basins. Within the framework of a provincial plan, the evaluation
approach using geographic region and sector is recommended. For provinces, the
overall assessment for the entire province is conducted primarily. On that basis an in-
depth evaluation is conducted for the sectors in provinces / cities and areas which are
vulnerable to impacts of climate change.
During the project implementation in the province, the scope and content of
impact assessment has been defined for each province of Binh Dinh, Binh Thuan and Can
Tho city. The overall assessment is the basis for in-depth reviews of sectors / areas most
affected by climate change, such as agriculture, fisheries and infrastructure planning in
Can Tho. For Binh Thuan the focus is on water resources, fisheries, tourism and
especially Phu Quy island district. Binh Dinh focuses on agricultural and rural
development, aquaculture and tourism which are most affected by climate change. The
sensitive areas of the coastal provinces and mountainous areas, especially Tay Son
District were evaluated in detail.
2.2.1 Assessment of impacts and risks of climate change in Binh Dinh
Binh Dinh is a central coastal province which has dissected topography creating
complex climate and hydrological regimes. During the dry season, drought often occurs
while the rainy season comes with storms, floods and erratic rains. If sea level rises 1 m,
there will be approximately 127 km2 in Binh Dinh at risk of flooding and saline
intrusion; infrastructure and transport system will be destroyed and socio-economic
development in Binh Dinh province will be seriously affected in all aspects. Therefore,
assessment of risks and impacts of climate change on key sectors such as: water
resources, agriculture, health and fisheries, and sensitive and vulnerable areas in Binh
Dinh province are highly important.
From the evaluation of losses and damages caused by climate change in various
sectors in Binh Dinh province, the climate change impact assessment and the
vulnerability assessment for socio-economic development of Binh Dinh, the most
affected sectors are: (i) agriculture and rural development, (ii) natural resources and
environment, (iii) aquaculture production and fisheries resources (iv) medical care and

16
public health, (v) energy, construction and transport, and (vi) tourism. Each area was
assessed in detail according to the assessment procedures and steps8. Identification of
targets to be assessed and assessment of potential climate risks according to climate
change scenarios for Binh Dinh are incorporated in the impact assessment and the level
of climate risks to various vulnerable sector and regions in Binh Dinh as mentioned
above. Some specific results are as follows:
In the agricultural sector, specifically crops of rice, soybean, maize, sugar cane and
peanuts, climate change will affect the growth period and the horticultural structure,
leading to losses and reductions of productivity and cultivation areas; higher soil salinity
due to sea level rise; lower agricultural productivity; lower yield in many crops; reduced
income from agricultural production and insufficient food storage.
Sea level rise in Binh Dinh could increase salt water intrusion into estuaries and
Con and Ha Thanh rivers, affecting agricultural land in Nhon Binh, Nhon Phu and Nhon
Hoi wards (Quy Nhon). In addition, dry season rainfall will decrease 1.3 - 2.4% and
temperature will rise from 0.4 to 0.8oC in the next 10-20 years, droughts will increase;
this will affect yields of 11 major agricultural crops.
In the field of aquaculture and fisheries, climate change will cause sea level rise,
higher tides, strong storm surges and waves which will negatively affect aquaculture
infrastructure and the fishing industry. Water temperature rise will cause
environmental changes in aquacultural farms, causing an increase in aquatic diseases.
Climate change will also cause damages to the aquaculture infrastructure: ponds,
lagoons, and will cause water scarcity, and water pollution. In the rainy season, flooding
will cause further difficulties for protection of aquaculture activities.
In Binh Dinh, fishing industry under climate change impacts will face more
challenges. High economic value fish will be reduced in many fisheries. Increased
magnitude and frequency of tropical cyclones, whirlwinds and strong waves will
obstruct the operation of fishing boats and may cause losses to people lives.
Increased air temperature will increase sea surface warming; salinity changes
would jeopardize the reef and vegetation in the areas of Nhon Hai, Nhon Ly, Nhon Chau,
and Ghenh Rang in the city of Quy Nhon, which have the role of wave shield for coastal
areas. The fisheries in coastal and lagoon areas from Quy Nhon to Hoai Nhon will move
farther from the shores; the fishing season for anchovies, mackerel and codfish from
March to May at the fisheries in the province has been changed and disturbed in recent
years.
Droughts occur more frequently due to the high number of sunny days, large
water evaporation rate and water loss from ponds and lakes. Especially during the dry
season, decreased rainfall caused widespread and prolonged droughts, some places in
the province had to harvest early or abandon aquaculture farms.
For the forestry sector, impacts of climate change include: temperature rise,
lower humidity, reduced fire risk due to higher rainfall, forest fire season change.
Climate change, however, also causes forest pests and will affect biodiversity.
Impacts of climate change on livestock: Climate change leads to abrupt changes,
extreme weather events such as heat waves, heavy rainfall during the rainy season, dry
season droughts, storms and floods, which will affect animal species, causing new
8
The guidelines "Assessment of climate change impacts and identification of adaptation measures",
IMHEN, 2012

17
and/or higher threat of epidemics. Natural disasters also adversely affect infrastructure
and livestock.
Impacts of climate change on energy sector development, transportation and
construction: According to the 2020 development plan of Binh Dinh province, the road
network in the province will have two new large scale routes and it is likely to
experience negative impacts in the highway of Quang Ngai - Qui Nhon - Nha Trang which
connects to national highways and provincial roads in the west to facilitate socio-
economic development and social security in the west of the province.
Transport systems, infrastructure and buildings will be heavily affected by
prolonged floods in the form of damages of material and prolonged delay in progress of
the construction works. Large-scale works and some key roads in Binh Dinh province
which are being built as plan will be affected significantly by climate change.
According to the 2020 development plan of the energy sector in Binh Dinh
province, the power supply system, including the system of substations and high,
medium and low voltage transmission lines, has been built to ensure electricity for
production and consumption in various phases. Climate change will not affect energy
planning at this stage.
Impacts on rural areas: Climate change will increase extreme weather events
such as droughts and floods, causing losses in productivity and crop yields. Sea level will
rise with 8-14 cm within 10-20 years, causing some losses to agricultural cultivation
areas such as rice, vegetables and fruit. The increase in extreme weather events such as
storm and tropical cyclones could also narrow the area of aquaculture production in
coastal districts of Phu My, Phuoc Tuy, Quy Nhon, Hoai Nhon, leading to reduced
productivity, reduced income and a higher rate of poverty.
Health and sanitation: In the context of climate change and environmental issues,
Binh Dinh province faces increased flooding in the rainy season. The poor drainage
system will cause pollution, and untreated wastewater discharge causes eutrophication.
For water resources, climate change will not affect significantly the quantity but
changes in water distribution, impacts of extreme events and increase in demand for
water will lead to water shortage. For example, for the Kone - Ha Thanh River basin,
water shortage will be about 435 million m³/year, accounting for 31% - 34% of
domestic demand.
Impacts on land use: If sea level rises 1 meter, an area of 127km2 will be flooded,
taking up 2% of the total area of the province, while some areas of the province will
experience higher salinity.
Figure 13. The flooded area in coastal districts corresponding to the B2 scenario

