The document discusses essential components of natural language processing (NLP), including the role of grammar, syntax, and semantics in language understanding. It covers topics such as parsing sentences, ambiguity in language, and programming control structures in C, including conditional statements and loops. It also highlights common mistakes in loop implementation, such as infinite loops and mismanaged loop variables.

1. Syntax and Semantics

2. Introduction to NLP
• Natural Language Processing (NLP) enables
machines to process human languages.
• Grammar is essential to build systems that
parse sentences and identify Parts of Speech
(POS).
• Understanding grammar helps in knowledge
representation.

3. Components of a Language
• Lexicon: Vocabulary of the language.
• Categorization: Grouping words (e.g., Nouns,
Verbs).
• Grammar Rules: Define sentence structures.

4. Parsing and Syntactic Tree
• Parsing applies grammar rules to analyze a
sentence's structure.
• Syntactic trees visually represent sentence
structures using nodes and categories.
• Example: 'The large cat eats the small rat' can
be broken down into phrases.

5. Ambiguity in Language
• Lexical Ambiguity: Words with multiple
meanings (e.g., 'glasses' can mean spectacles
or drinking glasses).
• Structural Ambiguity: Sentences with multiple
interpretations (e.g., 'I saw the boy with the
telescope').

6. Control and Conditional
Statements in C

7. Introduction to Conditional
Statements
• Conditional statements evaluate a condition
as true or false.
• They control the program's flow and are also
called control statements.

8. Types of Conditional Statements
• Simple if Statement
• If-Else Statement
• Nested If-Else Statement
• Else If Ladder

9. Loops in C
• Loops are constructs that repeat code based
on conditions.
• Types of Loops:
• - While Loop
• - Do-While Loop
• - For Loop

10. Repetition Structures in
Programming

11. Introduction to Repetition
Structures
• Repetition structures simplify repeated
operations.
• Types include Condition-Controlled and Count-
Controlled loops.

12. Condition-Controlled Loops
• While Loop: Repeats as long as the condition
is true.
• Do-While Loop: Executes at least once before
evaluating the condition.

13. Count-Controlled Loops
• For Loop: Iterates a specific number of times.
• Includes Initialization, Condition, and
Increment/Decrement steps.

14. Common Mistakes in Loops
• Infinite Loops: No proper exit condition.
• Neglecting Initialization or Updates of loop
variables.
• Misplacing statements inside the loop.