18
Figure 14. Map of flooding risk in Binh Dinh
with 1m sea level rise scenarios
Impacts on biodiversity: climate change will seriously affect habitats, reducing
habitats for various species and the number of individuals significantly. The interactions
between species within ecosystems will be altered by natural disasters, especially when
the food chain is broken. Threats of species’ extinction will be higher, causing the
disappearance of rare genes, and diseases will spread.
Impacts on tourism: tourism activities in Binh Dinh province are heavily affected
by climate change. Impacts will be imposed on tourism resources, tourist attractions
including natural tourism resources. Climate change also affects the tourism
infrastructure, especially the transport system, accommodation facilities and
entertainment areas. Climate change may also affect, both directly and indirectly,
cultural activities and travel services. The eco-tourism zones, tourism infrastructure,
resorts and major hotels in the coastal areas would be inundated, causing re-
establishment or postponement of business. The natural disasters caused by climate
change will also seriously affect development plans of tourism industry in Binh Dinh.
Climate change will increase extreme weather events such as tropical cyclones,
whirlwinds and floods in Binh Dinh in both frequency and intensity. Sea travel would be
the most affected while revenue from sea travel is accounted for 70% of tourism
revenue, annually attracting around 60% of international visitors and 50% of domestic
tourists.
The most affected areas: The area
of interest are the coastal hills. Binh Dinh
Province has 134 km of coastline,
including five district-level administrative
units: Hoai Nhon, Phu My, Phu Cat, Tuy
Phuoc and Quy Nhon city. Coastal areas
account for 35.6% of the province and
68% of the population. This area has great
economicpotential. However, the harsh
climate with erratic variations due to
climate change are major challenges for
the coastal areas. Climate change and sea
level rise will cause saltwater intrusion
into coastal lowlands, from which the
cultivated area is shrinking. In the rainy
season, houses, land and other property
were swept out to sea. Flooding and sea
level rise in coastal Binh Dinh province
will become more severe due to climate
change.
If sea levels rises 1 meter in Binh
Dinh, coastal areas at risk of flooding are
approximately 127 km2 (accounting for
approximately 2% of the total area of the province). If sea level rises 70 cm, there will be
approximately 60 km2 in Binh Dinh at risk of flooding. Areas most at risk of flooding are
Phuoc Hoa, Phuoc Son, Phuoc Thuan (Tuy Phuoc district) communes and part of the area
adjacent to the city of Quy Nhon and Tuy Phuoc district. Also, some coastal communities
in the districts of Phu Cat, Phu My, Hoai Nhon are at risks of flooding.
In hilly areas, the risk of flash floods is imminent in the northern and southern
parts of the province, especially in the districts of An Lao, Hoai Nhon, Hoai An, Vinh

19
Thanh, Van Canh, and Tay Son. Climate change impacts such as heavy rain or prolonged
rainfall will be the main cause of landslides.
From the evaluation of losses and damages caused by climate change in various
sectors in Binh Dinh province, climate change impact assessment and vulnerability
assessment for socio-economic development of Binh Dinh, the most affected sectors are:
(i) agriculture and rural development, (ii) natural resources and environment, (iii)
aquaculture production and fisheries resources (iv) medical care and public health, (v)
energy, construction and transport, and (vi) tourism. Each area was assessed in detail
according to the assessment procedures and steps [26] Identification of targets to be
assessed and assessment of potential climate risks according to climate change
scenarios for Binh Dinh have incorporated impact assessment and the level of climate
risks to various vulnerable sector and regions in Binh Dinh as mentioned above. Detailed
results can be found in the report "Assessment of the risks and impacts of climate
change on socio-economic development plan in different phases of Binh Dinh province"
[12].
2.2.2 Assessment of impacts and risks of climate change on Binh Thuan
province
Binh Thuan is a coastal province of South Central, located in the arid region, with
more sunshine, windy and no winter. Climate change has a great impact on the lives and
livelihoods of the local communities and the economy in Binh Thuan. The assessment of
climate change impacts and risks provides technical support and close coordination
with line departments of Binh Thuan province to propose measures to adapt to climate
change impacts. It outlines a number of projects on climate change adaptation in Binh
Thuan province.
The activities supported by the project in Binh Thuan include:
 Assessment of changes in climate processes, extremes events and climate change
and sea level rise scenarios for Binh Thuan province;
 Assessment of risks and impact of climate change on key areas, sensitive and
vulnerable areas in Binh Thuan;
 Assessment of risks and impacts of climate change on socio-economic
development plans for each stage in Binh Thuan province;
 Analysis and evaluation of strategic planning, economic development plans of
Binh Thuan province in the context of climate change;
 Identification of adaptation and GHG mitigation measures;
 identification of priority projects, development of detailed proposals for the
priority project, Assessment of water balance and transfer of water resources
management model to Binh Thuan.
Results of the assessments are to determine the selection of measures to adapt to
climate change and develop greenhouse gas mitigation measures and to mainstream
climate change into policies, planning and socio-economic development plan of Binh
Thuan province. The main results are as follows:
Climate change and sea level rise seriously affected areas, natural systems, and
different economic and social sectors in the province such as: agriculture, forestry,
fisheries, transportation, energy, tourism, public health, livelihoods and poverty, and
biodiversity and water resources in particular.

20
Figure. 15. . Map of flooding risk in Binh Thuan with
1m sea level rise scenarios 100 cm
The impact of climate change
alters the flow regime in the river
basins and other parts of Binh Thuan
province over the base period 1980-
1999). Study results show that the
annual flow in Binh Thuan province
has increased slightly over the period.
For example, at Ta Pao station, the
average flow during the period of
2020-2039 has an increase of 1.0 m3/s,
which is a 0.7% increase compared to
the baseline.
The river flow during the flood
season in Binh Thuan province tends
to increase slightly faster than the annual flow. The increase in Ta Pao station is higher
than that of Luy River station. Specifically, the average flow in Luy river station increases
with 1.4% to 4.4%; at Ta Pao station the increase is between 5.4% and 14.1%.
The average dry season flow in the entire river basin decreases during the period
of 2020 – 2039; the average flow in the dry season at Luy River station will decrease
with1.5% compared to the base period. At Ta Pao station the reduction will be 0.3%;
during the period of 2080 – 2099 the average flow in the dry season at Luy River station
will be reduced with 5.4%; at Ta Pao station the reduction will be 3.7% compared to the
base period.
Sea level rise in Binh Thuan imposes floods. The flooded area may not be large
but this is an important area for socio-economic development. If the sea level rises
1meter, there will be approximately 45 km2 in Binh Thuan at risk of flooding, accounting
for approximately 0.58% of the total area of the province.
Regarding the total water demand in the basin over the period of 2020-2099
compared to the period of 1980-1999, there will be a tendency of significant increase
due to the change of water needs of agriculture and impacts of climate change. The total
water demand in the 2080-2099 period will be 1,184 billion m3; an increase of 97%
compared to the period of 1980-1999. The period 2060-2079 will show an increase of
84.6%. The increase in the period 2040-2059 is 71.3%; and 63% for 2020-2039; the rate
of water demand increase in the basin in specific periods has been analyzed in detail
[10].
The study has evaluated the level of water demand and water shortage of the
districts for the period up to 2100 according to emission scenario B2. For example, in
2020, the total volume of water shortage in Phan Thiet city is 3.04 million m3, in La Gi
Town it is 0.29 million m3 in Tuy Phong district 3.84 million m3, in Bac Binh District
63.06 million m3, in Ham Thuan Bac district 141.28 million m3, in Ham Thuan Nam
district 29.58 million m3, in Tanh Linh districts 27.6 million m3, in Duc Linh district
10.12 million m3 and in Ham Tan district 0.35 million m3.
In this study, an assessment of impacts of climate change on the water balance for
economic development in the river basins of Binh Thuan province has been based on a
medium emission scenario, the socio-economic conditions in 2010 and the socio-
economic development plan for 2020. Two technical options were evaluated:
 Option 1:
- The period: Assessment for the current waterinfrastructure use system.

21
- The period of 2020-2099: There are also 3 lakes, namely Phan Dung Lake, Song
Mong Lake and Song Dinh Lake which supply water to the river basin.
 Option 2:
- The period: Assessment for the current water infrastructure system..
- The period from 2020-2099: As Option 1 and with additionally an amount of
water from Dai Ninh lake to Luy River.
Assessment results:
Option 1, the period: Total water shortage in the province is at present 286.98
million m3, of which Luy river basin’s water shortage is the highest part with 118.1
million m3 (41.1%), followed by Quao river basin with 107.1 million m3 (37.3%). The
lowest is Long Song river basin: only 0.1% of the total water shortage of the province.
Period of 2020-2039: total water shortage in the province is 412.7 million m3, an
increase of 125.7 million m3, 43.8% increase compared to the period of 1980-1999. The
highest water shortage is in Luy river basin with 163.1 million m3 (39.5% compared to
the total shortage of the province), followed by Quao river basin with 149.3 million m3
(36,2%), and Dinh Basin has no water shortage as Song Dinh 3 reservoir will be in
operation to ensure demand for the basin.
Water shortage in the province increases the most in the period of 2080-2099
compared with the period of 1980-1999 , reaching up to 127%, followed by the period
2060-2079 (85.4%), 2040-2059: 64,4% and the lowest is the period from 2020 to 2039
(43.8%).
Water shortage in all rivers in Binh Thuan province falls in dry season, the
highest shortage will be in April, there will be no water shortages in the flood season;
Under option 2, when Song Luy River receives water from the Dai Ninh reservoir
with a flow of 8m3 / s, water shortage will be significantly reduced in the second phase
from 2020 to 2039 and from 2040 to 2059. Specifically, when there is no water transfer,
the total volume of water shortage in Luy river basin during the period of 2020-2039 is
163.1 million m3, after receiving water from Dai Ninh reservoir, water shortage it is only
about 0.5 million m3, and during 2080-2099 period, the total water shortage will
decrease by nearly a factor of three compared to the case of no water transfer.
Study results will provide useful information for the process of water resource
management in the province under the impact of climate change.
Agriculture is an important area and sensitive to climate change. Climate change
can impose different effects on different targets, stages of agricultural crops, structure,
seasonality, disease, productivity and output. According to the medium emission
scenario B2, the total established area flooded by rising sea levels will be approximately
179km2 in 2050 and up to 234.7km2 in 2100, mainly in Duc Thang, Duc Nghia, Binh
Hung wards of Phan Thiet city (downstream of Ca river) and the Phan Ri Cua area. Saline
intrusion due to sea level rise also causes changes, conversion of farmland and
distribution of plants, especially in coastal areas.
Climate change impacts on yield of crops. For example: from 2060 to 2100 corn
yield in Phan Thiet will be reduced and will be lower than the province average in the
2010 range with a reduction from 1% - 6.8%.
In recent years, agricultural production in the province constantly dealt with
severe drought conditions in spring crops. A number of areas in the province are facing
the risk of drought (no water supply for production) such as Tuy Phong, Bac Binh, Ham

22
Thuan Nam and Ham Tan. Many hectares of rice and spring crops had to start earlier
than expected.
Livestock and poultry: Sources of feed supply will reduce, affecting growth and
reproduction of animals. Natural disasters such as hurricanes, floods, storm surges,
strong winds and heavy rain also threaten to increase the life cycle, growth and
reproduction of cattle. Climate change also increases the possibility of epidemics and
disease in cattle.
Productivity and livestock production may be reduced due to fluctuation of
temperature and humidity. Higher temperatures may also reduce resistance of the
animals and create a favorable environment for the pathogen outbreaks and pandemics.
In addition, the increase of droughts and floods will reduce food supply for
livestock, according to statistics from the Committee for Flood and Storm Control and
Search and Rescue of Binh Thuan province, in 2008 the total number of cattle and
poultry washed away was 4,589 heads and 3,606 in 2009, of which poultry was some
2,872 heads and cattle was 367 heads.
For Binh Thuan, the dipterocarpus forest in natural reserves such as Nui Ong, Ta
Ku may move further to the north, in the higher areas, primary forests in Ta Hoang of
Phan Dung commune, Tuy Phong district will also be affected. As a coastal province in
the South Central region, with 10 islands of Phu Quy island district and a mountain
range along the coast, a number of lagoons such as La Gan, Ke Ga, Mui Ne, Hon Rom and
Mui Nho, is created. Therefore ecosystems in Binh Thuan are very rich, especially
mangrove ecosystems. Climate change could reduce mangrove forests and gradually
shift them to higher areas; the species of high biological productivity will decline due to
changes in the food chain. Binh Thuan is one of the hottest spots for droughts in South
Central; climate change will increase the risk of forest fires in all areas and especially in
the dry season, threatening tropical forest ecosystems. Prolonged heat waves also
increase the risk of extinction of species of animals and plants which are not adaptive to
the changing environment.
Impact of climate change on transportation: Natural disasters have increased
threats on the transport and infrastructures in Binh Thuan. The traffic system can be
destroyed or damaged by heat waves and floods. Climate change also makes it difficult
to upgrade roads to connect to western regions; especially those going through the
mountainous area of Binh Thuan are at risk of landslides. Intrusion and coastal erosion
increase and hinder the construction and upgrading of roads in the coastal areas from
Ba Ria - Vung Tau via La Gi - Phan Thiet - Hoa Phu - Lien Huong to Ninh Thuan. Sea
transport means such as vessels will face the risk of strong waves and storm surges.
Strong waves, especially during storms, can destroy harbor facilities, causing serious
consequences.
By 2100, rising sea levels will inundate 1.35 km of highway, 4.54 km of provincial
roads, and 25.86 km of other roads in the province, which is 0.46%, 0, 61%, 0.74%
respectively of the total system.
Tourism: Binh Thuan has become one of the major tourist centers of the country.
In 2010, Binh Thuan province welcomed about 2.58 million tourists. Climate change
directly affects tourism resources, infrastructure and activities. Natural resources and
tourism in coastal areas such as Mui Ne, Binh Thuan, Mui Ke Ga, Ganh Son, Hon Rom,
Hon Cau, Co Thach Pagoda can be affected by sea level rise and shore erosion. The
nature conservation areas in Binh Thuan such as Bien Lac, Nui Ong and Ta Ku, and
primeval forests such as Ta Hoang (Tuy Phong) can be reduced in biodiversity and

23
biosphere reserves.
Climate change and sea level rise affect directly the tourism infrastructure, hotels,
restaurants, resorts, entertainment facilities; they affect roads, airports, ports, railways,
power supply, water supply, communications, and indirectly the operation of the
tourism industry.
Medical and public health: As in other areas, temperature rise can negatively
affect human health, leading to increased risk to all age groups, but especially for the
elderly, people with heart issues and neurological diseases. Extreme climate events may
occur with higher intensity affecting infrastructure, medical equipment and making it
difficult to upgrade the health care system from the grassroots to provincial level. The
poor are concentrated in the rural and mountainous areas of Duc Linh and Tanh Linh or
coastal areas such as Tuy Phong and Ham Tan. They have become highly vulnerable to
the impacts of climate change.
Livelihoods, poverty and gender: The poor are concentrated in rural areas,
mountainous of Duc Linh, Tanh Linh or in coastal areas such as Tuy Phong, Ham Tan.
They become target to the risk of high vulnerability to climate change. Climate change
also affects poverty alleviation in rural areas at the same time, making it difficult for the
population distribution, construction, operation and management of infrastructure
systems in rural areas.
For women in high mountain areas, such as Duc Linh, Tanh Linh or Phu Quy
island , the risk is even higher due to difficult living conditions. Flooding caused by sea
level rise or tropical cyclones will increase water pollution, causing skin diseases and
diarrhea. Natural disasters such as drought and flooding will affect supply of food and
water leading to respiratory and digestive diseases.
The sensitive areas:
The districts adjacent to the beach are Tuy Phong, Bac Binh, Phan Thiet city, Ham
Thuan Nam, La Gi and Ham Tan district which will be strongly affected by climate
change and sea level rise; sea dikes, mangrove forests, infrastructure, including housing
systems, production facilities, transportation, power systems, communications and
production activities of the people in the region are especially at risk. Salinization due to
sea level rise may also affect agricultural production, livelihood and social security. In
the context of climate change, coastal districts in the province are affected by different
types of natural disasters such as drought, heavy rain, thunder, whirlwinds and
especially flooding caused by torrential rains from the mountains. When combined with
rising sea levels, the damage will be more severe.
The mountainous areas such as Duc Linh and Tanh Linh, although not affected by
sea level rise, are affected by the increase of natural disasters such as floods, flash flood,
landslides and flooding in low lying areas in the mountains. In addition, due to rising
temperatures, drought and prolonged heat waves the risk of forest fires will increase
and also water shortages for domestic use and production.
Results of the assessment of climate change impact and risks show that in Binh
Thuan, in 2020, Ham Thuan Bac district has the highest level of risk, then Bac Binh
district. Duc Linh, Tanh Linh and Ham Tan district have a low level of risk, the other
districts have an average level of risk. By 2050, the level of risk of the districts in Binh
Thuan will not be much different from 2020, with the highest level of risk remaining in
Ham Thuan Bac district, and low levels of risk in Duc Linh, Tanh Linh and Ham Tan
district. In 2100, except for the two districts of Bac Binh and Ham Thuan Bac with very
high level of risk, Ham Tan district will have an increase from low to middle level of

24
risks, the risk in other district remain the same as in the year 2050.
2.2.3 Assessment of the impact of climate change and sea level rise on the
socio-economic development plan in Can Tho
Can Tho is the largest city on the west shore of the Hau River and it is the
geographical centre of Mekong Delta, 75 km to East Sea with a total surface area of
1,390km2,: approximately 3.45% of total area of the Mekong Delta. The natural area of
four districts of Ninh Kieu, Binh Thuy, Cai Rang and O Mon is approximately 287km2;
Thot Not urban district and 4 districts of Phong Dien, Co Do, Vinh Thanh Thoi Lai take up
approximately 1103km2. The elevation reduces from cultivation areas along the Hau
River and Can Tho River to the inland area. Can Tho city has a dense network of rivers
and canals.
The assessment of impact and vulnerability to climate change for the city
considered the following main factors: heavy rainfall, flooding, storm, the pressure of
water supply and other natural resources, high temperatures and heat waves; health
problems related to climate change and sea level rise; increased frequency and intensity
of extreme events such as heavy rain, storms, drought in urban area, impact on health
and health care systems and economic impacts on society.
Increased heavy rainfall will lead to flooding in Can Tho with a higher frequency.
Not only will flooding occur during the rainy season but also during the dry season,
especially when river floods and high tides occur at the same time. The year 2000 was a
year with major floods when a vast area in the city of Can Tho was flooded; floods with a
depth > 50 cm took up to nearly 76% of city area and with a depth > 1m up to 39.4%.
According to research findings, about 800km of roads were flooded, which accounts for
about 98% of the total length of the roads in Can Tho during this historic flood in the
year 2000.
Impacts of climate change on flooding in Can Tho were considered in an overall
assessment of climate change impacts in the entire Mekong Delta. An overall assessment
should consider the whole system from the upstream water volume to sea level rise with
changes in rainfall and water demand in the region under climate change impacts. The
plan includes the following options:
1. The base period: Description of the historical flood events in 2000 on the
system, study results obtained by this method were used as a basis for comparison with
the results of other options.
2. Option F1: Description of changes in flood in the system with the 2000 flood in
Kratie and sea level rise of 15 cm;

25
Figure 16. Map of flooding risk in Can Tho city with 0.5 m
sea level rise scenarios
7. Option F6:
Description of changes in
flood in the system with the
2000 flood in Kratie and sea
level rise of 100 cm.
Isis, a hydrodynamic
model, and topographic maps
prepared by the Ministry of
Natural Resources and
Environment, developed in
2009 are used for the
assessment.
When such abrupt
and extreme events occur as
the flood similar to the year
2000, Can Tho city can be
inundated up to 90-96% of the
whole city area with a depth of 0.5
m at the end of this century. Areas with a higher depth of flood, more than 1m, can be
around 67-80% of the city area. The wards of Hung Loi, Xuan Khanh, An Lac, An Khu,
Tan An, An Hoi, An Cu, Cai Khe of Ninh Kieu district and the wards of Thanh Hung, Hung
Phu of Cai Rang district have high elevation and may not be flooded in full, most of the
other districts in Can Tho city will be affected by severe flooding and sea level rise.
The inundated area from flooding due to sea level rise will be increasing
according to climate change scenarios. As sea levels rise to 70cm, the flooded area with a
depth> 0.5 m will be 1266 km2 (395 km2 increase compared to the baseline period) and
the flooded area with a depth > 1 m will be 934 km2 (691 km2 increase). With rising sea
levels of 100cm, flood areas with a depth > 0.5m will be 1336 km2 (465 km2 increase)
and the flooded area with a depth > 1 m will be 1224 km2 (981 km2 increase).
Drought: Along with floods, drought tends to increase due to a combination of
problems such as increase of evaporation, temperature and reduced rainfall during the
dry season. The possibility of drought in Can Tho is also rapidly increasing with
increasing salinity which makes it more difficult for the water supply for production and
daily life in many areas.
Using matrix methods and data analysis for assessment from ArcGIS software,
based on the combined results of calculation of flooding due to climate change and sea
level rise scenarios and socio-economic development of Can Tho city in 2020, the impact
of climate change on some areas and sectors are calculated as follows.
Impact on agriculture: an unusual distribution of rainfall during the year will be a
larger obstacle to rice production than rainfall level because they can cause droughts or
local flooding. Combined with higher rainfall, floods can cause serious damage to winter
or late summer-autumn crops. In Can Tho, the area for spring crop is the largest
cultivation area, therefore the damages are also higher than for summer and autumn-
winter crops. The loss of yield is estimated at 190,496 tonnes. In particular, Vinh Thanh
district will be most affected with a flooded area during the three crops that can be up to
18,957.28 ha, accounting for about 35% of the total area of cultivated land. According to

26
estimates, the decline of rice production caused by sea level rise by 2020 will be around
267,764 tonnes.
Aquaculture: in Can Tho city, the production model is mainly low-water
aquaculture with a depth of 0.8 to 1.0 m, which will be strongly affected when
temperature increases, causing losses of yield and quality of seafood. Flooding will cause
loss of fish productivity, especially in fish and shrimp farm and damages to low
embankments. If there are no embankments, sea level rise will seriously affect the
aquaculture activities, or they even will be total lost. Vinh Thanh district will suffer the
most on aquaculture with 97% of the farm area flooded; Phong Dien district follows
with 82%.
Infrastructure: due to the topography (low-lying area) combined with a dense
river system infrastructure; especially the road system is at risk of major flooding. With
sea level rise scenarios in 2020 of 9cm, combined with the historic flood of the year
2000, the flooded transport system in Can Tho will be more than 90% in all districts
with most serious floods in Thoi Lai, Co Do and Phong Dien districts.
Vulnerability Assessment
The approach to assess vulnerability to climate change is the general approach of
the IPCC framework to assess the impact of climate change on natural systems and
society based on the following information: (i) climate change and sea level rise
scenarios for the study area, (ii) impact of climate change on natural systems and the
potential impact on the social system of the study area, (iii) assessment of climate
change impacts, vulnerability assessment and risk levels due to climate change and
identification of adaptation measures.
The vulnerability assessment to climate change is conducted in key areas of Can
Tho city, including residential areas, agricultural production, industrial and services
facilities, environmental and sanitation infrastructure with climate change scenario for
2020 and 2050. The assessment used vulnerability indicators for socio-economic and
environmental conditions of the area. The results are as follows:
a) The 2020 scenario
The level of damages caused by flooding in the residential districts of Ninh Kieu
and Thot Not is the highest. For planned agriculture and aquaculture areas, Vinh Thanh
and Co Do districts were rated at the highest level of vulnerability. In the industrial
sector, the highest level of vulnerability was identified for Thot Not district while the
infrastructure system (electrical system, roads, dikes, canals) of O Mon, Vinh Thanh, Co
Do, Thoi Lai districts is the most vulnerable target. For environmental sanitation, O Mon,
Co Do, Thoi Lai and Vinh Thanh districts are most affected by flooding.
Overall, vulnerability assessment for the five sectors shows that Co Do, Vinh
Thanh and Thoi Lai districts are the three areas with the highest level of vulnerability,
followed by Thot Not and O Mon districts.

27
b) The 2050 scenario
With a sea level rise of 32 cm, flooding in Can Tho city changes significantly from
the 2000 flooding scenario. The flooded area will extend toward Cai Rang, Ninh Kieu,
Binh Thuy and Phong Dien district while other districts will be entirely inundated.
Evaluation results show that the level of vulnerability of the Ninh Kieu district
population is the highest, followed by Thot Not district. For the agricultural sector, the
rice cultivation and aquaculture area of Vinh Thanh and Co Do districts have the highest
level of vulnerability. The industrial parks of Thot Not districts are most exposed to
flooding risks, followed by Cai Rang district. O Mon, Vinh Thanh, Co Do and Thoi Lai
districts have the highest level of vulnerability in infrastructure. Co Do, Thoi Lai, and
Vinh Thanh districts have highest level of vulnerability in environmental sanitation.
Overall, vulnerability assessment for five sectors shows that Co Do, Thoi Lai, Vinh
Thanh and Thot Not districts are most vulnerable, followed by O Mon and Phong Dien
districts.
A vulnerability map allows comparing the levels of vulnerability to climate
change and sea level rise between districts and between the research areas of Can Tho
and provides important information to determine response measures for each sector in
each region to ensure sustainable socio-economic development under potential impacts
of climate change.
The result of this evaluation is important information for identification and
selection of adaptation measures in accordance with provincial policy development,
integration into provincial planning, and development of strategies to ensure effective
response to climate change.
2.3 Identification of adaptation measures for the provinces
To respond effectively to climate change, it is necessary to assess the impact and
risks of climate change, consider plans of socio-economic development under changing
climate conditions, therefore proposing appropriate solutions for response to climate
change and to incorporate them into development plans. The goal of adaptation is to
enhance adaptive capacity and reduce vulnerability to loss and damage from climate
change impacts, contribute to the maintenance of social and economic activities for
Figure 17. Vulnerability flooding map in Can Tho

28
sustainable development. Identified adaptation measures are implemented based on the
results of climate change impact assessment. The level of risk caused by the impact,
capacity of the target groups to adapt to the risks and the degree of vulnerability of the
target are input information for identification of adaptation measures.
Identification and selection of adaptation measures are implemented according
to the steps from assessing adaptation need, developing criteria for selection of adaptive
measures, proposed adaptation measures and finally evaluation of priority measures
[26] to incorporate into socio-economic development plan and response plan for the
province / sector.
As mentioned above, although with differences in physical characteristics and
socio-economic conditions, all provinces are seriously affected by climate change. There
are also differences in impacts on people’s lives, livelihoods and on socio-economic
development in each province due to different characteristics of each province. Based on
the information from climate change scenarios and impact assessments on the sectors
and areas and the results of risk assessment and vulnerability to climate change for the
province, this study proposed a number of adaptation measures in order to advise on
the integration between local development plans and planning for prevention,
mitigation, and adaptation to climate change.
2.3.1 The adaptation measures to Binh Dinh
Binh Dinh Province is gradually developing and implementing its action plan to
respond to climate change, proposing and implementing pilot projects to cope with
impacts of change climate. From the studies to assess impacts of climate change and sea
level rise on economic sectors and areas of Binh Dinh based on the provincial master
plan for socio-economic development, this research has identified the sectors highly
vulnerable to climate change impacts in Binh Dinh. For each sector, the research
identified and selected adaptation measures within the time frame of the master plan for
socio-economic development.
Agriculture: for agricultural crops and livestock, short to medium to long term
measures were considered, including technical and non-technical solutions. Notable
measures include reviewing and planning of agricultural production areas based on
changes in climatic conditions in different ecological zones. Measures for protection and
development of fisheries and environmental protection are: to develop aquacultural
production coupled with ecosystem restoration, protection of the environment and
fisheries resources. Other measures include the implementation of mangrove
restoration and protection of ecosystems across Thi Nai lagoon, De Gi lagoon and Hoai
Nhon estuaries.
Natural resources and the environment: The measures were proposed for water,
land, ecology, biodiversity, and forest resources, including short to medium to long term
measures. Measures include: development of planning for exploitation, utilization,
management and protection of groundwater and surface water in the context of policies
for water resources protection in the basin by the Government and to integrate with
climate change adaptation; development and improvement of integrated water
resources management in the basin to meet the needs of water users; developing and
completing mechanisms for IRWM at basin level to meet the needs of water users.
Medical care and public health: measures include short to medium to long term
measures such as improvement of technology, appropriate equipment, control system
for diseases taking into account changes in climatic conditions, especially in the
aftermath of natural disasters, development of response plans in case of epidemic

29
diseases from the outside, control and quarantine plan for diseases which can spread in
changing climate conditions.
Energy, construction and transport: measures are both structural and non-
structural solutions, including promoting linkages between concentrated construction
material provision areas to processing plants in order to support investment to upgrade
infrastructure; control raw material prices for the concentrated construction material
provision areas which are expected to experience the impacts of climate change; review
and adjust plans for industrial parks development to cope with climate change impacts;
particularly enhancement of prevention capacity to the impacts of flooding and flash
floods.
In energy sectors, measures are to improve efficiency and conservation of energy,
exploitation and use of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind etc. These
measures are regarded as priority solutions for the energy sector.
In the tourism sector: measures are both short and long-term solutions with
structural and non- structural processes including protection, restoration and upgrade
of cultural monuments, historic sites and roads to tourist centers, scenic and historic
areas; solidifying historical sites damaged by floods; relocating buildings, homes,
restaurants, hotels under the risk caused by typhoons, floods and landslides.
Transfer results to identify adaptation options for Tay Son District and Binh Dinh province
Considering all proposed measures, specific measures and projects were analyzed
in a matrix with multi-purpose criteria, such as economic, social, environmental
performance, ability to integrate into other provincial plans. A total of 37 projects were
analyzed. These priority projects were selected for detailed analyses and evaluations.
The criteria used to evaluate include: urgency, quantitative results, multi-purpose,
feasibility and sustainability.

30
Research results in Binh Dinh have identified a list of projects to respond to
climate change for the time frame up to 2020. Within the 37 projects proposed in the
assessment, 6 priority projects were identified to focus on solving problems related to
water resources such as management, protection and effective utilization of water
resources, drought prevention, salt water intrusion, water shortage, flooding, riverbank
erosion, coastal erosion and 1 project on sustainable agricultural development.
2.3.2 The adaptation measures for Binh Thuan
Binh Thuan was selected to join the project. Binh Thuan has also developed and
implemented its action plan to respond to climate change, proposed and piloted a
number of measures to respond to climate change. The research results of climate
change and sea level rise impact assessment on economic sectors and areas of Binh
Thuan province within the CBCC project have provided advisory information to review
proposed measures to respond to climate change and amend the master plan of the
provincial socio-economic development to ensure long-term sustainability.
The research results show that the issue of the most concern is water. The
feasible response measures are technical and managerial processes, such as: Integrated
water resources management (IWRM) for river basins and demand-driven IWRM for
stakeholders; awareness raising on the impact of climate change; rational and safe use of
surface and ground water resources; techniques for water saving; advanced irrigation;
comprehensive water saving in agriculture - forestry - fishery, such as use of sprinkler
and dripping techniques; upgrade, improvement and expansion of reservoirs with
carefully designed plans; improvement of hydrological and river flow forecasting in the
province to ensure safe operation of the reservoirs; development of a master plan for
sustainable development of water resources with integration to socio-economic
development plan of the province. First and foremost, priority is to review and develop
reservoirs for irrigation and hydropower generation, and evaluate capacity of the
system of reservoirs and dams to regulate water reserve and water supply in dry season
while expanding the irrigation systems to reduce saltwater intrusion which may occur
due to climate change..
The measures considered in the agricultural sectors are: changing horticultural
structure to adapt to changing weather conditions; implementing selection and/or
breeding processes of new plant species adaptive to climate change impacts; scheduling
crop and planting agenda, especially to the changes in the start and end of rainy season
in Binh Thuan; modernizing farming practices adaptive to climate change impacts;
building livestock farms with modernized farming techniques; developing waste and
wastewater disposal systems; evaluating crop yield; developing disaster warning,
agricultural pests warning and developing information and communications systems;
enhancing communication and environmental management capacity, raising awareness
for local people on responding to climate change and sea level rise.
Sound forest ecosystems are the solution to handle the risk of forest fires and the
spread and development of forest pests. It includes: strengthening forest management
and sustainable development, focusing on protecting natural forests; strengthening and
restoration / planting forests, stopping deforestation to reduce the level of damage to
the ecosystem and increase the coverage of forest; building and deploying systems for
coastal mangrove forests, coastal sand dunes (recommended measures), and forest in
the dyke project; develop programs on fire prevention, strengthen infrastructure
facilities for forecasting, warning and fire control; develop and deploy REDD projects.
The fisheries sector, measures include reviewing, amending plans for aquaculture
in different ecological zones, taking into account the effects of climate change and sea

31
level rise; strengthening fisheries management, including the system of lakes, boats,
ports, terminals to adapt to the impacts of climate change, rising sea levels and natural
disasters; promoting shelter establishments for fishing boats, enhancing research,
forecasting movement of fish, fishery changes; developing freshwater fish in dams, lakes
and ponds within the model of agro - forestry - fishery combination.
Climate change has many negative effects on the transport system at present and
in the future. To adapt to climate change and avoid the damage caused by natural
disasters there are many different measures. The most notable are: mainstreaming
climate change into strategies, plans and energy development plan; the provincial
transportation development plan; impact assessment of climate change and sea level
rise to the construction, design and planning of transportation systems now and in the
future; consolidation of transportation facilities and power transmission systems in the
hazard area with frequent floods; construction of the underground paths, bridges and
traffic overflow system to ensure safety in all circumstances; identification of regions
and areas at risk of erosion and slope areas at risk of flash floods in mountainous; early
warning for timely evacuation; integrate climate change factors into consideration in
planning seaports and warehouses in coastal areas or lowlands; expansion of bridges,
culverts, causeways and raise the height if necessary to avoid flooding, in flooded areas
raise the foundation combined with causeway to rescue people during the flood; and
provide technical methods for erosion protection works.
Adaptation measures for the energy sector are to integrate climate change issues
into the strategic planning and energy development plan of the province; improve
energy efficiency in stages of exploitation, production, distribution, transformation and
use; improve and renovate the foundation works of the energy sector in the area
susceptible to sea level rise and flooding threats; assessing potentials of hydroelectric,
wind and solar energy in each district to develop exploitation plans.
Transfer results to identify climate change adaptation plan for Phu Quy island district and
Binh Thuan
The infrastructure systems and technical basis of Binh Thuan tourism are mainly
located in the coastal areas, making it one of the sectors most severely affected by
climate change impacts, particularly sea level rise and coastal erosion. The necessary
adaptation measures are: upgrading existing river dikes and sea walls; gradually

32
expanding the dyke system in coastal areas, protecting key tourist areas to enhance
investment in infrastructure and travel services suitable to adaptation policies and
rising sea levels; promulgating rules and regulations for the management of major
tourism centers; environmental standards in tourist sites in accordance with adaptation
policy; organize climate change training for ecotourism guides, organizing seminars to
exchange experience in developing environment friendly tourism and climate change
adaptation.
Climate change adversely affects human health, thus putting pressure on the
health care sector. The measures are: developing green livelihoods and establishments
in densely populated areas, raising awareness on hygiene and family culture;
implementing programs and action plans on medical control for timely response and
preventing spread of diseases; promoting research and disseminating information on
climate change related diseases in the province; investing in infrastructure and
additional equipment for prevention of natural disasters caused by climate change,
information technology applications, communication networks to ensure seamless
continuity at all time; enhancing the capacity of health care facilities in communities
frequently affected by natural disasters; developing communication and education
programmes to raise awareness and change behavior of public officials in the health
sector; training and fostering of the ability to cope with the consequences caused by
climate change; and enhancing rapid response capabilities.
Livelihoods, poverty and gender: the poor are concentrated in rural and
mountainous areas of Duc Linh, Tanh Linh and the coastal areas in Tuy Phong and Ham
Tan. They become target to the risk of climate change. Therefore the measures should be
to develop livelihoods, improve their lives, stabilize residences and establishments for
people, develop projects and programs to minimize impacts to vulnerable groups with a
focus on children, women and the elderly; mobilizing community participation,
especially of women in mitigating and adapting to climate change and sea level rise.
2.3.3 The adaptation measures for Can Tho
Identification of adaptation measures is the most important stage in the process of
adaptation planning. Evaluation results for Can Tho City identified 14 measures to adapt
for the three main sectors in the city of Can Tho, namely agriculture, aquaculture and
infrastructure planning. An adaptive measure which can be applied to many areas and
bring relatively high efficiency is awareness raising on climate change and the impacts of
climate change and sea level rise on the livelihoods and socio-economic development.
Some of these measures can be applied to the effects of climate change in the field
of agriculture and fisheries, such as selection of plant varieties adaptive to flooding and
droughts for the areas affected by climate change and sea level rise; research and
planning of the production of food crops, vegetable crops, industrial crops to adapt to
climate change in order to plan the areas for food and vegetables production to adapt to
climate change impacts and saltwater intrusion to ensure stable agricultural production
of the city; research on aqua-planting and elevated planting to avoid flood, development
of social policies to support agricultural production affected by climate change, increase
efficiency and reduce risks in agricultural production for households; food security
forecast under the impacts of climate change to ensure food security for the city and the
region.

33
The most important issue in the fisheries sector is the regional planning for
aquaculture production including adaptation to climate change: study and identify focus
areas for concentrated farming to reduce the losses caused by climate change; selection
of species with high economic efficiency and resistant to extreme weather conditions;
planning and establishing concentrated aquaculture areas.
Results from vulnerability assessments for 2020 and 2050 are as described
earlier in this report; the effect of sea level rise to infrastructure in Can Tho is relatively
high. The impacts are mainly on the roads, water supply and electricity supply network.
However, current infrastructure planning of the city of Can Tho has not integrated the
issues of climate change and sea level rise in order to adapt to changes in weather and
climate, not only as an immediate measures but also long-term solutions. In order to
serve the interests of economic development and long-term planning, the infrastructure
needs to provide some adaptive solutions such as infrastructure planning and mapping,
information provision to investors and management agencies; adjust planning, design
and raise standards for construction works to increase resilience to climate change.
The measures proposed will be analyzed and evaluated on the basis of selection
criteria such as: urgency, social-economic efficiency, multi-purpose, flexibility, integrity
to determine priorities. Of 14 measures for Can Tho, 7 measures are prioritized.
One of the important evaluations for the measures to be applied in reality is cost-
benefit analysis. Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) consists of two related concepts of financial
and economic analyses. Financial analysis involves only cash inflows and outflows of
investors. Economic analysis is not only to calculate the cash inflows and outflows but is
also related to the negative and positive impacts on social environment. For issues
related to climate change it often makes use of economic analysis. The purpose of CBA is
to understand the costs and benefits of society in general.
In many cases CBA is highly effective to determine policies, such as through
climate change scenarios, the costs and benefits for each scenario can be identified in
terms of monetary value, from which policy makers can decide which options to opt for
most effectively.
Economic impact of the implementation of adaptation measures is determined by
comparing the costs and benefits. The adaptation costs are expressed in monetary terms
Figure 17. Vulnerability map due to floods in Can Tho in 2050

34
including the investment costs (e.g., construction costs, clearance), operating and
maintenance costs. Benefits of adaptation also include costs of damage avoided by
applying adaptation measures.
Transfer results to identify climate change adaptation plan for the city of Can Tho
For instance, cost-benefit analysis for adaptation measures: “Adjusted
infrastructure planning, building pilot resettlement in An Binh Ward for flood
prevention”. The simplest cost-benefits analysis for each measure will include the
construction costs, compensation, profit from creating landscapes; profit from reduced
remediation costs from flooding, profit for improved people's lives etc. It is important to
quantify the costs and profits as much as possible. The results: “Adjusted infrastructure
planning, building pilot resettlement in An Binh Ward for flood prevention” indicate
positive net present value (NPV), which means benefits are greater than costs. It should
also be pointed out that this is only a simple calculation because the uncertainty of
climate change poses challenges for decision makers to assess policy options and cost -
benefits analysis. Further, in many cases the benefits of the project are difficult to
quantify in monetary terms. Nevertheless, these results provide decision makers more
insights about the costs and benefits of adaptation measures. Research shows a tool for
whether adaptation measures are appropriate to support policy decisions.
Results of the cost-benefit analysis for five measures in the research in Can Tho
can be used as reference when considering cost-benefit analyses for adaptation
measures for other regions. The findings have been accepted and delivered for local use.
Detailed results can be found in the final report "Identification of adaptation options and
the impact of climate change in Can Tho City."
2.4 Case Study in the district
Within the project’s activities, a number of pilot activities have been developed
for the most affected areas by climate change such as coastal areas, islands and
mountains. Tay Son district of Binh Dinh province was selected to represent mountains.
Phu Quy island district of Binh Thuan province was selected to represent the coastal
areas and islands.

35
2.4.1 Tay Son district [6]
Tay Son district has a complex terrain with high mountains and hills with plains
interspersed and fragmented by large and small rivers in the region. Average annual
rainfall is around 1,600 - 3,000 mm, distributed in different seasons. Rain falls mostly
during the four months of the rainy season causing flooding and inundation. The dry
season lasts eight months with low rainfall and drought causing damages to production
and people lives.
In the mountainous area with steep slopes, concentrated in the southwest area of
the district and in some parts of the north within the communities of Tay Giang, Vinh An,
Phu Tay, Binh Tuong, and Tay Xuan, the risk of flash floods is very high during the rainy
season. In contrast, drought is a natural disaster causing enormous economic losses on
crops. In Tay Son district, droughts usually occur from January to August.
The findings are based on expert consultation methods, analysis and evaluation of
a survey with participation of local authorities at all levels and communities. According
to the research models, a fairly comprehensive picture of the current impacts of climate
change and potential impacts on district socio-economic development has been drawn.
For example, according to the A2 scenario, the 2040 average annual temperature will
rise with 0.99°C, compared to the period of 1980-1999. In the mid-21st century, the
average high and average low temperature will increase with about 1.7°C and reach up
to an increase of 2.7°C by the end of the century.
The major achievement of the research in Tay Son district is an assessment of
climate change impacts and vulnerability, therefore eliciting types of supports and
adaptation measures to climate change for Tay Son District, Binh Dinh Province. In
cooperation with other local agencies and organizations, the research also identified a
list of priority activities and measures in order to develop detailed proposals for some
priority projects.
Assessment of climate change impacts in Tay Son district also includes impacts
on natural resources and socio-economic development. In Tay Son district in particular
and Binh Dinh province in general, changes in water resources and water-related
disasters are major causes of losses for socio-economic development. Therefore, the
adaptation measures proposed comprise of strengthening capacity in management of
water resources used for production and domestic use. Eight priority projects have been
identified with clear objectives and tasks to be integrated into an action plan to respond
to climate change of Tay Son District or Binh Dinh Province.
Proposed priority measures to adapt to climate change include: assessment of the
situation and determination of the ability to respond to climate change in irrigation
system in Tay Son district; planning infrastructure system for rural areas to prevent and
mitigate natural disasters and improve capacity to adapt to climate change; upgrading
water supply systems and production activities in the district to adapt to climate change
and changes in water flows; develop sustainable development for forests to mitigate
climate change impacts in Tay Son district; develop an adaptation model for
communities in Tay Son district; develop communication activities on public health to
respond to climate change impacts. The areas: water resources, biodiversity, agriculture,
forestry, transportation, construction, tourism, public health and livelihoods of people in
Tay Son District were reviewed and assessed by the project.
Details can be found in the specialized report: climate change scenario for Tay
Son district, assessment climate change impacts and vulnerability in Tay Son district,

36
identification of measures to adapt to climate change (including the priority measures)
for Tay Son district; and synthesis report of all research and assessments.
2.4.2 Phu Quy Island district [3]
Phu Quy island district of Binh Thuan province comprises of six islands, named
Phu Quy, Hon Tranh, Hon Trung in the south; Hon Do, Hon Den, Hon Giua in the north.
Under the impact of climate change, changes in temperature, precipitation and extreme
events caused great impacts on economic development and lives of people on the island.
Assessment of impacts of climate change, sea level rise and extreme events on
various sectors of economic development on the islands is necessary and will provide
basic information to identify effective responses, minimize adverse impacts, and
promote economic and social development in Phu Quy island district.
The results of data analysis and assessment of climate changes in Phu Quy island
district have confirmed changes in rainfall patterns, temperature changes and natural
disasters negatively affecting economic production and life on the island. The average
temperature, maximum and minimum temperatures are all increasing. The number of
cool days reduces while that of hot days increases. Rainfall during the first decade of the
21st century appeared to reduce during the months of the dry season while it increased
during the rainy season. The level of changes in rainfall between the months of the dry
season is much higher than that of the rainy season. Sea level rise in Phu Quy averaged
at 3mm/annum. By the end of the 21st century, sea levels could rise up to 82-100 cm in
Phu Quy island.
The findings are based on information of climate change scenarios, expert
consultation methods, analysis and evaluation of the survey results with the actual
participation of local authorities of the island, local community has also provided
information on potential impacts of climate change on socio-economic development of
the island. The key issues were discovered and focused on water resource issues,
infrastructure development, coastal erosion, livelihoods for people, health care and
public health, agriculture and fishery production and integrated management of coastal
areas.
Climate change affects seriously the water resources of the Phu Quy island
district . According to research findings, rainfall increase during the rainy season and
vice versa in the dry season caused significant changes in water resources, especially
surface water resources. Due to the topography of the islands, the islands does not have
surface flow; runoff water appears only on the slope when heavy rains occur. Rainfall
decrease during dry season caused more severe water shortages. Total water shortage
of the district is 353,100 m3.
Groundwater: research results indicates that groundwater reserve on the island
is at around 6.8 to 7.9 million m3, of which about 0.62 to 0.63 million m3 has been
salinized, about 8.4% to 9.3% of the total reserve of groundwater on the island. Total
reserve of fresh water on the island is around 6.08 to 7.28 million m3, accounting for
90.7 to 92.1% of total groundwater reserves on the island.
Climate change and sea level rise impacts on the water balance of the island
district’s economic development. Research results specify that, in 2020, the total water
shortage of the island district is 531,900 m3 of which Thanh Tam community, the most
affected with shortage of 213,400 m3, accounting for 40.1% of the district total water
shortage. In the year 2050, Tam Thanh community will remain the community with the
highest water shortage with 38.5% of the district total water shortage.

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